Attribution Theory Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, The Journal of Politics

A robust finding in the welfare state literature is that public support for the welfare state differs widely across countries. Yet recent research on the psychology of welfare support suggests that people everywhere form welfare opinions using psychological predispositions designed to regulate interpersonal help-giving using cues regarding recipient effort. We argue that this implies that cross-national differences in welfare support emerge from mutable differences in stereotypes about recipient efforts rather than deep differences in psychological predispositions. Using free association tasks and experiments embedded in large-scale, nationally representative surveys collected in the United States and Denmark, we test this argument by investigating the stability of opinion differences when faced with the presence and absence of cues about the deservingness of specific welfare recipients. Despite decades of exposure to different cultures and welfare institutions, two sentences of information can make welfare support across the U.S. and Scandinavian samples substantially and statistically indistinguishable.

2025, Journal of Counseling Psychology

This study explored the effects of consistent and inconsistent combinations of paradoxical and nonparadoxical interpretations and directives in brief counseling with moderately depressed college students. We hypothesized that a consistent paradoxical intervention (paradoxical interpretations and directives) would be more effective than inconsistent interventions, which in turn would be more effective than a consistent nonparadoxical intervention. Forty-nine moderately depressed college students who wanted to change were randomly assigned to four interview intervention conditions and a no-treatment control condition. In the intervention conditions, students received two interviews with counselors who gave six interpretations and two directives over the course of the interviews. Students in the intervention conditions decreased their depression more than did students in the control condition. Paradoxical interpretations were associated with more symptom remission than were nonparadoxical interpretations, whereas the nature of the directives students received made little difference: Whether the interventions were consistent or inconsistent made little difference on changes in depression, but students had more favorable impressions of their counselors when interpretations and directives were consistent. The impact of the interventions on students' attributions of the cause of therapeutic change was also explored.

2025, Journal of Counseling Psychology

2025

In erster Linie bedanke ich mich bei Herrn Professor Dr. Udo Rudolph, der meine Dissertation betreut hat und mich mit dem Thema der moralischen Emotionen vertraut gemacht hat. Vielen herzlichen Dank für die zahlreichen anregenden Diskussionen über moralische Emotionen sowie für die vielen wertvollen Hinweise. Ebenso bedanke ich mich herzlich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Josef Krems, der so freundlich ist, das zweite Gutachten zu übernehmen. Unserer gesamten Forschergruppe zu moralischen Emotionen (Prof. Dr. Udo Rudolph, Prof. Dr. Katrin Schulz, Rose Schindler, André Körner und Frank Schössow) danke ich für viele interessante Gespräche und den regen Meinungsaustausch. Ein besonders herzliches Dankeschön geht hierbei an Rose Schindler, auch für die unkomplizierte Zusammenarbeit bei unserer gemeinsamen Publikation. Ebenso bedanke ich mich ganz herzlich bei Herrn Dipl.-Ing. Dieter Reichelt, der mir in den letzten Jahren bei Problemen technischer Art (und jeglicher anderer Art) stets hilfreich zur Seite stand. Besonderer Dank gilt hierbei seiner Unterstützung bei der Programmierung der Onlinefragebögen und des Reaktionszeitexperimentes sowie bei der damit verbunden Datenaufbereitung. Ich bedanke mich zudem herzlich bei

2025

2025, PLOS ONE

Moral emotions are typically elicited in everyday social interactions and regulate social behavior. Previous research in the field of attribution theory identified ought (the moral standard of a given situation or intended goal), goal-attainment (a goal can be attained vs. not attained) and effort (high vs. low effort expenditure) as cognitive antecedents of moral emotions. In contrast to earlier studies, mainly relying on thought experiments, we investigated autobiographical recollections of N = 312 participants by means of an online study. We analyzed a diverse range of moral emotions, i.e., admiration, anger, contempt, indignation, pride, respect, schadenfreude, and sympathy, by using a mixed-method approach. Qualitative and quantitative methods clearly corroborate the important role of ought, goal-attainment, and effort as eliciting conditions of moral emotions. Furthermore, we built categorical systems based on our participants' descriptions of real-life situations, allowing for more finegrained distinctions between seemingly similar moral emotions. We thus identify additional prerequisites explaining more subtle differences between moral emotion clusters as they emerge from our analyses (i.e., cluster 1: admiration, pride, and respect; cluster 2: anger, contempt, and indignation; cluster 3: schadenfreude and sympathy). Results are discussed in the light of attributional theories of moral emotions, and implications for future research are derived.

