California Bearing Ratio Research Papers (original) (raw)

Subgrade strength is an important soil parameter in the design of flexible pavements. CBR value is indicative of the strength of the subgrade. The CBR test is a time consuming test and laborious. Hence here a method is proposed to predict the CBR value of a soil based on its index properties like LL, PL and PI. In the present study eight number of soil samples (having different index properties) were collected from different parts of Jabalpur district (MP). Liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index were found out and the CBR value was predicted based on the index properties. The method uses single variable and multiple variable regression analysis of Microsoft excel.

- by
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- Engineering, Regression, California Bearing Ratio
- by Ibrahim Asi
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- Engineering, Materials Engineering, Civil Engineering, Saudi Arabia

Black cotton soil is one of the major soil deposits of India. It is highly expansive in nature due to presence of clay minerals especially montmorillonite. It expands greatly when comes in contact with water and contracts when the water squeezes out. Due to this alternate swell and shrink behaviour of the black cotton soil , severe damages cause to foundations of the buildings and structures founded on them. Many stabilization techniques are in usage for improving the geotechnical characteristics of black cotton soil. This experimental study was undertaken to improve the engineering characteristics of black cotton soil by utilization of Quarry dust , which is a waste material produced during stone quarrying. This research paper presents the effect of quarry dust on engineering characteristics of black cotton soil. Black cotton soil samples blended with 10%, 20%,30% and 40% of quarry dust were prepared and series of laboratory experiments have been performed. The test results shows that the california bearing ratio (CBR) and compaction parameters of black cotton soil are improved with the addition of quarry dust .It is observed that the CBR values are increased from 1.75% to 7.05%, the optimum moisture content has been reduced from 21.1% to 12.6% and maximum dry density have been increased from 1.6 to 1.76gm/cc. It is also found that the expansive behaviour of black cotton soil reduced to the great extent .In this experimental study it can be concluded that the expansive behaviour of black cotton soil are reduced to a considerable extent with utilization of quarry dust.

This paper studied the effect of common salt on the compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) properties of eggshell stabilized lateritic soils with a view of obtaining a good compliment for eggshell as a useful stabilizer for road works. Classification and consistency tests were performed on the soil samples which were also subjected to compaction and CBR tests. Stabilization was performed at optimum eggshell and with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% of common salt. The addition of common salt reduced the Plastic Indices (PI) of the samples. The values reduced from 14.82, 11.11 and 7.99% to 8.03, 1.25 and 1.23% in samples A, B and C respectively. Maximum Dry Density (MDD) increased from 1995 to 2140 kg/m 3 and 2000 to 2110 kg/m 3 in samples B and C respectively. The unsoaked CBR values also increased from 34.78 to 50.99 kN/m 2 , 15.64 to 28.89 kN/m 2 and 27.31 to 34.20 kN/m 2 at optimum stabilization in samples A, B and C respectively. The result showed that the addition of common salt improved the compaction and CBR characteristics of eggshell stabilized soils.

Stabilization of soils is an effective method for improvement of soil properties and the pavement system performance. The poorest soil among all is Black Cotton Soil (BC Soil). In Indore area this BC Soil is spread over almost all parts of District. Rich proportion of montmorillonite is found in BC Soil from mineralogical analysis. High percentage of montomorillonite renders high degree of expansiveness. These property results cracks in soil without any warning. Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil (BC soil) is studied by using Sawdust and Cement. The moisture changes in BC soils, and property and nature of soil has been greatly improved with the addition of Sawdust and Cement. This paper includes the evaluation of soil properties like Optimum moisture content, dry density, and strength parameter (California Bearing ratio value). Different quantities of Sawdust and Cement (% by weight) are added to the BC soil and the experiments conducted on these soil mixes. The result shows that the use of Sawdust and Cement increases the California Bearing Ratio values i.e. the strength of soil to a great extent.

Soil stabilization is very critical for the construction of structures which is widely used in the alignment with pavement design because it improves the engineering and index properties of soil such as strength, volume stability and durability. In the present investigation is to determine the use of fly ash to stabilize the black cotton soil and to check the stability of the soil. In the study concludes that with percentage addition of fly ash improves the strength of stabilized black cotton soil due to the pozzolanic properties of the soil and exhibit relatively well-defined moisture-density relationship.

