China's foreign policy Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Insight Turkey

The study examines Türkiye's pivot to Asia by analyzing its interactions with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Through qualitative case analysis, the study explores Türkiye's relations with these three organizations, focusing on systemic incentives, domestic objectives, and their interconnections. The findings reveal that Türkiye's engagement with the SCO centers on political and security collaboration. However, full membership remains unattainable due to the SCO's priorities and Türkiye's alliance relations, such as NATO. Due to the strong partnership developed with AIIB, Türkiye has obtained significant amounts of financing from AIIB in connection with projects, renewable energy investments, and other issues related to its national agenda. Relations with ASEAN are progressing through sectoral dialogue partnerships, aiming to strengthen institutional and economic ties despite limited trade impacts. The study concludes that Türkiye has successfully obtained significant economic benefits from AIIB for infrastructure projects and has enhanced its geopolitical influence by deepening ties with the SCO and ASEAN.

2025, UNISCI Journal

Chinese fishing vessels and maritime militias were found in Philippine waters on April 12, 2021. Diplomatic protests raised by the Philippines have been ignored by China, which still claims most of the South China Sea, although in 2016 The Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague under Annex VII of the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), ruled that such a claim is inconsistent with international law. In the article, the authors use a normative research method and a comprehensive literature review in which sources are obtained from secondary data. The results show that China violates the tribunal ruling by infringing the sovereign rights of the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). For the avoidance and prevention of further issues between the two states, the establishment of a Provisional Measures Zone (PMZ) may be used as a settlement.

2025

When China's leaders surveyed their development prospects at the onset of the twentyfirst century, they reached an increasingly obvious conclusion, namely, their current economic development strategy, heavily dependent on natural resources, fossil fuel, exports based on cheap labor, and extensive capital investment, was no longer viable or attractive. For a range of pressing competitiveness, national security, and sustainability reasons, they decided to shift gears and as a result have embarked on an effort to move their country in the direction of building a so-

2025

viii | Editorial Board 7. e Term "Many Mongols" as an Early Nationalist Construct to Greater Mongolian Nationalism: e Case Study of Magsar Khurts ZOLBOO SANDAGJAV History, or rather historical origins, has played an increasingly important role in the formation of national identity among the Mongols and in the "imagination" of a nation based on the collectiveness of Mongol "kin." This is evident from the large number of historical works written in Mongolian that have been widely disseminated in the Mongolian regions, especially in the last Wve centuries. Mongolian scholars of the socialist period borrowed their nationalist ideas largely from Mongolian scholars of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, such as Gombojab (c. 1690-c. 1749) and Rasipungsug (1700s), who postulated a common ethnic identity among the various Mongol communities in the context of the Qing Empire. 1 Navaanluvsantsedengyn Magsarjab, commonly known as Magsar Khurts (1869-1935), emerged as one of Mongolia's historians in the early socialist period; his works have not yet been studied in detail. Though not as inXuential as the Buryat-Mongol intellectuals or other Russian-educated Mongolian scholars in the Mongolian academic community, Magsar Khurts indeed had his share in rewriting both Mongolian history and the "imagination" of Mongolian nationhood. In his book New History of Mongolia, 2 not only does Magsar Khurts imagine the Mongolian nation as a community of "Many Mongols" who share a common past, common ancestors, and common culture, but he afWrms "the linear history of all the Mongols as a coherent community," 3 as well. Stressing that the Mongols remained "dormant" for centuries and lived "in the dark" under the "Manchu Chinese yoke," Magsar's book starts as follows:

2025, GlobalArctic: The New Dynamics of Arctic Governance (Palgrave Research in Peace Studies)

The purpose of this study is to examine the involvement of the People’s Republic of China and its relationship with the Nordic countries in the Arctic region. In this process, the focus will be directed to the framework of science diplomacy. Considering the role of science diplomacy in terms of international cooperation and peaceful interactions, this study will approach science diplomacy as a component of the Arctic affairs and governance, and as an instrument for national image promotion, renovation and alliance-building, which encompass both state and non-state-centric mechanisms. The idea is that the Arctic region provides propitious themes to apply to science diplomacy and to explore the relationship between the People’s Republic of China and the Nordic countries. The role of the Nordic countries in world politics and in the Arctic region compels the People’s Republic of China to strengthen its bilateral and multilateral relationship. As a result of this, it is important to comprehend the underlying dimensions and motivations of this relationship, which corresponds to both opportunities and challenges resulting from science diplomacy. Accordingly, this study will reveal the channels and prominent fields of science diplomacy while looking into the presence of the People’s Republic of China and its relationship with the Nordic countries in the Arctic region. Following that, the need to encourage awareness and further cooperation concerning the well-being of the Arctic marine environment will be emphasized at the intersection of science diplomacy and areas of cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the Nordic countries.

