Canada-US relations Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, The Japan Times

With Canada Day upon us, Ottawa faces unprecedented challenges to the nation's sovereignty and prosperity, and a stark reality: The international order that enabled Canada’s middle power diplomacy for seven decades is dead.

2025, World Geostrategic Insights

Canada’s long standing post-WW2 foreign policy framework was designed for a world in which multilateralism was the common currency for international relations. The order is gone and Canada finds itself in the integrum between the post-WW2... more

2025, Western Standard News

2025

A principios de febrero de 2025, se anunció un acuerdo entre Canadá, Estados Unidos y México que suspendió “por un mes” el aumento de los aranceles anunciado por el presidente Trump. Los tres gobiernos ganaron y perdieron en la negociación. Un arreglo que puede durar un tiempo por ahora indeterminado y con resultados inciertos para todas las partes involucradas. Ante ello ¿qué medidas puede tomar el gobierno mexicano? En este escrito se ofrecen algunas reflexiones.

2025, Confines De Relaciones Internacionales Y Ciencia Politica

La lucha emprendida por el gobierno mexicano encabezado por el presidente Felipe Calderón, en el periodo 2006-2012 contra las organizaciones criminales, ha sido seriamente criticada por el contexto de violencia en que se ha desempeñado. Para analizarla, han sido publicados una importante cantidad de textos, en su mayoría de corte periodístico, entre los que destaca el publicado por Guillermo Valdés, debido a que fue un actor institucional en este periodo al fungir como director del Centro de Investigación para la Seguridad Nacional (CISEN), en el periodo del 2006 al 2011, que, además, realiza un importante esfuerzo por realizar un análisis académico formal sobre el tema. El texto ofrece una visión amplia de la evolución del crimen organizado en México, la cual resulta de gran utilidad tanto para aquellos que desconocen el tema, como también para especialistas. El libro se diferencia de manera importante frente a publicaciones en la materia, por su origen académico, ya que fue redactado durante una estancia de investigación y no se enfoca sólo en el estudio de las organizaciones criminales sino que también aborda el proceso de descomposición de las instituciones gubernamentales y sociales, temas poco abordados en publicaciones similares. El texto se divide en dos partes. La primera, titulada "Apuntes para una historia del crimen organizado en México", se divide en cinco capítulos en los que expone la metodología de su investigación y la forma como estructura su exposición; un primer periodo que comprende los años 1926 a 1940; un segundo periodo que va de 1940 a 1980; la fragmentación de los grupos delincuenciales en los años ochenta; y la captura parcial del Estado en el periodo 1990-2006. La segunda parte se divide en tres capítulos, en donde aborda el análisis de la lucha actual contra el narcotráfi co; el mercado actual de las drogas; y su visión sobre la necesidad de reconstruir las instituciones en México. Finalmente, el autor presenta sus consideraciones fi nales. Así como el trabajo constituye una importante aportación al debate sobre la violencia ocasionada por el crimen organizado, así como sobre la lucha gubernamental contra estas organizaciones, también tiene impor-

2025, The Japan Times

The attempt to normalize trade relations with China on the heels of Beijing’s pattern of economic coercion bears an uncomfortable resemblance to a domestic abuse scenario — where a victim returns to their abuser out of financial necessity or misplaced hope that past behavior won’t recur. It’s a stark analogy, but it accurately captures the power dynamics and cyclical nature of China’s diplomatic engagement with middle powers like Canada when core interests are perceived to be at stake.

2025, Australian Institute International Affairs

Amid rising protectionism under a second Trump administration, calls for trade diversification by middle powers like Canada are gaining traction. Yet without deep domestic reform and multilateral coordination, such strategies risk... more

2025, Asialink, University of Melbourne

As leaders gather for the 2025 G7 Summit in Kananaskis, Alberta, the post-World War 2 international order continues to unravel with revisionist powers, including China, Russia and the US, deepening their strategic competition. Amid this evolving geopolitical landscape, middle powers like Australia and Canada find themselves increasingly alone in navigating between competing great powers. Unfortunately, the theoretical promise of middle power alignment—enhanced autonomy through collective action—appears elusive in practice when confronted with the structural realities of international politics, especially the widening power gap between the US and China and everyone else.

2025, World Geostrategic Insights

2025, Hacia los retos de la gobernabilidad en México. El crimen organizado

Dos fenómenos de gran importancia son los que marcan, en términos de los retos, a la gobernabilidad que implica el crimen organizado en México: la “segunda ola de violencia de la guerra del crimen organizado” y el inicio de la administración de López Obrador. Hemos recurrido a un modelo teórico, con evidencia empírica, para mostrar cómo es que actúa la dinámica crimen organizado-gobierno.

