Clean Development Mechanism Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Optimization of HHO Gas Production in Alkaline Dry-Type HHO Kit Using Various Electrode and Electrolyte Configurations

This research investigates the optimization of a dry-type alkaline HHO kit for efficient oxyhydrogen (HHO) gas production, targeting applications in small (two-wheel vehicle) internal combustion engines (ICE). Key experimental parameters were evaluated to enhance gas production and system efficiency, including voltage, electrode configuration, electrolyte type, and concentration. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was identified as a more effective electrolyte than potassium hydroxide (KOH) due to its lower electronegativity, which contributes to accelerating HHO gas production. The highest overall efficiency, 24.6%, was achieved with a 0.1M NaOH solution using stainless steel (SS) as the anode and Titanium (Ti) as the cathode, and SS paired with graphite scored 23.1%. Voltage levels positively influenced gas production, although higher potential resulted in electrode surface oxidation and decreased efficiency. The optimum voltage range of 4.5V to 5.2V for SS with graphite and 4.2V to 5.2V for SS with Ti configurations were provided. The study concludes that the SS-Ti and SS-Graphite configurations are optimal options for HHO gas production, minimizing heat generation and energy consumption while enhancing gas output. These findings suggest significant potential for improving fuel efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in two-wheel vehicle four-stroke gasoline engines (100cc to 150cc).

2025, European Economic Letters

Intent of this article is to deliberate Significance of Thermal Power in India for next couple of decades. Electricity is essential element for holistic growth. India has achieved swift progress in sustainable power generation, but Renewable Energy is not reliable due to limitations. At the same time, population rise, Economic & Industrial growth, lifestyle change etc. have led to enhance power demand. To study this subject, data has been explored from authentic sources, Focus Group Discussion with Subject Matter Experts, Industry Leaders on different aspects. Ample of Government published reports & dashboards, International & National Journals have been examined. Study indicates that Thermal Power is vital contributor & will be backbone for couple of decades. Further study to be explored to review appropriate strategies to operate Thermal Power Station at the maximum capacity & performance within optimum cost to ensure affordable & acceptable energy for all.

2025, Journal of Forestry Research

Protected areas are necessary for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity. Wildfires are major threats to forests and other natural areas, because they may cause irreversible damages. The aim of this study was to analyze the perspective of experts (N = 284), from six countries of the Black Sea, on the current status and problems of protected areas and wildfires. Understanding their points of view could enhance future management on these issues in the region. Data collection was carried out for 9 months, using a web-based questionnaire. Wildfires were perceived as a serious problem in Turkey, Armenia and Greece but as a substantially less serious problem in Romania, Ukraine and Moldova. In Greece, Armenia, and especially Ukraine, the current designated protected areas are considered sufficient to maintain biodiversity, while in Romania, Turkey, and especially Moldova, more areas should be designated as protected. A major need in all countries (except for Turkey) is the increased use of information and communication technologies for both wildfire suppression and protected area management. Experts were divided on whether wildfire suppression and management of protected areas are interconnected. However, there is growing awareness of the adverse impacts of climate change in protected areas and the frequency of wildfires in the future. The most frequently suggested measures to alleviate these impacts were: changes in forest management and increasing public awareness for wildfire suppression, along with changes in forest management and increased staff training to enhance protected area conservation.

2025, SSRN Electronic Journal

This paper deals with designing emissions trading in practice. After a short introduction to the general idea of emissions trading, practical requirements for the introduction of an emissions trading scheme are considered, including the temporal and spatial dimension as well as administrative requirements and the role of markets. Historical developments regarding emissions trading are discussed. Currently, the largest trading scheme is the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the European industry by 21 percent until 2020 compared to 2005 levels. Because of its prominent role, the basic design and the process of introducing the EU scheme are reviewed in more detail. Finally, the impact of the EU ETS on the regulated entities is analyzed based on an annual survey among German companies regulated by the EU ETS which is conducted by the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in a common project with KfW Bankengruppe.

