Attention (Psychology) Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Developmental Psychobiology

ABSTRACTReactivation is an automatic, perceptual process in which exposure to components of a forgotten event alleviates forgetting. Most research on infant memory reactivation has used conditioning paradigms. We used the puppet imitation task to systematically examine which stimuli could retrieve 6‐month‐olds' forgotten memory of the modeled actions. Infants watched an adult model a sequence of actions on a puppet, imitated the actions, and were exposed to reactivation cues 24 hr before a 7‐day (Experiment 1) or 14‐day (Experiment 2) retention test. Exposure to any component of the original event reactivated the memory during the 7‐day test, but two of the same components failed to alleviate forgetting during the 14‐day test. Increasing the number of retrieval cues facilitated 14‐day test performance. These findings reveal that the principles of reactivation are the same for conditioning and imitation paradigms: The necessary and sufficient conditions for memory reactivation ar...

2025, Academia.edu

Subliminal techniques involve the use of stimuli presented below the threshold of conscious awareness, aiming to influence cognitive and behavioral processes indirectly. Within the scope of sports hypnosis, these techniques have been explored as complementary strategies to modulate mental states, reinforce performance patterns, and accelerate psychological recovery. This article reviews the theoretical foundations of subliminal processing, examines their integration into hypnotic protocols for athletes, and proposes an experimental framework. Additionally, potential applications for neurodivergent populations, including nonverbal autistic children, are discussed.

2025, Studies in Psychology: Estudios de Psicología

This work, that links the psychometric tradition to the information processing approach, studies whether performance differences observed in tests were or were not associated to individual differences in attention use. Four extreme groups... more

2025

Subconscious suggestion is a silent but pervasive force shaping perception, decision-making, and attentional structuring beneath awareness. Operating as internal impressive action, it passively introduces impulses, biases, and associative framings into consciousness, subtly guiding behavior without volitional approval. Like hypnotic suggestion, it does not dictate action; it attempts to compel through motivational pull, influencing perception and intent through saliency and potency gradients. Unlike previous theories that depict subconscious influence as abstract or deterministic, this work presents a novel structured, mechanistic, operational model of function, demonstrating from first principles how subconscious suggestion disperses influence into awareness, interacts with attentional deployment, and negotiates attentional sovereignty. Additionally, it frames free will not as exemption from subconscious force, but as mastery of its regulation, with autonomy emerging from the ability to recognize, refine, and command suggestive forces rather than be unconsciously governed by them.

2025

For decades, attention has been framed as a selection process emphasizing what is attended to rather than how engagement is structured. Neither traditional models, such as the spotlight metaphor, nor prevailing theories that emphasize stimulus-driven selection fully account for the modulation, density, and volitional control of awareness. This framework introduces focal energy as the structuring force of awareness, defining how perception and attention is actively shaped through its placement, intensity, density, and stability on the conscious field. By conceptualizing attention as the deployment and modulation of focal energy, this model reframes focus as both a selective and generative autonomous cognitive force rather than a passive filter. The constellation model of focus further expands this concept, recognizing attention’s nature as a distributed arrangement of nodes of concentrated awareness, dynamically shifting in intensity and engagement dynamics across perceptual and cognitive fields. This represents a foundational shift in attentional research, offering a precise operational mechanism of function rather than just descriptive attributes. While phenomenologically articulated from first principles, this framework opens itself to empirical validation, providing testable structures for neuroimaging, behavioral studies, and attentional endurance research. By redefining focus as a structured, volitionally governed force, this model bridges attention, cognitive autonomy, and volitional control while unlocking a deeper understanding of how consciousness is actively sculpted rather than passively received.

2025

This paper is part of a broader holistic model of attention that explores the mechanics of attentional regulation as the foundation for free will. The framework articulates how expressive action, the volitional deployment of focal energy,... more

2025

This article introduces the impressive–expressive action framework, a comprehensive articulation of bottom-up/top-down attentional dynamics that reframes the traditional endogenous/exogenous binary into a dynamic transactional model of conscious experience. Rather than viewing attention as a static state toggled between voluntary and involuntary control, this framework conceptualizes it as an energetic field sculpted by two complementary forces. Impressive action is the bottom-up arrival of salient signals into awareness, and expressive action is the top-down deployment of focal energy toward those signals. Together, they form the fundamental architecture of structured consciousness. Through a detailed phenomenological taxonomy, the framework delineates subtypes of impressive action including interruptive, peripheral, continuous engagement, and high-amplitude, while exploring expressive action across selective, generative, and motoric modalities. The model creates a cohesive system that captures how focus is constructed, sustained, and disrupted across both internal and external fields of awareness. Designed as a phenomenological scaffold, the framework articulates first-person mechanisms with high-resolution conceptual fidelity while remaining extensible to third-person cognitive science. It positions attention as the primary mechanism through which volition is enacted and the conscious field composed. By treating focus as a transactional rhythm between salience and will, the impressive–expressive framework offers not only a novel vocabulary, but a new grammar for understanding the lived architecture of attention and the foundational nature of free will as the capacity to control the focus of awareness.

2025, Epilepsy & Behavior

Cases with a clinical and electroencephalographic phenotype of benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) in association with a proven organic brain lesion have rarely been reported. To our knowledge, we herein describe for the first time a patient with Wilson's disease who subsequently manifested BECTS. Our case bolsters the argument that in at least some cases, BECTS is associated with organic brain disease.