2025, Canadian International Council

Canada has made significant strides in transitioning toward clean energy, yet its progress remains inconsistent compared to other G7 nations. Despite its global obligations and vast renewable energy resources, Canada, alongside the US , is at the bottom of the G7 countries when it comes to carbon emissions reduction and renewable energy integration. Unlike its other G7 counterparts, which have aggressively pursued green energy to reduce reliance on imports (such as European reliance on Russian gas), Canada's policy is also influenced by its role as a major oil and gas exporter and its geopolitical positioning as a key energy supplier mainly to the US (above 70%) and marginally to other global markets.

2025, Australian Outlook, Australian Institute for International Affairs

Recent challenges to the free and open international order present an unprecedented need for middle powers to cooperate. Despite this, a prisoner’s dilemma fuelled by seemingly diverging national interests continues to prove detrimental... more

2025, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Abstract
The war between Russia and Ukraine, ongoing since 2014 and suddenly escalated in 2022, has been a subject of global attention, inspiring a wide range of responses from global leaders and global organizations. One of the powerful leaders steering U.S. foreign policy during this period was former President Donald Trump, whose foreign policy approach and management of foreign wars were largely unconventional. This essay seeks to analyze Trump's intervention style into the Russia-Ukraine conflict through the prism of Social Constructivism, which is a theory of international relations based on the agency of social structures, shared norms, and collective identities in constructing political behavior. Social Constructivism is distinct from conventional theories, such as Realism or Liberalism, as it focuses not only on material power or on institutional complexes, but also on the ideational components—such as beliefs, ideologies, and discourses—that inform political decisions.
In the context of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Trump's interventionist foreign policies and public utterances can be understood as a function of socially constructed realities, whereby identities of the United States, Russia, and Ukraine are discursively constructed and reconstructed. This essay examines how Trump's rhetoric regarding NATO, his contentious relationship with Russia, and his view of Ukraine were shaped by his broader ideological stances and his vision of American identity within the international system. By looking at Trump's language with other international leaders, above all his torn perspective regarding Russian aggression and policy decisions on offering military aid to Ukraine, this paper looks at how constructed representations of power, sovereignty, and foreign coalition determined his approach.
In addition, the paper contrasts Trump's Social Constructivist foreign policy style with that of his forebears and successors, pitting his handling of the conflict against more traditional foreign policy perspectives grounded in Realist or Liberal schools. In doing so, it provides insights into how the prominence of discourse and identity in global relations needs to be acknowledged, particularly in a conflict that remade the global system. In conclusion, this research illustrates how Trump's intervention in the Russia-Ukraine conflict can be explained through a Social Constructivist approach in order to demonstrate the role of ideas and norms in shaping global conflicts and international relations in the contemporary era.

2025, International Relations

Abstract: The Canada-US relationship is one of the pillars of international diplomacy, marked by profound economic integration, strong security collaboration, and periodic tensions on trade, environment, and sovereignty issues. Having the longest undefended border in the world, the two countries have transformed from colonial rivals to indispensable partners. This study paper offers an in-depth study of the historical development of Canada-US relations, analyzes current trends, and foresees the prognosis for the near term, based on global economic changes, global warming, and geopolitical tensions. Through a study of milestone events, current deals, and arising concerns, this study highlights the strength and nuances of the partnership and sheds light on its trajectory into the near term.

2025, The American Society for Environmental History Portland Conference 2010 Panel Session: Across the Pacific: Cross-boundary Influences

environmental history was taken up in Japan. In General Studies on America, Volume 2: Environment and Resources in 1976, Masashi Ikeda discussed the issue as a "confrontation between 'development' and 'preservation,'" and perceived it as the sprout of the idea of tourism in the natural environment. Regarding nature conservation administration in the United States, Ikeda paid attention to the existence of two different organizations, the Forest Service, Department of Agriculture and the National Park Service, Department of Interior, and indicated two trends of thought in the background of their creation: conservation, which Ikeda identified with Gifford Pinchot, and preservation, which he identified with John Muir. Ikeda concluded that the idea of conservation was supported in the Hetch Hetchy case, because at the time most people believed that natural resources, such as forestland, water and minerals, should "be developed and wisely used" (Ikeda, 1976: 296-7), while fewer people insisted that nature should "remain in as natural a condition as possible" (Ikeda, 1976: 297). Ikeda claimed, however, that this case was "meaningful for giving the people a chance to

2025, Strategic Reflections: The Indo-Pacific Imperative for Canada’s New Government, Asia Pacific Foundation

The evolution of Canada-Japan relations within Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy is a case study of untapped potential and missed opportunities. With shared national interests in preserving an international order based on the rule of law and democracy, the bilateral relationship has made meaningful advances but remains constrained by domestic political turbulence in both countries and unpredictability with the U.S., especially with Donald Trump’s return to the presidency in January.