2025, DIFESA on line

Dominio marittimo, controllo del commercio mondiale, potere navale: per la Cina la conquista della marittimità, in ogni sua forma, è condizione essenziale per il dominio del commercio e pertanto dell’economia globale. Per la Cina il... more

2025, المجلة العلمية لكلية الدراسات الاقتصادية والعلوم السياسية

أعادت التطورات التكنولوجية إلي السطح مرة أخري دراسة الاستراتيجية خاصة، التأثير المحتمل للقدرات السيبرانية علي الاستراتيجية المستقبلية. خاصة في ظل غياب السيادة في الفضاء الإلكتروني وإنتشار الفوضي تماما مثل النسق الدولي علي أرض الواقع ، حيث أعطي الفضاء الإلكتروني معني جديد لأدوات القوة، وخاصة أداة العنف الممثلة بشكل جديد للحرب . حيث يمكن لأي شخص مهاجمة الجميع تقريبًا من أي مكان وفي أي وقت ، نظرًا لطبيعه الفضاء السيبراني الافتراضية ، أدي التسارع هذا في تطورات التكنولوجيا إلي تسارع صعود الكيانات القوي في النسق الدولي وإحداث تأثير كبير في قرارات القوي بالنسق ، نتيجة لذلك تسائلت القوي الكبري مثل الصين والولايات المتحدة حول مدي كفاية الفكر الاستراتيجي ، مما دفع تلك القوي إلي تحديث في استراتيجياتها بما يتوافق مع مكانتها وسرعة التطور التكنولوجي ، أدي ذك إلي وجود مستوي أخر من التنافس والصراع بين الصين والولايات المتحدة ، كانت أبرز أدواتها أولاً، الهجمات السيبرانية والتجسسية وتبادل الإتهامات بينهما. وثانياً ، دخول سباق التطور في أليات الأسلحة الموجهة عبر تطبيقات الذكاء الإصطناعي ، مما إنعكس علي اقتصاد كليهما وأليات قوتهما العسكرية وتبعاً لها أليات الإستراتيجية خاصة في منطقة الإندوباسيفيك و مسار مبادرة الحزام والطريق الصينية ومن ثم القرار السياسي والدبلوماسي لكلا القوتين بشأن القضايا الإستراتيجية مثل الأزمة التايوانية .

2025

RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors' views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS.

2025

: The waters and land forms of the SCS have played important and necessary functions in Southeast Asia for centuries. A key transit point for maritime shipping, global travel, and the transportation of goods and services, the various reefs and atolls in the SCS also prove to be particularly valuable for military power projection. China's policies on the SCS have created a security dilemma in the region fostering an environment of uncertainty and a potential for military miscalculation and potential for escalation as disputes between China and other claimant states remain unresolved. Research of this issue reveals a Chinese program of systematic and deliberate encroachment into the SCS utilizing all elements of national power. This study looks at how China has employed these instruments of national power, utilizing the operational variables of the PMESII-PT framework as well as the actions and reactions of the various claimant nations in the region. Examining the methods China us...

2025, The New Silk Road: European Perspectives

The creation of pillars of sustainable development in today turbulence becomes a key issue for all mankind. The project "One Belt -One Road" is such a pillar, which in the same time acquires the character of geostrategic revolution in different dimensions: • Transforming the balance at global level into multipolar world direction; • Turning the socio-economic dynamic of the countries involved in the project on the platform of win-win development; • Proposing an alternative to the dominant neoliberal model in its various aspects. The purposes of the present report are (1) examining the important aspects of "One Belt -One Road" project as a whole; (2) analyzing such component in the abovementioned project as the so called "16+1" Format; (3) discussing the problems and perspectives of the "One Belt -One Road" project and the "16+1" Format.

2025

While it is universally accepted that State Owned Enterprises (SOE) face challenges of poor governance, they can also reduce dependency on manufactured imports through import substitution and offer speedy industrialization through public-private partnerships. SOEs can manage state equity well if the personnel is recruited on merit and they operate in an autonomous environment.

2025, Nikkei Asia

Russia's war in Ukraine is causing tectonic shifts in the global strategic landscape. These shifts have created big opportunities for China, which is now seeking to burnish its credentials as a rising global peacemaker.

2025, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC SERVICE

This paper investigates the relations between Kazakhstan and Pakistan forging a new discourse in scholarly arena aims to connect Central Asia with globe south. It signifies geostrategic affairs in Central Asia, playing a leading role in shaping interregional integrity and interplay dilemmas for modern international relations. In a similar context, the location of Pakistan is strategically crucial at the hubs of the South Asia, linking with Central Asia through the northern areas and the Middle East by the Arabian Sea. Both estates maintain strong geostrategic parts within the territories, binding major global powers through crucial trade roads and natural resources. These states have bilateral bond, and the connection of multilateral traces the important path in explaining the opportunities, outcomes, and security risks. This study is more focused on highlighting key factors, interregional connectivity, similarities and cordial path. In this case, the research methods is employed based on the secondary data applying descriptive methods. This mode of inquiry signifies the state related narrative and discourses in international relations. Additionally, it aims to create a table talk for the foreign policy experts to review the bilateral handshake with other countries to connect both regions. Yet, the examination underpins conclusions and discussions highlighting the overlooked, disregarded, and novel findings into research questions and narratives for the researchers, students, and foreign policy experts. Therefore, it suggests the implications of adopting bilateral ties which has ignored, untouched gap in the research paradigm. This study would open new avenues for the interregional connectivity paving new paths.

