Clean Development Mechanism Research Papers (original) (raw)

Biogas technology, besides supplying energy and manure, provides an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and reducing global warming through substituting firewood for cooking, kerosene for lighting and cooking and chemical fertilizers. A study was undertaken to calculate (1) global warming mitigation potential (GMP) and thereby earning carbon credit of a family size biogas plant in India, (2) GMP of the existing and target biogas plants in the country and (3) atmospheric pollution reduction by a family size biogas plant. The GMP of a family size biogas plant was 9.7 t CO 2 equiv. year −1 and with the current price of US $10 t −1 CO 2 equiv., carbon credit of US

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- Climate Change, Carbon, Air pollution, Multidisciplinary

An important criterion for bioenergy systems evaluation is their greenhouse gas mitigation potential. Sugarcane bioenergy systems are able to produce grid-bound surplus electricity but also have net CO2 emissions associated with the upstream fossil-fuel consumption for plantation management, transportation and processing of the ÿbrous biomass. However, when compared to coal-based power generation systems, sugarcane bioenergy systems are able to avoid CO2 emissions at rates that range between 1.081 and 1:137 kg CO 2 =k Wh depending on the cane-residue utilisation strategy adopted. As a consequence, sugarcane bioenergy systems stand out as promising energy projects for funding under the Kyoto Protocol's proposed clean development mechanism and joint implementation.

- by Revin Panray Beeharry
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- Engineering, Technology, Bioenergy, Power Generation

Energy security, economic development and averting global warming are conflicting objectives in a fossil fuel economy. In the long run, sustainable development requires a shift to renewable energy sources. In the short run the climate change problem requires swift action 2 and different strategies. There is no "silver bullet" and a combination of technologies and strategies will be required to meet the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) requirements. 3 The article develops one example based on 'negative carbon' using air capture of carbon dioxide for storage into geological sites and solid materials. When driven by energy produced by carbon-neutral sources (such as Concentrated Solar Power or CSP) this approach can co-produce electricity while reducing carbon concentration in the atmosphere (

- by Peter Eisenberger
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- Green Economics, International Relations, Climate Change, Energy Policy

The potential non-permanence of sequestered CO 2 emissions is a crucial issue to tackle in order to safely include forestry activities among eligible activities for the Clean Development Mechanism. Rather than looking at accurate ways of securing permanent reductions, some experts studied the possibility of delivering temporary licenses as a way of circumventing the respective drawbacks of previously proposed approaches (e.g. Ton-Year Accounting). This paper focuses on this concept of temporary (or expiring) credits and tries to assess its financial viability using different scenario assumptions while bearing in mind the need to protect the CDM's environmental integrity. Our main finding is that the concept of expiring credits (EC) provides a convincing answer to the issue of non-permanence both from an environmental perspective and from a strictly financial point of view (as it has the property of efficiently dealing with uncertainties and therefore hedges the risk). However, given the specific nature of forestry activities compared with other types of CDM projects, the EC concept should be complemented with additional rules and modalities. D

- by Kevin Maréchal and +1
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- Ecological Economics, Carbon Sequestration, Applied Economics, Clean Development Mechanism
- by Alain Albrecht and +1
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- Environmental Sciences, Clean Development Mechanism, Land Use, C sequestration

The clean development mechanism (CDM) has the objective to support developing countries in achieving a sustainable development path, while at the same time assisting industrialized countries in achieving their Kyoto Protocol commitments. Actual practice shows that CDM technology transfers are largely focused on reducing GHG emissions at lowest cost and less on the domestic development needs and priorities of the host countries. This paper discusses an approach to facilitate low-carbon energy technology transfer compatible with the energy development needs and priorities of developing countries. The results reported here are concerned with the relation between the transfer of low-carbon energy technologies and the perceived needs and priorities for low-carbon technologies in the country context. The study has provided insights on improving the CDM for technology transfer in accordance with host countries' development priorities and has been applied to Chile, China, Israel, Kenya and Thailand. It forms the first stage of an overall approach for facilitating low-carbon technology transfer under the UNFCCC. The second stage of the study is reported elsewhere [ENTTRANS, 2008. Promoting sustainable energy technology transfers through the CDM: Converting from a theoretical concept to practical action. Final report of specific support action under EU FP-6