2025, Analyse des données and archaeology fifty years later: from data analysis to data science

2025, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

Information systems (IS) project failure is a costly and common problem. This is despite advances in development tools and technologies. In this article, we argue that one reason for this is the failure of project post‐mortems to generate constructive “lessons learned” from previous projects. Over time, the ineffective practices would persist in the organization, rendering it resistant to change. The attribution theory literature serves as one of the few promising theoretical bases to explain why project post‐mortems fail. A case study of a project post‐mortem undertaken for an abandoned electronic procurement system project is discussed and analyzed. We identify five antecedent conditions of attribution error: the presence of self‐appointed mindsets, the general persistence of negative beliefs, memory decay, selective recall of project events and the influence of power dynamics within the organization. We discuss the research and practical implications of these findings and suggest...

2025, Social Psychology and the Ancient World

This chapter investigates scholia (ancient commentaries) on Greek tragedy and the kinds of social attribution in which they engage when discussing the characterization of characters in the plays. It is demonstrated that — in contrast to what is often stated in modern scholarship about ancient theory — ancient commentators do not prefer explanations for the behaviour of characters that see them as representative of particular types. Rather than relying on stereotypes, the most common generalizing explanations in the scholia discuss behaviour as related to certain types of situation rather than types of person. Other moders of explanation also occur, however: behaviour is explained (in declining order of frequency) as arising from individual character traits, or indeed from group stereotypes. Modern attribution theory, particularly the work of Malle, is applied to situate these kinds of explanations in typical folk-psychological models of behaviour explanation. In line with Malle’s theory, it is shown that most behaviour explanations in the scholia in fact refer to characters’ reasons for doing something rather than causes for their behaviour. The chapter ends with a discussion of the nature of the business of the scholia.

2025

An analysis of perdeiied altruism was conducted . . within the framelibrk of Kelley's (1973) attributional model. In a 2 by 2 factorial, design, the consistency and distinctiveness of a donor's prosocial lxistor were manipulated. Subjects were ptovided with written scenarios d picting the work of a voluntary 'welfare organization aidingthe Iderly. Subsequent evaluations of the donor-actors on the altruism dimension revealed thAt there is. a direct 'relationship of consistency and an inverse relationship of distinctiveness with the attribution of altruism. (Author) ---, 40,

2025, "The Lyrical Signature of Edward de Vere: Tragic Sensibility and Aesthetic Kinship with Shakespeare’s Troilus"

This essay explores the psychological and thematic connections between the works of Shakespeare and the life of Edward de Vere, suggesting that recurring motifs—particularly male jealousy, insecurity, and the eventual vindication of women—may reflect de Vere’s own emotional struggles. It highlights plays like Othello, The Winter’s Tale, Much Ado About Nothing, and Cymbeline, where suspicion of female infidelity leads to personal or social ruin, often unjustly. These patterns are seen as potentially autobiographical, echoing de Vere’s troubled marriage and deep-seated anxieties. In contrast, the essay examines Sir Francis Bacon’s detached relationship with women, [continues. ...

2025

This was an investigation into the relationship between quality of care and staff views of, and responses to, challenging behaviour in adults with learning disabilities. Cognitive representations have been identified as a determinant of therapeutic outcomes in a variety of health care settings. There were two main aims of this study. First, to describe and measure the cognitive representations of challenging behaviour among staff working with adults with learning disabilities and second, to evaluate the effects of training on these views held by staff. Existing literature was reviewed. A Likert type questionnaire, the Challenging Behaviour Representation Questionnaire (CBRQ) was developed to record staff views. The CBRQ draws on two existing measures: the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) and the Challenging Behaviour Attributions Scale (CHABA). The CBRQ will give a new method of evaluating the staff views most often associated with evidence-based practice, helping behaviours and positive outcomes. Questionnaire items were generated from responses by 300 staff, to assess the applicability of Leventhal's Self Regulatory model in the context of challenging behaviour. The rating scales in the questionnaire were theoretically derived, based on the dimensions of Leventhal's model (identity, cause, consequences, treatment/control, time-line). An 'emotional-reaction' dimension was added, suggested by more recent research. The use of the Leventhal model was supported, with the exception of the 'time line' component. The questionnaire was tested for reliability and validity then administered before and after training to staff in thi ee different groups. Targeted training changed cognitive representation of challenging behaviour overall, as measured by the CBRQ, and this change was statistically significantly in two of the five dimensions for the experimental group. Other results suggest that dimensions of cognitive representation are affected in different and complex ways by training. The statistical and the practical significance of the results are discussed in relation to staff training and therapeutic outcomes for people with learning disabilities. A 'staff-regulatory' model of cognitive representation is proposed linking cognitive representation and challenging behaviour. Groups Means and Standard Deviations fo r Post-Test I / Post-Test 2 5.9 ANOVA Repeated Measures Groups I, 2 and 3 Post 1/Post 2 5.10 Analysis o f variance on each o f the fiv e subscales -Group effect 5.11 Binary Logistics Regression fo r Participants who com pleted/D id not com plete Post-Test 2 6.1 Sum m ary profile o f characteristics; Group 1 and Group 1(a) 6.2 Comparison o f other characteristics; Group 1 and Group 1(a) 6.3 Sum m ary o f questionnaire scores fo r Groups 1 and 1(a) 6.4 Sum m aiy o f questionnaire scores fo r Groups 1 and 1(a) by num ber o f pretests completed 6.5 Analysis o f variance on each o f the fiv e subscales fo r Group 1 and Group List of abbreviations used OL Open Learning APCB Approaches to People with Challenging Behaviour IPQ Illness Perception Questionnaire CBRQ Challenging Behaviour Representation Questionnaire