2025, Technium Social Science Journal

Course books are the most popular way to learn foreign languages. However, in the 21st century, there are other ways to learn languages, such as multimedia tools. The use of the Internet, newspapers, radio, or television can be an alternative to traditional language learning methods. The rapid advancement of science and technology, such as multimedia technology, has made it possible to explore this new teaching method more effectively. In reality, multimedia technology plays a vital role in the teaching of English language, particularly in the context of non-native speaking English. It also helps non-native English speakers of language teachers to understand how to use it effectively. The use of multimedia in foreign language teaching has grown steadily, and it has greatly improved the quality of teaching and learning. To effectively teach a foreign language, the traditional method is insufficient. We ought to reconsider the way we teach and accept their impersonal quality as a type of instruction. Thus, we can legitimately use contemporary educational technology to achieve the goal of teaching languages. Nowadays, almost everyone uses multimedia tools to help them with daily tasks. For example, some people get ready to leave the house to the beat of the radio's music, while others can't imagine having breakfast without reading the newspaper and so on.

2025

This paper introduces the Constellation Model of Focus, a novel phenomenological framework that redefines focus as a dynamic distribution of activated nodes across the internal and external fields of awareness. Unlike traditional models that conceptualize attention as a singular spotlight or a binary endogenous-exogenous mechanism, this model describes how awareness is concentrated as activated nodes across multiple points simultaneously and how those points interact in real time. We explore the activation, modulation, inhibition, and competition of nodes, as well as the mechanisms by which focus is shaped through impressive and expressive action. Finally, we examine how this model aligns with current neurological research on attentional networks and neuronal activation, reinforcing its potential for future empirical validation.

2025, Journal of Applied Psychological Research

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of errorless and errorful practice on children’s learning of motor skills: The Role of Reinvestment. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all the male elementary school students in the age range of 710 in Mashhad in the academic year of 2017-2018. For this purpose, 48 male students in the city of Mashhad, , were selected through an available sample and randomly based on the levels of reinvestment. This study is an applied research and the type of practice protocol in four groups: errorless with high reinvestment tendency, errorful with low reinvestment tendency, errorful with high reinvestment tendency. Retention, transfer, and dualtask tests were conducted after the acquisition phase at 24hour intervals. To analyze the data in the acquisition, retention, transfer, and dual-task phases, a mixed model variance analysis (ANOVA) 2 (reinvestment levels: high and low) × 2 (practice protocol: errorless and errorful) and LSD post-hoc test were used, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software. The results of the acquisition test showed that all groups had made progress, but two groups, the errorful with high reinvestment tendency and the errorless with low reinvestment tendency, performed significantly better than the other groups on the retention and transfer tests. The two groups of the defectless with low reinvestment tendency and the defectless with high reinvestment tendency performed significantly better than the other groups under pressure conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that physical educators pay special attention to these psychological variables (reinvestment) when designing exercises and training programs for children’s motor skills.

2025, Acta Romanica

Dans la littérature linguistique consacrée à l’interface prosodie/syntaxe et, plus généralement, à la prosodie du français, la description prosodique des périphéries gauche et droite ainsi que des couplages et des greffes constitue un objet de nombreuses fois étudié. En général, ces études émettent des hypothèses sur l’appariement entre structure prosodique et structure syntaxique. En effet, il y aurait, selon ces hypothèses, une correspondance plus ou moins directe entre constituance syntaxique et constituance prosodique, de sorte qu’il soit possible de prédire la configuration prosodique d’une construction syntaxique donnée (cf. Avanzi 2012 : 11–14). Des travaux récents, basés sur des corpus de français parlé spontané, et non sur des corpus d’énoncés lus, ont toutefois montré que ces correspondances ne sont pas toujours aussi régulières que l’on croyait.
Notre étude vise à contribuer à la compréhension de la variation prosodique des configurations répertoriées généralement sous l’étiquette de dislocations à gauche, et plus particulièrement des configurations appelées détachement sans rappel (Fradin 1990), constructions à topique non lié (Lambrecht 2001) ou constructions à topique libre (Horváth 2018). Nous constaterons que la variation prosodique de la périphérie gauche ne s’explique pas par des facteurs syntaxiques mais plutôt par des facteurs pragmatico-discursifs, notamment le degré d’activation des référents topiques du SN disloqué à gauche, la portée du topique et l’effet de contraste.

2024

Cette méta-recherche explore l’impact de la mobilisation de l’attention dans les approches thérapeutiques telles que la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale (TCC), l’hypnose et la sophrologie. À partir d’une sélection rigoureuse d’études empiriques et de revues systématiques, nous mettons en évidence le rôle clé de l’attention, tant pour le praticien que pour la personne accompagnée. Les résultats suggèrent que le développement d’une « pédagogie de l’attention » peut renforcer significativement l’efficacité thérapeutique et favoriser une approche plus généraliste, au-delà d’une spécialisation strictement cloisonnée. Cette analyse ouvre des perspectives pour un modèle intégratif, dans lequel l’entraînement de l’attention est au centre du processus de changement et de la formation professionnelle.

