Anthropology of Finance Research Papers (original) (raw)

In the decade since the 2008 global financial crisis, much of the debate has been over whom to blame: reckless speculative finance or irresponsible (often low-income) borrowers. This essay takes up this set of moral arguments about what the poor can and should be able to afford by examining subprime logics at a global scale: subprime empire. Predatory lending in heartland America and development-oriented microcredit in places such as India and Paraguay appear not just to be geographically disparate but also to have different moral valences. After closer inspection, however, we argue that subprime lending and microfinance are two sides of the same coin. Our analysis of microfinance allows us to understand what is happening in the "in-between" as capital flows between financial investors and poor borrowers. By comparing financialization in India and Paraguay, we document and theorize the making of subprime empires that rely on actors within marginal financial sites to stabilize the evaluative frameworks and social interdependencies that make profits flow. We argue that the forms of financial capture and conversion in the "financial inbetween" reproduce imperial dynamics by naturalizing the limited expectations of economic subjects of the global south and erasing the violence inherent in these forms of economic redistribution that maintain those expectations as such.

- by Carly Schuster and +1
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- Economic Anthropology, Microfinance, Paraguay, Ethnographic Methods

"About the book:
Los resultados de las multiples investigaciones sobre pobreza coinciden en que un porcentaje importante de lo habitantes rurales se mantienen con la cuarta parte de lo que se ha calculado como el nivel minimo requerido para subsistir. En otras palabras, los pobladores rurales de mas bajos ingresos sobreviven sin contar con los medios materiales para hacerlo. En las paginas de este libro se analizan los medios no materiales involucrados en los manejos financieros a los que recurren estos y otros actores para salir adelante. "

Debates about Fundamentalist Christianity as anthropology’s “repugnant other” have provided a lively set of reflections since Susan Harding’s influential article was published in 1991. Anthropologists wishing to study fundamentalist Christians have struggled to legitimise this interest to their peers. Similarly, liberal theologians regard the emergence of prosperity theology as a form of sanctified greed. For those concerned with the ecological crisis, as an endorsement of the very values of commodification that disturb the proper relations between God, people and planet. Both anthropologists and theologians have placed the prosperity gospel on the margins of their projects of inquiry.
This paper seeks to explore the apparent gap between liberal intellectuals and populist Pentecostal practice by considering the dynamics of fast money schemes in Papua New Guinea (PNG). These Ponzi schemes spread through Christian churches both Pentecostal and mainline, using the language of prosperity theology. Their success indicates a broad reach of these ideas that includes some more liberal Papua New Guinean intellectuals and makes them a “mainstream” phenomenon within PNG. My anthropological analysis of middle class Christian investors in fast money schemes indicates deeper and more philanthropic moral engagements than is commonly thought possible by critics of the prosperity gospel who see it as motivated by individualistic greed.

- by Constantin Parvulescu
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- Business Ethics, Film Studies, Cultural Political Economy, Film and History

Microfinance loan officers play a critical, if underexamined, role in incorporating the poor into financial networks at the global peripheries. As “proxy-creditors,” loan officers in Kolkata, India, must produce and alienate debt relationships to create loan products. I argue that the process of financialization is articulated through local idioms of moneylending, care, and respect. Moreover, at the heart of this labor is the unresolved tension between capitalist expansion and ethical concerns for the everyday relationships that are used to extend credit to the financially excluded.

- by Sohini Kar
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- Anthropology, Microfinance, Anthropology of Finance
- by Francesco Zanotelli
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- Gender Studies, Peasant Studies, Economic Anthropology, Saints' Cults

The emerging field of token engineering aims to open “economy itself as design space,” using blockchains and other distributed ledger and smart contract tech- nologies in combination with game theory and behavioral economics. This paper describes the emergence of the Ethereum network as the principle site for the development of a cryptographically tokenized mode of economic life, and the re- construction of human economic agency along game-theoretic lines in the figure of Homo cryptoeconomicus. The paper draws together questions from the econo- mization and marketization, materiality and human/non-human agency programs in economic sociology: token engineering represents both a new field of practice for a self-consciously performative economics, and a potential point of intervention for a practice-oriented mode of social studies of finance.