2025

Conversational implicatures are usually described as being licensed by the disobeying or flouting of a Principle of Cooperation. However, the specification of this principle has proved computationally elusive. In this paper we suggest that a more useful concept is rationality. Such a concept can be specified explicitly in planing terms and we argue that speakers perform utterances as part of the optimal plan for their particular communicative goals. Such an assumption can be used by the hearer to infer conversational implicatures implicit in the speaker's utterance. 1. Introduction Previous work in pragmatics has relied upon a Principle of Cooperation [Grice, 1975] to explain how speakers can communicate more than what is explicitly said. Despite, the dominance of such work in the philosophy of language, the principle remains too computationally underspecified, and therefore, unused by dialogue systems in artificial intelligence (AI). Furthermore, the actual process of inferring...

2025

First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Sibusiso (Cliff) Ndlangamandla, for his continuous support, useful advice and meticulous review of my thesis. He really went well beyond the call of duty by taking time to consult and assist me meaningfully in the completion of this project. Next, I am indebted to all the school administrators, teachers, and learners, who whole heartedly sacrificed their precious time and energy to get involved in my study. Finally, I must thank all my family and my friends who directly contributed to this work, by providing materials, encouragement, comments and assistance. In particular, I would like to thank my brother-in-law, Commander Abebe Muluneh, for his unreserved cooperation in all financial matters and for delivering essential materials at my disposal. Abe, I will always cherish your limitless generosity. God bless you. I am grateful to Tadesse Assefa and Adabay Sileshi for their assistance, Dr Asaminew Demissie and Yidnekatchew G/Yes for proof-reading and commenting on the chapters. I would also like to thank my sister-in-law, Zenebech Muluneh for her quiet, but constant support and encouragement. I will always be grateful to my wife, Assefu Muluneh, for being so supportive, even when I grew grumpy. A special appreciation is also extended to my son, Be-emnet and my daughter, Manna whose worried glances at my disorderly papers gave me the added motivation to finalise my study and redirect my attention to fatherly duties. In conclusion and above all, I thank God who inspired all the people to help me and made this study a reality.

2025

Dedication I dedicate this labour of love to my cherished and respected brother-in-law, Commander Abebe Muluneh, and his beloved son Bisrat Abebe, in appreciation of a life devoted to limitless generosity and resolve. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Sibusiso (Cliff) Ndlangamandla, for his continuous support, useful advice and meticulous review of my thesis. He really went well beyond the call of duty by taking time to consult and assist me meaningfully in the completion of this project. Next, I am indebted to all the school administrators, teachers, and learners, who whole heartedly sacrificed their precious time and energy to get involved in my study. Finally, I must thank all my family and my friends who directly contributed to this work, by providing materials, encouragement, comments and assistance. In particular, I would like to thank my brother-in-law, Commander Abebe Muluneh, for his unreserved cooperation in all financial matters ...

2025

2025, Journal of extension

Master Gardeners are very important in helping Extension deliver horticultural information to local citizens. The theoretical framework of the study reported here was based on Houle's Typology. The purpose was to develop an understanding of adult motivations to participate in the Florida Master Gardener program. The sampled population was 613 adult Master Gardeners, with a total response rate of 86.78%. Participants felt a Competence-related Curiosity had "much influence" on their participation in Master Gardeners. Developing an understanding of adult motivational orientations will assist practitioners to alter the program to best meet the needs of Master Gardener participants.

