Climate Change Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Environmental Reviews

Covering 55% of Canada's total surface area and stretching from coast to coast to coast, the Canadian boreal zone is crucial to the nation's economic and ecological integrity. Although often viewed as relatively underdeveloped, it is vulnerable to numerous stressors such as mining, forestry, and anthropogenic climate change. Natural archives preserved in lake sediments can provide key insights by quantifying pre-disturbance conditions (pre-1850 CE) and the nature, magnitude, direction, and speed of environmental change induced by anthropogenic stressors over the past ∼150 years. Here, we paired a review of paleolimnological literature of the Canadian boreal zone with analyses of published sediment core data to highlight the effects of climate change, catchment disturbances, and atmospheric deposition on boreal lakes. Specifically, we conducted quantitative syntheses of two lake health indicators: elemental lead (Pb) and chlorophyll a. Segmented regressions and Mann-Kendall trend analysis revealed a generally increasing trend in elemental Pb across the boreal zone until ∼1970 CE, followed by a generally decreasing trend to the present. Snapshot comparisons of sedimentary chlorophyll a from recent and pre-industrial sediments (i.e., top-bottom sediment core design) revealed that a majority of sites have increased over time, suggesting a general enhancement in lake primary production across the boreal zone. Collectively, this body of work demonstrates that long-term sediment records offer a critical perspective on ecosystem change not accessible through routine monitoring programs. We advocate using modern datasets in tandem with paleolimnology to establish baseline conditions, measure ecosystem changes, and set meaningful management targets.

2025, Agriculture

Recognising that implementing an agricultural enterprise impacts the state of the environment, its ecological stability, and the self- regulatory capabilities of ecosystems, the aim of this paper is to acquaint the professional and lay public about the attitudes of Slovakian agricultural enterprises towards environmental protection and sustainable development. The paper draws attention to present methods, techniques, and tools that enterprise management are applying for the purpose of meeting and overcoming environmental challenges. The data for this research were obtained from controlled interviews and a questionnaire survey conducted across more than 90 agricultural enterprises. Based on the data outcomes, research premises and formulated research hypotheses put forward are verified by using Friedman, Wilcoxon, Kruskal–Wallis, and Pearson chi-square tests. Discussion of the findings points out that although Slovakia is not yet one of the most polluting countries, promoting the app...

2025, Journal of Disaster Research

This study seeks to explore stakeholders’ perceptions, causes, and effects of extreme climatic events, such as droughts and floods, in the Wa West District of Ghana’s Upper West Region. A multi-stage sampling procedure is used to select 184 respondents. Data collection methods include individual questionnaire administration, focus group discussions, and a stakeholders’ forum in the Wa West District Assembly. While frequencies are used to show respondents’ perceptions of the severity of climate change effects, a treatmenteffect model is used to determine the factors influencing farmers’ choices of on-farm coping strategies over off-farm activities in both periods of drought and flood. Findings are the following: farmers perceive that climate change is real and has severe consequences. Consequently, they resort to both on-farm and off-farm strategies to cope with the effects of climate change. While men mostly adopt the former, women adopt the latter. Both strategies are, however, not...

2025, Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management

Faced with adversarial climatic and physical conditions and an inept socioeconomic development priorities, Northern Ghana remains one of the regions that are most vulnerable to climate-related shocks and disturbances in semi-arid Africa. Because of the effect of frequent floods, droughts, and bushfires, entire livelihoods in Ghana's predominantly smallholder agricultural population are under threat. In this paper, we present a model for community-based resilience assessment. This model was developed through an experiment conducted in selected rural communities in the Tolon and Wa West Districts in the Northern and Upper West Regions of Ghana. This experiment underpinned an ongoing five-year collaborative research project,

2025, Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

The study adopted explanatory research design, qualitative research approach, cross-sectional research strategy, sampling design were investigation into papers published by academic journals and papers published at the various websites, population of study were 7 authors, source of data collection was primary source; method of data collection was examination into the existing research. The problem statement of the study was "Significance of online distance learning in career development and skills advancement in 21st century". The objectives of the study were achieved through research. With the literature review, the study examined into the work of other writers who treated the subject under study. The background of the study was a brief introduction to online distance learning. The study found out history of online distance learning, how e-learning had advanced the skills of students, impact on online distance learning on career development, importance of digital education, difference between online distance learning and classroom learning and misconceptions about online distance learning. The study concluded that online distance learning was significant to 21st century students. The study recommended that various Universities under department of online distance learning should publish research papers to educate the general public to understand the concept of online distance learning and advertised online distance learning on radio, television and social media.

