Attention (Psychology) Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
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- Attention (Psychology), Priming
- by Angela Willemse
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- Serious Games, Sociology of Food and Eating, Eating Disorders, Video Games

This paper presents an overview of the key neuroscience studies investigating the neural mechanisms of self-initiated movements that form the basis of our human consciousness. These studies, which commenced with the seminal works of Benjamin Libet and colleagues, showed that an ensemble of brain areas — localized to the frontal and medial regions of the brain — are involved in engendering the conscious decision to commit a motor act. Regardless of differences in neuroimaging techniques, these studies commonly showed that early neuronal activities in the frontal lobules and supplementary motor areas, interpreted by some to be reflective of unconscious processes, occurred before one was conscious of the intention to act as well as the act itself. I examine and discuss these empirical findings with regard to the need to analyze the contents and stages of awareness, and devise paradigm-specific models or theories that could account for inconsistent findings garnered from different experimental paradigms. This paper concludes by emphasizing a need to reconcile the principles of determinism with the notions of free will in future development of consciousness research and theories. © The Institute of Mind and Behavior, Inc., P.O. Box 522, Village Station, New York City, New York, 10014. URL: https://umaine.edu/jmb/

- by Jimmy Y Zhong, PhD
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- Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Science, Perception
- by Jaume Rossello-Mir
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- Selective Attention, Visual attention, Attention (Psychology), Attention
- by Victor Drouin-Leclerc
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- Attention (Psychology), Attention, Gilbert Simondon, Bernard Stiegler

A state of mindfulness is characterized by focused, nonjudgmental awareness of the present moment. The current research experimentally investigated how state mindfulness influences task motivation and performance, using multiple meditation inductions, comparison conditions, tasks, and participant samples. Mindfulness inductions, relative to comparison conditions, reduced motivation to tackle mundane tasks (Experiments 1-4) and pleasant tasks (Experiment 2). Decreased future focus and decreased arousal serially mediated the demotivating effect of mindfulness (Experiments 3 and 4). In contrast to changes in motivation, inducing a state of mindfulness did not affect task performance, as seen in all experiments but one (Experiments 2-5). Meta-analyses of motivation and performance experiments, including unreported findings (i.e., the file drawer), supported these conclusions. Experiment 5’s serial mediation showed that mindfulness enabled people to detach from stressors, which improved task focus. When combined with mindfulness’s demotivating effects, these results help explain why mindfulness does not alter performance.

- by Andrew Hafenbrack
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- Business, Organizational Behavior, Management, Business Administration

Introduction: We report further validation and normative data for the THINC-Integrated Tool (THINC-it), a measure of cognitive function designed for use with individuals living with Major Depressive Disorder, but which is finding use in further psychiatric and neurological diseases. THINC-it comprises four objective computerised cognitive tests based on traditional psychological paradigms and a version of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire assessment. Methods: Sample size of n = 10.019 typical control study participants were tested on one to two occasions to further validate the reliability of THINC-it. Temporal reliability was assessed across 120-180 days. Results: Test-retest reliability correlations varied between r = 0.50 and 0.72 for the component measures and r = 0.75 (95% confidence intervals 0.74, 0.76) for the THINC-it composite score. Normative data categorised by Age, Sex and Years of Education were calculated and the effect on task performance was reported. Discussion: Our analysis confirms previously reported levels of reliability and validates previously reported normative data values.

In contrast to the widespread approach of the notion of “virtuosity” highlighting mechanical dexterity, I advance the view that a crucial feature of both technical virtuosity and musical expressivity is a specific ability to readily and quickly adapt the attention to various constantly changing aspects of the musical process while performing. In this sense, virtuosity can be likened to general mental capabilities such as intelligence. Based on concepts taken from performance analysis, pedagogical practice and sports science (especially from recent research of attentional control in sports), I attempt to define and discuss key features of performance virtuosity as “mental dexterity”. This includes the ability to quickly position oneself into different temporal perspectives in real time during performance; the ability to quickly shift the attentional focus, as well as to quickly modulate the depth of attention; furthermore, to promptly position oneself into different empathic perspectives, similarly to projecting oneself into another person’s position.