2025, Journal of Extension

2025, Human Resource Management

Ten years ago, criticized the one-sided focus on the content-based approach, where researchers take into account the inherent virtues (or vices) associated with the content of HR practices to explain performance. They explicitly highlight the role of the psychological processes through which employees attach meaning to HRM. In this fi rst article of the special section entitled "Is the HRM Process Important?" we present an overview of past, current, and future challenges. For past challenges, we attempt to categorize the various research streams that originated from the seminal piece. To outline current challenges, we present the results of a content analysis of the original 15 articles put forward for the special section. In addition, we provide the overview of a caucus focused on this theme that was held at the Academy of Management annual meeting in Boston in 2012. In conclusion, we discuss future challenges relating to the HRM process approach and review the contributions that have been selected-against a competitive fi eld-for this special issue.

2025, MRS Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Studies

This article examines the effects of gender roles and prejudices in the working environment, especially the gain of women more than men. Gender roles impose different responsibilities to men and women in business and private living spaces, leading to various prejudices and discrimination in business life. The situations in which women gain more than men are perceived as contrary to traditional gender roles, which have psychological and sociological effects on both men and women. Traditionally, while men are expected to be the main source of livelihood in the family, the situations in which women earn more can adversely affect the social roles and self -esteem of men. This may have negative effects on men's mental health. In addition, gender roles and prejudices reinforce the discrimination and obstacles faced by women in the business world, which makes it difficult for women to progress in their careers. In this article, the dynamics of women's gaining more than men, the effects of workplace relations and social perceptions will be examined; The contribution of cultural and social factors to these dynamics will be evaluated. In addition, the policies that support gender equality in the workplace and strategies to change social perceptions will be discussed.

2025

This study examines cross-country differences in consumer evaluation processes during ambiguous product-harm crises, focusing on response strategies and corporate reputation. Two experiments with 2x2 between-subjects factorial designs were conducted. Study 1 explored the emotional path using data from Türkiye, while Study 2 investigated the functional path with U.S. data. Results show that, in collectivistic and high uncertainty avoidance cultures (Türkiye), blame attributions and negative emotions mediate the effect of response strategies on repurchase intention. In individualistic and low uncertainty avoidance cultures (USA), functional evaluations mediate the process. Additionally, corporate reputation moderates both conditions, with variations depending on consumers’ levels of uncertainty avoidance and individualism/collectivism.

2025, Reading & Writing Quarterly

This article reviews research on motivation in the academic domain of writing situated within a social cognitive perspective. First we summarize major findings related to 4 theorized components of human motivation-self-efficacy beliefs or perceived competence, mastery and performance goal orientations, task interest and value, and attributions for success and failure. For each component we also offer general instructional recommendations gleaned from the literature. Next we discuss how these components play a role in writing motivation, with particular emphasis on self-efficacy for writing skills versus writing tasks. Then we present findings from studies that have examined the motivational characteristics of individuals who struggle with writing, including those with disabilities, and interventions designed to enhance motivation to write. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research in writing motivation.

2025, Journal of the Walters Art Museum, v. 76

Identifying the probably painter--addressed here--is just one of the many intriguing issues surrounding this imposing portrait of an African prince at the court of Louis XIV around 1700.

2025, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

Naïve realism research has demonstrated the fact that individuals deprecate alternative perspectives to preserve their own. With reference to an outgroup, this bias may be compounded by ethnocentrism. We present an operationalized measure of naïve realism in terms of attributions of knowledge and ignorance. We hypothesized that respondents would make higher attributions of knowledge to those who agree with them than those who disagree with them (naïve realism). We further hypothesized that respondents would attribute more knowledge to their ingroup than to an outgroup (ethnocentrism). Findings confirmed our hypotheses except for a black sheep effect marking higher attributions of knowledge to the outgroup with whom respondents disagreed relative to the ingroup. These findings demonstrate that social cognition is biased toward being more divisive and exclusive than open and inclusive. We suggest that overcoming the epistemic challenge may thus need to be the first step in conflict resolution attempts that successfully avoid the spiral of conflict.

