Australian Army Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

A diverse workforce has been identified as a critical component of Army's future capability. However, strategies to increase the proportion of underrepresented groups have only been developed for a few discrete and highly visible demographics. This article introduces the topic of religious diversity in Army by outlining the current representation, comparing this against historic and national trends and listing compelling reasons for its consideration by strategic workforce planners in the future. Finally, the article describes the range of benefits that would result from an increase in Army's proportion of personnel affiliated with religions other than Christianity (currently just 1.2% against a national proportion of 7.2%).

2025

Contributors are urged to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in their articles; the Editorial Advisory Board accepts no responsibility for errors of fact. Permission to reprint Australian Army Journal articles will generally be given by the Editor after consultation with the author(s). Any reproduced articles must bear an acknowledgment of source.

2025, Journal of Advanced Military Studies

The Australian Army is coming to terms with a new strategic direction
set by the 2023 Defence Strategic Review (DSR), 2024 National Defence
Strategy (NDS), and the Integrated Investment Program (IIP). This article
considers how the Australian Army fits into this new direction as a littoral
maneuver-focused force providing long-range strike capability. It examines concepts and analyzes how the Australian Army might be used in future scenarios: what it might be required to do in the maritime environment, whether it is contributing to sea control operations, sea denial, and/or intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR). In addition, there is the maneuver component and how the Army might use the littorals of the Indo-Pacific as a maneuver space. This article seeks to generate discussion on how a modern land force might adapt to conflict and competition in the Indo-Pacific littoral.

2025

family as what started as a brief case study developed into a major project on the July 1965 decision process. Several participants in that process commented on earlier drafts of the manuscript. While all of the principals are accountable... more

2025, Australian Army Journal

The high demand historically placed on engineers by an amphibious landing force after it has deployed ashore requires that the manner that Australian Army engineers fit into Australia’s Amphibious Concept be established in order for the ADF to successfully execute amphibious operations, prior to any future such commitment. The list of engineering tasks needed to support the full spectrum of operations in the current and future operating environments is quite extensive, thereby an ad hoc engineer group to support the landing force cannot simply be formed, nor is there a one-size-fits-all engineer solution. This article is based on a paper submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Military Studies from the Marine Corps University. A copy of the full paper can be obtained at the Alfred M Gray Marine Corps Research Center USMC Research Library website.

2025

This paoer contains the notes used by Major General Jim Molan AO, DSC in launching The Last Knight: A biography of General Sir Phillip Bennett AC, KBE, DSO at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in 2011.

2024, Enemy Encounters in Modern Warfare

In early 1966, a rumor began to spread among the inhabitants of Thanh Son, Dien Bau District, Quang Nam Province in South Vietnam. Soldiers of the People's Armed Liberation Forces (PLAF) told the villagers that Ngo Van Bay, a PLAF soldier who had recently defected to the South Vietnamese government, had been tortured and executed by the US Marines that he had surrendered to. While the horrific rumor was still in the minds of the villagers, a sudden turn in the story took place. Like a ghost returning to the land of the living, Ngo Van Bay and two other defectors returned to Thanh Son to counter the rumor that was being spread by the PLAF. The villagers of Thanh Son unwittingly found themselves in the midst of a psychological war between the PLAF and the United States that was raging in hamlets across South Vietnam. The unexpected appearance of Ngo Van Bay resulted in a small victory for the

2024

“Along with forty-odd other Diggers from various units in Malaya, I was in a temporary camp. We had been selected for a secret mission,” wrote Bill Noonan. “All were single men with no dependents. There was a touch of adventure about... more

2024, Fabrications: the journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand

2024

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2024, Wartime

After the First World War, Indigenous soldiers struggled to gain rights and recognition as Australian citizens.

2024, none

Machine Gun Sub-Team(s) operate drone vehicle carrying a gun, and ISR drone. Platoon Leader(s) & Communications operates an ISR & decoy drones.