2025, Energy Policy

Ziel dieser Studie besteht in der ökonomischen Analyse der Dekarbonisierungsstratie 2050 ("Roadmap for moving to a low-carbon economy in 2050") hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkungen auf die europäische Union (EU-27) -auf der makro-und mikroökonomischen Ebene. Das zugrunde liegende Strategiepapier wurde in 2011 von der EU-Kommission veröffentlicht. Es strebt eine Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen von mehr als 80% in 2050 gegenüber 1990 sowie eine Ausdehnung des Anteils erneuerbarer Energien in der Elektrizitätsgewinnung auf 50% oder mehr in 2050 an. Verglichen zum Strategiepapier der EU Kommission untersuchen wir unter Anderem Wohlfahrtseffekte, Carbon Leakage (Emissionsanstieg im Ausland durch Emissionsvermeidung in der EU) und Veränderungen der Terms of Trade (Handelsbedingungen) auf der Makroebene sowie Produktion, Investitionen, Emissionen und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit auf der Sektorebene. Zu diesem Zweck erweitern wir in dieser Studie das Allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodell (Computable General Equilibrium, CGE, Model) PACE (Policy Analysis based on Computable Equilibrium), das am ZEW Mannheim entwickelt und vielfach erfolgreich eingesetzt wurde. Die verwendete Modellversion verbindet eine hohe sektorale Auflösung (besser als GTAP 7, Global Trade Analysis Project) mit einer technologiebasierten Darstellung des Elektrizitätssektors. Der Zeithorizont des Modells wurde für diese Studie von 2020 auf 2050 erweitert. Die bestehende EU-Klimapolitik bis 2020 und die Kopenhagenziele für 2020 sind dabei im Referenzszenario implementiert. Wir untersuchen in unseren Modellsimulationen sechs Politikszenarien, welche die Dekarbonisierungsstragie umsetzen, mit dem Referenzszenario. Die Simulation des Szenarios mit fragmentierter Klimapolitik (‚EU-Alleingang') liefert die folgenden Ergebnisse: Die Kosten der Dekarbonisierungsstrategie für die EU-27 können bis 2020 unter 0.3% und bis 2035 unter 2% des Konsumwerts liegen. Sie könnten danach auf 3% steigen und gegen 2050 weiter ansteigen, falls keine bahnbrechenden Technologien zum Einsatz kommen. Die Rate des internationalen Carbon Leakage beträgt circa 20%. Dies wird hauptsächlich dadurch verursacht, dass der Ölpreis aufgrund der EU-Klimapolitik sinkt, so dass andernorts mehr Öl verbraucht wird. Des Weiteren unterscheiden sich die Produktionseinbußen der EU-Industriesektoren deutlich (-15% bis +1% in 2040). Die Simulationen der anderen Szenarien zeigen auf der Makroebene, dass sich eine weitreichende zukünftige Nutzung des CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) klar positiv auf die EU auswirkt und die zusätzlichen Kosten der Dekarbonisierungsstrategie sogar wettgemacht werden könnten. Allerdings löst CDM nicht das Klimaproblem, da lediglich die Emissionsvermeidungen dorthin verlagert werden, wo sie billiger zu erreichen sind. Eine über 2027 hinausgehende freie Vergabe von Emissionsrechten an bestimmte energieintensive EU-Produzenten würde dagegen die gesamtwirtschaftlichen Kosten leicht erhöhen. Globale Klimapolitik würde die Terms of Trade für die EU verbessern. Ohne internationalen Emissionshandel wäre die Kostenreduktion für die EU jedoch gering. Die Erweiterung des Emissionshandels auf alle EU-Sektoren sowie die Einführung von internationalem Emissionshandel führen im Rahmen der globalen Klimapolitik zu deutlichen Kostenreduktionen. Erst gegen 2050 würde der internationale CO 2 -Preis durch die weltweiten ambitionierten Klimaziele ansteigen, so dass die EU nicht mehr die zusätzlichen Kosten der Dekarbonisierungsstrategie durch den Zukauf billiger Zertifikate vermeiden kann. Auf sektoraler Ebene würde CDM allen EU-Sektoren zugutekommen. Die freie Vergabe von Emissionsrechten über 2027 hinaus käme den meisten Sektoren im EU-Emissionshandelssystem zugute. Globale Klimapolitik ohne internationalen Emissionshandel würde sich jedoch unterschiedlich auf die EU-Sektoren auswirken. Die Angleichung des CO2-Preises über alle Sektoren und Länder käme den meisten EU-Sektoren zugute. Die durch die Dekarbonisierungsstrategie hervorgerufenen Veränderungen von Investitionen, Emissionen und der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit würden sich noch stärker zwischen den EU-Sektoren unterscheiden als die Produktionsveränderungen. Wir schlussfolgern, dass eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung der Dekarbonisierungsstrategie bis 2050 eine geschickte, gemeinsame Berücksichtigung von Technologieoptionen (Energieeffizienz und Dekarbonisierung), Politikdesign und sektoralen Charakteristika erfordert. Dabei spielt das Politikdesign (das heißt die Art und Weise, wie ein bestimmtes Klimaziel umgesetzt wird) eine entscheidende Rolle dafür, dass Kostenersparnisse auf EU-Ebene und weiter auf sektoraler Ebene verwirklicht werden können. Da die sektoralen Effekte stark unterschiedlich ausfallen, erscheint es sinnvoll, stärker als bisher über sektorale Auswirkungen von Klimapolitik und sektorale Maßnahmen zu deren Umsetzung nachzudenken. Globale Klimaschutzmaßnahmen erscheinen letztendlich notwendig, um ambitionierte Klimaziele zu erreichen. CDM könnte darüber hinaus im Hinblick auf (kleinere) Länder, die nicht offiziell an der globalen Klimapolitik teilnehmen, zu Kostenreduktionen führen.