2025

Can simple motor actions affect how efficiently people retrieve emotional memories, and influence what they choose to remember? In Experiment 1, participants were prompted to retell autobiographical memories with either positive or negative valence, while moving marbles either upward or downward. They retrieved memories faster when the direction of movement was congruent with the valence of the memory (upward for positive, downward for negative memories). Given neutral-valence prompts in Experiment 2, participants retrieved more positive memories when instructed to move marbles up, and more negative memories when instructed to move them down, demonstrating a causal link from motion to emotion. Results suggest that positive and negative life experiences are implicitly associated with schematic representations of upward and downward motion, consistent with theories of metaphorical mental representation. Beyond influencing the efficiency of memory retrieval, the direction of irrelevant, repetitive motor actions can also partly determine the emotional content of the memories people retrieve: moving marbles upward (an ostensibly meaningless action) can cause people to think more positive thoughts.

2025, Journalism Practice

At key moments, when journalism's credibility is under attack, industry-based defenses of truth, rooted in performances of accountability, often mobilize around new practices. This paper considers one such moment, looking at metajournalistic discourse surrounding the emergence of the ombuds role in U.S. journalism, when key ideals around the value of truth and its production were made practicable and intelligible as part of a broader defense of the institution of journalism. As the ombuds office became a normalized fixture throughout the twentieth century, key ideas augmenting the value of truth were put into practice: transparency, accountability, and audience perspective. As the field of journalism faces normative challenges around the proliferation of misinformation, as well as contemporary debates about journalism's changing relationship to its audiences, the ombuds role demonstrates a preference for self-regulation implicit in journalism's professional culture.

2025, International journal of business and social research

There is a shortage in the research which addresses the relationship between negative word of mouth (WOM) communication and customer-based brand equity dilution. This research utilizes attribution theory to demonstrate the negative word-of-mouth impact on the customer-based brand equity. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the proposed effect of negative WOM on brand equity. The study sample consists of 71 post-graduate students, the object of negative WOM was laptops which considered a highly involvement product. Experimental investigation results reveal that customer exposure to negative word-of-mouth increases the brand equity dilution. Results were discussed in the light of casual attribution theory, and practical implications were provided.

2025, Frontiers in Psychology

Introduction: Malaysia as an ethnically diverse country has a history of interethnic inequality and poverty which led to the development of di erent views about the existence of poverty. Among these ethnic groups, some sympathize with the poor and help them through di erent charity organizations. However, these charity organizations are mostly unaware of the target donors that can aid their charity funds. Therefore, this study explores the attitudinal di erences regarding poverty among Malays, Chinese, and Indians and the demographic groups that can be targeted for donation and social policy development purposes. Methodology: A survey is conducted in Selangor, where the data through a questionnaire is extracted from the three ethnic groups. Through the quota sampling technique, a sample of is derived. The results are analyzed through ANOVA, regression, and mediation analysis. Results: The results show that attitudinal di erences between Malays and Chinese regarding structuralist beliefs could be observed. Moreover, among Malays, it is found that the relationship between gender, income, education, wealth, and structuralist beliefs is significantly mediated by beliefs about charity. On the other hand, mediation analysis for Chinese identifies gender, education, and income while among Indians gender, education, and wealth are identified as key demographic groups. Discussion: This study highlights the role of attribution theory to identify the charity donors among the di erent ethnic groups which was overshadowed by the previous research in Malaysia. The results also hold significance for charity institutions to target the specified groups through their marketing campaigns. Also, based on these results government can reduce the misconception about the existence of poverty and to develop policies that encourage high income groups to support the poor.

2025

At the beginning of the year 2005 the German meat industry frequently appeared in the media with reports about rotten meat. Since then a huge number of new problems with meat have arisen which have disclosed weaknesses in food quality control and highlighted the extremely sensitive nature of the subject in the meat sector. Contrary to the BSE crisis after

2025, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

Intégration dans un style de vie, compensation ou engagement ponctuel Résumé : Nous proposons d'étudier les pratiques durables des individus sous l'angle de l'achat de produits « éthiques » mais aussi par le biais des pratiques quotidiennes et ordinaires. Une enquête qualitative met en évidence trois sphères de pratiques durables : achats de produits « éthiques », usages domestiques et pratiques de transmission des préoccupations éthiques par la parole. L'étude des pratiques individuelles avec le filtre de ces trois sphères aboutit à une ébauche de trois régimes de pratiques durables : intégration dans un style de vie durable, compensation et engagement ponctuel.