2024, none

This overview looks at how the generic infantry rifle platoon could be converted into a tactical entity that exclusively uses drones as their personal weapons. The premise of this overview-we are seeing an epoch changing increase in infantry lethality in the war in Ukraine, not unlike other rapid historical transitions that increased firepower lethality, such as Prussian's needleguns use at the Battle of Königgrätz (1866), or Turkish use of Winchester repeaters, Peabody-Martini rifles, and Gatling guns at the Siege of Plevna (1877), where the opponent suffers the shock of firepower, suffering inordinate levels of casualties in a relatively short period of time. The level of disruptive change: "[is] … reminiscent of the gradual force structure shift between the proportion of medieval 'pike' to modern 'shot' in Early Modern armies, eventually advanced technology replaces the legacy artifacts that had been the mainstay of warfare" 1. ▼ A generic infantry platoon consists of a combination of rifle and machine gun sub-teams led by its platoon leader, and sub-officers, with communications and medical support.

2024, A History of Muslims in the Australian Military from 1885 to 1945: Loyalty, Patriotism, Contribution

This book is at the forefront of a new chapter in Australian military history. It is a fascinating collection of social-military stories that record Muslim involvement in Australian military forces from the Sudan and Boer wars to the Great War and Second World War. It demonstrates that Australian Muslims and their descendants from many ethnicities, races, sects and cultures took part with Australian non-Muslims in fighting for the common cause during times of national significance. In light of historical and current interests, the book, for the first time, reveals many unknown historical facts about Muslim involvement in the colonial forces, Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Australian Navy, and Merchant Navy. Thoroughly researched and comprehensively written from a Muslim and multicultural angle, the book is a Muslim narrative of a broader Anzac story in which Australian Muslims and their descendants put Australia ahead of individual cultural and religious considerations.

2024, Wartime

Discontent within the RAAF leadership led to the Morotai Mutiny in 1945.

2024, On Point: The Journal of Army History

This is not a story of war, nor is it even a story of a soldier at war. It is a jumbled if well-written mass of memories, some connected, some not, that make up the life of a particular individual who, for one year of his life, went to war. The vignettes and fragments and sketches are not in a chronological order, but neither are our memories. They come rushing back to us when we least expect them—some important, some trivial; some accurate, some contrived—but all of the memories make up the mosaic of our lives. Hagan’s memories are placed carefully within the context of his life, and the result is a smooth narrative that pulls the reader into his story. This approach makes To Vietnam in Vain one of the most powerful and thoughtful memoirs of a soldier in combat in print. I recommend it to all who wish to better understand how our lives are shaped by war and the memories such an experience brings, and, given Hagan’s experiences, I also recommend it to those facing the challenges of advising foreign security forces.

2024, Војно дело

in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia here is clear relationship between science and civilization. Development of science is determinated by the development of civilization. This is a reversible process of interdependence of science and civilization. Also, the genesis and development of civilization are monitored by conflicts among the tribal communities, and the emergence and development of the states, between citizens of them and nations. In essence, the development of civilization is directly related to the human ability to create, but also to destroy. In these conditions, conflicts arise and escalate into wars and the discovery of gunpowder and firearms in armed conflicts. Systematization of experiences from armed conflicts has enabled the creation of a unique scientific theoretical fund, which provides understanding of development of the uses of military units in armed conflicts. As a result of the development of this fund military science or science of defence created and developed. Exponential technological development of weapons systems and military equipment (military asset) improves the manner of use of military units and significantly complicates the organizational and combat structure of the army. Complexity of the organizational structure of the military influences on the development of science of defence and the emergence of a lot of number of scientific disciplines from the specter of the indigenous science of defence. In this paper it is presented a scientific review of the notional categorization of development of basic science of defense. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper consists of two more parts. The first part deals with theoretical determination science of defence. In the second part it was given the classification of the science of defence and notional definition of the basic science of defence and their subjects and objects.

2024, Wartime Magazine

Below: Soldiers of the 10th Battalion take a break during an exercise near Mena. AWM A02135 WARTIME ISSUE 105 | 25 24 | WARTIME ISSUE 105 LIEUTENANT MACNEIL

2024

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports,

2024, Adventure Kokoda Blog

Ownership of the naming rights of the Kokoda Trail has been contested in Australia in recent years. This begs the question as to who owns the official naming rights:
1. Do they belong to the sovereign owner of the land, i.e. the Government of Papua New Guinea?
2. Or to the Papuan Infantry Battalion and the 10 Australian infantry battalions who were awarded the official Battle Honour, 'Kokoda Trail, by the Commonwealth Government Battles Nomenclature Committee in 1953? or
3. To the custodians of political correctness in Australia who dislime the name 'Trail' because of its American connotation?