2024, Psychology of Exceptional Individuals

The primary objective of this study was to devise and validate a cognitive empowerment program grounded in the Embodiment approach and to investigate its effectiveness in enhancing pre-mathematical skills and visual-spatial working memory in preschool children. The chosen research methodology was a semiexperimental design consisting of a pre-test/post-test comparison with a control group. The purpose of the research was to address practical concerns, and the data collection method employed a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The target population consisted of 5 to 7-year-old preschool children residing in Tehran, and a total of 30 participants (15 experimental and 15 control groups) were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. In the subsequent phase of the study, two assessments were administered as a pre-test to the participants: the Basic Mathematics Skills test developed by Kohan Sedgh (1997) and the Visual-Spatial Working Memory tasks, specifically the mazes memory and block recall components, from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C) by Pickering & Gathercole (2001). To evaluate the proposed hypotheses, the MANCOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Covariance) and ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) statistical analyses were implemented using the SPSS 25 software. The findings of the study revealed a significant impact of the cognitive empowerment program with the embodied approach on enhancing pre-mathematical skills in several domains, namely numbers and operations, measurement, basic calculations, and geometry. Additionally, the program was found to have a positive effect on the visual-spatial working memory subtest. Based on these results, it can be surmised that the cognitive empowerment program, grounded in the Embodied Approach, engages multiple systemsincluding the nervous, sensory, motor, and cognitive systemssimultaneously through direct involvement in physical and movement experiences.

2024, Educação e Pesquisa

The increase in technological flows as well as their speed and acceleration are followed by the emergence of a liquid and globalized world in which real and virtual are not easy to separate and tend to be deprived of clear limits. In modernity, the construction of subjects and the very conditions of psychic and social life have been deeply distressed. Contemporary conditions are dominated by continuous flows of information that have an effect on everybody´s senses. These flows encourage-and even impose-instantaneousness and immediacy that prevent the action of thinking over time. They also have effects on lifestyles, ways of being and thinking, and ways of representing oneself and the others, as well as ways of feeling and perceiving: by exerting continuous pressure on individuals, they make them lose stable criteria and the principle of limits that are tangible or at least perceptible in space and time. At the same time, these continuous flows induce individuals to unlimited types of property of themselves, while resulting on the impoverishment of innermost being: they provoke deep psychological and social insecurity and, furthermore, unprecedented types of anxiety.

2024, Frontiers in Psychology

Some consider phenomenal consciousness to be the great achievement of the evolution of life on earth, but the real achievement is much more than mere phenomenality. The real achievement is that consciousness has woken up within us and has recognized itself, that within us humans, consciousness knows that it is conscious. This short review explores the reﬂexivity of consciousness from the perspective of consciousness itself—a non-conceptual nondual awareness, whose main property is its non-representational reﬂexivity. In light of this nondual reﬂexivity, dierent types of reﬂexivity proposed by current theories can be seen as a gradation of relational or transitive distances between consciousness as the knower and consciousness as the known, from fully representational and dual, through various forms of qualiﬁed monism, to fully non-representational and nondual.

2024, Psychology in Russia: State of the Art

Background. The study of competitive anxiety and its relationship with mood states in high-performance athletes is relevant for predicting performance and enabling timely interventions to ensure successful outcomes in competitions. Due to the complex psychological demands arising from dual careers, the study of competitive anxiety and mood states contributes valuable insights into the emotional well-being of these student athletes.
Objective. To examine and describe competitive anxiety and mood states in a sample of high-performance Cuban university athletes across different sports and genders.
Design. A descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted involving 46 Cuban student athletes from national teams across 16 sports and included both male and female athletes, with an average chronological age of 20.70 years and 6.98 years of experience in a high-performance sport. The Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory and Brunel Mood Scale were administered in their Spanish versions. The data were examined using descriptive statistics analysis including the
Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
Results. Although no statistically significant differences were found in competitive anxiety and mood states in relation to gender and type of sport, female athletes tend to present higher mean scores in competitive anxiety and negative mood states. Additionally, female athletes in team sports experienced slightly more intense emotions. Anxiety shows positive correlations with tension, depression, and vigour, suggesting its influence on certain mood states.
Conclusion. The results indicate that, in general, the intensity of certain moods in Cuban university student athletes is influenced by levels of competitive anxiety.

2024, Psychology in Russia: State of the Art

Background. The study of competitive anxiety and its relationship with mood states in high-performance athletes is relevant for predicting performance and enabling timely interventions to ensure successful outcomes in competitions. Due to the complex psychological demands arising from dual careers, the study of competitive anxiety and mood states contributes valuable insights into the emotional well-being of these student athletes.
Objective. To examine and describe competitive anxiety and mood states in a sample of high-performance Cuban university athletes across different sports and genders.
Design. A descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted involving 46 Cuban student athletes from national teams across 16 sports and included both male and female athletes, with an average chronological age of 20.70 years and 6.98 years of experience in a high-performance sport. The Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory and Brunel Mood Scale were administered in their Spanish versions. The data were examined using descriptive statistics analysis including the Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
Results. Although no statistically significant differences were found in competitive anxiety and mood states in relation to gender and type of sport, female athletes tend to present higher mean scores in competitive anxiety and negative mood states. Additionally, female athletes in team sports experienced slightly more intense emotions. Anxiety shows positive correlations with tension, depression, and vigour, suggesting its influence on certain mood states.
Conclusion. The results indicate that, in general, the intensity of certain moods in Cuban university student athletes is influenced by levels of competitive anxiety.

2024

After the highly contested match of theories of consciousness that began in 2018, which is marking time, Stratium could reconciles and surpasses them, as a self-organizing theory that seeks to explain the phenomenon in addition to the function. Neurons are elementary feedback loops that process the regularities of sensory signals. They organize themselves into graphs of increasing complexity. Complexity is considered here as a fundamental physical dimension and not a simple property of mathematics. This solution sheds light on the most difficult questions about consciousness. How does information become interpretation? How does the user of the information appear? Interpretation assumes a relative independence of each level of complexity on the previous ones, while remaining closely entangled with them. This independence is the stability of the configuration of the constitutive probabilities of the underlying level. A higher graph observes and synthesizes the constitution of the lower graphs in the complex dimension. This is the fundamental beginning of the phenomenon of consciousness. At the pinnacle of complexity, waking consciousness results from the aggregation of brain functions into a single level, overcoming a very large number of underlying stages of interpretation, each superimposing its layer of consciousness, explaining the remarkable final thickness of the phenomenon. Under this complex illumination the brain is able to "turn around" to experience the meaning of its own activity.