2025, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION

A molecular phylogeny for the drosophilid genus Zaprionus was inferred using a mitochondrial (CO-II) and a nuclear (Amyrel) gene using 22 available species. The combined molecular tree does not support the current classification, dubbed phylogenetic, based entirely upon a morphocline of forefemoral ornamentation. For species for which DNA was not available, phylogenetic positioning was only assigned using morphological characters. In order to avoid conflict between DNA and morphology in the combined analyses (supermatrix method), we developed a new method in which few morphological characters were sampled according to an a priori homoplasy assessment on the consensus molecular tree. At each internal node of the tree, a number of synapomorphies was determined, and species with no molecular sequences were grafted thereon. Analogously to tree vocabulary, we called our method 'morphological grafting'. New species groups and complexes were then defined in the light of our findings. Further, divergence times were estimated under a relaxed molecular clock, and historical biogeography was reconstructed under a maximum likelihood model. Zaprionus appears to be of recent origin in the Oriental region during the Late Miocene ($10 MYA), and colonization of Africa started shortly after ($7 MYA) via the maritime route of the Indian Ocean Islands. Most of the morphological and ecological diversification took place, later, in Western Africa during the Quaternary cyclic climatic changes. Furthermore, some species became recent invaders, with one, Zaprionus indianus, has successfully invaded South and North America during the last decade.

2025, Climate Research

Several long-term studies on Drosophila chromosome inversion polymorphisms have shown that inversions can be a valuable tool to monitor rapid genetic shifts with climate change. However, so far, no study has assessed the effects of climate change in populations of Neotropical Drosophila species. After more than 2 decades, new samples were collected from the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, to assess any changes in inversion frequencies and to detect possible global warming effects on the inversion polymorphism of the second chromosome of D. mediopunctata. Our results show unexpected simultaneous changes in inversion frequencies associated with climate change. Perhaps climatic variables other than temperature underlying the process caused such change, although potential genetic drift effects or demographic factors cannot be excluded. Further studies assessing population genetic structure may help clarify the changes observed.

2025, International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security

Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, Shinchi, small town located in Fukushima Prefecture, adopted a reconstruction approach that played a notable role in the full restoration of its original population. This approach placed emphasis on restoring community bonds and generally increasing the overall quality of life of its residents through the improvement of information dissemination and the local transportation system. However, earlier studies that evaluated the extent to which Shinchi’s residents are satisfied with these projects indicated that there are further improvements that need to be made with respect to the sustainable development of the town. In light of the issues identified, this study conducted a series of interview sessions, informal discussions and one workshop to gain insight on the local residents’ perspective on key development aspects that could enhance Shinchi’s attractiveness as a place of long-term residence. Furthermore, empirical field research was condu...

2025, Journal of business and finance in emerging markets

The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time and the biggest challenge we have faced since World War II. Since its appearance in Asia at the end of last year, the virus has spread to all continents. In this context, we want in our article to present and analyze the impact of COVID 19 on tourist services, an area very affected by the pandemic we are currently going through. In Romania, starting from the studies elaborated abroad, the specialists focused on the macroeconomic impact of the COVID 19 crisis on the tourist services in our country and analyzed two scenarios -S1 -quasi-blockage of tourism activities for three months and Scenario S2 -the extension of the blockade to four months. Presenting factual data on the evolution of specific indicators in the tourism industry recorded during the COVID pandemic compared to the same period last year in Romania, this paper is intended, if necessary, as an alarm signal for the need to systemically address the effects of this pandemic, as a starting point for substantiating viable strategies necessary to relaunch the world economy for the benefit of us all.

2025, Oecologia

Foundation species structure environments and create refuge from environmental stress. In New England high salt marsh, the grass Spartina patens is a foundation species that reduces salinity, anoxia, desiccation, and thermal stresses through canopy shading and root proliferation. In a factorial S. patens-removal and warming Weld experiment, foundation species removal strongly impacted every aspect of the community, reiterating the important role of the foundation species S. patens in the high marsh. Given this central role, we hypothesized that facilitation by the foundation species would be even more important under warmer conditions by ameliorating more severe thermal stress. However, the ecological role of S. patens was unaVected by experimental warming, and, independent of the presence of the foundation species, warming had only weak eVects on the salt marsh ecological community. Only the foundation species itself responded strongly to warming, by signiWcantly increasing aboveground production in warmed plots. Apparently, amelioration of thermal stress is not as important for salt marsh ecosystem function as S. patens' moderation of salinity and desiccation stresses. From these experimental results, we anticipate that climate change-associated thermal stress will not greatly aVect S. patens-dominated high marsh communities. In contrast, foundation species loss, an emergent conservation issue in Atlantic salt marshes, represents a critical threat to salt marsh ecosystem function. Communicated by Jon Keeley.