- by Wytze P van der Gaast and +1
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- Engineering, Economics, Sustainable Development, Energy Policy

The complexities related to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are considered quite high and only a relatively low percentage of the existing potential has been exploited in the developing world. Israel obtains a significant unexploited potential, especially regarding Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Energy Efficiency (ENEF). In order to be able to identify potential CDM projects and to formulate a series of possible investment strategies with a CDM component, it is crucial to establish a clear understanding of the host country's needs and priorities, the suitable sustainable energy technologies, as well as their related potential benefits and barriers. The paper presents results obtained from an elaborated stakeholders' assessment on potential of sustainable energy technologies under the CDM conducted in Israel.

- by C. Karakosta
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- Mechanical Engineering, Renewable Energy, Methodology, Sustainable Development

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

- by Shaikh Rahman
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- Climate Change, Carbon, Carbon Sequestration, Climate

Mechanism are able to create emission permits that can be accounted against the industrialized countries' commitments for limiting their greenhouse gas emissions, as agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. The discussion of how to treat credits from temporary carbon stocks is centering on the proposal for expiring emission credits from AR, which in the subsequent commitment period need to be replaced. While the basic methodological question is thus being solved, the practicalities arising from the solution have so far not been considered. The authors make new proposals on accounting modalities, define the tCER value as compared to a permanent CER, and forecast who will be the potential buyers for temporary offsets.

- by Michael Dutschke
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- Forestry, Clean Development Mechanism, Kyoto Protocol, Greenhouse Gas Emissions

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be

Rules governing the global environment and the international economy are currently decided in separate arenas. Yet, environmental agreements can have strong economic implications, particularly with the growing use of market mechanisms. Economic liberalization rules, meanwhile, may limit the effectiveness of environmental agreements. This paper assesses the potential interaction between one important market-based environmental mechanism – the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol on climate change – and the framework of international investment law.

- by Navroz Dubash and +2
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- Law, Climate Change, Regional environmental agreements, Political Science

Ever since their evolution, forests have been interacting with the Earth's climate. Deforestation and forest degradation in many countries has lead to forest fragmentation with effects on increasingly insularized and vulnerable forest habitat patches. If forest fragments are becoming too small to support important keystone species, further extinctions may occur in cascading ways and the vegetation structure and composition may eventually collapse. Until now relatively few reported cases of species extinctions can be directly attributed to climate change. However, climate change in combination with habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation may lead to new waves of species extinctions in the near future as species are set on the move but are unable to reach cooler refuges due to altered, obstructing landscapes. To mitigate the future risks of extinctions as well as climate change, major efforts should be undertaken to protect intact large areas of forests and restore wildlife corridors.

- by Jacob Werksman
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- Law, Clean Development Mechanism, European Community

Renewable energy is the inevitable choice for sustainable economic growth, for the harmonious coexistence of human and environment as well as for the sustainable development. Government support is the key and initial power for developing renewable energy. In this article, an overall review has been conducted on renewable energy development policy (including laws and regulations, economic encouragement, technical research and development, industrialized support and government model projects, etc.) in China. On this basis, a systematic analysis has been conducted on the disadvantages of renewable energy development policy. On the point of long-term effective system for renewable energy development, a series of policy advice has been offered, such as strengthening the policy coordination, enhancing regional policy innovation, echoing with clean development mechanism, implementing process management, constructing market investment and financing system. It is expected that the above advices could be helpful to ever-improvement of renewable energy development policy. #

- by li sheng
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- Engineering, Renewable Energy, Regional policy, Economic Growth

The paper examines environmental management accounting as a tool that supports environmental investment decision-making in the context of the emerging markets for carbonised rice husk and the clean development mechanism. Based on a case study at Oliver Enterprises, a rice milling business in the Philippines, the paper analyses carbonisation and cogeneration as two processing alternatives to reduce environmental and social impacts related to the conventional way of rice husk disposal and to improve the overall performance of the rice mill. Implications for corporations and for policy decision-making are examined.