- by László Stachó
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- Music, Music Education, Consciousness (Psychology), Music Psychology

This book discusses the current state of affairs of Cognitive Capitalism. It is the first book in a series of three. Edited by Warren Neidich and Arne De boever. Contributions include Jonathan Beller, Franco Berardi, Jodi Dean, Patricia Pisters, Jason Smith, Tiziana Terranova and Bruce Wexler. The Psychopathologies of Cognitive Capitalsim Part 2 is now available through Archive Books. http://www.archivebooks.org/ Edited by Warren Neidich Texts by Ina Blom, Arne De Boever, Pascal Gielen, Sanford Kwinter, Maurizio Lazzarato, Karl Lydén, Yann Moulier Boutang, Warren Neidich,
Matteo Pasquinelli, Alexei Penzin, Patricia Reed, John Roberts, Liss C. Werner, Charles T. Wolfe

- by warren neidich
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- Psychology, Political Philosophy, Media Studies, New Media

I. What is Narcissistic Supply?
II. What are the functions of Narcissistic Supply in the narcissistic pathology?
III. Why does the narcissist devalue his Source of Secondary Narcissistic Supply (SSNS)?
IV. Could negative input serve as Narcissistic Supply (NS)?
V. Does the narcissist want to be liked?
VI. How does the narcissist treat his former Sources of Narcissistic Supply?
VII. Narcissistic Supply and Sex

Using a field experiment and experience sampling, we found the first evidence that phone use may undermine the enjoyment people derive from real-world social interactions. In Study 1, we recruited over 300 community members and students to share a meal at a restaurant with friends or family. Participants were randomly assigned to keep their phones on the table or to put their phones away during the meal. When phones were present (vs. absent), participants felt more distracted, which reduced how much they enjoyed spending time with their friends/family. We found consistent results using experience sampling in Study 2; during in-person interactions, participants felt more distracted and reported lower enjoyment if they used their phones than if they did not. This research suggests that despite their ability to connect us to others across the globe, phones may undermine the benefits we derive from interacting with those across the table.

- by Kostadin Kushlev and +1
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- Organizational Behavior, Media Sociology, Psychology, Organizational Psychology

Binaural beats have been hypothesized as a potential tool for creating cognitive
stimulation for over a hundred years (Peterson, J. 1916). When two slightly different tones are
played simultaneously in each our brains synchronize the two into one tone. The resulting tone
can stimulate certain brain areas and either increase or decrease their functioning. The objective
of this research was to determine the overall efficacy, lasting effect, and dosage needed of
binaural beats stimulation for the purposes of increasing focus and working memory. A
systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA method, where 23 peer-reviewed studies
were examined relating to binaural beats stimulation specifically for the purposes of assessing
attention and memory networks. Forty Hertz binaural beats are the most effective for increasing
focus and attention, however the methodology applied is significantly connected with results,
where the minimum dosage needs to be at least nine minutes. Further, longer exposure correlates
with an increased effect. Carrier tones should be played at a frequency that is comfortable and
perceivable (90 and 440 Hz). Timing of binaural beats stimulation should be applied either
before or before and during any proposed cognitive task. Playing binaural beats stimulation
during the cognitive task alone may index their effect. Because this is a novel topic, deductive
reasoning was applied to render results. Future studies should examine the topic of dosage and
lasting effect concerning binaural beats stimulation to access the full breadth of their
effectiveness on attention and working memory networks.

Pathological narcissism is an addiction to Narcissistic Supply, the narcissist's drug of choice. It is, therefore, not surprising that other addictive and reckless behaviours – workaholism, alcoholism, drug abuse, pathological gambling,... more

- by Sam Vaknin
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- Personality Psychology, Addiction, Personality, Personality Disorders

Nelson, P. L. (1997-98). Consciousness as reflexive shadow: An operational psychophenomenological model. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 17(3), 215-228. Abstract : Starting from the position of Searle's critique of theories of consciousness cast in an objective ontological frame and using James's notion of Radical Empiricism, an ontologically neutral, operational notion of conscious experience (awareness) is developed. This empirically based model incorporates a systems approach to conscious states, but eschews duality and unnecessary ontological ascriptions as found in many other theoretical proposals. The model is, in effect, non-epistemic and avoids the usual category error implicit in neurophysiological or quantum physical reductions. It does this by casting all human knowledge as experiential creations arising from operationally generated reflexive attention. From this point of view both objective and subjective ontologies are understood to be explicate constructs of an experiential implicate order.