This chapter describes and problematizes the specific turn to assetization that patents have taken, more specifically, the transfiguration of patents into speculative financial assets. Whereas intellectual property rights are commonly presumed to be key assets in the so-called knowledge economy, the mechanisms by which they are transformed and performed as assets are less examined. This chapter takes a closer look into the ways in which patents are turned into assets by practices and specific knowledge techniques both in and outside of law. With an emphasis on the processes of legal and financial abstractions, it identifies and discusses the modes and practices in which patents act and are transacted as assets that go beyond practices of commodification and monopoly rent-seeking: in patent portfolios, as real options and as instruments of financial hedging. Whereas law has enabled the creation of a market in patents as assets, the argument is that it has now become a financialized market object itself.

The central banks that I have studied typically have museums attached to them. I have a particular fondness for the Geldmuseum of the Deutsche Bundesbank in Frankfurt with its handsome curation of the history of coinage and banknotes along with elegantly designed exhibits that explain the nature of money and the operation of central banks. A colleague at the Bundesbank suggested that on my next visit to the museum I should try an interactive display that simulated the role of a central banker illustrating how monetary policy influences the economy over time. I followed his advice.

La bio-finanza si occuperà dei processi di capitalizzazione
della vita biologica (umana, animale, botanica) così come di quella sociale. Oggetti di studio specifici, ma non esaustivi del campo, saranno i prodotti finanziari che implicano direttamente la messa in valore della vita delle persone: mutui e ipoteche sulla casa, pensioni, assicurazioni sulla vita, prestiti di
studio, ecc. Un’antropologia della bio-finanza indagherà tali oggetti nella loro dimensione economica (luoghi, misure e soggetti implicati nello scambio), così come nelle dimensioni morali e simboliche (valori, temporalità e aspettative
extra-economiche trasposte nell’ambito finanziario). Al centro della riflessione starà però soprattutto la dimensione politica: come si distribuisce il potere nel processo di definizione dell’idea di persona? Quali gerarchie e quali criteri di classificazione prevalgono nella produzione del soggetto “finanziarizzato”? E, al contempo, quali resistenze, quali limiti contrastano tale processo di costruzione ideologica?

- by Francesco Zanotelli
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- Economic Anthropology, Personhood, Value Theory, Anthropology of Finance

“[W]e are more interested in capitalism as such, in the big story,” proclaims Don Kalb in the introduction to “Financialization. Relational Approaches”, “even while many of our case studies engage both with households and localities” (4). The chapters gathered in the volume achieve this aspiration: they describe dynamics through which social life is being reordered by finance, debt, and credit, without requiring recourse to any totalising causal logic. Rather, this volume invites readers to consider financialisation as a process of uneven accretion. The focus on interstitial and multiscalar processes constitutes the core of the relational approach announced in the book’s subtitle, making it a unique contribution to the anthropology of finance.

When Costa Rican regulators set water rates, they effectively transform the human right to water into a price. I propose the notion of a “calculation grammar” to grasp the inventive patterns and vibrant social engagements that fuse the ethical investments, ontological assumptions, and quantified expressions involved in this process. This grammar governs the relative weights and proportions of the elements in numeric propositions, giving them distinct meanings and political valences. The liveliness of these propositions derives from the power of numeric techniques in their inevitably place-specific expressions as well as from the legal principles of sociality that enable them. I follow the mathematical formula regulators use to set water prices to reveal the inconspicuous financialization of human rights and the humanitarization of finance as they currently unfold across technocratic centers of calculation. I also argue for an ethnographic approach that remains committed to the ontological indivisibility of the technical and the cultural in any quantification effort. [human rights, prices, water, calculation, regulation, finance, Costa Rica]

- by Andrea Ballestero
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- Cultural Studies, Human Geography, Cultural Geography, Latin American Studies

In this paper, we draw on fieldwork with middle-class investors in ‘fast money schemes’ (Ponzi scams) to consider how Neo-Pentecostal Christianity may be mediating social and economic change in Papua New Guinea, particularly in relation to gender equality. Ideas of companionate marriage and the cultivation of an affective self imply masculinities that are more sensitive and less domineering. As these images of fulfilled modernity flow out from Pentecostal churches into broader Papua New Guinean society, they corroborate Taylor’s theory of how change occurs within the modern social imaginary.