2024, Psychological Research

Episodic memory encoding is highly influenced by the availability of attentional resources. Mind wandering corresponds to a shift of attention toward task-unrelated thoughts. Few studies, however, have tested this link between memory encoding and mind wandering. The goal of the present work was to systematically investigate the influence of mind wandering during encoding on episodic memory performances in an ecological setting. Fifty-two participants were asked to navigate in a virtual urban environment. During the walk, they encountered different scenes that, unbeknownst to the participants, were target items presented in a subsequent recognition task associated with a Remember-Know-Guess paradigm. Each item triggered, after a random interval, a thought probe assessing current mind wandering. We found a significant linear positive relationship between the ratio of correctly recognized items and the overall mind wandering reported after the task. Moreover, we found a quadratic reversed U-shaped relationship between the probability of giving a 'Remember' response and both on-line and mind wandering reported a posteriori. The nearer to the medium value the level of mind wandering was, the higher was the probability to have a recollection-based recognition. Our results indicate that in a complex environment, the highest probability of actually remembering a scene would be when participants present a medium attentional level: neither distracted by inner thoughts nor too focused on the environment. This open attentional state would allow a better global processing of the environment by preventing one's attention from being captured by internal thoughts or narrowed by an over-focusing on the environment.

2024, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

Yves Citton OEuvres de lectures et économies de l'attention Le lecteur n'existe pas. Pas plus que « l'homme », « la femme » ou « l'animal ». Il n'y a que des hommes, des femmes, des gouines rouges et des viragos vertes, des chattes, des gazelles, des mésanges et des fourmis. Toutes multiples et toutes (un peu) différentes. C'est justement cette multiplicité de différences que l'activité de lecture nous aide à affronter, pour apprendre à nous y repérer et à nous en enrichir. Son étymologie latine (legere) désigne en effet le travail du choix, de la cueillette, de la sélection et de l'élection. Lire, c'est élire un sens possible parmi les significations potentiellement esquissées par le texte. L'oeuvre de la lecture consiste donc d'abord à construire une interprétation toujours (un peu) personnelle, où notre personne singulière se découvre au contact d'un texte singulier. Pour parcourir quelques-uns des enjeux actuels de cette activité de lecture, en voie d'être reconfigurée par la numérisation des supports, nous nous laisserons d'abord guider par un célèbre lecteur à l'oeuvre, exemplaire par sa revendication même de singularité. Parmi les très nombreux passages des Confessions où Jean-Jacques Rousseau raconte ses expériences de lecture, trois moments sont particulièrement suggestifs. Ils mettent en lumière trois gestes essentiels qui sont au coeur de l'activité de lecture, telle qu'elle a été de plus en plus largement pratiquée par les humains au cours des trois derniers siècles (CITTON 2012) 1. Un lecteur à l'oeuvre : trois gestes d'aliénation Les premiers souvenirs que Rousseau, si fortement avide d'immédiateté, a de lui-même lui viennent de la médiation des livres : « J'ignore ce que je fis jusqu'à cinq ou six ans. Je ne sais comment j'appris à lire ; je ne me souviens que de mes premières lectures et de leur effet sur moi : c'est le temps d'où je date sans interruption la conscience de moi-même » (ROUSSEAU 1770 : 32). Or cette conscience de soi s'avère dès l'origine occupée (au sens quasi-militaire du terme) par l'invasion des personnages dont la lecture nous raconte l'histoire : lisant avec son père, à l'âge de sept ans, les romans hérités de sa mère, il se trouve tellement absorbé par les fictions qu'il « passe les nuits à cette occupation », incapable de quitter l'ouvrage avant la fin du volume, jusqu'à ce qu'avec le son des hirondelles, son père avoue : « je suis plus enfant que toi » (ROUSSEAU : 32). Quelques mois plus tard, passant des romans de la mère aux livres d'histoire romaine hérités du grand-père, l'expérience d'immersion narrative prend une intensité autrement plus inquiétante : en lisant Plutarque, je devenais le personnage dont je lisais la vie : le récit des traits de constance et d'intrépidité qui m'avaient frappé me rendait les yeux étincelants et la voix forte. Un jour que je racontais à table l'aventure de Scaevola, on fut effrayé de me voir avancer et tenir la main sur un réchaud pour représenter son action. (ROUSSEAU : 34) 1 Ce texte a profité des suggestions de Emily Apter, Thierry Bardini, François-Ronan Dubois, Aurélien Gamboni, Michel Jeanneret, Frédéric Kaplan, Martial Poirson 1 que je remercie sincèrement, mais qui ne sont bien entendu nullement responsables de son contenu final.

2024, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

Les avatars du phallus à clochettes * Cette postface est dédiée à Charles Wolfe, qui m'a fait découvrir le Tintinnabulum, entre bien d'autres choses.