- by IJRASET Publication
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- Fly Ash, OMC, California Bearing Ratio, Black Cotton Soil
- by IJERA Journal
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- Civil Engineering, Correlation, California Bearing Ratio
- by Tharanga Wijerathna
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- Civil Engineering, CBR, California Bearing Ratio, DCP
- by Fendy Santoso
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- California Bearing Ratio

One of the main inputs for flexible pavement design is the strength of the Unbound Granular Materials (UGMs) and subgrade soils. In Egypt, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is used to characterize the strength of UGMs and subgrade soils for pavement structural design. The CBR can be measured either in the laboratory or in the field. The CBR test is tedious, laborious and time consuming. This paper presents the applications of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to develop CBR models through soil index properties. Database containing 120 measured CBR values along with the index properties was gathered from the quality control reports prepared at the Highway and Airport Engineering Laboratory, Mansoura University. The index properties were gradation, Atterberg limits, American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) soil classification and compaction parameters according to the modified Proctor test. CBR values ranged between 12% and 95% for unbound granular materials and subgrade soils. A CBR model was proposed as a function of Maximum Dry Density (MDD), grading modulus (GM) and percentage of retained on sieve No.10 (R#10). The GM is the summation of the passing percentage of the sieves, No. 40, No. 10 and No. 200 divided by 100. The coefficient of determination (R 2) was found to be 0.92 for MLR and 0.88 for the ANNs.

- by Samar A.Taha and +4
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- Mathematical Modelling, Artificial Neural Networks for modeling purposes, Artificial Neural Networks, Correlation

In the present study, the usability of the pumice of the Isparta-Karakaya those categorized in the light aggregate class, have been examined in terms of stabilization material in the subbase considering volumetric unit weight.Initially, the physical properties of lightweight aggregate material have been analyzed. It has also been researched if it is possible to use in a subbase layer or not. For the research, few experiments have been carried out by using experiment samples such as stability to freeze, solidity, strength, Atterberg limits and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The usability of the stabilization material has been determined in the subbase layer.Pumice of Isparta-Karakaya which is a local material and Çapalı land material have been mixed in different amount to lessen the percentage of plastic limit. Then, the limit experiment has been done. The CBR experiment has been performed to observe the change of strength by the use of the obtained renascent usable material.At the result of the experimental research, it has been observed and determined that pumice can be used as subbase material of highway and the stabilization material when building highway and every kind of road and it has also been observed and determined that the increased strength of the mixed material.

- by Mehmet Saltan
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- Architecture, Experimental Research, Building, Flexible Pavement Design
- by Pathegama G Ranjith
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- Environmental Engineering, Soil, Construction Materials, Carbon

Stabilization of soil is important to enhance the engineering properties of expansive soil like strength, volume stability and durability. The Black cotton soils are very hard when dry, but lose its strength completely when in wet condition Expansive soils (black cotton soil) are a worldwide problem that poses several challenges for civil Engineers. In this research has been made to stabilize the soil using Fly ash and Lime. Experimental work has been carried out with 10%, 20%, and 30% of Fly ash as well 5 %, 10 % and 15% of lime content. The experimental work is based on different percentages of Fly ash and lime content in soil on tests for soil Atterberg limit, California Bearing Ratio test, Unconfined Compression Test and Standard Proctor Test. The aim of this project was done by utilizing binding materials to improve the engineering properties of the black cotton soil.