- by John Cox and +1
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- Religion, Christianity, New Religious Movements, Economic Sociology

Drawing on 32 months of interview-based ethnographic fieldwork, this paper examines Finland's "mankala" nuclear energy companies through the lens of anthropological theories of corporate form. Mankalas are limited liability companies run like zero-profit cooperatives that bring together consortia of Finnish corporations and municipal energy providers to purchase, finance, and share the output of jointly owned energy-generation facilities. They have long been associated with "uniquely Finnish" modes of trust, cooperation, societal cohesion, and transparency. In recent years, however, political-economic uncertainties have destabilized Finland's mankala circuit, impacting how, whether, and when mankalas Teollisuuden Voima Oyj and Fennovoima have pursued new reactor projects. This has impacted reactor technology suppliers abroad, including France's Areva, Germany's E.On, and Russia's Rosatom. With that in view, this paper explores whether anthropological analysis of Finland's mankala corporate form can inspire new strategies for institutional innovation and reactor project financing for nuclear energy organizations. To chart out avenues for collaboration between anthropologists and nuclear energy practitioners, it concludes by proposing three pathways through which anthropological sensibilities could inform institutional decision making. I term these pathways holism, tracking and translation.

- by Vincent Ialenti
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- Corporations (Law), Nordic Studies, Legal Anthropology, Corporate Governance

Debt collection is a crucial stage in the life-cycle of debt, but so far it has been largely neglected in the anthropology of credit/debt. Based on publicly available data and interactions with debtors, professionals and activists, the chapter explores Croatia’s unique system of debt collection. Facing demands of European integration and a surge of bad loans after a financialized debt boom, the government authorized a state-owned agency, public notaries and lawyers to collect debts in highly coercive and profitable ways. Foreign-owned debt collection agencies also rapidly expanded their presence. This resulted in public debates and political struggles over debt collection.

International media accounts of the spectacular collapse of the pyramid firms in Albania in 1997 centre on the story of Maksude Kadëna, the head of the notorious firm, Sude. These accounts depict Kadëna as a 'gypsy fortune teller who claimed to look into a crystal ball'. In this article, I return to these various accounts of Sude/ Kadëna as a way to explore ethnographically the broader set of cosmologies and repertoires of credit and speculation that informed the decisions and strategies of participation in these firms. I suggest that the activities of the firms were, on the one hand, an extension of practices and ideas about the free market during the communist regime and, on the other hand, a manifestation of postsocialist cosmologies or risk and speculation and repertoires of credit and investment that extended well beyond the firms.

- by Smoki Musaraj
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- Gender Studies, Postsocialism, Money and Banking, Informal Economy

As Keith Hart (1986) articulated in his neat phrase ‘two sides of the coin’, money and the state are inextricably intertwined. However, academic discussions of the state tend to fall under the heading of ‘governance’, with implicit reference to democratic ideals, while money is regarded as ‘economics’, a field dominated by ideas of the market. In this paper, I use material from U-Vistract, a mass Ponzi scam to show how quasi-magical ideas of money and wealth have grown out of the disillusioning experience of the state in its failure to deliver ‘development’. These imaginings of prosperity entail a different kind of state, based on the moral reform of Christian citizens and political leaders and the reorientation of the banking system to deliver benefits to ordinary people. As the Royal Kingdom of Papala, U-Vistract sought to be seen to be like a Christian state and so deceived its investors into thinking that they were participating in a moral project that would allow them to redress the short-comings of the Papua New Guinean state. As the scam took on the appearance of the state, so the state came to be seen as a scam.

- by John Cox
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- Religion, Christianity, New Religious Movements, Economic Sociology
- by Erdem Evren
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- Globalization, Violence, Commons, Political Anthropology

This article examines the role of gender in the use of digital finance in Kenya, including the well-known case of mobile money but also the emerging use of smartphone apps, payment tills, digital credit services, and digital fund-raising computer programs. Development professionals have explicitly feminist goals in bringing digital finance to women in the Global South. In several recent reports, they outline the belief that gender norms are a barrier to women's use of finance. They hope digital finance will bring women agency and control over money and consequently shift restrictive gender norms. This article offers a critique of these assumptions based on ethnographic conversations, a diary exercise, and network self-portraiture conducted in Kenya in 2016 among both rural farmers and urbanites. Adopting a distributed agency perspective, the ethnographic study demonstrates that Kenyan women and men use digital finance not to seek individual control of their money but to produce themselves as connected and trustworthy members of financial groups and collectivities. Gender norms may not hinder women from finance but rather enhance and deepen women's and men's financial relationships and bring women success in amassing funds.