2025, Inside Policy, MacDonald Laurier Institute

As Canada approaches its April 28, 2025, federal election, the country finds itself at a critical juncture that will determine not only its domestic trajectory but its position within an increasingly complex global order. While nominally a multi-party contest, this election has effectively consolidated into a binary choice between Conservative leader Pierre Poilievre and the current unelected prime minister, Mark Carney of the Liberal Party. The fundamental question underlying this electoral contest extends beyond partisan preferences to address Canada’s continued relevance in international affairs and its capacity to address mounting domestic challenges.

2025, Japan Times

As Canadians prepare to vote, they face a consequential choice with implications that will reach far afield. Carney offers global sophistication but democratic inexperience; Poilievre provides institutional knowledge but a limited... more

2025

This project and publication is the result of a graduate design studio titled “Bioreactions: Land- scape Strategies for the Carleton Farms Studio” (LAN/ARC 3015) held at the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Architecture, Landscape &... more

2025, Prospects & Perspectives, Prospec Foundation

As Canadians prepare to cast their ballots on April 28, the nation confronts an unprecedented constellation of challenges to its global standing and democratic institutions. Against this tumultuous backdrop, the Indo-Pacific region... more

2025, Australian Outlook, Australian Institute for International Affairs (AIIA)

2025, Global Security Review

The international security architecture faces unprecedented challenges with the erosion of treaties and the resurgence of nationalist agendas, raising the specter of unconstrained nuclear proliferation. The demise of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and the uncertain future of the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) signal a dangerous erosion of strategic stability. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) also suffered a blow, fueling anxieties about Iran’s nuclear ambitions. Trends in arms control are marked by great power competition and declining multilateralism, with China’s military rise challenging the existing framework. Advanced technologies like hypersonic weapons and AI further complicate arms control. The erosion of trust, strategic ambiguity, and nationalist agendas undermine consensus on arms control. President Trump’s “America First” agenda, exemplified by withdrawing from the INF Treaty and the JCPOA, alienated allies and emboldened adversaries. Addressing these challenges requires a renewed commitment to multilateralism, transparency, and dialogue to mitigate proliferation risks and ensure a stable future.

2025, Rabble.ca

Since Donald Trump’s re-election as president of the United States a storm of economic and political turmoil has loomed over Canada and the world, driven by Trump’s determination to impose aggressive tariff policies on America’s friends... more

2025, QLantic Journal of Social Science and Humanites

Donald Trump reelected to the American presidency has the ability to seriously reshape the geopolitics and economics of the world by introducing America First 2.0. This study looks at the consequences of a second Trump term with regard to international relations, global trade, multilateral institutions, and strategic alliances. The research analyses how the renewed emphasis on nationalism and protectionism will impact global stability, economic interdependence, and America's leadership role by examining his first-term policies, campaign rhetoric, and the proposed agenda. Special emphasis is placed on the weakening of multilateral agreements, change in US-China relationship, the future of NATO and the transatlantic partnerships, and their ramifications for emerging economies and global governance. This dissertation undertakes a comprehensive, qualitative, and quantitative analysis of how America First 2.0 could redefine the U.S. role in the world and its implications for 21st-century global order.

2025, Inside Policy, MacDonald Laurier Institute

The path to Canadian prosperity lies not in economic decoupling from the US but in strategic modernization within the North American context.