2025, 2°COLOQUIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DIVISIÓN DE ESTUDIOS POLÍTICOS Y SOCIALES POLÍTICA, CULTURA ECONOMÍA Y SOCIEDAD

2025, Oxford Intersections: Social Media in Society and Culture

In this study, we explore official nationalist propaganda by the Chinese government on Chinese social media, focusing on inward-oriented, outward-oriented, and liberal nationalist narratives, as well as the public's responses to them. We analyze data from a unique database that compiles all Weibo posts from the Chinese Communist Party's mouthpiece, People's Daily, from January 2019 to December 2021. With a total of 43,259 Weibo posts, we conduct computational and statistical analyses, including Latent Dirichlet Allocation, sentiment analysis, word frequency analysis, and t tests. Our results indicate that inward-oriented nationalist narratives predominate in state-sponsored propaganda and are readily adapted to address domestic and international concerns. By contrast, outward-oriented nationalistic narratives emerge mostly in response to global events, while liberal nationalistic propaganda focuses more on individual rights with positive sentiments. Our findings further reveal the support of social media users for China's assertive actions and achievements, as evidenced by their active participation in discussions on outward nationalism. These findings advance the understanding of the intricate dynamics of Chinese state-led nationalist propaganda and manipulation in the digital sphere.

2025, Kegagalan Uni Eropa dalam krisis kemanusiaan di Gaza,Palestina

Selama dua dekade terakhir, Uni Eropa (UE) telah membentuk citra sebagai kekuatan global yang menjunjung tinggi demokrasi, hak asasi manusia (HAM), dan hukum internasional. Namun, ketika krisis kemanusiaan meletus di Gaza, kredibilitas prinsip-prinsip tersebut justru dipertanyakan. UE gagal menunjukkan sikap tegas dan konsisten, memperlihatkan jurang besar antara idealisme dan kenyataan politik yang dihadapi. Krisis Gaza seharusnya menjadi momentum penting bagi UE untuk membuktikan komitmennya terhadap nilai-nilai universal. Sayangnya, yang tampak justru kebingungan dan ketidaktegasan. Respons UE sangat kontras jika dibandingkan dengan tindakan cepat dan solid saat menghadapi invasi Rusia ke Ukraina. Dalam isu Ukraina, sanksi dijatuhkan dan solidaritas langsung dibangun. Namun, dalam konflik Gaza, perbedaan sikap di antara negara anggota sangat mencolok. Jerman dan Austria memilih abstain dalam resolusi PBB yang menyerukan penghentian kekerasan, sementara Irlandia dan Spanyol justru lebih vokal mengkritik Israel. Hal ini mencerminkan betapa rapuhnya kebijakan luar negeri bersama UE yang masih sangat tergantung pada kesepakatan bulat antarnegara anggota.

2025

张裕是弊案的当事人，理应回避，根本没有资格对阿海和楚金指手画脚。现任的秘书长张裕应立即停止工作。在民主国家，一旦发生弊案或丑闻，当事人自动辞职。这是因为：第一，不致因个人的责任而影响政府、公司、社团的声誉。第二，个人的问题静待调查、处理，不致产生新的嫌疑。张裕非但没有自省、自责，反而与揭露者顽强作战。他虽然生活在民主的瑞典，却保持一颗完整的“中国特色”的脑袋。既然缺乏自觉，大会主席应令他停止工作，另行指定人选代理。

2025

Resumo: O presente artigo analisa de forma breve a questão do aquecimento global, os conflitos decorrentes deste fenômeno e a perspectiva democrática global para discutir o tema com o povo. Palavras-chave: Mudanças climáticas, conflitos... more

2025, Business News

In an era defined by geopolitical tension and digital power struggles, this article examines the unfolding public spat between Donald Trump and Elon Musk through the lens of global governance. While the United States grapples with institutional dissonance and personality-driven disruption, China advances with strategic cohesion under Premier Li Qiang and President Xi Jinping. Drawing parallels with Pakistan’s political-business entanglements and supported by Confucian and Maoist principles, the piece explores how China’s centralized, long-term planning model outpaces the chaotic democratic capitalism of the West. Featuring economic contrasts between Shanghai and India, and analyzing Musk’s DOGE Bill initiative versus Trump’s reactionary politics, the article argues that stability is not just a national asset—it is China’s global strategy. A compelling read for scholars of international relations, political economy, and comparative governance.