2023

Clemson University proudly proclaims that the Class of 1917 volunteered en-masse for service during the First World War, after President Woodrow Wilson sought a declaration of war from Congress in April 1917. A bullet stating the claim is the first on the Clemson Corps' "Stories & Highlights inside the Scroll of Honor" web page, 1 and the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) on campus trumpets this to incoming cadets. I personally remember hearing this as a young Cadet 4th Class from my ROTC instructor in 1998 and imaging the men who graduated sailing to Europe to serve beside one another in the trenches. With this legend such a pivotal part of Clemson's military heritage, the question arises, "What is the truth behind the myth?" When proposing this thesis, many professors were skeptical that the entire class volunteered. As the research came together though, a story unfolded that is more inspirational than the myth itself and gives more credit to these proud sons of Clemson than a simple statement, "they volunteered." April 1917 The weather was ideal, with temperatures warming and afternoon showers in the upstate of South Carolina 2 , as the Class of 1917 looked forward to their June graduation. Of the 283 "Rats" who had entered Clemson in the summer of 1913 3 , only 110 remained by that spring. 4 Of those remaining men, they had been kept well aware of the situation across the Atlantic, and the

2023, Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

and Ginsu Provinces. In Kwangtung, it damages rice in June-July by feeding on the leaves and cutting the spikelets. Parasites of M. loreyi include Tachinidae [ Cuphocera varia Fabricius, Pseudogonia rufifrons (Wied.)], Braconidae [... more

2023

The first combat experience of many Australian and American infantry battalions in Papua in 1942-1943 was against the Imperial Japanese Army. It was a contest between recently raised battalions of citizen soldiers and a professional force of two-year conscripts with combat experience. The Allied battalions in Papua were not combat ready when they were first committed. Combat readiness and effectiveness are examined in the three components of Allied infantry in Papua: the Australian Militia, the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and the American infantry from the US National Guard. Their journey towards combat effectiveness was painful, as they faced superior Japanese fighting power. Training an infantry battalion for combat has been usually assumed to be a process which takes men through recruit and basic infantry training, then collectively trains them in the combat skills of the battalion"s tactical groups in a generally agreed amount of time: approximately six months. The battalions committed to combat for the first time in Papua had this amount of time yet they were not combat ready. The purpose of the research was to investigate what was lacking in the preparation for combat in Papua, by comparing the performance of inexperienced battalions from the Australian Militia, the AIF and the American Army with combat experienced battalions from the AIF. Four case studies compared two of the three Allied infantry components in the same first combat experience against the same Japanese force on the same terrain in the same time period and weather conditions. The thesis argues that combat effectiveness depended on creating primary groups with fighting spirit suited to close combat in very difficult terrain, but this was neglected. Such primary groups existed where the organisational culture of a battalion fostered cohesive social structures in its primary groups and supported them with a cohesive secondary group. To achieve this before first combat the primary groups must ix rigorously train under their own leaders in physical circumstances which would be suited to the close country conditions encountered in Papua. Although there was time to achieve combat readiness, training at primary group level was neglected. The Papuan campaign offers a rare opportunity. It was a campaign where American and Australian battalions were involved in the same episodes within the command of the brigades of the 7 th Australian Division. From 1943, Americans would fight separately from the Australian army, and the Australian army did not mix AIF and Militia battalions in the same episodes of first combat as they had in Papua. Some explanations that have been offered for the lack of combat effectiveness of the Militia and American battalions have been that the Australian Militia contained conscripts who, for that reason, lacked fighting spirit. Other explanations betrayed an anti-American chauvinism. In contrast, it has been assumed that the combat experienced battalions of the Australian Imperial Force were combat effective. This was not invariably true and this thesis argues that combat effectiveness is unstable because primary group cohesion and secondary group cohesion move in different directions during combat. x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the patience, penetrating questions and pertinent punctuation advice of my Principal Supervisor, Associate Professor John McQuilton, this thesis would not have seen the light of day. No thanks would be enough compensation for his dedication and patience. My Co-Supervisor, Doctor Stephen Brown, was there when needed. My Associate Supervisor, Doctor Karl James, of the Australian War Memorial, despite reading so many drafts, was still able to offer acute observations on what could be improved. Thanks Karl. The writing seminars that Professor Brian Martin, Professor of Social Studies, voluntarily offers students were of fundamental importance to my work. I cannot recommend them too highly or thank him enough. The research support staff at the Australian War Memorial and the National Library in Canberra were extremely helpful, as were those at the National Archives and Records Administration II in College Park, Maryland who helped me navigate the American system of records. The mapping technology and other assistance proved by Peter Murray of DiZign Pty Ltd, and his colleague Bill James, the author of the Field Guide to the Kokoda Track, was indispensible to the Ioribaiwa case study. The Honourable Charlie Lynn MLC and his colleague Rowan Tracey also helped with ground reconnaissance on my behalf. Bede Tongs MM gave valuable first-hand confirmation of some of the events on Ioribaiwa in 1942. Finally, my deepest and loving thanks to my long suffering wife Kate, who supported my monastic existence in the end room "tinkering with my Tonka toy", when there were more interesting things she wanted to do. I dedicate this thesis in memory of the late Major Jim Copeman, MBE, MC, MM who fought "all the King"s enemies" in the Second World War and served for decades after it. His tactical insights led me to aspire to the craft of an infantryman. 2 "mass army", whether based on volunteers or conscripts; 3 historians have used the term "citizen armies". 4 The transformation of citizens into soldiers extends for months in combat beyond first battle experiences. 5 Australian senior officers felt that even after combat in 1941 the veterans of the Australian army 6 still had effectiveness shortcomings which needed rectification by better training. 7 These views are supported by a wider review of the US experience which confirms that the journey to combat effectiveness includes preparation, fighting the first battle and adapting to the exigencies of combat. 8 This thesis uses the word "combat" in its narrower sense-sometimes called "close combat"which involves finding the enemy, closing with and destroying him. 9 Hence, combat is more than coming under enemy fire; it is the individual human being"s 3 Marina Nuciari, ' Chapter 4 Models and Explanations for Military Organization: An Updated Reconsideration', in Giuseppe Caforio (ed.),