2025

Emissions trading markets have been touted as the most efficient mechanism to achieve environmental goals at least cost. Whether in the form of voluntary markets or in a mandatory framework like in the first phase of the European Union (EU) Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), the regulator sets a cap on the emissions which can occur without penalty, and provides emissions allowances accordingly. The recipients are free to use these emission certificates to cover their emissions, or to sell them to the firms which are expected to emit more than what they can cover with their original allocations. As observed in most existing programs, cap-and-trade systems can fail to reach their emission targets as too generous an allocation of pollution permits serves as a disincentive for emissions reductions and deflates pollution prices. Moreover, the implementation of the first phase of the EU-ETS has been widely criticized on one more sensitive account: providing significant (some went as far as calling them obscene) windfall profits for power producers. Here we weight on this debate with the results of a rigorous quantitative modeling undertaking, providing insight into what went wrong in the first phase of the EU-ETS, and proposing alternative reduction schemes with provable advantages. Using market equilibrium models and numerical tools, we demonstrate that properly designed marketbased pollution reduction mechanisms can reach pre-assigned emissions targets at low reduction cost and windfall profits, while being flexible enough to promote clean technologies. In the present article, we illustrate our claims with the results of a hypothetical cap-andtrade scheme for the Japanese electricity market. environmental finance | emission markets | cap-and-trade scheme

2025, organic food in Kosova

This study examines the significance of organic agriculture in Kosovo, comparing it to conventional farming and assessing its impact on the local market and exports. Using data from the 2018 Green Report, the study analyzes organic versus non-organic production, the influence of government policies, and the challenges Kosovar farmers face in adopting sustainable practices. The research also discusses the importance of organic food for human health, linking it to the three pillars of well-being: physical activity, healthy nutrition, and meditation. Strategies are recommended to enhance the organic sector in Kosovo and improve access to international markets.

2025, Resource and Energy Economics

The clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol may induce technological change in developing countries. As an alternative to the clean development mechanism regime, developing countries may accept a (generous) cap on their own emissions, allow domestic producers to invest in new efficient technologies, and sell the excess emission permits on the international permit market. The purpose of this article is to show how the gains from investment, and hence the incentive to invest in new technology in developing countries, differ between the two alternative regimes. We show that the difference in the gains from investment depends on whether the producers in developing countries face competitive or noncompetitive output markets, whether the investment affects fixed or variable production costs, and whether producers can reduce emissions through means other than investing in new technology.

2025

The clean development mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol may induce a technological change in developing countries. As an alternative to the CDM-regime, developing countries may accept a (generous) cap on their own emissions, let domestic producers invest in new efficient technologies, and sell the excess emission permits on the international permit market (cap&trade-regime). The purpose of this paper is to show how the gains from investment, and hence the incentive for investment in new technology may deviate between the two alternative regimes. We show that the difference in gains from investment depends on whether the producers face competitive or non-competitive output markets, whether the investment affects fixed or variable production costs and whether the producers can reduce emissions through other means than investment in new technology

2025, Resource and Energy Economics

2025

With the rapid increase in consumption of fossil fuels and its high contribution to environmental pollution, researchers all over the world works to improve internal combustion enginesemission characteristics and reduce the consumption of fuel. The application of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas as fuel supplement for SI and CI engines is considered to be one of the most desirable methods to these problems. Hydrogen has many excellent combustion properties that can be used for improving hydrocarbon combustion and emissions performance of both SI and CI engines.

2025

CO 2 from international transport CO 2 from fossil sources Dev C CO 2 from biodegradation Non-CO 2 (Methane, N 2 O) Ind C Non-CO 2 (Methane, N 2 O) Dev C

2025, Environment, Development and Sustainability

Renewable energy is considered an indispensable basis of sustainable energy systems as electricity generation from renewable sources results in low emissions of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel based electricity and contributes to sustainable development. However, effective strategies and conducive institutional settings are needed for advancement of such clean electricity systems. Although Thailand, as a nation, has a huge potential for renewable energy utilization, its total amount of electricity generation from renewables is relatively small and could be enlarged substantially. Lack of policy mechanisms, institutional development and financing exist as major barriers for Thailand in this regard. Investigation of the nation's current energy strategy implementation shows that relevant energy and development policies are at different stages of implementation and institutional settings are continuously evolving. This paper argues that further significant efforts could be made towards advancement of renewable electricity and thus achievement of energy sustainability in Thailand. Resource planning, effective policy and institutions, focussed planning for energy sustainability and implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol could facilitate further advancement of renewables for the nation.