2025, International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management

Trade relations are a pivotal component of a nation's economic development and diplomatic engagements, particularly in the context of globalization. Despite long-standing economic ties between Nigeria and China, the expected developmental impact of this relationship on the Nigerian economy has remained limited. This study critically examines the power dynamics underpinning Nigeria-China trade relations to identify strategies for promoting equitable and mutually beneficial economic exchange. Using Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a benchmark, the analysis incorporates trade data on imports, specifically electrical power machinery, textile fabrics, iron and steel, telecommunications, and sound processing equipment, and exports, including petroleum and solid minerals. Bilateral exchange rates between Nigeria and China, adjusted for GDP, were also examined. Data covering the period from 1995 to 2022 were obtained from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Econometric diagnostics were conducted using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests to ensure data reliability. Findings reveal that China capitalizes on significant power asymmetries in the relationship, including the recurrent practice of deploying Chinese labor for projects that could be executed by local Nigerian workers. The study concludes that without strategic policy interventions, such imbalances may continue to © Author(s) Licensed under Creative Common Page 2 hinder Nigeria's economic gains from the partnership. Accordingly, it recommends the development of regulatory frameworks to safeguard domestic labor and ensure that future trade engagements contribute more effectively to Nigeria's sustainable development.

2025, Salim Abdullahi ELmi

Over the past ten years, the Republic of Djibouti has undergone a remarkable transformation, leveraging its strategic location at the Bab el-Mandeb Strait to drive robust economic growth, ambitious infrastructure projects, and greater regional influence. As the country celebrates a decade of progress, experts and citizens alike reflect on the achievements and challenges that define this new era. Economic Growth Anchored by Ports Djibouti's economy has nearly doubled in size over the last decade, with GDP rising from 768millionin2006to768 million in 2006 to 768millionin2006to1.6 billion by 2014, and maintaining annual growth rates of 5-7% since then. This surge has been powered by large-scale public investment, especially in the construction, transport, and logistics sectors. The expansion of the Doraleh Multipurpose Port and the new Damerjog livestock terminal have solidified Djibouti's status as a regional trade gateway, handling about 15% of global maritime traffic and serving as a vital outlet for landlocked Ethiopia.

2025

【Brief Introduction】 This article summarizes the life experiences of Naito Konan(内藤湖南) from elementary school teacher to reporter and then university professor. Through concrete facts, it reveals the interaction between Naito's history and the Chinese historiography community and its great influence on the study of Chinese scholars in ancient history, Sui and Tang history, and Qing history. 【Key words】 Naito's history、Chinese Historiography、Interaction and Influence Although I have studied and worked in Japan for more than ten years, my major was Zhou Yi and Chinese Philosophy during my masters' studies, Japanese Sinology and the study of the history of East and West Sinology during doctorate studies, Shang and Zhou Dynasty of bronze inscriptions during post-doctorate research. Therefore, my research on Kyoto School and Naito Konan is superficial.In 2007, Zhonghua Book Company in China published my book "Kyoto School(京都學派)" ① , which is a summary of Sinology research during the period when Kyoto School was founded. In 2011, Xueyuan Publishing House in China published the book "History of Sinology of Kyoto School (京都學派漢學史稿) " ② , which is an introduction and summary of Sinology research of the first, second and third generations of Kyoto School. Last year, I wrote "History of Sinology Studies of the Kyoto School in Japan (日本京都學派漢學研究史)", which is a summary of the 110 years of Sinology research history since the birth of Kyoto School. The new work is expected to be published in hardcover around the Spring Festival next year in China too.If it is possible in the future, I would also like to write "The Complete History of Sinology of the Kyoto School" with three volumes, one million words and photos of various Sinologists.Therefore, we combine this topic,"The Interaction and Influence of Naito Konan and Chinese Historiography"，Naito Konan is well known in Japan as the founder of Kyoto School. If we were to discuss him seriously, that is, if we had the opportunity to discuss about him an hour once a week, I believe that we would need at least half a year to a year to get a rough idea of who Naito Konan was and the entirety of the Kyoto School Understanding.For example, The sinologist I enjoy studying is Kuwabara Jitsuzo (桑原騭藏) , an academician who, alongside Naito Konan, founded the Kyoto School. Although Naito Konan is indisputably the largest representative of Kyoto School, I believe Kuwabara Jitsuzo is the hero who made Kyoto School truly gain a worldwide reputation and a foothold in academia! While Naito Konan preferred social, military, and political activities, it was Kuwabara Jitsuzo who really made a great contribution to the birth of Kyoto School at the university's pulpit. I personally tend to think that Naito Konan is a thinker, and Kuwabara Jitsuzo is a historian of the textual school. Naito Konan was born on August 27, 1866 in Akita Prefecture(秋田県), Japan. The real name is Naito Torajiro. His alias is Naito Konan. He is one of the founders of the Kyoto