- by Sibel Kusimba
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- Economic Sociology, Rural Sociology, African Studies, Gender Studies

This SSGM In Brief gives some background information to the recent arrest of an American national who arrived in Port Moresby carrying a briefcase of "Bougainville Kina', a pseudo-currency promoted by the notorious Ponzi fraudster Noah... more

Based in the agrarian worlds of commercial sesame farming in northern Paraguay, where insurance companies are now selling weather derivatives to poor farmers, this article tracks financial practices that depend less on the healthy crops and more on the weeds that thrive among the profitable plants. Parametric insurance operates like a derivative and is triggered by certain weather conditions, which raises questions about the limits of survivability for human-crop relations. I sketch out a series of concerns about weeds as an entry point and helpful heuristic for multiple overlapping kinds of speculation in a multispecies, capitalist, and troubled landscape. By grid- ding the world to a limited set of expedient parameters, what generative social and human grounds do we lose in the process? A speculative anthropological imaginary might posit “weedy finance” as a critical standpoint and set of political claims for casting climate-based finance as one of the lively systems that can and should be intentionally and selectively weeded out. [financialization; parametric insurance; weather; commercial agriculture; kinship; Paraguay]

- by Carly Schuster
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- Organic agriculture, Environmental Anthropology, Paraguay, STS (Anthropology)

This article focuses on what I will call the “indebted wage”: the pro-
cess through which wage labor is transformed into financial assets and new forms of accumulation. I begin with the observation that many Paraguayan families work in order to channel money into debt-based investments. This invites a conceptual shift: can we extend the wage relationships outward from a language of exploitation and into a language of indebtedness as well? I track the effort invested in “keeping on payment,” investments in the infamous free trade zone on Paraguay’s triple frontier with Argentina and Brazil, how money moves into economies of debt, and processes whereby the wage is restructured as an investment. I argue that while both the poor and elites of Paraguay see promise in Ciudad del Este’s de-regulated market, it is the low income and precarious labor of the working poor that bears the risks without accumulating the wealth of these transfers. [Keywords: Labor, financialization, credit/ debt, kinship, gender, family businesses, Latin America]

- by Carly Schuster
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- Economic Anthropology, Microfinance, Paraguay, Gender and Development
- by Francesco Zanotelli
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- Economic Anthropology, Microfinance, Informal Economy, Mexico (Anthropology)

The anthropology of finance is composed of an interdisciplinary set of approaches for analyzing the mechanisms, worldviews, networks, and far-reaching socioeconomic effects of finance. Given the influence of financial values and practices, not to mention the tendency for academic and public approaches to finance to further obscure its workings, anthropology's ethnographic toolkit has a crucial role to play in unpacking the cultural specificities and underpinnings of finance. Indebted to and in conversation with many subfields, from economic sociology to political economy, the anthropology of finance navigates the theoretical and methodological challenges of abstraction and old binaries of economy and society to investigate the contours and consequences of finance and financialization.

- by Karen Ho
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- Anthropology of Finance

° Financialization and the Norwegian State Constraints, Contestations, and Custodial Finance in the World's Largest Sovereign Wealth Fund Knut Christian Myhre The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) commonly ranks as the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at just below 8,500 billion Norwegian kroner-or a little in excess of one trillion US dollars. 1 Its capital is invested in the shares of more than 9,100 companies in seventy-two countries, and in government-related and corporate bonds issued by more than 1,262 entities in fifty-four countries. GPFG owns on average 1.4 percent of all listed stocks in the world, and 2.4 percent of the publicly traded shares in Europe. It is the continent's largest shareholder and a significant securities investor. In addition, the fund holds an expanding real estate portfolio that centers on office, retail, and logistics properties in select markets and locations, and prepares for investments in unlisted infrastructure for renewable energy. In its own words, "The fund is invested in most markets, countries and currencies to achieve broad exposure to global economic growth. " 2 In line with this, the fund has explored the notion of "universal owner" or "universal ownership" to characterize itself and its activities (Krohn Gjessing and Syse 2007; NBIM 2006). A universal owner is a well-diversified investor with a global reach for whom overall market risk dominates other risks due to its large number of holdings (Krohn Gjessing and Syse 2007: 436). The notion hints at how the fund forms part of a process of financialization, understood as "the increasing role of financial motives, financial markets, financial actors and financial institutions in the operation of the domestic and international economies" (Epstein 2005: 3). It is underscored by the role GPFG plays in Norwegian society, where its expected real returns cover the annual fiscal budget deficit. In 2017, this transfer amounted to