A good transportation system is an essential requirement of any nation. It not only makes the life of the people more convenient but also results in the development of the nation as a whole. Construction and maintenance of roads require proper engineering studies and large capital investment. However, poorly constructed roads not only have lesser durability but also makes riding on the road uncomfortable increasing the operation and maintenance cost of vehicles. Suitable subgrade availability is one of the prime factors while finalizing the road alignment after engineering surveys for road alignment. But sometimes while finalizing the road alignment tradeoff is inevitable between economy and availability of suitable subgrade. Changing the alignment to avoid a weak and unstable subgrade may lead to more construction and/or vehicle operation cost. This is truer especially when a non-suitable subgrade exists for a shorter length along the alignment. In such a situation, the best remedy is to adopt soil stabilization techniques for the non-suitable soil to improve its engineering properties hence make it suitable as the subgrade material. Soil such as clayey soil is an unsuitable subgrade soil mainly because of its large swelling and shrinkage properties. Hence it needs to be stabilized before adopting it as subgrade soil. Present research work deals with the stabilization of clayey soil using coir fiber. Light compaction test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test are conducted on the mixture of clayey soil and coir fiber to know the effect of coir fiber in improving the engineering properties of clayey soil. The clayey soil is collected from the Bilasipara region of Dhubri district, Assam state, India. Hence this research work is helpful for infrastructure development activities in the northeastern region of India.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Stabilization, California Bearing Ratio, Subgrade, Coir fiber

This paper presents the development of controlled low strength materials (CLSM) incorporating cement kiln dust (CKD) from four different sources or manufacturers. A preliminary study (Phase I) was conducted to understand the influence of CKD on fresh and strength properties of 12 selected CLSM mixtures where CKD and cement contents varied from 4% to 45% and 2% to 4% of

- by Medhat Shehata
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- Civil Engineering, Sustainable Development, Compressive Strength, Building
- by Tuncer Edil and +1
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- Materials Engineering, Civil Engineering, Recycling, Compressive Strength
- by Bora Cetin
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- Engineering, Production, Carbon, Soil Mechanics

Soil Cement with admixture can be used together to get the more stabilized subgrade on roads. When the soil is mixed with cement and then with admixture the properties of the soil get changed. The aim of the study is to review on stabilization of subgrade using soil cement with admixtures. In the experiment the soil sample has been taken from the Vadodara region, the soil is found granular soil with sufficient fines and many laboratory tests has been conducted on that soil sample and soil cement with admixtures with varying percentage of cement and admixture. The experiments which have performed are Standard Proctor Test, California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR) & Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) by adding 5 %, 10%, 15%, 20% of the cement content by volume of dry soil and the Admixture which has used is Lime of 5% by weight of the dry soil. Lime is chosen because lime alters the nature of the adsorbed layer and gives pozzolanic action.

- by Ifeolu K. Adewumi
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- Multidisciplinary, Applied, Applied Sciences, Grain size
- by Rajesh Morchhale
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- Civil Engineering, Building, Ground Improvement, Cost effectiveness
- by Tuncer Edil
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- Civil Engineering, Pavement Engineering, Compressive Strength, Sustainable Transport

The effect of sodium chloride on subgrade soil was investigated. Twenty subgrade soil samples stored in plastic containers were subjected to differing concentrations of NaCl for 364 days. They were tested for exchangeable sodium Na + , chloride Cl - , cation exchange capacity (CEC), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The results showed that CBR values decreased with increase in the Na + , Cl - and CEC values. The model developed revealed that soil CBR improved with time. The time was function of Na + , Cl - and CEC magnitudes.

- by Oladipupo Olafusi
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- Civil Engineering, Construction Materials, Academic Writing, Geotechnics
- by Mohammad Yusuf
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- Civil Engineering, Academic Writing, Laterite, Particle Size Analysis
- by shiva craze
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- Environmental Science, Contamination, Cohesion, LIQUID LIMIT

California bearing ratio (CBR) for natural fine soils has wide range values approximately from 1.5 to 40%, and
according to Iraqi specification (SOBR R5) CBR values should not be less than 5%. Many studies use geogrid and
geotextile meshes as layers and others use hair fiber, waste plastic strip, jute fiber, fly ash and crushed waste glass to
improve CBR value of weak fill soil layers generally. This study motivated to use new method approach for improving
CBR value of weak clay soils by using available not expansive fence BRC mesh and normal construction BRC. Several
trails has been conducted to construct soil CBR sample with single and double BRC meshes layer with different mesh
sections to note the effect of using these meshes on soil CBR value, the distribution of meshes was constructing depending
on sample height. Studying the effect of using BRC meshes on soil penetration has been also conducted in order to
measure the prepared natural soil behavior during loading process. Results shows that CBR improvement ratio is increased
when the CBR value depends on (7.5mm) penetration and recorded lower values if the CBR value depends on 2.5 and
5mm penetration. The maximum improvement ratio was about 2 when the sample reinforced with double two layers of
normal construction (BRC).