Distraction is frequently blamed for interfering with the ergonomic production of capital, for encouraging substandard performance. Indeed, it is frequently configured as an impediment to time keeping, a thorn in the side of consciousness, a drag on intentional action, and a brake on decision making. Reality, however, is complex. While distraction can interfere with timing, anxiety, memory, error, and fatigue, it can also be exploited under controlled conditions to enhance performance by helping the performer to maintain an open cognitive and physical responsiveness to the world and a pragmatic mode of engagement with the task at hand. Indeed, distraction ensures that the performer is in close contact cognitively and socially with the full phenomenological plenitude of sound, thereby contributing to performance’s transformative value as a way of accumulating social capital in everyday life.

- by Anthony Gritten
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- Performance Studies, Performativity, Attention (Psychology), Attention
- by Diana Deutsch
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- Psychology, Attention (Psychology), Attention
- by David GIMMIG
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- Social Cognition, Attention (Psychology)
- by Laura Cull Ó Maoilearca
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- Attention (Psychology), Attention, Henri Bergson, John Cage

Strong or Pure Intentionalism is the view that the phenomenal character of a conscious experience is exhaustively determined by its intentional content. Contrastingly, impure intentionalism holds that there are also non content-based aspects or features which contribute to phenomenal character. Conscious attention is one such feature: arguably its contribution to the phenomenal character of a given conscious experience are not exhaustively captured in terms of what that experience represents, that is in terms of properties of its intentional object. This paper attempts to get clearer on the phenomenal contribution of conscious attention. In doing so it considers and sets aside two prominent impure intentionalist accounts, namely the Phenomenal Structure view of Sebastien Watzl, and the Demonstrative Awareness view of Wayne Wu. As an alternative I outline a Modification view, which draws on ideas in Husserlian phenomenology. On this view, we should think of the phenomenal contribution of conscious attention in terms of attentive modifications of what I call a 'pre-attentive phenomenal field'. I develop this view and highlight its benefits over alternatives.

- by Jonathan Mitchell
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- Philosophy of Mind, Selective Attention, Visual attention, Phenomenology
- by Henry Roediger
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- Mechanical Engineering, Psychology, Neuropsychology, Schizophrenia

Clustering around five major themes, and written by academics, researchers and artists from Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, Taiwan and the United States, these essays explore how literary texts encode the faculty of attention, and how theories of reading recognize, or underestimate the arts and techniques of attention.

- by Adam T Bogar and +2
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- Philology, History, Psychology, Psychoanalysis

Through careful phenomenological reflection, I demonstrate the layers of passivity that are inherent to the phenomenon of attention. Because attention is a form of freedom, however, this study also illuminates the dimensions of passivity inherent to freedom as such. I bring these points out more fully through reflection on the nature of work and the nature of language.

- by John Russon
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- Cognitive Psychology, Philosophy, Phenomenology, Continental Philosophy
- by Chloe Harrison
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- Stylistics, Attention (Psychology), Cognitive Linguistics, David Foster Wallace
- by Brooke Wilken
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- Social Psychology, Visual attention, Cognition, Situated Cognition

In this chapter, we review the different ways that attention works in relation to dreams and how it may function in dreams, and apply the framework of attention, proposed in this volumeas a means of accessing and mediating interactions with the worldto the dreaming world. We first review prior work on the role of attention as 1) access to dreams, e.g., how practices of recording and sharing dreams act as enabling factors for improving dream recall and enhancing richness of dream experience; and as 2) a mediator of dreams, e.g., how incubation, imagery rehearsal, and ultimately lucidity can be cultivated as cognitive skills enabling agency in the dream experience. We propose that attention functions as a constitutive factor in dream experience and that it is a trainable, developmental cognitive skill. We argue that dreams are not simply experiences that happen to the dreamer, rather, through employing attentional techniques in various ways, the dreamer may cultivate different degrees of agency in the dream.