- by Knut Christian Myhre
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- Finance, Anthropology, Ethnography, Social and Cultural Anthropology

In this article, I examine how artifacts of social-science research were incorporated into survival strategies of poor residents of the global South in the 1990s under neoliberalism. I draw on ethnographic research in Cairo among bankers, borrowers, and nongovernmental-organization (NGO) members to engage recent debates in anthropology about finance and knowledge practices. I argue that the incorporation of “best practices” and microenterprise lending into banking in Egypt helped create a new kind of “multiplier effect” related to the one made famous by John Maynard Keynes in economics and to the conviction among some Egyptians that research artifacts held the key to improvement of their life chances.

Gambling and financial investment have a long shared history, with many convergences and many
moments where each has defined the other as its opposite. In the contemporary Pacific, not least among
evangelical Christians, gambling is often understood as wasteful entertainment and even as an irresponsible
vice. Investment on the other hand is seen as a productive activity for both individuals and
society at large. These moral concerns draw on discourses of proprietorship of the self, of money and of
risk. This paper explores moral attitudes to gambling/investment among middle-class investors in a mass
Ponzi scheme in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and charts new valorizations of risk and investment as
components of the construction of modern ‘financial selves’.
Keywords: gambling, investment, fraud, Christianity, Papua New Guinea.

- by John Cox
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- Christianity, Social Anthropology, Self and Identity, Pacific Island Studies

The prompt to which this short essay responds starts with a question of origin. When and where did I first encounter theory? In the spirit of life histories, of the sort that anthropology finds intriguing, I could answer that I found... more

- by Andrea Ballestero
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- Critical Theory, Social Theory, Human Geography, Latin American Studies

The 2008 financial crisis revealed that key players in finance, regulation,
and the academy failed to understand realities outside their own area of
expertise. Within the academy, scholars from an increasing number of disciplines study finance, and yet few of them seem to be in conversation. Perhaps understandably, given the complexity of a phenomenon such as “financial crisis,” no single discipline has yet offered an adequate analysis of what happened in 2008, or what could help prevent another such systemic threat to the economy. In this article, we argue that developing more effective capacity to comprehend and regulate financial markets requires an interdisciplinary approach that moves beyond pluralism and tolerance of other approaches.
Rather, in-depth critical engagement with the underlying assumptions, methods, and findings across fields of research and practice is needed. To advance this argument, we discuss four specific, connected intra-disciplinary projects in progress, and show how key assumptions underlying approaches in each are revealed and revised through systematic engagement with other fields.

- by Julia Elyachar and +1
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- Economic Sociology, Experimental Economics, Philosophy of Science, Interdisciplinarity

Applications are invited for a 3-year postdoctoral Research Fellow who will explore ethnographically how energy analysts and traders in the financial sector conceptualise and value oil at a time of heightened concerns about climate change and ‘stranded oil assets’. The successful candidate will carry out extended fieldwork with energy analysts and traders, examining the financialization of the oil market premised on uncertain relationships that include physical and financial flows of oil. Closing date for applications: 16 March 2018.

- by Xenia A Cherkaev and +1
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- Political Economy, Ethics, Commons, Political Anthropology

During the global financial crisis of 2008, descriptions of the crisis and remedies advanced to address it were suffused with references to blood. Metaphors such as lifeblood, liquidity, blood pressure, cardiac arrest, and transfusion were linked and elaborated into organic analogies of cash/credit 'flow' predicated on the conception of a body animated by a closed circulatory system. Attention to the once controversial claims associated with William Harvey's seventeenth-century 'discovery' of blood circulation can help denaturalize this usage of circulation and demonstrate how organic economic analogies have informed policy recommendations, not always to best effect. The essay concludes by introducing the concept of meta-materiality to explain why the anthropology of finance must go beyond metaphorical readings of economic discourse if it hopes to understand phenomena such as the literal uses of blood in political protest and the accelerated commodification of blood donation in response to the crisis.