2024

We present the main ideas of the recently initiated EU-IST H2020 project “BabyRobot”. The project is a collaborative, multidisciplinary effort for developing and commercially exploiting the next generation of human-robot interaction technologies in order to promote the adoption of robotic systems in educational settings, consumer applications and beyond. Keywords—Child-Robot Communication and Collaboration, Multimodal Interaction, Child-Robot Interaction, Evaluating Child-Robot Interaction, Spoken Dialogue Systems

2024, Revista De Investigacion Clinica

De acuerdo con la descripción y la definición originales, el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico ubicado principalmente en la infancia, con menor frecuencia en la adolescencia y rara vez en la vida adulta. Contrario a la creencia de una gran parte de profesionales de la salud mental y población i i es

2024

Resumen: Este trabajo es un estudio preliminar que pretende analizar el efecto que tiene el tiempo de exposición de la información sobre la robustez del Efecto de Compatibilidad de los Flancos (ECF). Para ello, hemos llevado a cabo un experimento en el que hemos manipulado tres tiempos de exposición (14 ms, 157 ms y hasta respuesta) bajo diferentes condiciones de separación entre el target y el flanco (0,16°, 0,47°, y 1,14° de ángulo visual de centro a centro). Los resultados indican que el tiempo de exposición no influye sobre el ECF, ni tan siquiera en diferentes condiciones de distancia espacial. Se concluye la posibilidad de que se produzca un cierto nivel de automaticidad en el procesamiento del flanco. Palabras clave: Tarea de flancos; tiempo de exposición; distancia espacial target-flanco; procesamiento del flanco.

2024

2024, Preprint

This paper explores the pervasive phenomenon of digital multitasking among youth and its potential cognitive repercussions. With the increasing ubiquity of digital devices, young individuals are frequently engaging in simultaneous interactions with multiple media, which has significant implications for their attention, memory, and executive control. By synthesizing findings from various empirical studies, this review highlights the cognitive challenges posed by digital multitasking and discusses the effects on academic performance. The paper also examines moderating factors such as individual differences and metacognitive strategies that could influence these outcomes. Finally, implications for educational strategies and future research directions are proposed to better understand and mitigate the negative impacts of digital multitasking.

2024, Shanlax International Journal of Education

This paper explores the reliability of using ChatGPT in evaluating EFL writing by assessing its intra-and inter-rater reliability. Eighty-two compositions were randomly sampled from the Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners. These compositions were rated by three experienced raters with regard to 'language', 'content', and 'organization'. The writing samples were also rated by ChatGPT twice over some time, and the average scores were calculated. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare the average scores given by ChatGPT and human raters. Pearson correlation analyses were conducted between the two sets of overall scores given by ChatGPT to calculate the intra-rater reliability, as well as between average scores given by ChatGPT and human raters for inter-rater reliability. The results of comparative analysis shows that ChatGPT may be used for evaluating EFL essays, as the scores are similar to those provided by reliable human raters. However, the result of correlation analyses shows that the intra-rater reliability of ChatGPT is not high enough to be acceptable, r=0.575, p<0.01 and the strength of the inter-rater reliability is moderate as well, r=0.508, p<0.01. Besides, there is no significant relationship between their average scores on 'organization' of the writings, r=0.181, p>0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that ChatGPT is not a reliable tool to rate and score EFL writings using the prompt in this study. One of the possible reasons for the unreliability of ChatGPT as a rater of EFL writing seems to be related to scoring for the 'organization' of the essay. These findings imply that while ChatGPT has potential as an evaluative tool, its current limitations, particularly in assessing organization, must be addressed before it can be reliably used in educational settings.

2024, M.S., Dept Psychology, University of Oregon

Semantic priming effects are extremely robust, with a tradition dating to the early 1970s, and have achieved an important status in cognitive psychology (Neely, 1991). In a typical version of this paradigm, subjects view a sequence of two or more words, and are asked to make a speeded response (word/nonword, semantic categorization, etc.) to the final word (the target). When the target is preceded by a word (prime) that is semantically related, response times (RT) are faster than when the prime and target words are unrelated.1 This difference in RT is referred to as the semantic priming effect. This paradigm has been an important tool for probing the nature of human memory and attention, as discussed in the present paper. Moreover, the significance of priming research reaches beyond the traditional boundaries of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology.2 In social psychology, for instance, semantic priming has been used to examine the nature of stereotypes: responses to social categories (race, gender, age) are elicited in different contexts to determine how “automatic” they are, and under what circumstances biases can be eliminated or reversed (Bargh, 1982; Bargh & Chartrand,1999).Clearly, semantic priming has been recognized as a powerful tool for investigating not only the nature of conceptual (semantic) processing, but also the development, organization, and stability of cognitive, affective, and social functions. However, despite these widespread applications, there is still a lack of consensus about the core mechanisms of semantic priming, and about the timing and relative importance of factors such as attention, prime awareness, and the relationship between nonsemantic associations (e.g., stimulus-response mappings) and semantic priming effects. Often, researchers have claimed to isolate different cognitive functions through manipulation of one or more of these variables. However, the lack of knowledge about basic mechanisms makes it hard to evaluate these claims. What can we conclude from differences in the time course or the size of semantic priming effects in different contexts, or across different populations? What do these effects imply about the structure of semantic representations, and about the functions of memory and attention in semantic access? Do semantic disorders reflect damage or disorganization of meaning representations, or difficulties in retrieval from memory? The aim of the present paper is to address these and other issues in a systematic review of the semantic priming literature. By understanding mechanisms of single-word semantic priming, it will be possible to evaluate more critically the results from studies using this paradigm, both within cognitive psychology and across diverse clinical, social, and psycholinguistic applications. Further, understanding the locus of semantic priming effects is important for its own sake, because it has direct implications for theories about the representation and organization of meaning in memory, and for understanding the cognitive and linguistic mechanisms of semantic processing.