2025

In order to better understand the performance, anaerobic treatment of spent wash with very high chemical oxygen demand (COD) (110,000-140,000 mg=L) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (55,000-65,000 mg=L) was studied on a full-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). Under variable organic loading rates (OLRs), optimum conditions for maximum COD removal and biogas generation were found to be OLR ¼ 60,000-65,000 kg COD=day, hydraulic retention time ðHRTÞ ¼ 22-17 days, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) to alkalinity ratio of around 0.12. Maximum COD removal efficiency was found to be around 71% when operated in the pH range of 7-8 with stable temperature of 37°C-38°C with biogas conversion coefficient of 0.4. These figures are particularly significant when operating the anaerobic biodigesters for treatment of spent wash and to produce biogas as an energy source. An anaerobic CSTR can successfully be employed for the treatment of distillery spent wash, but postmethanation effluent still contains a high COD concentration and needs to be treated further to meet the pollution norms and standards.

2025, Energies

Palm oil’s utilization as a renewable energy (RE) source has led the government to intervene by introducing emission reduction projects. Carbon trading projects are part of the strategic direction adopted within the climate mitigation plan and sustainability drive in the palm oil industry. The perquisites and opportunities encountered within emissions trading are expected to aid palm oil producers economically, environmentally, and socially. This study addresses and analyses how the carbon trading projects’ targets in Malaysia can be achieved, the problematic, and pressing issues around their implementation and whether these projects are sustainable and create a positive impact. This paper is based on literature reviews and semi-structured interviews with expert palm oil producers in Malaysia. The findings have revealed that carbon trading implementation in Malaysia has delivered new insights towards the international climate policy approach on the feasibility and impact of long-ter...

2025, European Journal of Business and Management

Nowadays, the concept of sustainability, which has become one of the important and common concepts in economic and social fields and especially in the environmental science, is defined in the Brundtland Report (1987) as meeting the present needs, in such a way not to jeopardize the meeting of the needs of future generations (Nuong et al., 2011: 43).Sustainability, which has been considered as one of the professional business activities in recent years, often takes place in the strategies of businesses that are leaders in the world and are trying to achieve this goal. In this respect, sustainability, which has been just included in the agenda of the businesses in our country, constitutes the subject of the study. Based on the automotive industry, which is vital for the national economy, it is aimed to examine the perspective of production businesses operating in Kutahya in this industry on sustainability and to reveal the perception of sustainability in the businesses. The economic, ...

2025, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, aims to minimise the cost of Annex B countries' commitments to reduce emissions, but also to limit the risk that the Developing Countries unquestionable right to develop will offset the Annex B countries efforts: the CDM should promote faster progress along a less polluting development path. Beyond political principles, the pertinent players have to be incorporated into the decision making process of future CDM. The issues for host country include attracting the investment capacity, by taking advantage of the additional incentive created by CDM certificates. For private investors, the objective is to maximise the sum of commercial revenues plus CDM carbon income. This paper examines potential CDM project opportunities in the power sector. The Tahumanu project consists of building a hydroelectric power plant instead of subsidized diesel plants in the Bolivian Pando Province. Simulations show that it offers a realistic illustration of possible set up and arrangements of CDM projects with the host country.

2025

This paper examines how trade and regulation affect firm-level productivity outcomes, acting through international and domestic channels to influence the intensity of competition. The analysis looks across a large number of OECD countries and, taking account of industry-level market structure, uses import penetration and de jure product market regulation measures as proxies for international and domestic competitive pressures. Firm-productivity is measured using an index based on production function estimates from the Levinshon and Petrin (2003) approach. Heterogeneous effects of international competition and domestic product market regulation on firm-level productivity growth are observed, consistent with a neo-Schumpeterian view of trade and regulation. Close to the technology frontier, import competition has a strongly positive effect on firm-level productivity growth, with stringent domestic regulation reducing this effect substantially. However, far from the frontier, neither import competition nor its interaction with domestic regulation has a statistically significant effect on firm-level productivity.

2025

The FORMACS project of CARE Indonesia in Kabupaten Nunukan was established to test community based forest management as an approach to enhance local livelihoods and reduce negative current trends of forest cover change. Carbon-stock monitoring is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the project approach towards the goals and to establish a baseline of the rate of change before the project became fully effective.

2025, Policy and Society

This article assesses the advantages and disadvantages of fighting climate change through local, bottom-up strategies as well as global, top-down approaches. After noting that each scale of action—the local and the global—has distinct costs and benefits, the article explores the importance of scale in three case studies (the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, and efforts at adaptation/mitigation). It concludes that local thinking must be coupled with global and national scales of action in order to achieve the levels of carbon dioxide reductions needed to avoid dangerous climate impacts.

2025, FGV Bioeconomia

projetos de pesquisa não confere aos doadores qualquer ingerência na escolha de métodos ou interferência na determinação dos resultados das pesquisas que patrocinaram. Centros de pesquisa e pesquisadores gozam de plena liberdade acadêmica para realização de suas pesquisas. A FGV se obriga a dar ampla publicidade aos patrocínios recebidos pelas suas unidades de pesquisa.