- by Elizaveta Solomonova
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- Cognition, Phenomenology, Attention (Psychology), Dreams

La notion du topique et de la topicalité se fonde chez Lambrecht (1994) notamment sur l’accessibilité pragmatique des référents topiques, elle-même étroitement liée à l’effort cognitif que nécessite l’interprétation d’un référent discursif. Cet effort cognitif ou coût d’activation (Chafe 1994) est donc en rapport avec le statut d’activation des référents. Les statuts d’activation (actif, semi-actif, inactif) sont décrits par Chafe (1994) en termes de « conscience » : un référent actif est ainsi « au centre de la conscience » (focus of consciousness) d’une personne. La « conscience » est comparée à la perception visuelle : la vision fovéale au focus de la conscience, et la vision périphérique à la périphérie de la conscience. Au cours d’une conversation, le « focus » de la conscience ne cesse de changer, même si, bien entendu, ces « focus » ne sont pas des idées sans rapport entre elles. Un nouveau « focus » est donc lié au précédent et anticipe le suivant. La conscience, tout comme la perception visuelle, est ainsi toujours en mouvement, et ces changements de la conscience sont reflétés dans le langage. Les locuteurs mettent en place diverses stratégies pour exprimer le changement de ce qui est au centre de leur attention – ainsi que pour interpréter et comprendre ce dont parle leur interlocuteur.
Dans notre article, nous présentons l’analyse d’une séquence de 3 minutes d’un dialogue spontané afin d’observer quelles stratégies prosodiques et syntaxiques sont mises en œuvre dans le flux de parole pour exprimer et comprendre le développement des pensées et les changements constants de « focus » de l’attention.

In his reflections on the reading process, Leopardi juxtaposes the experience of pastime readers with that of scholarly readers, articulating a dialectics between their different modes of intentionality in the act of reading. Whereas the pursuit of pleasure promptly leads pastime readers to boredom, scholarly readers are able to gain lasting pleasure from their utilitarian interest in reading, and therefore pastime readers are encouraged to adopt the productive scholarly approach to reading. On the other hand, the studious mode of reading confronts a cognitive impasse which is dispelled by reverting the reader's intentionality to reading simply to pass the time. I present a close reading of Leopardi's argumentation in the context of several theoretical frameworks for interpreting the affective and cognitive blocks which he observes in the reading process, namely: reader reception theory, the psychological theory of flow, Jon Elster's study on the subversion of instrumental rationality, Seneca's recommendations on how to read, and Heidegger's notion of boredom. I suggest that Leopardi's phenomenological analysis of the act of reading exposes the reader's instrumental intentionality as the main factor responsible for its breakdown; yet, at the same time, the occasional failures to engage in this common everyday activity foster the release of the agent from the instrumental modes of validating experience. 2

- by Silvia Stoyanova
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- Reception Studies, Attention (Psychology), Martin Heidegger, Reading
- by Jaume Rossello-Mir and +1
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- History, Selective Attention, Visual attention, Attention (Psychology)

Recent evidence suggests that top-down attention facilitates unconscious semantic processing. To clarify the role of attention in unconscious semantic processing, we traced tra-jectories of the computer mouse in a semantic priming task and scrutinized the extent to which top-down attention enhances unconscious semantic processing in four different stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA: 50, 200, 500, or 1000ms) conditions. Participants judged whether a target digit (e.g., " 6 ") was larger or smaller than five, preceded by a masked priming digit (e.g., " 9 "). The pre-prime duration changed randomly from trial to trial to disrupt par-ticipants' top-down attention in an uncued condition (in a cued condition, a green square cue was presented to facilitate participants' top-down attention). The results show that top-down attention modifies the time course of subliminal semantic processing, and the temporal attention window lasts more than 1000ms; attention facilitated by the cue may amplify semantic priming to some extent, yet the amplification effect of attention is relatively minor.

- by Takashi Yamauchi and +1
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- Attention (Psychology), Consciousness, Unconscious cognition, Unconscious Processes

We investigated if variation in autistic traits in the typically-developed population (using the Autism-spectrum Quotient, AQ) influenced implicit learning of social information. In the learning phase, participants repeatedly observed two identities whose gaze and expression conveyed either a pro- or antisocial disposition. These identities were then employed in a gaze-cueing paradigm. Participants made speeded responses to a peripheral target that was spatially pre-cued by a non-predictive gaze direction. The low AQ group (n = 50) showed a smaller gaze-cueing effect for the antisocial than for the prosocial identity. The high AQ group (n = 48) showed equivalent gaze-cueing for both identities. Others' intentions/dispositions can be learned implicitly and affect subsequent responses to their behavior. This ability is impaired with increasing levels of autistic traits.