2025, Millennial Asia

India-China relation is witnessing its worst phase after the 1962 War. Recent aggression by the Chinese forces in the Galwan valley and killing of at least 20 Indian soldiers have posed serious security concerns for India. This article studies nature of threat China poses to India's security and the latter's choices to respond to it. In doing so, this article explores the theories of the balance of power, balance of threat and of balancing behaviour associated with realism. It argues that China is a threat to India's security in the South Asian region as well as to its larger economic and geopolitical interests in world politics. Current realities of world politics restrict India's choices, and if it has to survive and find its rightful place and increase influence in world affairs, it has no choice but to balance Chinese behaviour and not the power. This is a shift from the Waltzian analysis, which focuses on the balance of power. This article argues that when states do not have adequate internal capabilities to balance a state, they need not necessarily align with the threat (bandwagon) or with another great power to counter the threat. In an interconnected world, they have the choice to balance the behaviour of states that pose a threat by performing soft balancing. India has the choice to balance Chinese behaviour by making a regional alliance in the Indo-Pacific region, and it will be in India's interests to carry out soft balancing.

2025, Globalising Chinese Actors and Internalising the Belt and Road

2025, Review of International Political Economy

'Connectivity' has emerged as a global buzzword for large-scale infrastructure initiatives but remains under-theorised. This paper addresses this gap by conceptualising connectivity as an 'empty signifier' , using China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and ASEAN's Master Plan on Connectivity (MPAC) as primary case studies, alongside lesser-developed initiatives like the EU's Global Gateway or those driven by the US and G7. Applying Laclau's Political Discourse Theory (PDT), we theorise connectivity as a hegemonic empty signifier that universalises one specific developmental model (Chinese or Western) while subsuming alternative models. Drawing on PDT's insights into 'third way' politics, we critique the ideological misrepresentation of development and connectivity as purely technical. To explore how connectivity initiatives produce new geographic constructs (e.g. 'new Silk Roads' and 'Indo-Pacific'), we combine PDT with critical geopolitics, which reveals how politics is spatialised and space politicised. We analyse connectivity discourses along three analytical lines: (a) their strategic ambiguity, (b) their role in constructing geographies and identities, and (c) their misrepresentation of development and infrastructural connectivity as exclusively technical. In conclusion, we discuss how global connectivity initiatives are reordering the contemporary world and underscore the value of PDT for understanding IPE and International relations.

2025, Independent India

In his speech, M.N. Roy emphasized that Socialism is often misunderstood in India, particularly by politically active youth who treat it as a slogan-driven belief rather than a scientific, rational philosophy grounded in historical analysis. He argued that socialism is not an ideal born of faith but a system arising from the material conditions of industrial societiesconditions largely absent in India. The Indian proletariat, essential for socialism, is still a small, undeveloped class, closely tied to rural life and private property, making socialism an impractical immediate goal. Instead, Roy advocated focusing on the national democratic revolution-overthrowing imperialism and feudalism, achieving independence, and implementing agrarian reform-as necessary groundwork for future socialism. Roy urged Socialists and Communists to move beyond dogma and actively participate in the national struggle alongside other progressive forces. Their role, he said, should be ideological leadership-raising political awareness, guiding the movement, and avoiding premature socialist demands that could alienate allies and hinder progress. Drawing from the example of Soviet Russia, Roy stressed that industrial development must precede socialism and may require temporary sacrifices by workers. The path to socialism in India, he concluded, lies through national liberation, democratic reform, and industrial growth-not abstract theorizing, but practical engagement in present struggles. (This work has been extracted from the papers relating to the Vth Volume of Selected Works of M.N. Roy) Summarized by Shalu Nigam, Member, Editorial Board for Vth Volume of Selected Works of M.N. Roy.

2025, Elmi Tədqiqat Beynəlxalq Elmi Jurnal. 2025 / Cild: 5 Sayı: 5 / 200-206

Dilin tarixi xalqın tarixidir. Bir xalqın tarixini, uzaq keçmişini öyrənmək üçün mütləq onun dilinə, qədim şifahi və yazılı abidələrinə müraciət etmək lazım gəlir. Azərbaycan dilinin də tarixi onun yazılarında daşlaşmış sözlərdə yaşayır. Azərbaycan dili zəngin leksik, morfoloji, sintaktik quruluşa malikdir. Sifətlərin tarixi inkişafı, dərəcələrin tarixən keçdiyi yol, dəyişmələr dilimizdə tarixən sifətlərin, onun dərəcələrinin zəginliyindən xəbər verir. Sifətin tarixi inkişafını izləyərkən müşahidə edirik ki, qədim türk dilində rəng anlamlı bir sıra sözlər, həm də cəhət mənasında işlənmişdir: ağ və sarı cənub; qara şimal; qızıl (qırmızı) qərb; göy şərq. Qara, qırmızı, göy, ağ, sarı türk mənşəli bəzi sifətlər ilkin mənasını itirərək yeni məna qazanmışdır. Məsələn, qızıl sözü yazılı abidələrimizdə daha çox qırmızı mənasında işlənmişdir. Bunu biz bir neçə dilçi-alimin müqayisələrində müşahidə edə bilərik. Məqalədə Ə.