2025, Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity

2025

Uncontrolled development in Borneo will potentially increase economic activities in relation to transport infrastructure and urbanisation, and further exert pressures on the environment, particularly in protected forest areas. Attempts have been made at resolving situational conflicts between economic growth and nature conservation by using the concept of a green economy through spatial planning as Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Within the Heart of Borneo (HoB) initiative, the three countries have agreed to collaborate on managing forest resources and conserving protected areas. Nevertheless, several factors are needed to optimally manage the sustainability of the HoB region through spatial planning for a green economy. This study was conducted to identify the driving forces necessary to effectively plan and implement the green approach through spatial planning within the HoB initiative. National governments should aim to as...

2025

The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. It's our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today's society, so that tomorrow's generations inherit a cleaner, healthier world. Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing industry's impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats.

2025, American Journal of Environment Climate

This article delves into the significant challenges facing agriculture in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as a result of climate change. Climate-related shifts such as altered rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events are having devastating effects on agricultural productivity, food security, and the sustainability of agricultural systems in the country. The primary objective of this research is to explore and assess the impact of green technologies as a solution to promote sustainable agriculture in the DRC. The study aims to identify the most effective green technologies, such as sustainable irrigation, agroforestry, and the use of biofertilizers, to enhance the resilience of agricultural systems in the face of climate change while preserving natural resources. The solution proposed by this study is the widespread adoption and integration of green technologies into agricultural practices in the DRC. These technologies have the potential to reduce the carbon footprint of agriculture, improve agricultural productivity, and strengthen the resilience of rural communities against climate-related challenges. The study advocates for immediate action to encourage the adoption of these technologies, supported by enhanced public policies, accessible financing, and capacity-building initiatives for farmers.

2025

This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes, and other information shown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authored by others does not mean The World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of their works. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

2025

While the international community has embraced the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD-plus), the role played by land outside the forest in storing carbon and reducing emissions, has not been su!ciently addressed. The project, ‘Architecture of REALU: Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses ’ pays speci"c attention to the interactions between forest carbon stocks, other carbon stocks a#ected by land use, the major drivers of land-use and forest change, and the livelihoods of the hundreds of millions of people whose actions shape these changes. A broad-based approach to carbon management can lead to greater emissions reductions and larger bene"ts for local people. This project is implemented by the ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins in collaboration with local and international

2025

The mitigation of global warming in a cost-efficient way is one of the global action priorities. Clean Development Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol could mitigate the climate change and to benefit local communities as well. However, given the current uncertainty about carbon prices for temporary credits and the high level of transaction costs, CDM forestry projects of small scale could be unfeasible. This study aims to determine the cost and profitability of sequestering CO 2 in Pinus ponderosa plantations on average to high quality sites in the South of Argentina. The number of certified emission reductions (CERs) to be issued is estimated using temporary credits (TCER) and long-term credits (LCER). Furthermore, critic pointsfor different variables -are calculated as the values where the revenues from sales of CERs cover the transaction costs. Results show that the conjoint production -timber plus CER sales-increases projects Kyoto Protocol could present a good opportunity for developing countries to attract foreign investment in sustainable forestry, land restoration, as well as energy efficiency and renewable-energy projects. Hence, evaluating the economic costs associated with the options that would mitigate the long-term increase in CO 2 becomes essential. As it is also crucial understanding how the carbon credit market works. Therefore, the Patagonian forestry sector should take into consideration to develop the necessary knowledge to offer a competitive "product". Unplanned land use, lack of adequate environmental policies, low level of diversification in the traditional production, among other causes, have had a severe impact on natural resources in the Patagonia Area in Argentina. From the environmental perspective, these result in soil degradation, soil erosion, desertification, biodiversity loss and deforestation. From the socio-economic point of view, the outcome is unemployment and migration from rural to peri-urban areas. Afforestation activities may be both an additional source of income for Patagonian farmers, and a partial solution for the problems described above. Still, the annual rate of afforestation is low as small farmers seem to be risk averse avoiding long term investment and changes on the traditional production. Selling CO 2 credits from plantations appears to be a possibility for increasing the profitability of afforestation projects, and thus, to increase their economic attractiveness . But, the price of CERs, rises in transaction costs, and carbon accounting rules will determinate who will be the beneficiary from the CDM forestry projects (Locatelli & Pedroni, 2003). Under this framework, this research intents to evaluate different economic scenarios for CDM afforestation projects in Patagonia in order to offer an instrument of analysis to decision makers.