- by Matthew Hudson and +1
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- Clinical Psychology, Emotion, Communication, Implicit learning

The study of preconscious versus conscious processing has an extensive history in cognitive psychology, dating back to the writings of William James. Much of the experimental work on this issue has focused on perception, conceived of as input analysis, and on the relation of consciousness to attentional processing. The present paper examines when input analysis becomes conscious from the perspectives of cognitive modelling, methodology, and a more detailed understanding of what is meant by "conscious processing." Current evidence suggests that perception becomes conscious at a late-arising stage of focal-attentive processing concerned with information integration and dissemination. Reliable criteria for determining when perception becomes conscious combine the evidence of "first-person," phenomenological reports with "third-person" functional dissociations between preconscious and conscious processing. There are three, distinct senses in which a process may be said to be "conscious." It might be "conscious" (a) in the sense that one is conscious of the process, (b) in the sense that the operation of the process is accompanied by consciousness (of its results) and (c) in the sense that consciousness enters into or causally influences the process. Consciousness of familiar stimuli, rather than entering into input analysis, appears to follow it, in human information processing. Processes closely associated with the appearance of consciousness such as information integration and dissemination appear to operate unconsciously. Consequently, perception appears to be "conscious" only in sense (b).

- by Max Velmans
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- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Philosophy of Mind, Perception

This chapter describes the processes involved in attention to warnings. Attention has two stages. One is the capture or switch stage in which the warning must capture attention by standing out from other stimuli in cluttered and noisy environments. Attention is more likely to be drawn to a warning if it has features that enhance its conspicuousness. The second stage, maintenance, holds attention while and until information from the warning is extracted. Features such as legibility and intelligibility are involved. Recommendations for research and application are presented.

- by Anne Roefs
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- Psychology, Selective Attention, Nutrition, Cognition

We assessed voluntary orientation and reorientation of visuospatial attention in 313 healthy 6- to 22-year-old participants, 30 children suffering from benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) and 13 children with Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS). The developmental section highlights the late development of reorientingskills. Only childrenwith BECTS-R showed a strong tendency toward a rightward bias in attentional orientation. Additionally, a unilateral deficit of disengagement characterizes the patients with BECTS-R and comorbid ADHD.Right rolandic spikes seem to aggravate subclinical reorienting difficulties. Finally, children with PS failed to diffuse inhibition, except in the nearest area outside the attentional focus. This deficit could be attributed tothe typical occipital-to-frontal spreading of the spikes in PS. By showing distinct attentional deficiencies according to the epileptic syndrome and the epileptic focus lateralization in BECTS, the results provide newevidence for alterations of attentional mechanisms by interictal epileptic activity, which probably contributeto learning difficulties.

- by Céline Lopez and +2
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- Selective Attention, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Visual attention, Child Development

The images are easier to remember than words that recall abstract concepts because, unlike the latter (which only make use of verbal encoding), the former has a double coding: verbal and imaginative [1]. Words such as "table", "notebook" are encoded by our cognitive system, both at the verbal and imaginative level, while abstract words like "epistemology" or "notwithstanding" are mostly only recorded verbally.

- by Paolo Fabiani
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- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Science, Philosophy

The P300 is an endogenous event-related potential (ERP) that is naturally elicited by rare and significant external stimuli. P300s are used increasingly frequently in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) because the users of ERP-based BCIs need no special training. However, P300 waves are hard to detect and, therefore, multiple target stimulus presentations are needed before an interface can make a reliable decision. While significant improvements have been made in the detection of P300s, no particular attention has been paid to the variability in shape and timing of P300 waves in BCIs. In this paper we start filling this gap by documenting, modelling and exploiting a modulation in the amplitude of P300s related to the number of non-targets preceding a target in a Donchin speller. The basic idea in our approach is to use an appropriately weighted average of the responses produced by a classifier during multiple stimulus presentations, instead of the traditional plain average. This makes it possible to weigh more heavily events that are likely to be more informative, thereby increasing the accuracy of classification. The optimal weights are determined through a mathematical model that precisely estimates the accuracy of our speller as well as the expected performance improvement w.r.t. the traditional approach. Tests with two independent datasets show that our approach provides a marked statistically significant improvement in accuracy over the top-performing algorithm presented in the literature to date. The method and the theoretical models we propose are general and can easily be used in other P300-based BCIs with minimal changes.