2025

Although some writers argue that attitude change is the key influence in behavior change, the accumulated research is far from supportive. The perceptual process of attribution can provide the necessary perspective from which to integrate these findings and stimulate new research. The role of attribution theory in the attitude-behavior relationship seems to be a crucial one. The attributions a person makes determine whether or not his attitudes are related to his behavior in any situation. The individual's perceptual point of view, the attributions that he associates with a behavior based on the appropriate attitudes, beliefs, social norms, and personal motives, affects how he organizes the information and data in his environment to make it understandable. Especially in the prediction of behavior, one must-relate the cognitive system of a person to his behaviors. (LG)

2025

Federal da Bahia) pela oportunidade e condição oferecidas. Ao DFCH (Departamento de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas) e Área de Psicologia pela compreensão, apoio e disponibilidade que contribuiram para a melhor realização desta dissertação. À professora Dra. Marli Geralda Teixeira pelo acompanhamento, participação na Banca e ternura sempre dispensada com o seu grafite e jeito de ser. Ao professor Dr. Manoel Soares Sarmento por ter aceito participar da Banca, pela contribuição que deu e pela sensibilidade afeto-cognitiva demonstrada. À professora Dra. Alda Muniz Pêpe pela luta vivida e lutadora que é, pela vivência da "maternidade" sem, contudo, deixar de, implacavelmente exigir o melhor que pode ser feito. Pela orientação e carinho (nem sempre verbalizados, mas sentidos) e também por ser, mesmo sem saber e/ou aceitar, a médium que intermedeia as funções transcendentais dos trabalhos contingentes. À professora Dra. Constança Marcondes Cesar da PUCCAMP (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas) pela disposição, amizade e auxílio, estimular-me no início desta pesquisa. À professora Ana Schilling (UESC) pelo suporte técnico-estatístico e amizade que nos une.

2025, International Journal of Public Opinion Research

Controversies have surrounded the COVID-19 pandemic. People encountering COVID-19-related opinions that oppose their own are likely to find their deeply held beliefs questioned and their personal integrity threatened, which can compel them into defensiveness. Consequently, to serve the goal of defending their beliefs, they might seek and process COVID-19 information in ways that are consistent with their beliefs. To examine risk information seeking and processing for this defensive informational goal, we applied the risk information seeking and processing model (Griffin et al., 2013), and extended it by (1) systematically explicating the concept of defense information insufficiency (the perceived information needed to preserve one's enduring beliefs) and (2) exploring the antecedents and effects of defense information insufficiency. We conducted an online survey of Hong Kong adults aged 18 years and older and collected 830 responses. The findings showed that fear and informational subjective norms increased defense information insufficiency, which influenced the engagement in selective risk information use behavior. Informational subjective norms had also positively influenced selective information use. As a result, people were likely to be exposed to homogeneous information. Implications on polarization are discussed.

2025, Learning and Individual Differences

Dweck's social-cognitive approach to implicit theories of intelligence posits that entity beliefs and incremental beliefs are associated with, and precede the development of, external and internal locus of control respectively. To date, this proposition underlying the theory has not been adequately tested. An online questionnaire including measures of implicit intelligence beliefs, academic locus of control and hours studying per week was completed by 94 Australian university students. Multiple regression analysis supported the posited relationship between entity beliefs and external locus of control, but not that between incremental beliefs and internal locus of control. While providing partial support for Dweck's proposition, further longitudinal testing is required to determine causal ordering. A second multiple regression indicated that academic locus of control was a significant predictor of hours studying per week, but implicit theories of intelligence were not, suggesting that locus of control beliefs are the more appropriate target of efforts at improving academic effort.

2025

This study examines certain differences in attribution of causation regarding a child's performance between parents and teachers. The study attempts to examine the process through which teachers' and parents' biases regarding a child are developed and the group differences between the biases. Nine upper-elementary grade teachers assigned equal numbers of children from their own classrooms to three performance categories: low Performance, Moderate Performance, and High Performance. A child's teacher and his or her parent (usually motherl then completed structured and open-ended questions regarding the reasons why the child performed as he or she did. Results showed that while teachers clearly distinguished differences in causative factors in the different performance conditions, parents of children in different conditions did not significantly differ in their ratings on each factor. Teaching was rated as more important by parents in all three conditions than by teachers. (Author/WSK