Given the decision to include small-scale sinks projects implemented by low-income communities in the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, the paper explores some of the basic governance conditions that such carbon forestry projects will have to meet if they are to be successfully put in practice. To date there are no validated small-scale sinks projects and investors have shown little interest in financing such projects, possibly to due to the risks and uncertainties associated with sinks projects. Some suggest however, that carbon has the potential to become a serious commodity on the world market, thus governance over ownership, rights and responsibilities merit discussion. Drawing on the interdisciplinary development, as well as from the literature on livelihoods and democratic decentralization in forestry, the paper explores how to adapt forest carbon projects to the realities encountered in the local context. It also highlights the importance of capitalizing on synergies with other rural development strategies, ensuring stakeholder participation by working with accountable, representative local organizations, and creating flexible and adaptive project designs. r

Background: So far, the cumulative installed capacity of wind power projects in India is far below their gross potential (≤ 15%) despite very high level of policy support, tax benefits, long term financing schemes etc., for more than 10 years etc. One of the major barriers is the high costs of investments in these systems. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol provides industrialized countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to achieve a reduction in CO 2 emissions at lowest cost that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. Wind power projects could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development, if developed correctly.

- by Axel Michaelowa and +1
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- Wind Energy, Multidisciplinary, Wind Power, Developing Country
- by C. Karakosta
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- Engineering, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Technology transfer
- by Erik Mathijs
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- Engineering, Technology, Biomass, Energy Conversion
- by Christopher Dey
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- Engineering, Earth Sciences, Third World, Environmental Sciences

A holistic perspective of various energy stakeholders regarding the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOTs) of the energy sector in Macedonia is utilized as baseline to diagnose the current state and to sketch future action lines towards sustainable energy development. The resulting SWOT analyses pointed to the progressive adoption of European Union (EU) standards in energy policy and regulation as the most important achievement in the energy sector. The most important problems the national energy sector faces are scarce domestic resources and unfavorable energy mix, low electricity prices, a high degree of inefficiency in energy production and use, as well as insufficient institutional and human capacities. The formulated portfolio of actions towards enabling sustainable energy development urges the adoption of a comprehensive energy strategy built upon sustainability principles, intensified utilization of the natural gas, economic prices of electricity, structural changes in industry, promotion of energy efficiency and renewables, including Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, enforcement of EU environmental standards and meeting the environmental requirements, as well as institutional and human capacity building.

- by Jordan Pop Jordanov and +1
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- Mechanical Engineering, Energy, Energy Policy, European Union

During the last few years, political support for renewable energies has been growing continuously both at the national and international level and most scientists now agree that the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are perfectly placed to play a leading role in the lucrative future solar and wind power industries. The interest for the development of renewable energies was perceived very early in Algeria with the creation of the solar energy institute as soon as 1962. Algeria plays a very important role in world energy markets, both as a significant hydrocarbons producer and exporter, as well as a key participant in the renewable energy market. Due to its geographical location, Algeria holds one of the highest solar reservoirs in the world. This paper deals with a review of the present renewable energy (RE) situation and assessed present and future potential of RE sources in Algeria. It also discusses the trends and expectation in solar and wind systems applications and the aspects of future implementation of renewable energies making emphasis on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region status. The problem related to the use of RES and polices to enhance the use of these sources are also analysed in this paper. In addition the available capacity building, the technical know-how for each RE sources technology and localising manufacturing of RE equipments have been defined.

- by Amine Boudghene Stambouli
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- Engineering, Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Biomass

activity, A, in passenger-km across modes; the modal structure, S, which is a function of mode share and load factor; the fuel intensity, I, of each mode in liters per passenger-km; and the carbon content of the fuel used, F, in grams of carbon per liter of fuel consumed. The product of these factors represents total emissions and is termed the "ASIF" equation .