2025

This report is based on a background study and seminar on the functioning of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) organised under the auspices of European Climate Platform (ECP), a which is a joint initiative by CLIPORE and CEPS. It contains an analysis of the CDM from strategic and operational perspectives, and addresses the question of how the CDM could be improved in order to transform it from a limited instrument to a major tool to achieve long-term climate change objectives. The Executive Summary contains key messages and a number of concrete and operational policy recommendations for CDM reform, to improve its immediate functioning and to fully exploit its future potential. The recommendations are addressed to the negotiating Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change gathering at the 11 th Conference of the Parties and 1 st Meeting of the Parties in Montreal in December 2005. Some of them may also be relevant to other key players influencing the functioning of the CDM, such as the CDM Executive Board (EB), the Designated National Authorities (DNAs), international organisations, non-governmental organisations or the corporate sector. The main report delves deeper into the key issues and gives the background of many of the policy recommendations. Approximately 30 climate stakeholders and experts participated in the seminar and were given the opportunity to review the report. b Although the report attempts to reflect the views of all participants, responsibility for this report lies solely with the authors and the seminar Chairman, Bo Kjellen. Appendix I lists participants in the seminar. Appendix II contains a glossary of terms and abbreviations used in this report. Disclaimer: The key issues and recommendations in this report are based on an ECP seminar in which about 30 climate stakeholders and experts (listed in Appendix I) participated in their personal capacity. Drafts of the report have been discussed with the seminar participants. However, the responsibility for the content lies solely with the authors and the Chairman. a For further information on the ECP, please see the back cover of this report or visit: . b Discussions in the seminar were based on two ECP Background Papers, which can be accessed at: . All seminar participants are listed in Appendix I of this report.

2025

In West African countries, agricultural production per capita has decreased over the past half century. With continued population growth and the diminishing availability of marginal arable land, pressure on land is rapidly increasing and there is now a common view that crop yield must be increased in this region, especially as there is a wide gap between actual and potential yields. Although there are several factors which may explain this yield gap, the fact that agricultural production takes place in resource-constrained farm households exposed to risk is widely recognized as being important. Indeed, risk discourages the adoption of high-risk, high-return agricultural technologies, which in turn impedes the improvement of yields. In order to assess how climatic risk constrains intensification strategy in West Africa, we built and calibrated a bioeconomic farm simulation model predicting the choice to intensify crops or livestock as depending on the availability of key policies in ...

2025

Changes needed in business operations Business enterprises need to change their perspectives to take advantage of the potential outlined earlier. These changes include the following: Businesses should vie ~ governments as partners of development and not as an avenue for exploiting subsidies. Regulations should be considered as setting targets for establishing a framework of operation to ensure environment;:ll protection, and not as dictating operating guidelines. Long-term rqlations with different sl3keholders of development should be promoted because they are crucial for achieving long-term benefits of sustainable development. Businesses should assist in stimulating market promotion schemes to help poor countries t() move away from aid dependency, and towards participation in commercial operations. CONCLUSIONS There is a large international market for goods and services produced using the principles of sustainable development, but exploiting it will require the business sector to i...

2025

Palm oil is a controversial subject worldwide. It is commonly blamed for causing deforestation, loss of biodiversity, pollution and social inequity between palm oil industry and the indigenous people. On the other hand, it is a relatively high yield, nutritious, versatile yet cheap oil crop that is much needed to solve the food and energy problem to attain sustainable future. Whist palm oil production causes various impacts on the environment and people, it contributed significantly to the economic growth of Malaysia for the past three decades. Malaysia is also regarded as the second largest palm oil producer in the world. In order for Malaysian palm oil industry to meet the stringent market demand for sustainably produced oil products, it is important for palm oil industry to continuously examine processes in its supply chain to improve its sustainability. In this research, sustainable palm oil was defined to develop an assessment framework and the weaknesses associated with existing sustainability assessment methods toward sustainable palm oil production were investigated. Subsequently, a sustainability assessment framework was developed and applied to evaluate and improve the sustainability performance of a Malaysian crude palm oil supply chain, including oil palm nursery, oil palm plantation and palm oil mill. This is a publication-based research consisting of 5 refereed journal papers addressing 5 different specific objectives of this PhD research in attaining the goal of sustainable palm oil production in Malaysia. The research found that the palm oil supply chain should be assessed against sustainability criteria that is built on strong sustainability principle, covering triple bottom line aspects of sustainability that does not trade off ecological and intra and inter-generational social equity for economy development. The assessment should be able to identify sustainability hotspot in order to determine the right strategies for achieving sustainability thresholds. The literature review reflected that the palm oil production in Malaysia is economy-driven but there are other environmental, economic and social sustainability aspects that need further assessment to measure their implications on the sustainability performance of the upstream processes of the palm oil supply chain. Existing tools, standards and legislative requirements that were so far applied in the supply chain to assess sustainability performance are lacking in terms of 1) comprehensiveness in assessing all Triple Bottom Line objectives; 2) selection of indicators based on strong sustainability objectives, 3) transparent and inclusive selection process; 4) specific and quantifiable sustainability outcome for each indicator. Hence, there is a need for the development of a holistic, comprehensive sustainability assessment framework that allows to measure true sustainability performance of crude palm oil production for decision making as well as for further improvement of the supply chain. C.I. Lim Doctoral Thesis: Sustainability Assessment of Malaysian Palm Oil Industry viii STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION AND CO-AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION I hereby declare that I have authored and co-authored the following publications. The level of my intellectual input to each publication is indicated in brackets as below. Signed verification statements from each of my co-authors are provided in Appendices 1-5.