2025, TOURIST RESOURCES OF WATERFALLS IN EUROPE

By their very nature, the formation of waterfalls is related to processes such as the tectonic movement of land masses, erosion, and the influence of glaciers on the formation of the earth's surface. Let's look at a river that flows through different rocks along its course. It is a powerful erosive agent, and different types of rocks erode at different rates. The river can flow over harder rock (e.g., granite), which erodes more slowly, and softer rock (limestone), which breaks down more quickly. This different composition of the rock masses and the different intensity with which the water interacts with them are of great importance for the appearance, structure, and hence the type of the waterfall itself. Before examining the tourist resources of waterfalls, it is important to look at the definitions of "What is a waterfall" from the different aspects from which it can be viewed. What is its place and influence in the environment? What types of waterfalls are there and by what criteria are they defined? According to the Oxford Dictionary, it is "a cascade of water falling from a height, formed when a river or stream flows over a precipice or steep slope." National Geographic describes it as "a place where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops in the course of a stream or river." The definitions in other world dictionaries and encyclopedias are almost identical, with the US Geological Survey adding that it is a characteristic of the river itself, and the fall is a result of the change in altitude. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) explains that this creates turbulent flow, fog formation, and increased saturation of the water with oxygen. In summary: Waterfalls are natural features formed by geological and hydrological processes, influenced by erosion, rock resistance, and tectonic movements. They have significant cultural, historical, and ecological value on a local, national, and global scale. Of course, waterfalls are an area of study for various sciences such as geology, hydrology, and geography, and are often inextricably linked to the history and traditions of the societies that are in contact with them. For hydrology, the impact of waterfalls on riverbeds and the dynamics of the water cycle is of great importance. This, on the other hand, has a strong reflection on the transfer of rock sediments along the course, and affects the erosion of riverbanks. Waterfalls have a great influence on the ecosystems in which they are located, have a direct impact on biodiversity, the qualities (properties, characteristics) of the water, on the microclimate and the general appearance of the environment, as well as on human activity. Due to the constant movement of water and the formation of water mist, they form microhabitats. Many types of plants, mold, and moss thrive in the humid and foggy environment near waterfalls. They provide excellent conditions for animal species such as frogs, insects, and fish, which rely on oxygen-rich water, which is essential for salmon and trout, for example. They are natural barriers that prevent the migration of certain species upstream, which

2025, "The View From Here" Blog

If Trump believes that it is America's right to exert control over Greenland for strategic reasons then there's also little standing in the way of his administration taking a similar approach to Canada, Mexico or other nations in the hemisphere where the national security, economic or strategic interests of the US are prioritized above all else.

2025, "The View From Here" Blog

The dismissiveness with which Trump treats relations with nations that are friends and allies, glossing over tactless comments as jokes or misunderstandings, is reminiscent of other world leaders who have used bullying, threats and... more

2025

This paper examines the tensions between Canada and United States and the Trump Administration implementing aggressive tariffs against Canada while stating it will become the 51 st state. It will provide a general overview of how... more

2025

Slides for History of US/Canadian Relations - Lecture Fourteen - "The Age of Trump and Trudeau"

2025, Working Paper

Using artificial intelligence to perform a variety of tasks has become increasingly popular in recent years. The latest tool (as of this writing) is DeepSeek, a cutting-edge artificial intelligence assistant that can perform a wide range of tasks. The present study asks the question of whether Canada should become a U.S. state. DeepSeek listed the pros and cons of becoming the fifty-first U.S. state from the perspectives of people living in the USA and Canada. According to its analysis, admitting Canada as a state would add two democratic senators and potentially more than 50 democrat House members to Congress. Admitting each of the 10 provinces and 3 territories as separate states would also greatly favor the democrats. They could gain as many as 26 democrat senators and more than 50 House members. It is likely that every province and territory would vote democratic. Even the conservates in Canada are to the left of the democrats in the U.S. The present study is part of a larger study that investigates the possible applications of DeepSeek in a number of different areas. A partial list is included at the end of this study.

2025

The aged president of the United States and the young midwestern senator he’d chosen as his second-term running mate were having a private, late-night discussion. The commander in chief wanted to share his plan to make America greater... more

2025, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

2025

THE INCOMING SECOND TRUMP PRESIDENCY AND IMPERIAL OVERREACH ~Luis Lázaro Tijerina is an essay that gives an analytical observation of the Trump regime imperialist intentions to acquire illegally territory from other nation-states which could lead eventually to the destruction of the United States. Luis Lazaro Tijerina, Salina, Kansas, January 20, 2025

2025

La política exterior de cualquier Estado es, por naturaleza, de alguna forma, una extensión de su política nacional y refleja las aspiraciones y metas de los gobernantes, líderes sociales y ciudadanos comunes. La política exterior de Canadá no es una excepción de esa regla general; por consiguiente, al entender las metas y objetivos que el gobierno canadiense quiere lograr a nivel internacional, el lector podrá darse una importante idea de cómo los canadienses se perciben a sí mismos y al mundo que los rodea. Con un énfasis especial en la evolución desde finales de la guerra fría, este artículo tiene como objetivo introducir al lector en las tendencias generales de la política exterior canadiense. Se divide en cuatro partes: en la primera, se examinan algunas constantes de estas políticas; en la segunda, se analiza cómo los responsables de la toma de decisiones en Canadá han visto el poder del país durante los últimos sesenta años y cómo ha influido en las decisiones de política exterior en términos generales; en la tercera, se estudian las metas generales y los objetivos que el gobierno canadiense se propuso a partir del fin de la guerra fría, y por último, en la conclusión se estudia hasta dónde, realmente, la retórica de la política exterior canadiense se pone en práctica.