2024, International Journal of Open-access, Interdisciplinary & New Educational Discoveries of ETCOR Educational Research Center (iJOINED ETCOR)

Aim: This study focused on studying the adoption of bridging leadership towards co-created innovation for a selected government school in compliance with DepEd Order No. 34, series 2022. Methodology: The research used a qualitative method and document analysis to analyze the implementation of cocreated innovation in the school. Results: Results showed that the school addressed challenges of learning delivery modalities during the pandemic, ensuring safety for students and teachers. The Learning Recovery and Continuity Plan (LRCP) was formed by the School Head, Master Teachers, and stakeholders, following five principles: safety and prevention, ensuring learning continuity, facilitating safe learning spaces, sensitivity to equity considerations, and linkages to existing educational thrusts. This strategy not only directly benefits students but also enhances the entire school community by promoting a sense of shared purpose and collective responsibility. The school administration adopted the concept of co-creation leadership to encourage a welcoming and cooperative atmosphere among educators, parents, and students. Involving all interested parties in the decision-making process increased the sense of ownership, created a common goal, and increased accountability for the school's accomplishments. The adoption of a Co-Created Innovation resulted in favorable outcomes, including heightened teacher autonomy, enhanced student participation, and active family engagement in their children's education. The establishment of ownership, co-ownership, and co-creation fostered a dynamic and all-encompassing learning atmosphere in which collaboration flourished, and every individual had a vested interest in the achievement of the school. The implementation of bridging leadership and co-created innovation in a government school has led to enhanced student performance and a more cohesive school community. As a result, student achievement improved, and the school community grew stronger, demonstrating the power of Bridging Leadership in a school setting. Conclusion: The study showed that a selected government school complied with DepEd Order No. 34, series 2022 allowing school to offer blended learning modality and full distance learning options to their students. A Co-Created Innovation applying Bridging Leadership was implemented by the school head of a selected government school.

2024, Idris Khawaja-Khan

Magie, savoir-faire et éducation au service d’un climat
attentionnel propice à l’épanouissement scolaire

2024

The paper brings under scrutiny the issue of simplistic analysis of the complex character of Mr. Toad in Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows. Classical psychoanalytic research on the classic uses the Freudian concepts of id, ego and super ego to understand the workings of the character of Mr. Toad. Contemporary research on the character disengages from a classical analysis and shows the underlying symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) in Toad. In response to these two approaches, this research underlines the limitations of the former and aims to problematize the simplistic views maintained by the latter by presenting a case of intricate pathological narcissism in the character of Mr. Toad that is sustained by the system of which he is a part. Sam Vaknin's concept of Pathological Narcissistic Space (PN space) will be used to discuss in detail the character's interactions with his social environment and interpersonal relations as potential narcissistic supplies, with an aim to re-evaluate his alleged transformation at the end.

2024

Among the research that nowadays deals with the impact of digital technologies on attention, little is concerned with problematizing the theoretical premises about the nature of this cognitive faculty. Hence, even highly credited studies on digital distraction draw their conclusions from underexamined models of attention, despite them not being the only ones available. In our article we intend to focus on this problem, starting by discussing two case studies in the field of cognitive psychology and trying to show their theoretical shortcomings when compared with an alternative model of attention. We will thus explore the account that a contemporary phenomenologist, Paul Sven Arvidson, has provided of attention and distraction. Finally, we will try to question the conclusions of the empirical studies by reframing them within Arvidson's model, suggesting the importance of sharpening the definition of attention and distraction as preliminary work for investigating how the digital relates to them.

2024

Background: Obtaining reliable data under explicit evaluations is one of the most complicated challenges in assessing drug users' status. Respondents are likely to give answers that are to their advantage or deliberately deceitful. Regarding drug use, intense and inevitable drug craving is known as one of the main causes of relapse and treatment failure. As a matter of fact, drug craving is directly correlated to attentional bias toward drugrelated stimuli, while drug-related stimuli capture drug users' attention as a result of craving. Most methods for studying selective attention and attentional bias have been developed for visual modality. However, stimuli that capture drug users' attention are not always visual, they could be auditory. Aims: We examined if a modified word recognition dichotic listening task discriminated between methamphetamine users and non-users. Moreover, we investigated further the reliability and validity of this new paradigm. Methods: A total of 30 adult males participated in the study (15 methamphetamine users and 15 non-users). The word recognition dichotic listening task included two stimuli narratives/sequences (one neutral and one methamphetamine-related) that were presented simultaneously via headphones, one stimuli sequence to each ear. The participants were instructed to only pay attention to the neutral stimuli and to ignore the drug-related stimuli. Afterward, participants were asked to indicate in a list which words they recognized from the listening task and responded to the Desire for Drug Questionnaire, which was modified to address methamphetamine craving. In addition, a month after the experiment, we assessed therapy adherence among participants who were methamphetamine users. Results: Methamphetamine users had a significantly lower performance in the word recognition dichotic task compared to non-users (t ¼ 4.30, p < .001; Cohen's d ¼ 6.13). Importantly, the average performance on the task was significantly higher among methamphetamine users who continued their treatment one month later compared to those who quitted (t ¼ À2.56, p < .05; Hedges' g ¼ 1.28). Moreover, the intraclass correlation coefficient with 95% interval confidence for the word recognition dichotic listening task scores was excellent (ICC ¼ 0.90) and the scores were significantly correlated with self-reported methamphetamine craving (r ¼ À.47, p < .001). Conclusions: The modified word recognition dichotic listening task successfully discriminated between individuals who craved methamphetamine from those who did not. This new paradigm demonstrated high reliability and