2025

The purpose of this study is to classify the use of intelligent Syaritar system, methods for the detection of illegal logging and changes in forest area in the water sed. The research of intelligent hybrid system methods simulate Syaritar to know and analyze the logging on a sample image of the area of protected forest in the Jeneberang basin river by using sample image pair years 2007 to 2009. On the methods off intelligent system is an digital image, then cropped and will be classified in order to obtain a picture of the two parts of the forest area and the area is not a forest. Futher input parameter in the form of finding the average value of R ( Red), G (G reen), and B ( Blue) for each sample pair the image of the beginning and end. This parameter will be the input for a method of intelligent system. Intelligent system method Discrete Cosine Transform ( DCT), Hidden Markov Model ( HMM), and Syaritar, obtain the optimal method, the result of the optimization of the method of the intelligent system are the results obtained and has been tested interested area on watershed Jeneberang ( DAS). The amount of training data used is the image of many data and test data used as the data obtained from either Google Earth or from Landsat imagery. Hybrid intelligent systems DCT HMM method (S yaritar) was able to identify and detect illegal logging in the region of protected forest area in particular the Jeneberang basin river with accuracy rate up to 90%. The result of the system classification of the vegetation index coverage area within the watershed has an area of the Jeneberang 79.250,28 Ha.

2025, Journal of Information Technology in Construction

The issue of interoperability in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry represents a challenge on a scale that spans across the project life cycle. This is predominant in the infrastructure sector that usually comprises a more versatile Operations and Maintenance (O&M) phase in comparison with the buildings sector. To this end, an important stage in the information life cycle is the asset information capture and validation during product procurement at the O&M phase. The water industry in the United Kingdom relies on Product Data Templates (PDTs) to fulfil such task, which is usually an error prone manual process. This paper presents an ongoing research, which investigates the application of Semantic Web Technologies (SWT) for improving product data exchange during product procurement at the O&M phase for the water industry in the United Kingdom (UK). Therefore, focus group sessions with industry experts were held to discuss current inefficiencies and solutio...

2025, Springer eBooks

This paper investigates, with predictive models, the utility of ecophysiological responses to climate as predictors of plant distribution. At the global scale responses to extreme minimum temperatures and to the hydrological budget effectively predict the distribution limits of the major vegetation types of the World. A minimum temperature of -15 °C, for example, appears critical in controlling the poleward spread of vegetation that is dominated by evergreen broadleaved species; however, the presence or absence of more frost resistant species, such as those that are deciduous broadleaved, is not obviously explained in terms of extremes of climate. In such cases, predicting the competitive relationships between species is necessary and dependent on the climatic sensitivity of population dynamics. * We are grateful to Hans de Kroon for discussions on the application of matrices to ecology.

2025, Theoretical and Applied Climatology

Recent and future changes in precipitation extremes over Portugal were studied. Trends in selected precipitation indices were calculated on a seasonal scale for the period of 1950-2003. Considering the same indices, this study also assessed possible changes under future climatic conditions (2046)(2047)(2048)(2049)(2050)(2051)(2052)(2053)(2054)(2055)(2056)(2057)(2058)(2059)(2060)(2061)(2062)(2063)(2064)(2065). Furthermore, trends and projections for the future were evaluated using a single/unified index of extreme precipitation susceptibility (EPSI). The results revealed statistically significant drying trends in spring, mainly in northern and central Portugal, while weak wetting trends were detected in autumn. The EPSI trends also depicted a decrease of extreme precipitation in spring over central Portugal and a slight increase in autumn over northern Portugal and nearby Lisbon. On the other hand, climate change projections revealed a decrease in precipitation, mainly over northwestern Portugal, whereas the contribution of extreme precipitation to total precipitation is expected to increase, mostly in southern Portugal. The maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD) is also projected to increase throughout Portugal. EPSI showed enhanced susceptibility for most Portuguese municipalities, which may be associated with increased vulnerability to flash floods. Climate change projections by municipality for both EPSI and CDD are an important decision support tool for civil protection and for risk management in Portugal.