- by Kath Weston
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- Medical Anthropology, Film Studies, Biotechnology, Family

This essay partakes in the dialogue between history, anthropology, and
social theory on the topic of debt as a social relation. Drawing on sources from nineteenth-century Switzerland, it examines everyday routines of debt collection in liberalism by taking the seized collateral object to the center of historical analysis. It is shown how the attached goods in a debtor’s household became an object of knowledge for nineteenth-century framers of law as well as for ordinary debtors. I make use of anthropological theory in order to describe the legal techniques of delineating and extracting collateral, and show how these legal techniques implied specific knowledge practices. I then look at two borderline cases of collateralization: the pawning of mobile goods and the imprisonment of insolvent debtors. Overall, on an epistemological level, debt collection appears as a double movement: it provided basic tools to untangle property relationships, yet all the while it created new, unpredictable complications. Thus debt collection was a distinctive arena in which the uneasy conceptual relationship between people and things in nineteenth-century liberalism unfolded. From this conceptual node I propose a historical epistemology of the collateral object.

- by Mischa Suter
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- Critical Theory, History, Cultural History, Economic History

In this paper, I examine the capacity that ‘technologies of the imagination’ have to suture routinized financial practices in the City of London to the opening up of new extractive industry ‘frontiers’. I focus on the political risk rankings through which host jurisdictions of speculative projects are assessed, and the selection of discount rates in the valuation of prospective mines. By treating these as technologies of the imagination - rather than calculative devices - the significance of the meaning created by mining professionals as they generate images of ‘politically risky’ territories or jurisdictions prone to ‘resource nationalism’ comes into view, along with a particular deployment of international investment law upon which speculative activity in the junior mining market depends.

- by Paul Gilbert
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- Natural Resources, Anthropology of Finance, Speculation, Coloniality

The announced position is part of a project entitled: Forms of Ethics, Shapes of Finance: Ethnographic Explorations of the Limits of Contemporary Capital. The project will study how ethical notions and arguments are used to limit the flows of finance capital, and how economic discourses and financial forms involve ethical reasoning. The project centres on the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG), which currently is the world's largest sovereign wealth fund. A project team will carry out ethnographic fieldwork with different institutions pertaining to GPFG, and investigate the various elements they employ in their efforts to shape GPFG's finance capital. Exploring the creation, communication, and use of different strategies, mandates, and policies, the team aims to understand the relationship between ethics and finance in contemporary Norwegian society, and provide an analytical and methodological framework that contributes to social studies of finance and the anthropology of ethics. The postdoctoral researcher is required to carry out ethnographic fieldwork with the Ethics Council of GPFG, located in Oslo. The study will involve document analysis and extensive interviews, in addition to participant observation. Applicants are asked to provide their own provisional research ideas in the form of a proposal as part of their application. The project must have ethnographic fieldwork at its core, but may also draw on other methodologies.

- by Knut Christian Myhre
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- Finance, Philosophy, Ethics, Social Anthropology

This study examines the consequences of the rapid and unprecedented expansion of insurances for the poor in South Africa. Over the last ten years, South African insurance companies established a myriad of policies in order to incorporate the previously excluded, mostly African, poor and lower middle classes. While poverty, violence and AIDS put state institutions and social relations under pressure, insurances enable people to manage risks in hitherto unthinkable ways. The article examines the development of this new regime of risk as a Janus head,
after the Roman god of opening and closing. At the heart of access to insurance were the incongruencies that were caused by the ‘translation’ of risk into the seemingly neutral concept of costs and the inability of brokers and intermediary organizations to navigate these translations successfully. Access to insurance – here not defined as having an insurance policy but as making a successful claim when confronted with the insured risk – was fraught with the contradictions of complex high-tech bureaucracies and the poor’s social networks.

- by Erik Bähre and +1
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- Family studies, Economic Anthropology, Neoliberal ideologies, Anthropology of Kinship

La complejidad y actualidad de las finanzas populares se aborda de manera profunda, dando cuenta de la dinámica de calcular en dinero a través de monetarizar la pobreza, con la singularidad de las voces de las y los entrevistados, que permiten evocar el contexto donde se llevan a cabo. El análisis de las finanzas populares, ubica a la actividad humana que gira en su totalidad alrededor de los recursos monetarios “escasos”. Por lo cual se devela el manejo y la organización de los recursos financieros, asociados a la administración económica de los hogares –atribuida a las mujeres- y a las microfinanzas, a través del crédito y el ahorro –prácticas financieras feminizadas-.

- by Knut Christian Myhre
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- Finance, African Studies, Ethnography, Social and Cultural Anthropology