2025, The Yellowknifer

Part 2 of my three-part series, Making the Arctic Great Again? in The Yellowknifer.

2024, Ocean Development and International Law

n this era of accelerated climate change and increased access to the waters of North America’s High Arctic, as well as the uncertain future of an increasingly alliance-skeptical United States in some influential circles and the rapidly moving international tensions, uncertainty surrounds the issue. A resolution at the intersection of sovereignty and security in the Northwest Passage dispute rejects an absolutist approach to sovereignty or precedent, and instead recognizes Canadian sovereignty to the Passage, allowing it to close off the Passage to any hostile forces, while allowing the Americans access to the Passage to protect the continent. It is a cooperative United States–Canada arrangement that will secure the continent for both countries.

2024

Au cours de l’annee 2017, l’Europe sera confrontee a des choix essentiels. Plusieurs elections nationales seront determinantes pour l'avenir de l'Union europeenne. La situation internationale suscite egalement de nombreux defis, tout aussi importants. Alors que la region de l’Asie-Pacifique mene la reprise economique mondiale depuis la crise financiere de 2008, le pivot europeen vers l’Asie est en passe de s’accelerer. Une serie d’enjeux economiques et securitaires au sein de la region presentent tout a la fois des opportunites et des defis pour les Etats membres de l’Union europeenne. Les sujets a l’ordre du jour incluent les desequilibres commerciaux persistants, le changement climatique, la securite maritime, ainsi que le droit de la mer. Comment l’Union europeenne devra-t-elle reagir face a la montee d’une certaine gouvernance autoritaire dans le monde, a la propagation du concept de « neutralite du regime » dans les institutions internationales, ainsi qu’a un realigneme...

2024, Reconsidering the Northwest Passage: Arctic Sovereignty and Continental Security in US-Canada Relations

The Northwest Passage is core to Canada’s national identity. Canadian asserts sovereignty over what it considers to be its historical internal waters, while the United States insists that the Passage is an international strait. Despite these divergent legal positions, this book charts enduring cooperation and collaboration between the two allies, who balanced sovereignty and continental security as the Arctic grew in geostrategic importance during World War II and the Cold War. Adopting a broader definition of continental security in light of climate change and new threats to the Arctic in the post-Cold War era, Elliot-Meisel argues that, in the interests of North American security, United States should recognize Canadian sovereignty over the Passage, while Canada should welcome a regular U.S. presence in the Passage.

2024

Wherever feasible, papers are reviewed by outside experts before they are released. However, the research and views expressed in this paper are those of the individual researcher(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Baker... more

2024, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

2024, Army History

Maps of military campaigns, both in practice and historical, have never adequately depicted operational art. They have not shown how commanders of campaigns array their forces and arrange tactical actions in time, space, and purpose. This article tells how this shortcoming in campaign mapping came about, describes what proper historical campaign maps should include, and provides new operational maps from the Gettysburg Campaign to demonstrate how such maps can improve understanding and analysis of how campaigns are fought and won.

2024

JoCeLYn: When AT Age nine i hopped into a canoe in georgian Bay, paddled to a not-so-distant island, and stayed there overnight with my fellow campers, i had no idea that i had embarked upon what many consider a quintessentially Canadian activity: wilderness travel. nor did i think much about this canoe trip, my first, as a subject-forming enterprise that allowed me to understand myself as Canadian. i concentrated instead on holding in my pee, hoping i could last our entire overnight trip without having to make a stop in the woods. silly though this little story may seem, it speaks, we think, to the distance between our individual experiences and the larger cultural context in which these experiences exist. The idea that Canada is a nation of wilderness, and that wilderness is central to Canadian national identity, predominates in popular culture both within Canada and beyond the nation's borders. Yet, as the well-known anti-racist writer m. nourbese Philip and three of her colleagues have pointed out, the Canadian wilderness "is a very particular rather than a universal type of thing." 1 The large majority-80 per cent-of Canadians live in urban areas, with one third living in the major urban centres of Toronto, montreal and Vancouver. 2 Leaving the city to experience the Canadian wilderness is a privilege only some can afford, since this privilege requires leisure time, spare money and, usually, a car. Beyond practicalities, however, and as Philip and her colleagues observe, the Canadian wilderness 1 m. nourbese philip, hiren mistry, geoffrey chan and Kevin modeste, "Fortress in the wilderness: A conversation About Land," Borderlines 45 (1997): 20. 2 human Resources and Skills Development canada, http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@eng.jsp?iid=34 (accessed 7 December 2009).