2025, Theoretical and Applied Climatology

2025, International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology

2025, Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of climate change risk to forest ecosystems and forestbased communities as well as perceived effectiveness of adaptation strategies for climate change as well as challenges for adaptation. Data was gathered using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Simple random selection technique was applied. For the majority of issues, the responses were obtained on multi-point likert scales, and the scores provided were, in turn, used to estimate the means and other useful estimates. A composite knowledge index developed using correct responses to a set of self-rated statements were used to evaluate the issues. The mean of the knowledge index was 0.64. Also all respondents recorded values of the knowledge index above 0.25. Increase forest fire was perceived by respondents as the greatest risk to forest eco-system. Decrease access to water supplies was perceived as the greatest risk to livelihoods of forest based communities. The most effective adaptation strategy relevant to climate change risks to forest eco-systems and forest based communities livelihoods in Kathmandu valley in Nepal as perceived by the respondents was reforestation and afforestation. As well, lack of public awareness was perceived as the major limitation for climate change adaptation. However, perceived risks as well as effective adaptation strategies showed an inconsistent association with knowledge indicators and social-cultural variables. The results provide useful information to any party who involve with climate change issues in Nepal, since such attempts would be more effective once the people's perceptions on these aspects are taken into account. Keywords-Climate change, forest ecosystems, forest-based communities, risk perceptions. ITH the growth of scientific knowledge about climate change, it becomes the most popular critical issue discussed by various parties represented by policy makers, NGO activists, academics, researches, as well as general public. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report [1], earth is facing the problems of rising of global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. The impacts of climate change are expected to be higher for some areas than for others because of their geographic location; the degree of association with climatesensitive environments; and the unique economic, political,

2025

We are grateful to all shipboard and aerial survey observers and the pilots, captains and crew of the survey ships and aircraft, without whom this work would not have been possible.

2025, Journal of Global Health Reports

Background Eleven out of 13 published articles reported temperature and humidity as factors that could reduce the daily confirmed COVID-19 cases among many other findings. However, there are significant caveats, related to statistical assumptions and the spatial-temporal nature of the data. Methods Associative and causative analyses of data was conducted for 10 countries representing 6 continents of the world, with data obtained between January 22, 2020 to April 30, 2020. Daily confirmed cases, number of deaths, recovered cases, lockdown stringency index, and several meteorological factors are considered. Also, a Granger-Causality test was performed to check if any COVID-19 outcomes are influenced by itself and not by any or combination of maximum temperature, humidity, wind speed and stringency index. Results Most of the associations reported in the literature, between meteorological parameters and COVID-19 pandemic are weak evidence, need to be interpreted with caution, as most of...

2025, ILO Working Papers

This Working Paper analyses the role of tripartite social dialogue in supporting green workplaces and, more generally, promoting just transitions at enterprise level. The Working Paper explores the different mechanisms whereby social dialogue has contributed to governing, promoting and implementing policies and initiatives to achieve the above goals, with a particular focus on the role of National Social Dialogue Institutions (NSDIs). In doing so, the Working Paper also discusses the main challenges facing social partners regarding their involvement in these policies and processes, including the opportunities or obstacles created by the institutional framework, the type of technical capacities required and the articulation between different levels of social dialogue. Lastly, the Working Paper provides some policy pointers to enhance the role of social dialogue as a tool to sustain just transitions and extend green workplaces.

2025, HICAST Research Abstract

Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST) has been conducting academic programs in affiliation with Purbanchal University since 2000. We are celebrating our 25th year of establishment this year. Being the first college of agricultural sciences established with the public-private partnership (PPP) approach in Nepal, all of its founders, promoters, faculty, staff, graduates, and students, it is a matter of pride for all of us. HICAST has been conducting various bachelor’s and master’s programmes in agriculture, veterinary science and agri-business. Both the bachelor’s and master’s degree students must conduct field- and/or laboratory-based research under the supervision of faculties at HICAST, PU. Without being timely published, these research findings cannot reach to a wider readership, and continue to remain as decorative materials in the bookshelves of the library. Realizing the importance of widely sharing at least the abstracts of those researches, an attempt was initiated by us to publish the thesis research abstracts annually. This is the 13th volume of the journal. This volume of HICAST Research Abstract consists of the abstracts of 156 research studies conducted at HICAST. These studies were conducted in various parts of Nepal. This publication will be useful for students, researchers, teachers, policymakers, and development workers.