2024, Journal of Communication Disorders

Numerous authors report that people with aphasia have greater difficulty allocating attention than people without neurological disorders. Studying how attention deficits contribute to language deficits is important. However, existing methods for indexing attention allocation in people with aphasia pose serious methodological challenges. Eye-tracking methods have great potential to address such challenges. We developed and assessed the validity of a new dual-task method incorporating eye tracking to assess attention allocation. Twenty-six adults with aphasia and 33 control participants completed auditory sentence comprehension and visual search tasks. To test whether the new method validly indexes welldocumented patterns in attention allocation, demands were manipulated by varying task complexity in single-and dual-task conditions. Differences in attention allocation were indexed via eye-tracking measures. For all participants significant increases in attention allocation demands were observed from single-to dual-task conditions and from simple to complex stimuli. Individuals with aphasia had greater difficulty allocating attention with greater task demands. Relationships between eyetracking indices of comprehension during single and dual tasks and standardized testing were examined. Results support the validity of the novel eye-tracking method for assessing attention allocation in people with and without aphasia. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

2024, PsycEXTRA Dataset

Gas leaks in buildings can cause explosions and fire, which can result in serious burns, death and/or property damage. Since people may not smell the odorants added to natural and propane gas for a variety of reasons (e.g., being congested or asleep) electronic gas detectors could assist in detecting gas leaks. This study examined the extent to which electronic gas detectors are being used by persons reporting that they receive gas service. Three hundred seventy six participants were asked whether they have gas service at their residence and if so, what kind. Also they were asked what kinds of electronic gas detectors they had. Results showed that about half of the participants had gas service. While almost everyone reported having smoke detectors in their residence (whether or not they received gas service), less than half of the gas service users reported having a carbon monoxide detector. Very few gas service users (about 9%) reported having electronic gas detectors. Implications for warning about gas leaks and how HFE professional can aid in the production of better warnings in this domain are discussed.

2024, The 3rd International Conference on Community Engagement and Education on Sustainable Development (ICCEESD)

An increasing number of lectures in higher education is being held online. The aims of this study were to establish the nature and frequency of the distractions during online learning and to obtain students' opinions on whether the distractions affected their study performance or not. We therefore conducted a survey with university students about external distractions during online learning and students' attention engagement by using the adult ADHD (Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder) Self-Report scale. Eighty response sheets were collected, half of which were from Indonesian students in Indonesia and half from Japanese students in Japan. The frequency of occurrence of the distractions for this study is described as the number of incoming visual, auditory, or audiovisual notifications from electronic devices, such as pop-up windows of software updates, battery warning, chats, or e-mails. The number of distractions from other external events was obtained as well. From the survey, we discovered that about one-third (25-37%) of 80 students reported that their study performance was affected frequently ("often" or "always") by external visual, auditory, and audiovisual distractions from electronic devices. Moreover, a significant correlation was obtained between the perceived frequency of occurrence of these distractions and the students' attention scores: Low attentional engagement was accompanied by a relatively high number of perceived distractions. Although online learning fulfils the need for social distancing and may make lectures or meetings easier to organize, it is not ideal for all students, given that many thought their study performance was affected by external distractions.

2024, PLOS ONE

In this study, we adapted a race-Implicit Association Test (race-IAT) to mouse-tracking (MT) technique to identify the more representative target observed MT-metrics and explore the temporal unfolding of the cognitive conflict emerging during the categorisation task. Participants of Western European descent performed a standard keyboard-response race-IAT (RT-race-IAT) and an MT-race-IAT with the same structure. From a behavioural point of view, our sample showed a typical Congruency Effect, thus a pro-White implicit bias, in the RT-race-IAT. In addition, in the MT-race-IAT, the MT-metrics showed a similar Congruency Effect mirroring the higher attraction of the averaged-trajectories towards the incorrect response button in incongruent than congruent trials. Moreover, these MT-metrics were positively associated with RT-race-IAT scores, strengthening the MT approach’s validity in characterising the implicit bias. Furthermore, the distributional analyses showed that mouse trajectories ...

2024

Understanding and anticipating the behavior and associated mental/emotional states of mind of others is crucial for successful social interactions. Typically developed (TD) humans rely on the processing and integration of social cues that accompany other's actions to make, either implicitly or explicitly, inferences about others' mental states. Interestingly, the attribution of affective or mental states to the agent can in turn (top down) induce distortions in the visual perception of those

2024, Frontiers in Psychology

Changes in the intensity and type of facial expressions reflect alterations in the emotional state of the agent. Such "direct" access to the other's affective state might, topdown, influence the perception of the facial expressions that gave rise to the affective state inference. Previously, we described a perceptual bias occurring when the last, neutral, expression of offsets of facial expressions (joy-to-neutral and anger-to-neutral), was evaluated. Individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) and matched typically developed (TD) individuals rated the neutral expression at the end of the joy-offset videos as slightly angry and the identical neutral expression at the end of the anger-offset videos as slightly happy ("overshoot" bias). That study suggested that the perceptual overshoot response bias in the TD group could be best explained by top-down "emotional anticipation," i.e., the involuntary/automatic anticipation of the agent's next emotional state of mind, generated by the immediately preceding perceptual history (low-level mind reading). The experimental manipulations further indicated that in the HFA group the "overshoot" was better explained by contrast effects between the first and last facial expressions, both presented for a relatively long period of 400 ms. However, in principle, there is another, more parsimonious, explanation, which is pattern extrapolation or representational momentum (RM): the extrapolation of a pattern present in the dynamic sequence. This hypothesis is tested in the current study, in which 18 individuals with HFA and a matched control group took part. In a base-line condition, joy-offset and anger-offset video-clips were presented. In the new experimental condition, the clips were modified so as to create an offset-onset-offset pattern within each sequence (joyto-anger-to-neutral and anger-to-joy-to-neutral). The final neutral expressions had to be evaluated. The overshoot bias was confirmed in the base-line condition for both TD and HFA groups, while the experimental manipulation removed the bias in both groups. This outcome ruled out pattern extrapolation or RM as explanation for the perceptual "overshoot" bias in the HFA group and suggested a role for facial contrast effects in HFA. This is compatible with the view that ASD individuals tend to lack the spontaneous "tracking" of changes in the others' affective state and hence show no or reduced emotional anticipation.