- by Azhar Sadiq
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- California Bearing Ratio, construction BRC, fence BRC, CBR improvement ratio

Soil stabilization can be done in a number of ways. Chemical stabilization methods are highly effective when compared with mechanical stabilization. But the cost of the chemicals makes the process to be a costly one. The present experimental work studies the feasibility of using textile effluent for the stabilization of black cotton soil. Soil sample taken for the study is highly plastic and requires stabilization. Textile effluent from the local industries is to be disposed after several stages of treatment to minimize the environmental risk. Textile effluent is found to be alkaline and also has the cations that can be utilized in chemical stabilization of clayey soil. Different percentages of textile effluent are added to the soil sample and observations are made for the changes in the properties of soil such as plasticity index, swell index, Unconfined Compressive Strength and California Bearing Ratio. The swelling, plasticity and strength characteristics are considerably increased with addition of effluent. From the observation of geotechnical properties 100% of effluent is observed to be optimum for use in practical purposes. Treatment with effluent is recommended for the improvement of clayey sub grade.

- by Nawazish Husain
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- California Bearing Ratio

This project is an indepth investigation of the ge otechnical engineering properties of subgrade and base soils used in the construction of Omolayo Road in Akobo Area of Lagelu local government, Oyo State, Nigeria. Subgrade samples were collected at chainages 0+000, 1+000, 2+000, 3+000 and 4+000 respectively at depths ranging 0.5m to 1.0m, while the base sample was collected from one of the heaps of laterite brought from the borrowpit at Oluwo area along New Ife Express Road, Oyo State, Nigeria. The samples were subjected to the following laboratory tests; Particle (grain) size analysis, Atterberg limit test, Compaction test, California bearing ratio (CBR) test and Specific gravity test. The particle size analysis results showed that all samples, both subgrade and base were well graded since their Uniformity Coefficients were greater than 15. It further revealed that base sample were more plastic compared to subgrade samples since it has highest percentage of clay passing sieve no. ...

Loose soils normally are of weak bearing capacity due to their structural nature. Being exposed to heavy traffic loads, they would fail in most cases. To tackle the aforementioned issue, geotechnical engineers have come up with different approaches; one of which is making use of geosynthetic-reinforced soil-aggregate systems. As these polymeric reinforcements have highlighted economic and environmentally-friendly features, they have become widespread in practice during the last decades. The present research investigates the efficiency of four different types of these reinforcements in increasing the bearing capacity of two-layered soil sections using a series California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. The studied sections are comprised of a 10 cm-thick layer of no. 161 Firouzkooh sand (weak subgrade) and a 10 cm-thick layer of compacted aggregate materials (base course) classified as SP and GW according to the United Soil Classification System (USCS), respectively. The aggregate layer was compacted to the relative density (Dr) of 95% at the optimum water content (Wopt) of 6.5%. The applied reinforcements were including two kinds of geocomposites (type A and B), a geotextile, and a geogrid that were embedded at the interface of the lower and the upper layers of the soil-aggregate system. As the standard CBR mold was not appropriate in height for this study, the mold used for soaked CBR tests were utilized. To make a comparison between the results of stress-settlement behavior in the studied specimens, CBR values pertinent to the penetrations of 2.5 mm and 5 mm were considered. The obtained results demonstrated 21% and 24.5% increments in the amount of CBR value in the presence of geocomposite type A and geogrid, respectively. On the other hand, the effect of both geotextile and geocomposite type B on CBR values was generally insignificant in this research.