2025, LATIN AMERICAN EXPORTS TO CHINA. Local Experiences and Challenges

Coordinadora del eje temático Recursos naturales y medio ambiente Liljana Arsovska Coordinadora del eje temático • v • CONTENTS presentation Enrique Dussel Peters 1. chinese value-added in l atin american and caribbean exp orts. conditions and challenges Enrique Dussel Peters and Lesbia Pérez-Santillán 2. l o cal impact of venezuel a´s oil exp orts to china. an analysis based on the new oil-based gl obal value chain (2000-2023) Carlos Eduardo Piña 3. impacts of chilean exp orts to china of the cherry gl obal value chain

2025, Revista Herramienta web

Traducción: Francisco T. Sobrino (En este artículo, publicado hace cinco años, se encuentran elementos que ayudan a comprender el carácter político y social de la sociedad china... more

2025, Civitas: Revista de Ciências Sociais

O processo de reordenamento de poder global apresenta efeitos distintos sobre o Leste Asiático, com a emergência de um novo quadro referencial geopolítico, expresso no termo Indo-Pacífico, que busca suplantar o tradicionalmente concebido Ásia-Pacífico. A pesquisa, de vertente qualitativa e tipo exploratório-analítico, apresenta as origens estruturais da nova visão para a ordem regional, analisando as suas limitações diante do histórico imperativo econômico-securitário do Leste Asiático. Conclui-se que a reconceituação no Indo-Pacífico, que responde à reorganização do cenário regional, promovida por Beijing, continua frágil, pois não se alinha aos fundamentos sociais que caracterizam as Relações Internacionais do Leste Asiático.

2025, Dr. Salim Abdullahi ELmi

2025, 当代中国史研究

1953—1986 年，德意志民主共和国、苏联、英国、丹麦等国家先后在北京举办工业展览会。这些工业展览会多为成立于 1952 年的中国国际贸易促进委员会与外国相关机构共同举办，旨在促进同各国贸易往来和经济交流，得到了党和国家领导人的高度重视。工业展览会展出了各国先进的工业设备、产品和科学仪器，受到人民群众和科技人员的欢迎。展览会期间举办的座谈会、报告会等活动也促进了技术的交流。

2025

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Repozytorium Instytucjonalne Krakowskiej Akademii Footnotes and Commentary about Author(s): Place notes at the bottom of the page as footnotes rather than at the end of the text as endnotes. Number them consecutively throughout the essay. Do not place a footnote number or an asterisk after the author's name following the title of the article. Numbered footnotes should be used only in the body text. Commentary about the author(s) should be placed under a rule at the bottom of the fi rst page, without a footnote number, asterisk, or other symbol. Spacing: Text should be single-spaced, including block quotations, footnotes, captions, legends, and long headings, which should be single-spaced with a space between the items. Use only one space after punctuation marks. Type Face and Size: All manuscripts should be in Times New Roman. A subtitle should be in 12-point bold type. Use 12-point type for text, headings, and subheadings. First-level headings should be fl ushleft and in bold type. Second-level headings should fl ush-left and in bold italics. Use 10-point type for footnotes, commentary about the author(s), and all source and note information placed directly under tables and fi gures. Tables and Tables and fi gures should be properly cited and all aspects must be clearly legible. Do not use any bold-face type. Headings should be centered above tables and fi gures. Spelling and Citation: For purposes of standardization, citation adheres to Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary and The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers,