2023, Organization Studies

Risk is an important but under-investigated feature of organizations in Late Modernity. This paper introduces the Special Issue on Organizations and Risk in Late Modernity. The rationale for the special issue is discussed. An overview of important approaches to risk research and organizations is provided to frame the special issue. These approaches include the cognitive science approach, which takes a positivist perspective and assumes that risks are objective and knowable. This view is contrasted with socio-cultural theories based in work by Mary Douglas, Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens and Michel Foucault. Charles Perrow's organizational theory of the production of risk and accidents due to interactive complexity, and Karl Weick's theory of risk sensemaking, are then discussed. The paper then reviews the contributions of papers in the special issue and outlines issues for future research on risk and organizations.

2023, Security challenges

Recent operations have distracted the Army from being best postured for regional engagement. 1 As the Afghanistan commitment winds down, the Army will need to overcome this neglect by shifting its primary focus to regional priorities, where geographic determinants and great power dynamics will feature. The maturation of defence infrastructure and capability projects dating back to the 1980s, coupled with capabilities entering service soon, means that the Australian Defence Force (ADF), and the Army in particular, has a strong foundation from which to refocus on engagement with regional forces, albeit with some exceptions. For instance, recent operations have demonstrated the need for sound intelligence support and a pool of language-trained and culturally-aware personnel, but regionally-oriented skills in these areas have atrophied. Beyond maintaining broad capabilities for a wide range of contingencies, the key to ensuring the Army"s successful reorientation will be a regionally-focused reinvestment in intelligence, language and culture skills.

2023, ANU Press eBooks

The book is a reflection of the diverse gathering of veterans, scholars and journalists whose perspectives have been at all times informative and engaging. We would like to sincerely thank all the staff at the AWM and ANU College of Asia and the Pacific who assisted and contributed to the book for their support. In particular, we would like to thank the wonderfully talented Kay Dancey and Jenny Sheehan at CartoGIS services at the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific for their efforts in creating the maps. The publication has also benefited greatly from the extensive work done

2023, Momentum

Hwang explores how the combined power urgency and material shortages forced the US Army into a specific pattern of uniform design and development during World War II.