Climate policies and ethics have been crucial aspects of distributive justice in climate change. Atmosphere, being the global common, requires a global agreement on mitigation and adaptation to climate change. But such agreements face ethical issues that are prone to moral corruption(Gardiner, 2011). In the words of Stephen Gardiner (2006), climate change is a “perfect moral storm”. Ethical issues like commoditization of the social and environmental values via carbon reduction markets, intergenerational ethics, sustainability, etc have been studied in this paper, concerning the transition in climate regime from Kyoto Protocol to Paris Agreement. The climate agreement’s evaluation is based on ethical values.
The paper analyses and compares the ethical perspectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM). It has been observed in the study that the policy transition cannot bridge the climate change gap without safeguards for human rights, gender equality, inter/intra-generation equity, etc. The Paris Agreement provides a new shell of sustainability to carbon markets of the Kyoto Protocol, but the market mechanism remains the same in principle. Recommendations have been proposed which shall enhance the climate change mitigation efforts and build policy safeguards. As the parameters defining the SDM are not finalized yet, reforms are proposed to be incorporated from the experiences and shortcomings of CDM.

- by Utkarsh Singh
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- Climate Change, Climate change policy, Climate ethics, Global Warming

In recent decades China has pursued a number of national energy policies as integral components of its 5-year development plans including the unprecedented dissemination of several generations of fuel saving stoves in the majority of its rural populations. These programs, although designed for conservation of fuel wood resources and using deceptively simple technologies, have much wider impacts on both a national and a global level through their impacts on health and emission of pollutants that have warming consequences for the atmosphere. In the current manuscript we examine these implications using emissions data collected as part of a comprehensive evaluation of 28 typical stove/fuel technologies in common use.

- by Rufus Edwards
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- Energy Policy, Multidisciplinary, Global Warming, Clean Development Mechanism
- by FELICITY SPORS
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- Climate Change, Carbon, Biomass, Carbon Sequestration
- by Donald F Larson
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- Forestry, Climate Change, Natural Resources, Renewable Energy

Te main objective of this work is to investigate what are the costs and risks involved in implementing Afforestation and Reforestations Projects (ARPs), especially within the scope of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as well as exploring its main constraints and eventual solutions. In order to do that, this essay is divided in three main sections. In the first section are considered the general guidelines for ARPs within CDM, focusing on the distribution of projects registered in the mechanism and the general constrains for their implementation. In the second section it is analyzed in more detail the specific economic factors accounting for the costs, risks and profitability of ARPs. The third section focuses on a specific case of ARP implemented in an area of grazing lands in Santo Domingo, north of Argentina.

By the virtue of its position astride the tropic of cancer, Oman has an important potential of solar energy. Despite these important resources the uses of this renewable energy was limited to few and simple utilization as public lighting or park meter. Recently, the renewable energy sector in Oman is considered as a national priority to supply the future energy demand. This paper investigates the potential of solar water heater application in Oman through a preliminary case study in the Seeb district. The RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Software is an advanced mathematical model to evaluate the energy production and savings costs, emission reductions, financial viability and risk for various types of Renewable-energy and Energy-efficient Technologies. This preliminary study shows that this renewable energy technology has eco-environmental benefits to Oman. The dissemination of the solar water heaters in Oman requires necessarily the contribution of the Government in order to make them. Instead of paying subsidies for the electricity consumed by electric water heaters, the Government can invest in sharing half of the capital cost. The clean development mechanism could help to foster the diffusion of the SWHs in Oman by providing certified emission reduction incentives to the Government.