2024, Molecular Autism

Background: Understanding and anticipating others' mental or emotional states relies on the processing of social cues, such as dynamic facial expressions. Individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) may process these cues differently from individuals with typical development (TD) and purportedly use a 'mechanistic' rather than a 'mentalistic' approach, involving rule-and contingency-based interpretations of the stimuli. The study primarily aimed at examining whether the judgments of facial expressions made by individuals with TD and HFA would be similarly affected by the immediately preceding dynamic perceptual history of that face. A second aim was to explore possible differences in the mechanisms underpinning the perceptual judgments in the two groups. Methods: Twenty-two adults with HFA and with TD, matched for age, gender and IQ, were tested in three experiments in which dynamic, 'ecologically valid' offsets of happy and angry facial expressions were presented. Participants evaluated the expression depicted in the last frame of the video clip by using a 5-point scale ranging from slightly angry via neutral to slightly happy. Specific experimental manipulations prior to the final facial expression of the video clip allowed examining contributions of bottom-up mechanisms (sequential contrast/ context effects and representational momentum) and a top-down mechanism (emotional anticipation) to distortions in the perception of the final expression. Results: In experiment 1, the two groups showed a very similar perceptual bias for the final expression of joy-to-neutral and anger-to-neutral videos (overshoot bias). In experiment 2, a change in the actor's identity during the clip removed the bias in the TD group, but not in the HFA group. In experiment 3, neutral-to-joy/anger-to-neutral sequences generated an undershoot bias (opposite to the overshoot) in the TD group, whereas no bias was observed in the HFA group. Conclusions: We argue that in TD individuals the perceptual judgments of other's facial expressions were underpinned by an automatic emotional anticipation mechanism. In contrast, HFA individuals were primarily influenced by visual features, most notably the contrast between the start and end expressions, or pattern extrapolation. We critically discuss the proposition that automatic emotional anticipation may be induced by motor simulation of the perceived dynamic facial expressions and discuss its implications for autism.

2024, International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms

The dynamic P300-based speller adjusts the number of flashes per character according to the character's probability of occurrence, as predicted by a language model. The speller consists of two modules: the modified P300 speller using a row-column paradigm, and the prediction by partial matching (PPM) language module. Two cases are considered, prediction hit and prediction miss, according to whether the character predicted by the model coincides with the character intended by the subject. Preliminary experimental results point to the possible advantages of the modified P300 speller which reduces total flash time, while preserving performance.

2024, Universidad Y Salud

Introduction: The behavioral questionnaires are effective tools to characterize the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adulthood. Objective: Determine the behavioral characteristics of adults with ADHD in retrospect by using the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS). Methods: The sample consisted of 102 adults from 51 nuclear families in the city of Barranquilla. The diagnosis of ADHD was conducted using a structured psychiatric interview validated in Colombia, which is also used for genetic studies of ADHD. A neurological examination and a neuropsychological evaluation were made. The cutting scores were analyzed and the effect size, sensitivity and specificity of the scale were calculated. It was found that there are clinical and statistical significant differences in WURS scores, which showed large to enormous effect sizes. Results: The scale distinguishes affected subjects from the unaffected ones, which proves the existence of ADHD symptoms in retrospect. Conclusion: It is important to highlight the WURS can be used as a tool for screening adult ADHD symptoms. However, it is necessary to complement its results with other tools for multimodal diagnostic testing.

2024, Universidad Y Salud

2024, Frontiers in Robotics and AI

We introduce a memory model for robots that can account for many aspects of an inner world, ranging from object permanence, episodic memory, and planning to imagination and reveries. It is modeled after neurophysiological data and includes parts of the cerebral cortex together with models of arousal systems that are relevant for consciousness. The three central components are an identification network, a localization network, and a working memory network. Attention serves as the interface between the inner and the external world. It directs the flow of information from sensory organs to memory, as well as controlling top-down influences on perception. It also compares external sensations to internal top-down expectations. The model is tested in a number of computer simulations that illustrate how it can operate as a component in various cognitive tasks including perception, the A-not-B test, delayed matching to sample, episodic recall, and vicarious trial and error.

2024, Revista de Neurología

examine the concurrent validity with global execution tests and the relationship with socio-demographic variables and others related to addiction. Patients and methods. The MoCA and the Allen Cognitive Level Screen-5 (ACLS-5) test were administered to a sample of 79 patients with addiction who were beginning treatment in a specific centre. Results. Only 29.1% of the participants presented normal performance in terms of the criteria proposed by the authors. The others achieved scores below the cutoff point, many of them displaying an alarmingly low score, even when compared with criteria for mild cognitive impairment and early dementias. The MoCA showed concurrent validity with the ACLS-5 and correlation with academic level, but not with variables related to addiction. Conclusions. The MoCA is a test that is quick and simple to administer and correct. It allows the detection of subjects with extremely low cognitive performance that require neuropsychological and occupational interventions for cognitive rehabilitation, which increases treatment compliance and the benefits to be gained from other interventions with important cognitive demands, such as relapse prevention psychotherapy.