2023, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Clausewitz famously stated that strategy is done by tactics. At tactical level, both tangible and intangible skills are important for the Malaysian Security Forces (SF) combatting communist insurgents in adverse weather conditions and difficult terrains. This research studies the strategic utility of intangible of skills and its impact on the tactical performance of Malaysian Security Forces personnel during Counter Insurgency campaigns against the armed struggle of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) in the 1970's. The key argument profounder by this article is that the tactical effectiveness of Malaysian Security Forces personnel was heavily influenced by the qualities of its men which cannot be quantified such as courage, bravery, morale and leadership. The Counter Insurgency campaign was fought at close range in isolated jungle terrain. Thus, men at tactical level must perform exceptionally well in facing the insurgents at close range with little warning. What provided the tactical edge in such close violent skirmishes was the superior intangible qualities, which had enabled the Malaysian Security Forces personnel to perform tactically better than their foes and ultimately produced immense strategic effects that led to the ultimate defeat of the CPM armed struggle. Intangible of skills performed by men of the past should not left un-notice; instead, it should be further developed and nurtured for within future security forces.

2023, in Advanced Land Warfare, OUP

This chapter is structured as follows. First, the development of land warfare is briefly outlined, before key current and future challenges in the operational environment are examined. In the following section, the future character of war and the transformation of the battlefield is addressed. Thereafter, the structure of the volume and its chapters are outlined.

2023, Oxford University Press

International politics have become ever more volatile over the last decade, increasing the risk of large-scale military violence. Yet the precise character of future war will depend on a range of factors that relate to adversaries,... more

2023, TheGrid.Art

Military Imagination, Romance + the Ring

2023, Modern Asian Studies

This article, based on new archival materials, reconstructs the experiences and observations of an Indian war correspondent from 1944 to 1946 as he covered the advance of Indian soldiers of the British-led Indian Army from northeast India, through Burma to Malaya at the war's end, then to their eventual deployment with the South East Asian Command in Java after the Japanese surrender. As it transpired, Captain P. R. S. Mani worked as an enlisted public relations officer of the British-led Indian Army but also sustained his commitment as a patriotic Indian nationalist, who gathered intelligence on the Indian diaspora in Southeast Asia and on the impact of Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army. Relatively little scholarship has focused on Asian war journalism. Mani's tension-ridden role as a self-styled ‘Indian Army observer’ provides an illuminating insight into the way in which Britain's lines of communication were appropriated and subverted during wartime and b...

2023, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

2023, amazon.co.uk-m-mangilli-climpson

Review of The Korean War in Britain: Citizenship, Selfhood & Forgetting by Grace Huxford
Social history

2023, Asian Social Science

Immediately after World War II, the Indonesian nationalists declared the independence of Indonesia and staunchly opposed the return of the Dutch to the Netherlands East Indies. The Australian Labor government took the position to support the Indonesian nationalist instead of the Dutch. This position was taken based on the rights of self-government for the dependent peoples enshrined in the United Nations Charter and championed by Australia. Besides Australia's idealism on the colonial issue, the concern for political development in Indonesia was also based on the growing awareness of the consequences this issue might pose to Australian security. Australia's support for Indonesia put Australia in a different position with the United States and Britain as both countries supported the Dutch. Australia worked hard to settle the 'crisis' in Indonesia and brought the Indonesian-Dutch disputes to the United Nations Security Council even it against the US advise. The period of August 1945 to October 1949 clearly showed that Australia's independence in making decision on its foreign policy away from the influence of the American and British policy in Southeast Asia. The short-lived independence in foreign policy was overturned in late 1949 with the formation of the new Australian government by the Liberal-Country Party.