2025

2025, American Journal of Climate Change

This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixtyfive projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina's energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.

2025, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems

Women’s contributions to food production and food security are often overlooked, thus perpetuating inequitable and unsustainable globalized commercial food systems. Women’s role as producers in the first-food system, breastfeeding, is largely invisible and underfunded, encouraging the production and consumption of environmentally unsustainable commercial milk formula (CMF). This policy brief highlights opportunities for including and funding interventions enabling breastfeeding under carbon offset schemes such as the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A Green Feeding Tool is being developed to account for the national carbon and water footprints of CMF. The tool will help ensure that women’s contributions to a sustainable first-food system are not ignored by the CDM and other mechanisms funding greenhouse gas emissions reductions.

2025, 建筑工程与管理 =

The rapid development of economy has also caused various problems, among which the problem of environmental pollution is one of the urgent problems to be solved at this stage, especially the problem of water environmental pollution has become the main problem in environmental pollution. We all know that water resources have a very important connection with people's survival and development. If we don't do a good job in water pollution treatment, it will not only bring a very adverse impact on the ecological environment, but also add trouble to people's daily life. Therefore, we should fully recognize the importance of sewage treatment and apply energy-saving and low-carbon technology to the sewage treatment process, on the basis of ensuring the effect of sewage treatment, reduce the secondary pollution in the treatment process.

2025

Gas distribution networks have grown and developed into its present structures over the last 40 to 50 years. At present, it is becoming increasingly apparent that these networks no longer comply in all respects with the demands of the users. This is not primarily a capacity related problem, as it has become clear that gas consumption, due to increasing energy efficiency and energy savings, is usually still relatively low compared to the possibilities offered by the network. The problems which arise are more related to how the network can be used, the flexibility of the network, and the product and service differentiation which can be offered to the end user. A preliminary study has been carried out in order to further explore and define these issues. The problem definition of the study can be summarized as follows: "From a technical, economic and regulative perspective, what changes can be expected in future regarding the requirements which the gas distribution networks will ha...

2025

Full text of this study is available as an EEPSEA research report: Benefits and costs of controlling emissions from fossil-fired power plants in region IV, Philippines

2025

One of the Kyoto Protocol's innovations was stipulating mechanisms that aim at the cooperation among countries to mitigate the climate change. Only the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) makes the participation of developing countries possible. The article's goal is to evaluate the contribution of Brazilian CDM projects related to the Energy Industries for the generation of clean technologies. From the analysis of the 37 projects that had received carbon credits up to 2007, it is possible to conclude that this contribution remains incipient: only 3% of them could be characterized by the development of clean technologies focused on cleaner production. Thus, considering that clean technology and cleaner production are the most adequate environmental strategies to reach a sustainable development, it is not possible to affirm that these 37 Brazilian CDM projects are effectively contributing for this target. So, the analysis of the Brazilian projects related to the Energy Industries reveal that, at least in Brazil, CDM is far from achieving the fundamental purpose of minimizing the global warming via the stimulation of a cleaner development model relied on the cooperation among countries.

2025, fakultas matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan alam universitas terbuka