2025, World Economic Forum

2025, Research in Developmental Disabilities

This study explored differences in the attributional patterns of four advanced artificial intelligence (AI) Large Language Models (LLMs): ChatGPT3.5, ChatGPT4, Claude, and Gemini) by focusing on feedback, frustration, sympathy, and expectations of future failure among students
with and without learning disabilities (LD). These findings were compared with responses from a sample of Australian and Chinese trainee teachers, comprising individuals nearing qualification with varied demographic and educational backgrounds. Eight vignettes depicting students with
varying abilities and efforts were evaluated by the LLMs ten times each, resulting in 320 evaluations, with trainee teachers providing comparable ratings. For LD students, the LLMs exhibited lower frustration and higher sympathy than trainee teachers, while for non-LD students, LLMs
similarly showed lower frustration, with ChatGPT3.5 aligning closely with Chinese teachers and ChatGPT4 demonstrating more sympathy than both teacher groups. Notably, LLMs expressed lower expectations of future academic failure for both LD and non-LD students compared to
trainee teachers. Regarding feedback, the findings reflect ratings of the qualitative nature of feedback LLMs and teachers would provide, rather than actual feedback text. The LLMs, particularly ChatGPT3.5 and Gemini, were rated as providing more negative feedback than trainee
teachers, while ChatGPT4 provided more positive ratings for both LD and non-LD students, aligning with Chinese teachers in some cases. These findings suggest that LLMs may promote a positive and inclusive outlook for LD students by exhibiting lower judgmental tendencies and
higher optimism. However, their tendency to rate feedback more negatively than trainee teachers highlights the need to recalibrate AI tools to better align with cultural and emotional nuances.

2025

The present studies examined the evaluation of supervisors, perceived organizational culture, perceived organizational corruption, and perceived organizational justice as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Almost 1500 Hungarian working adults took part in the present studies. The results showed that the evaluation of supervisors, perceived organizational culture, perceived organizational corruption, and perceived organizational justice are all significant predictors of extra-role behaviors. The mediation analyses also showed that the relationship between these predictors and OCBs is mediated by job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational identification. It seems to be true that good organizations “produce” good soldiers. The study’s implication for theory and research were discussed, its limitations were identified.

2025, Experiências em ensino de ciências

This article presents the results of qualitative research that sought to investigate whether high school graduates establish relations between contents of physics and physical phenomena observed in everyday traffic. The intention is to obtain evidence that education can help students to establish such an approach. The corpus analyzed consists of 20 graduates from high school, students of courses of First license. The interviews were assessed according to content Analysis methodology, obtaining three categories relating to teachers, schools and students. It was noted that many of the difficulties reported were not related to the physics itself, but with roadblocks related to basic math and the interpretation of texts. Conversely, it was noticed that the teacher's language, methodology, didactics and the motivational factors were relevant aspects to provide the learning of these individuals.

2025, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı durumsal kriz iletişimi teorisinin temel varsayımlarından hareketle örgüt-kamu ilişkisinin ve kriz tepki stratejilerinin krize ilişkin örgüte atfedilen sorumluluk düzeyine ve örgütsel itibar algısına olan etkilerini analiz etmektir. Araştırma toplam 316 katılımcı üzerinden, yapay/uydurma bir senaryo ve yarıdeneysel bir yöntem kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları örgüt-kamu ilişkileri ile kriz sorumluluk atıf düzeyi arasında negatif yönde ve ters orantılı bir ilişki olduğunu, örgüt ile olan ilişkilerini daha olumlu bulanların olumsuz bulanlara oranla krizden dolayı örgüte daha düşük düzeyde bir sorumluluk atfettiklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre kriz tepki stratejilerinden özür dileme ve gerekçelendirme stratejileri hatırlatma stratejisine göre, suçu başkasına atma stratejisi ise hem özür dileme hem de hatırlatma stratejilerine göre krizden dolayı örgüte atfedilen sorumluluk düzeyini artırmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular özür dileme ve hatırlatma stratejilerinin kriz sorumluluk atıf düzeyi bağlamında örgüt açısından daha iyi sonuçlar verdiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte elde edilen bulgular seçilen tepki stratejisi ne olursa olsun örgüt ile kamuları arasındaki ilişkiyi olumsuz değerlendirenlerin olumlu değerlendirenlere göre krizden dolayı örgütü suçlamaya daha eğilimli olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Örgüt-kamu ilişkisine dair algılar ile kriz sorumluluk atıf düzeyi arasındaki ilişki en fazla sırasıyla gerekçelendirme, özür dileme, suçu başkasına atma ve hatırlatma stratejileri çerçevesinde gerçekleşmektedir. Araştırma bulguları kriz sorumluluk atıf düzeyinin yüksek olmasının örgütsel itibar algısını olumsuz yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre kriz sorumluluk atıf düzeyi ile örgütsel itibar arasındaki negatif yönde ve ters orantılı en kuvvetli ilişki suçu başkasına atma stratejisi, en zayıf ilişki ise hatırlatma stratejisi bağlamında gerçekleşmektedir.