2025

prof. dr hab., Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie Chiny po okresie dynamicznego wzrostu w latach 1970-2017 urosły do miana największej gospodarki świata (jeśli PKB liczymy w parytecie siły nabywczej 1 ), choć stosowane wskaźniki "wielkości" budzą wiele zastrzeżeń, to nie ulega wątpliwości, że Państwo Środka dokonało "skoku rozwojowego". Gospodarka 1 Parytet siły nabywczej -purchasing power parity (PPP) to teoria ekonomiczna, według której kurs wymiany powinien odpowiadać proporcjom parytetu siły nabywczej obu walut. W praktyce oznacza to, że w określonych warunkach (np. długookresowo) za obie waluty porównywanych rynków będzie można kupić dokładnie tyle samo tych samych towarów. Spadek parytetu siły nabywczej jednej z walut powinien prowadzić do proporcjonalnej zmiany wartości drugiej notowanej na rynku kapitałowym. Koncepcja ta budzi zastrzeżenia ze względu na trudność stworzenia na obu porównywanych rynkach identycznego koszyka konsumowanych dóbr, który mógłby stanowić podstawę dla przeprowadzenia porównań. Koncepcja parytetu siły nabywczej ma długą historię sięgającą XVI w., kiedy to w ramach fi lozofi i szkoły z Salamanki po raz pierwszy zaczęto tak porównywać gospodarki. Współczesna wersja koncepcji sformułowana została w 1916 r. przez Gustawa Cassela (Purchasing Power Parity, red. M. Manzur, Londyn 2008). Koncepcja oparta jest na prawie jednej ceny, w której przy braku kosztów transakcyjnych oraz barier utrudniających wymianę handlową, te same towary powinny mieć taką samą cenę na różnych rynkach, jeśli wyrazimy je w tej samej walucie. Jak wiemy praktyka tego nie potwierdza, nawet w obrębie jednego rynku.

2025, preprint

In the context of intensifying great power rivalry, China-Russia and US-India strategic alignments have moved to the forefront of international politics. However, scholars and policy analysts have struggled to define these two relationships. There has been little effort to provide a systematic and theory-grounded assessment of the two alignments and almost no attempts to methodically compare them, which makes understanding of the global power dynamics incomplete. This article fills this gap by applying the Stadial Model of Alignment Formation (SMAF) framework to the two cases to determine how they fare against each other in terms of the overall level of strategic cooperation and its progress over time. The structured comparison also explores the alignment incentives in the two dyads. The article also suggests modifications to the SMAF model and demonstrates how scholars can measure the depth of strategic alignment systematically in ways that can help draw distinctions among important cases. It shows that by most measurements, China-Russia alignment is ahead of the US-India alignment, and this condition is unlikely to change unless dramatic shifts in global politics occur.

2025, Global Security Review

The global nuclear landscape is undergoing rapid transformation. As arms control agreements collapse and peer competitors like China and Russia expand their nuclear capabilities, the United States faces mounting pressure to reassess its strategic posture. This article argues that traditional notions of deterrence—based on minimal, static force—are no longer sufficient in a multipolar, technologically evolving threat environment. It introduces a forward-leaning framework for nuclear dominance, not as a provocation, but as a means to restore clarity, credibility, and strategic stability. Through analysis of geopolitical trends, force posture evolution, and doctrinal adaptation, the article makes the case for a more agile and assertive U.S. nuclear strategy that can deter escalation, assure allies, and dissuade adversaries in an increasingly contested world.

2025

The 2025 Chinese Citizens’ Global Perception Survey (CCGPS) provides an in-depth analysis of evolving public sentiment in mainland China, exploring changes in geopolitical attitudes, governance perspectives, and the sources of information... more

2025

A pesquisa atual possui o objetivo geral em apresentar o conceito de projetamento na obra de Ignácio Rangel (1914-1994) aplicada no socialismo chinês atual. Sabe-se que o economista Rangel elaborou o conceito de projetamento para descrever projetos elaborados em economias planificadas, como a União Soviética. Contudo, na China socialista, o conceito pensado por Rangel renasce e ganha corpo. O responsável por esse feito é o Partido Comunista da China (PCCh), em que se estabelece desde 1949 como o bloco histórico do poder político dominante no país, conseguindo manter a sua economia planificada e, consequentemente, construindo grandes benefícios à sociedade no século XXI. Porém, para trazer à luz o conceito que revive no país asiático, é estabelecida a metodologia exploratória com o campo bibliográfico como apoio fundamental. O artigo se divide em três pontos: I) apresentar a dialética como método filosófico para a compreensão da dinâmica da economia política chinesa atual, que serve como base para a compreensão do renascimento do projetamento; II) explicar em como a economia do projetamento renasce no socialismo chinês, com as particularidades atuais do país asiático que se relaciona com o pensamento rangeliano; III) comentar sobre a relação do projetamento estar ligada ao progresso da técnica no socialismo chinês.

2025, The UK’s balancing act: in search of a new global role?

As the UK government processes the results of its long-awaited Strategic Defence Review, questions about the country’s role in the rapidly evolving international system persist. In recent months, Labour government officials have intensified efforts to fulfil their pre-electoral pledge of “reconnecting” Britain to the world. As the key foreign policy priority outlined in its most recent manifesto, this approach reflects a shared feeling that the UK has, for some time now, ‘lost its way’ on the international stage. Despite its permanent membership of the Security Council, historic alliance with the United States and world-leading contribution to spheres like international aid, the authority of its actorness has weakened. This is partly due to the fallout from the Brexit vote, which clearly weakened the British economy, a struggling military force but also the emergence of alternative centers of power in international relations with which the UK is not integrated. Moreover, the ‘challenge’ of managing the arrival of the Trump Administration and preserving historic ties whilst staying on friendly terms with regional allies like the EU has forced London to speed up this strategic recalibration in the hope of avoiding further decline.