Perubahan iklim dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan, seperti: musim bergeser, suhu meningkat dan permukaan laut bertambah tinggi. Perubahan iklim juga akan berdampak terhadap sumberdaya air dan kasus penyakit. Penelitian mengenai dampak perubahan iklim tidak mudah dilakukan karena dibutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama, maka salah satu altenatif untuk mengetahui dampak perubahan iklim adalah dengan menggunakan model sistem dinamik. Penelitian ini didasarkan atas data sekunder tahun 1994-2007. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kondisi dampak turunan perubahan iklim terhadap sumberdaya air dan kasus penyakit, membuat model dampak turunan perubahan iklim terhadap sumberdaya air dan kasus penyakit dengan menggunakan sistem dinamik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi dampak turunan perubahan iklim akibat penambahan jumlah penduduk terhadap sumberdaya air dan kasus penyakit telah cukup signifikan. Semakin kecil laju pertumbuhan penduduk, maka semakin besar pengurangan CO 2 . Laju pertumbuhan penduduk sebesar 2% diprediksi akan menyebabkan berkurangnya kasus DBD sebesar 2,53% hingga 5% dari tahun 2010 hingga 2025. Demikian pula untuk kerugian ekonomi, makin kecil laju pertumbuhan penduduk, maka pengurangan kerugian ekonomi makin besar. Guna meminimalisir dampak perubahan iklim disarankan Pemerintah memberlakukan kebijakan dalam pengurangan jumlah penduduk melalui program Keluarga Berencana (KB), membatasi jumlah kendaraan melalui penggunaan transportasi massal dan pembatasan tahun kendaraan yang boleh beroperasi, menghemat penggunaan BBM, serta menambah jumlah Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH). Peningkatan jumlah penduduk akan diiringi antara lain dengan terjadinya penambahan jumlah industri, kebutuhan transportasi, energi, serta pertanian. Semua aktivitas ini akan menyebabkan terjadinya dampak pada lingkungan hidup, dan juga berdampak terhadap kondisi ekonomi. Menurut Ellis dan Kasyanov (2008) secara global isu lingkungan hidup yang dianggap cukup krusial adalah: kurangnya air bersih bagi 55% populasi dunia, hilangnya sekitar 11.000 spesies tanaman dan binatang yang menyebabkan berkurangnya 30% keanekaragaman hayati dunia pada pertengahan abad ini, dan meningkatnya emisi gas karbon dioksida (CO 2 ) yang menyebabkan perubahan iklim global. Dari ketiga isu lingkungan hidup yang dikemukakan oleh Ellis dan Kasyanov, sebenarnya perubahan iklim global yang sangat berperan, karena perubahan iklim berpengaruh terhadap dua isu lingkungan global lainnya. Dalam penelitian ini dikaji dampak turunan perubahan iklim yang ditinjau secara khusus terhadap kualitas sumber air bersih dan penyakit yang ditimbulkan. Untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai perubahan iklim secara eksperimen tidak mudah brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

2025, Journal of Cleaner Production

The future of the Carbon Market Approach under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is uncertain. However, further development of Carbon Markets is expected. This paper estimates the average carbon price of the carbon emission permits (COP-approved units) acquired by the Spanish government and also a more realistic figure for the average carbon cost of the aforesaid emission permits. This is very useful for evaluating and comparing different carbon prices and markets. In addition, the paper contributes to the existing literature by providing a deeper understanding of the flow of emission permits between the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) under the Kyoto Protocol. The main conclusions are that the estimated carbon price and cost are both lower than other reported prices and costs. This may go some way towards explaining why the government preferred to use the Flexibility Mechanisms and acquire an especially large number of COP-approved units (mainly Assigned Amount Units (AAUs)) through bilateral transactions with other Annex B countries, instead of launching actual greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement projects in the country. Moreover, more transparency is needed in regard to bilateral transactions of AAUs between the Spanish government and other Annex B seller countries.

2025

教室的室内环境需要舒适，以便使⽤者有效地完成课堂作业。为了实现这⼀⽬标，建筑师
和⼯程师需要在早期设计阶段积极主动，考虑室内环境质量 (IEQ) 中建筑物使⽤者认为最能妨
碍舒适⽣活的因素。本⽂介绍了学⽣对温暖潮湿的⼤学教室中各种环境质量（照明、⽓味、噪
⾳/声学和热/热舒适度）的主观反应的⼊住后评估结果。⽬的是根据学⽣对舒适的室内课堂作
业的考虑程度对 IEQ 进⾏排名。这是通过问卷调查来获得受访者的主观反应。这项⼯作是在两
间⼤学教室中进⾏的，当时学⽣们正在参与各种课堂活动。从 65 名学⽣那⾥得到了有效答
复。结果表明，⼤多数居住者 (62%) 将热舒适度列为 IEQ 中他们最关⼼的组成部分，⽽ 71%
的受访者将“偏好坐在窗⼾旁边”列为⾸要考虑因素。这⼀结果与之前在尼⽇利亚其他⽓候区
进⾏的 IEQ 属性研究⼀致。这些研究结果将有助于设计师、⼯程师、设施维护经理在建设可持
续教室时做出决策。

2025

Summary Brazil's forestry and energy sectors both present opportunities for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. With Brazil's vast forest resources and the present emissions trends associated with deforestation, forestry opportunities offer enormous potential. Which forestry options are possible, and how profitable they will be depend heavily on land prices. Government-supported concessions could be instrumental in providing large-scale, reduced-impact logging opportunities. In the electricity sector, supply is dominated by hydroelec- tricity, although business-as-usual trends indicate a greater role for fossil fuels, particularly natural gas and fuel oil. Various forms of energy cogeneration and the use of renewables could limit this expansion. Project options are evaluated against 12 different environ- mental and development criteria to assess how well they overlap with Brazil's domestic objectives. For forestry sector options, the major positive impacts inc...