- by Yassine Charabi
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- Engineering, Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Emission reduction
- by Tim Anderson
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- Engineering, Carbon Sequestration, Sustainable Energy, Clean Development Mechanism

This research work seeks to design and develop an oxyhydrogen generator for HHO gas production. Key parameters considered in this study include electrode area, electrodes spacing, electrode surface conditioning, and electrode configuration as well as the efficiency of the generator. The constructed generator consisted of 26 plates made up of 3 anodes, 3 cathodes and 20 neutral plates with each having dimension of 10cm x 10 cm. The adjacent plates was spaced at a distance of 2 mm. The efficiency of the constructed generator was evaluated using0.01 M-0.03 M strengths of KOH at a constant voltage of 13 V. The Results showed an optimum efficiency of 11.9 % when the HHO generator was run using 0.02 M KOH at 13 V for 1 hour.Highlights: 1. Designing an HHO generator 2. Development of an HHO generator 3. Determination of the efficiency of an HHO generator using KOH as a catalyst

China is experiencing rapid and large scale urbanization, and the resulting local and global urban environmental challenges are unprecedented. The Chinese Government has fully recognized these challenges and is aiming to promote more sustainable urbanization in line with the objectives of the eleventh five year plan, which calls for 'building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society'. Various initiatives are being pursued to support this objective, both at the national and local levels. At the local level, cities have responded by developing 'eco-cities', which aim to promote a more sustainable urbanization model. More than one hundred eco-city initiatives have been launched in recent years. One such initiative is the Sino-Singapore Tianjin eco-city. The purpose of this report is to review the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) project from a comprehensive perspective with a view to achieving the following principal objectives: (i) create a det...

- by Richard Filewood
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- Air Quality, Climate Change, Carbon, Climate

The purpose of technology transfer under the UNFCCC Article 4.5 is to ''…promote, facilitate, and finance as appropriate the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know how to other Parties particularly Developing Country parties to enable them to implement the provisions of the Convention.'' The key challenge in this respect is that low-carbon sustainable technologies need to be adopted both by developed as well as developing countries. However, this paper focuses on the process of technology transfer to developing countries to allow them to move quickly to environmentally sound and sustainable practices, institutions and technologies. In the above framework, this paper reviews key aspects of technology transfer from a range of perspectives in the literature and discusses insights from this literature for the transfer and innovation process needed to reduce global vulnerability to climate change in the context of current international activities based on the research undertaken by the EU sponsored ENTTRANS project.

- by Alexandros Flamos
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- Human Geography, Climate Change, Sustainable Development, Technology transfer
- by H. Doukas
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- Engineering, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Technology transfer
- by Lado Kurdgelashvili
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- Engineering, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Energy

The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%. Copyright © 2019 IJASRD. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Common Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. HIGHLIGHTS 1) Production of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. 2) Production of HHO gas using KOH as catalyst. 3) Measurement of HHO gas flow rate. 4) Modification of the petrol engine using a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. 5) Determination of performance of HHO gas on emission characteristics of a petrol engine.

The ten ASARECA member countries (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda) have adopted, or are planning to adopt, a range of climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture (see Table 1 for a summary). Of the 26 strategies mentioned, only two are common to all 10 countries, while five more are common to

- by Gerald C Nelson and +1
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- Genetics, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Natural Resource Management