2025, UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies SSP Discussion Paper

This paper draws on the literature on cyber strategy and policy and analyzes the factors that constrain the development of a cyber force in the Philippines. While other states are preparing to deploy its cyber forces, the Philippines is still trying to make sense of how cyber power can be employed strategically to shape its diplomatic and military interactions. The increasing number of cyber intrusions against government agencies in the past three years has intensified discussions about creating a cyber force; however, a confluence of factors has impeded progress in the military’s attempt to build a cyber force (Crismundo 2023; Rosales 2023; Domingo 2024). In this context, this paper explores the prospects of developing a cyber force from a strategic perspective. It argues that the military’s struggle to build a cyber force is influenced by three internal factors: limited appreciation of cyber power, bureaucratic politics, and insular nature of Philippine strategic culture. The paper explores this argument by drawing on recently published government documents, existing work on the sources of military strategy in the Philippines as well as the emerging academic literature on military operations in cyberspace.

2025, Observatorio de la Economía y la Sociedad China

Consultor en regulación y políticas públicas en temas de integración regional y en comercio electrónico. Asesor del Programa Colombia en Línea, vicepresidencia de la República.

2025

Turkey is a middle power that has been illustrating proactive foreign policy over the last decades with a strong motivation for "strategic autonomy." Turkish foreign policy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine is an interesting case in which to examine and understand the role of middle powers in the changing international order. Especially in the context of widening gaps between the geopolitical positioning of the West, led by the United States and the European Union, and the "Rest," increasingly represented by BRICS economies, many countries are struggling in between. The paper highlights the positioning of Turkey during the Russian War on Ukraine and argues that it is much closer to those of major BRICS and most countries in the "Global South" than its traditional Western Allies. We argue that the reasons that enabled Turkey to maneuver such proactive foreign policy during the War can be explained by the intertwined effect of the manifestation of "strategic autonomy" in the decision-making, highly centralized populist leadership at home, and the growing room at the international and the regional environment for middle power activism.

2025, EuroHub4Sino Policy Paper 2025/7

Key takeaways - Beijing sees Moscow as its long-term strategic partner to reshape the international order, therefore has no serious intention to contradict Moscow’s interests in Ukraine. In spite of the contradictions with Beijing’s... more

2025

This paper discusses Western and Chinese views on China's growth to highlight the differences in perspectives regarding the outlook of China's future. An overview of the features of a normative power and an examination of the challenges China faces when she interacts with its neighbors will elicit traces of its potential normative style in the region. We will then conclude that China is in a dilemma in exhibiting its normative power, and it seeks to reconcile the situation through managing sovereignty issues with its neighbors in a consistent way and in proposing initiatives such as the AIIB and the 21st Century Maritime Silkroad to help portray itself as a responsible and accepted normative strength.

2025

2025, Herald of Oriental Studies

Classical Chinese military strategies constitute an integral and invaluable component of global philosophical and literary thought, offering profound insights into the evolution of military, political, and diplomatic reasoning within one of the world’s oldest and most enduring civilizations. Given their substantive diversity and universal applicability, this article examines four seminal classical strategic treatises—The Art of War, The Thirty-Six Stratagems, The Methods of Sima, and The Six Secret Teachings—and their application in contemporary Chinese political and corporate relations. Employing a case-study methodology, the analysis focuses on the practical implementation of specific stratagems from these texts and their adaptation to modern Chinese political and corporate interactions. This investigation represents a novel contribution to Georgian academic discourse, underscoring the enduring significance of traditional philosophical thought and its modern reinterpretation in shaping contemporary Chinese business and geopolitical strategies. The case studies encompass an examination of Chinese corporate and political maneuvers within global processes over recent decades, aiming to elucidate the causal relationship between these practices and their classical strategic foundations.

2025

Վերջին տասնամյակներին Թուրքիան նշանակալիորեն ուժեղացրել է իր քաղաքական, ռազմական և հետախուզական ներկայությունը Հարավային Կովկասում՝ ձգտելով ամրապնդել իր դիրքերը տարածաշրջանում, որն պատմականորեն գտնվում էր Ռուսաստանի և Իրանի ազդեցության ոլորտում։ Այս ընդլայնման մեջ առանձնակի դեր ունի Թուրքիայի Ազգային հետախուզական կազմակերպությունը (Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı, MIT), որը 2010-ական թվականների սկզբներից վերածվել է ակտիվ արտաքին քաղաքական գործիք։ Հոդվածում քննարկվում են Թուրքիայի հետախուզության աշխատանքների պատմական նախադրյալները, նպատակները և մեթոդները Հարավային Կովկասում, ինչպես նաև դրա գործունեության ազդեցությունը տարածաշրջանային անվտանգության վրա.