- by Luca Citi
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- Psychophysiology, Brain-computer interfaces, Attention (Psychology), Attention

Human-robot collaborations that operate in shared spaces are anticipated to become increasingly common in coming years. Decades of social psychological research have revealed that human observers positively influence people's performance in dominant and negatively in nondominant tasks. While studies indicate moderate support for social facilitation/inhibition effects with robot observers, this evidence is hotly debated. Addressing known methodological criticism, this study investigates how a copresent robot-observer affects Stroop task performance and whether perceptions of that robot's mental capacities have explanatory value. Results reveal limitations in transferring social facilitation/inhibition theory to robots. Since participants reported high task attention levels across conditions, emerging flow states may have helped them circumvent social facilitation/inhibition mechanisms. It may thus be recommended for future research to consider flow dynamics when investigating social performance effects.

- by Jaime Banks
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- Robotics, Collaboration, Theory of Mind, Attention (Psychology)

This study examined the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in younger adults. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between the exercise rates of adults (aged 19-30) and working memory capacity. Participants were 42 male and female college students who were divided into groups based on self-reported physical activity level. The participants in one group (n = 23) met the physical activity requirements specified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and participants in the other group (n = 19) did not, and therefore acted as the control. A reading span task was used to assess the participant's working memory capacity. Analysis of variance results demonstrated that exercise was associated with enhanced memory (F = 9.06, p = 0.005, η = 0.21). Differences in working memory capacity as a function of gender and department were not statistically significant, nor were any interactions between these variables. This finding lend...

- by Kate Lambourne
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- Mechanical Engineering, Psychology, Neuropsychology, Schizophrenia
- by Anthony Gritten
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- Musicology, Aesthetics, Performing Arts, Selective Attention

Not all memories are equally welcome in awareness.
People limit the time they spend thinking about unpleasant
experiences, a process that begins during encoding,
but that continues when cues later remind someone of
the memory. Here, we review the emerging behavioural
and neuroimaging evidence that suppressing awareness
of an unwelcome memory, at encoding or retrieval, is
achieved by inhibitory control processes mediated by
the lateral prefrontal cortex. These mechanisms interact
with neural structures that represent experiences in
memory, disrupting traces that support retention. Thus,
mechanisms engaged to regulate momentary awareness
introduce lasting biases in which experiences remain
accessible. We argue that theories of forgetting
that neglect the motivated control of awareness omit a
powerful force shaping the retention of our past.

- by Michael Anderson
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- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Emotion

Brain activity related to orienting of attention with spatial cues and brain responses to attentional targets are influenced the probabilistic contingency between cues and targets. Compared to predictive cues, cues predicting at chance the location of targets reduce the filtering out of uncued locations and the costs in reorienting attention to targets presented at these locations. Slagter et al. (2016) have recently suggested that the larger target related P1 component that is found in the hemisphere ipsilateral to validly cued targets reflects stimulus-driven inhibition in the processing of the unstimulated side of space contralateral to the same hemisphere. Here we verified whether the strength of this inhibition and the amplitude of the corresponding P1 wave are modulated by the probabilistic link between cues and targets. Healthy participants performed a task of endogenous orienting once with predictive and once with non-predictive directional cues. In the non-predictive condition we observed a drop in the amplitude of the P1 ipsilateral to the target and in the costs of reorienting. No change in the inter-hemispheric latencies of the P1 was found between the two predictive conditions. The N1 facilitatory component was unaffected by predictive cuing. These results show that the predictive context modulates the strength of the inhibitory P1 response and that this modulation is not matched with changes in the inter-hemispheric interaction between the P1 generators of the two hemispheres.

- by Stefano Lasaponara and +3
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- Neuroscience, Attention (Psychology), EEG Signal Processing

This chapter describes the two major process stages of attention. The first involves switching attention to a salient stimulus. The second involves maintaining attention-while information is encoded in memory. This chapter focuses on factors that affect both stages with respect to visual and auditory warnings. Examples are provided and recommendations for future research are given.

- by Michael S . Wogalter
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- Visual attention, Attention (Psychology), Attention, Warnings