Carbon trading, as a market-based climate policy that allows polluters to comply with emissions reductions commitments with tradable pollution rights, is presented by its proponents as the most cost-efficient alternative for climate change mitigation, while critics counter that the cost-efficiency argument ignores the harms that result from commodifying carbon. This thesis contributes to this debate, which is fundamental for the future of environmental policies, by exposing the social costs of carbon trading and making the case against its inclusion in the climate policy-mix. The argument developed here draws from theoretical contributions on the social costs of private activities and on value conflicts, as well as critical perspectives on the neoliberalization of nature and the limits of the market.
Emissions trading was firstly proposed as an alternative to efficiency-maximizing or pigouvian environmental taxation. Based on the property rights approach to social costs, emissions trading would allow regulators to escape the impossible task of calculating the optimal level of pollution and offer instead a cost-efficient way to achieve an exogenously determined level of pollution. This theoretical shift would allow economics to be centred on discussing the best means to achieve given ends and relived it of discussing ends. The ends-means dichotomy, however, does not hold outside textbook economics, as well as the description of emissions trading as a simple and efficient alternative to direct regulation. As the US experience with emissions trading shows, creating markets for tradable pollution rights requires government investment in a regulatory apparatus that is no less complex than what is required for direct regulation or taxation. This experience also illustrates how the purported efficiency of emissions trading systems is a flip side of their weak environmental performance and their disregard for social justice and democratic participation.
Carbon trading schemes created under the Kyoto Protocol raise additional problems. Compared to “cap and trade” schemes based on a single pollutant and a restricted number of sources, schemes like the EU Emissions Trading System are more complex and require further government intervention. Furthermore, flexibility instruments like the Clean Development Mechanism allow industrialized countries to pollute beyond their emissions commitments and raise issues with the disputable integrity of methodologies that account for emissions reductions from offset projects relative to an arbitrary baseline. The dismal performance of these schemes is illustrated by their inability to provide an incentive to decarbonization, while distributing rents to polluters and creating new sources of corruption.
These issues are not reducible to discussions on accounting procedures and other technicalities. Opening the “black box” of carbon quantification and commensuration reveals that its calculations sideline relevant uncertainties and assume a degree of accuracy that scientific knowledge and technology cannot deliver in the present. Yet, since accounting for emissions increases or reductions requires political decisions on what is to be accounted for, what is the relevant metric and what is an acceptable degree of uncertainty, further scientific and technological developments are not enough to make it possible to produce the unambiguous numbers that carbon trading requires.
Going further on the discussion of the implications of carbon commensuration and abstraction, this thesis presents an argument against the inclusion of carbon trading in the climate policy-mix based on four normative critiques. With the support of critical literature, it is argued that carbon trading is ineffective, undemocratic, unjust and unethical and that, for these reasons, it can only be considered as a cost-effective policy when its social costs are ignored. An argument against carbon trading reformism is then presented by illustrating how trying to mitigate the negative effects of carbon markets by imposing restrictions on trading leads to the erosion of these markets. A better alternative is claimed to be supporting climate policies that foster a plurality of values and deliver social benefits.
The thesis concludes by advocating a shift in the climate policy debate to a discussion on the values that are fostered or hindered by each policy. A general framework is proposed that respects value pluralism and acknowledges conflicts between incommensurable values, which is not compatible with market-based policies.

- by Ricardo S Coelho
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- Political Economy, Climate Change, Climate change policy, Ecological Economics
- by Rashida Amahtullah
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- Law, Criminal Law, Energy Economics, International Relations
- by Francesco Tubiello
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- Air Quality, Forestry, Climate Change, Nutrition

Local action is needed to tackle global environmental threats like climate change. Environmentalists use to say: Think global, act local! What does this mean in the context of international regimes? This book examines the interrelations between domestic politics and the effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) ? a global regime that encourages industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability with projects in the developing world. A simple concept in theory, but the reality is complex and sometimes contradictory as this work reveals with experiences from the Philippines, India and China. Is the CDM an effective global regime? How do local and global actors interact? This book provides answers with both a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of renewable energy projects under the CDM. Four specific case studies give a deeper insight into the topic. International regimes theory will be combined with domestic politics to develop a new framework of multilevel interaction. Eventually, this work reveals major contradictions between theory and practice and it shows lessons learned to improve environmental regimes like the CDM.

- by Jens Marquardt
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- Philippines, China, Renewable Energies, India
- by Axel Michaelowa
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- Carbon Sequestration, Applied Economics, Clean Development Mechanism, Land Use
- by Naresh Kaushik
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- Engineering, Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Biomass
- by Philip M Fearnside and +1
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- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics, Remote Sensing

Climate resilient cities : a primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters / N. Prasad, F. Ranghieri, F. Shah, Z. Trohanis, E. Kessler, R. Sinha. - Washington (DC) : World Bank Group Info Shop, 2009. - ISBN 978-0-8213-7766-6.. This... more

- by shah fatima
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- Air Quality, Climate Change, Carbon, Capital Markets