2025

The development of child aggressiveness is a function of the interaction between the child’s inborn expansive restlessness and the parents’ ability to restrain it by an affirmation of parental presence. Parental presence is manifested by acts that convey the message that the parents will not give up their parental role and will "stay there" in person and in duty whatever happens. Parental presence is affected by physical availability, systemic support and parental emotional/ideological readiness to engage in the restraining and containing role. The lack of parental presence, that manifests itself either by parental giving in or by alternations of parental hostile outbursts with giving in, leads to the aggravation and perpetuation of the child’s aggressiveness. Parental presence is an integrative concept linked to behavioral views on effective discipline, to the views of attachment theory on the need for a secure parental figure and to systemic ideas on parental systemic su...

2025

From the playground to the boardroom, social power profoundly shapes the way people think and behave. Social psychological research has offered a nuanced understanding of the diverse psychological and behavioural tendencies of powerholders. We add to this literature by proposing that powerholders also differ in how they construe the origin of their power. Specifically, we differentiate between perceiving one's power as being based on personal merit and achievement (i.e. achieved power construal) and perceiving one's power as being granted by others (i.e. entrusted power construal). We hypothesised that entrusted power construal, more than achieved power construal, would increase powerholders' psychological other-orientation-the tendency to take another's perspective and to feel what they feel-and their altruistic behavioural tendencies. Using a multi-method approach, we tested this prediction across three studies (N = 926). Our findings revealed that powerholders who adopted an entrusted power construal, compared to those who adopted an achieved power construal, exhibited greater psychological other-orientation and more altruistic behavioural tendencies. We discuss the practical implications of these findings, including how they inform the training of future powerholders to educate them about the reciprocal nature of power.

2025, International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

The Anugerah Remaja Perdana Rakan Muda program, also known as the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award (hereinafter referred to as "The Award"), is a global initiative designed to engage young people in purposeful activities that promote personal growth, leadership, and community involvement. By focusing on an experiential learning model, the program aims to complement formal education, equipping participants with essential life skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and resilience. This article examines The Award's structure, which is divided into three levels-Bronze, Silver, and Gold-each comprising four sections: Service, Skills, Physical Recreation, and Adventurous Journey. Operating in over 140 countries and territories, The Award's non-formal educational framework has been lauded for its comprehensive approach to youth development. Participants consistently report gains in confidence, improved interpersonal skills, and a greater sense of responsibility, ultimately leading to meaningful contributions within their communities. The significance of The Award will be explored in fostering holistic youth development, with a focus on its role in shaping future leaders, encouraging civic engagement, and connecting Malaysian youth to a broader international network. Through case studies and participant testimonials, the article will demonstrate how The Award empowers young people to realize their full potential and make a positive impact in both local and global contexts.

2025

Educational decisions made about students often have consequences for their subsequent employment and financial well-being, therefore it is imperative to determine whether teacher decisions are discriminatory. This study examines how factors such as race, class, and gender influence the decisions teachers make regarding Aboriginal students. The study demonstrates that teachers do attribute certain factors to Aboriginal students, which may influence students' classroom placement. Findings may help both sensitize teachers to the implications of their beliefs and biases as well as promote the development of policies and practices to eliminate biased decision-making.

2025

Incorporating Elkind's (1979) construct of the personal fable, this investigation focused on the relationship between self-concept and projected attachments to a distant object (i.e., a favorite celebrity). In a repeated measures design, 79 male and female 5th, 8th, and 11th graders and college sophomores completed a set of personality scales, first describing themselves and later describing the favorite celebrity. Repeated measures MANOVAS of self-object congruence revealed no significant main or interaction effects for the typs of attachment projected (i.e., identificatory versus romantic), sex or age of subject, or sex of attachment object. Significant within-subject differences were obtained for the repeated measures factor 'self/object congruence,' indicating a significant divergence in the perception of self and the attachment object. Although different types of attachment were projected by males and females, these data suggest that the functions served by such attachments may be quite similar. Findings are discussed in light of Erikson's (1950) description of the function of romantic attachments during adolescence, particularly for adolescent females, and Gilligan's (1982) distinction between "masculine" and "feminine" definitions of self. (Author/RH) Projected Attachments and Self Concept Development During

2025, The Psychological Record

2025, Biennial Conference of …

Many studies have shown that media violence has an effect on children's subsequent aggression. This study expands upon previous research in three directions:(1) by examining several subtypes of aggression (verbal, relational, and... more