- by Arian Nazeri and +1
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- Geotechnical Engineering, Road Pavement Engineering and Design, Geosynthetics, Large Scale Testing

A good transportation system is an essential requirement of any nation. It not only makes the life of the people more convenient but also results in the development of the nation as a whole. Construction and maintenance of roads require proper engineering studies and large capital investment. However, poorly constructed roads not only have lesser durability but also makes riding on the road uncomfortable increasing the operation and maintenance cost of vehicles. Suitable subgrade availability is one of the prime factors while finalizing the road alignment after engineering surveys for road alignment. But sometimes while finalizing the road alignment tradeof is inevitable between economy and availability of suitable subgrade. Changing the alignment to avoid a weak and unstable subgrade may lead to more construction and/or vehicle operation cost. This is truer especially when a non-suitable subgrade exists for a shorter length along the alignment. In such a situation, the best remedy is to adopt soil stabilization techniques for the non-suitable soil to improve its engineering properties hence make it suitable as the subgrade material. Soil such as clayey soil is an unsuitable subgrade soil mainly because of its large swelling and shrinkage properties. Hence it needs to be stabilized before adopting it as subgrade soil. Present research work deals with the stabilization of clayey soil using coir fiber. Light compaction test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test are conducted on the mixture of clayey soil and coir fiber to know the effect of coir fiber in improving the engineering properties of clayey soil. The clayey soil is collected from the Bilasipara region of Dhubri district, Assam state, India. Hence this research work is helpful for infrastructure development activities in the northeastern region of India.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Stabilization, California Bearing Ratio, Subgrade, Coir fiber

With rapid growth of population, fast urbanization and more construction of highway, buildings and other structures has resulted in reduction of good quality available land. The mechanical behavior of such nature of soil has to be improved by employing stabilization of Black Cotton Soil (BC soil) is studied by using Lime and Sawdust. Black Cotton soils are highly clayey soils (Montmorillonite clay mineral). The moisture changes in Black Cotton soils, compressibility and plasticity nature can be greatly improved with the addition of Lime and Sawdust. This paper includes the evaluation of soil properties like Optimum moisture content, dry density, and strength parameter (California Bearing ratio value). Different quantities of Lime and Sawdust (% by weight) are added to the BC soil and the experiments conducted on these soil mixes. The result shows that the use of Lime and Sawdust increases the California Bearing Ratio values i.e. the strength of soil to a great extent.

This paper presents the engineering characteristics of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), blended with virgin aggregate for unbound base and subbase layers. The proportions of RAP were 0%, 20%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by total mass of the blend. The experimental laboratory testing included index properties such as gradation, modified Proctor compaction, California Bearing Ratio, and hydraulic conductivity. Repeated load resilient modulus testing was conducted on the blends. The impact of load duration on resilient modulus was also investigated. A strong inverse trend was found between resilient modulus and California Bearing Ratio. An accurate model was proposed for the prediction of the resilient modulus as a function of stress state and reclaimed asphalt pavement percentage with coefficient of determination of 0.94. Finally, multilayer elastic analysis of typical pavement sections with the base layer constructed of virgin aggregate and reclaimed asphalt pavement blends showed good perfo...

Peaty soils are not suitable as foundation soils as they are weak and highly compressible. This paper describes a study on peat soil stabilisation to improve its physical and engineering properties. It investigates the effect of additives... more

This article describes a laboratory study on stabilizing peat soil using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as binding agent and Polypropylene fibers as additive. Due to high initial water content of the stabilized peat soil samples and in-order to gradually reduce their moisture content, the stabilized peat soil samples kept in normal air temperature and out of water intrusions to drier

- by Behzad Kalantari
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- Polypropylene, Air Temperature, Moisture Content, Water Content
- by Omar Al Amoudi
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- Civil Engineering, Saudi Arabia, Compressive Strength, Building

- by Angelica Palomino
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- Civil Engineering, Pavement Engineering, Tensile Strength, Physical Properties

Developing countries like India need effective stabilization techniques that are economical and effective. The existing techniques of stabilization use mechanical or chemical methods. These methods involve higher costs and effort. To improve on the stabilization methods, bio-enzymes have been used for soil stabilization. In the present study a comparative study is carried out to stabilize the local soil with conventional method, that is, cement stabilization and other using Bio enzymes. A curing period of 14 days is used to determine California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values and Standard Proctor’s test (MDD & OMC) test values from cement treated samples and Bio enzyme treated samples.

- by Héctor A . Acosta
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- Materials Engineering, Civil Engineering, Recycling, Compressive Strength