2023, British Journal for Military History

This article explores the morale of the troops of British VIII Corps on Gallipoli in 1915-16, using Anthony King’s recent work on combat motivation in infantry platoons as a tool of analysis. King, partially rehabilitating the controversial work of S.L.A. Marshall, argues that left to themselves, the citizen armies of the early twentieth century tended to passivity. Officers resorted to a range of strategies to overcome this ‘Marshall Effect’, including appeals to patriotism and masculinity, mass tactics, and heroic leadership. It is contended that King’s model works well when applied to this case study – such methods were indeed employed by officers of VIII Corps - but the jury is out on its wider applicability, pending detailed case studies of other campaigns. As this article demonstrates, the morale of the troops of VIII Corps was severely tested throughout the Gallipoli campaign, as a rash of short-lived ‘panics’ demonstrated. There was a distinct downturn in August 1915, which ...

2023, Wartime Magazine

The river crossing had gone smoothly. The dark night and the monsoon-swollen river provided some cover to the clandestine nature of the four agents' movements. Splitting into pairs, they made their way toward an anti-tank ditch behind enemy lines. As they reached the ditch, enemy machine-gun fire split the night apart. One agent fell dead; the other, wounded, faced being caught and killed as the enemy closed in.

2023, amazon.co.uk-m-mangilli-climpson

Review of Our War: How the British Commonwealth fought the Second World War by Christopher Somerville

2023, Big Bell Hospital, 1941-1955

Abstract
The ruins of the Big Bell Hospital slumber today under the intense
sun of the remote West Australian outback. Between 1942 and
1955 it served a remarkably busy goldmine, but like the hotels and
shops it lived and died with the mine. Details of the medical practitioners who staffed the hospital and their patients are presented.
Clinical details are derived mainly from local newspapers, n

2022

Workforce, Education and Training Team Resource Analysis Division CNA's annotated briefings are either condensed presentations of the results of formal CNA studies that have been further documented elsewhere or stand-alone presentations of research reviewed and endorsed by CNA. These briefings represent the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. They do not necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of the Navy.

2022, Canberra : Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 2007.

The Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence series is a collection of monograph publications arising principally from research undertaken at the SDSC. Recent Canberra Papers have focused on major aspects of Australian defence policy, Australian and New Zealand engagement in Asia, New Zealand defence restructuring, disease security in Northeast Asia, ballistic missile defence, the complexities of dealing with radical Islam, and aspects of transnational crime. All papers in the Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence series published since 2006 have been peer reviewed. A list of the most recent Centre publications are available on the SDSC website at <http://rspas.anu.edu.au/sdsc/publications.php>, along with an Ordering form. Electronic copies (in pdf format) of most SDSC Working Papers published since 2002 may be viewed and downloaded for free from the SDSC website. Unless otherwise stated, publications of the Centre are presented without endorsement as contributions to the public record and debate. Authors are responsible for their own analyses and conclusions.

2022

The complex environments in which modern soldiers operate require high functioning indi- viduals who are able to adapt and apply their knowledge, skills and experiencein a variety of contexts. In order to adapt to challenges associated with increasing complexity and take advantage of its various knowledge bases, the Australian Army has pursued a goal of becoming a learning organisation. Drawing on data collected from 20 unstructured group discussions conducted with over 150 Army personnel, this qualitative study explores the significance of leaders (usually commanding officers but also instructors) as 'creators' or 'shapers' of learning environments within their units, and the extent to which they facilitate learning by their staff. Findings suggest that the creation of learning environ- ments (within units) often occurs in an ad hoc manner, reflecting the personalities or dispositions of leaders, rather than reflecting an organisational commitment to 'empowered&...

2022, In from the Cold: Reflections on Australia’s Korean War

2022, On Point: The Journal of Army History

The aviation companies that flew the Cessna L-19/O-1 Birddog had the in-country designation of Reconnaissance Airplane Company (RAC). The pilots and aerial observers of these units performed reconnaissance flights, flew convoy cover, and called in artillery for units on the ground. One of these RACs however, the 220th "Catkillers," was unique. The 220th had the distinction of flying under U.S, Marine Corps (USMC) operational command for most of the war, and it was uniquely qualified to call in both airstrikes and naval gunfire. It also flew missions into North Vietnam and Laos.

2022

Weight vs. Tactics My first contact [1 May 2009]. At mid-morning the Platoon moved over the canal towards where they were contacted a week ago. We moved south as a platoon, maneuvering different sections to always keep one foot on the... more

2022, Organization Studies