2025

We hear about environmental matters on a daily basis. Lord Mandelson recently had a sticky encounter with a protester who expressed her frustration that the democratic purpose did not appear to give her a voice with which to question the Government's handling of carbon emission reductions at its summit launch. She clearly feels passionate about it. Without wishing to advocate similar action, the question for us is posed; to what extent do we, as Christ's Kingdom representatives, feel passionate about issues of justice and ethical living? Is it actually important? Do we care? If not, why not? This edition of Encounters reports from the annual Environment Day Conference held at Redcliffe College in January in conjunction with the John Ray Initiative, when the central issue presented for debate was "Just living: the quest for fairness in a finite world". Dr Dewi Hughes writes two articles, extracted from his talk at the conference. He reminds us of God's blueprint for justice-based living through the model laid out in the Old Testament concept of Jubilee and through Jesus' radical Kingdom-ethics message delivered in the Beatitudes. Peter Price-Thomas takes up the theme of God's "hidden" blueprint revealed in nature and poses some fascinating scenarios for us to consider before I wrap up with some missional responses to these, and other, perspectives. Sometimes it just takes a bit of lateral thinking and a good dosage of Holy Spirit-inspired boldness to get us jogging along the right track again! When attending the very recent "Hope for Planet Earth" event in Cheltenham, I was encouraged to see the wider church addressing key issues on climate change, poverty/sustainable development and ethical questions of over-consumption and the need for "light living". Again, I will comment briefly on some of the issues raised. May I encourage you to reflect critically on the issues raised in the articles and to carefully consider the questions and concerns posed. Finally, do respond however provoked… that is all we ask! Andy Kingston-Smith, Assistant Lecture in Mission, Redcliffe College.

2025

River systems originating from the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) are dominated by runoff from snow and glacier melt and summer monsoonal rainfall. These water resources are highly stressed as huge populations of people living in this region depend on them, including for agriculture, domestic use, and energy production. Projections suggest that the UIB region will be affected by considerable (yet poorly quantified) changes to the seasonality and composition of runoff in the future, which are likely to have considerable impacts on these supplies. Given how directly and indirectly communities and ecosystems are dependent on these resources and the growing pressure on them due to ever-increasing demands, the impacts of climate change pose considerable adaptation challenges. The strong linkages between hydroclimate, cryosphere, water resources, and human activities within the UIB suggest that a multi-and inter-disciplinary research approach integrating the social and natural/environmental sciences is critical for successful adaptation to ongoing and future hydrological and climate change. Here we use a horizon scanning technique to identify the Top 100 questions related to the most pressing knowledge gaps and research priorities in social and natural sciences on climate change and water in the UIB. These questions are on the margins of current thinking and investigation and are clustered into 14 themes, covering three overarching topics of "governance, policy, and sustainable solutions", "socioeconomic processes and livelihoods", and "integrated Earth System processes". Raising awareness of these cutting-edge ORR ET AL.

2025

Mountains are among the most fragile environments on Earth. They are also rich repositories of biodiversity and water and providers of ecosystem goods and services on which downstream communities (both regional and global) rely. Mountains are home to some of the world's most threatened and endemic species, as well as to some of the poorest people, who are dependent on the biological resources. Realising the importance of mountains as ecosystems of crucial significance, the Convention on Biological Diversity specifically developed a Programme of Work on Mountain Biodiversity in 2004 aimed at reducing the loss of mountain biological diversity at global, regional, and national levels by 2010. Despite these activities, mountains are still facing enormous pressure from various drivers of global change, including climate change. Under the influence of climate change, mountains are likely to experience wide ranging effects on the environment, natural resources including biodiversity, and socioeconomic conditions. Little is known in detail about the vulnerability of mountain ecosystems to climate change. Intuitively it seems plausible that these regions, where small changes in temperature can turn ice and snow to water, and where extreme slopes lead to rapid changes in climatic zones over small distances, will show marked impacts in terms of biodiversity, water availability, agriculture, and hazards, and that this will have an impact on general human well being. But the nature of the mountains, fragile and poorly accessible landscapes with sparsely scattered settlements and poor infrastructure, means that research and assessment are least just where they are needed most. And this is truest of all for the Hindu Kush-Himalayas, with the highest mountains in the world, situated in developing and least developed countries with few resources for meeting the challenges of developing the detailed scientific knowledge needed to assess the current situation and likely impacts of climate change. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) undertook a series of research activities together with partners in the Eastern Himalayas from 2007 to 2008 to provide a preliminary assessment of the impacts and vulnerability of this region to climate change. Activities included rapid surveys at country level, thematic workshops, interaction with stakeholders at national and regional levels, and development of technical papers by individual experts in collaboration with institutions that synthesised the available information on the region. A summary of the findings of the rapid assessment was published in 2009, and is being followed with a series of publication comprising the main vulnerability synthesis report and technical papers on the thematic topics climate change projections, biodiversity, wetlands, water resources (this publication), hazards, and human wellbeing. Clearly much more, and more precise, information will be needed to corroborate the present findings. Nevertheless, this series of publications highlights the vulnerability of the Eastern Himalayan ecosystems to climate change as a result of their ecological fragility and economic marginality. It is hoped that it will both inform conservation policy at national and regional levels, and stimulate the coordinated research that is urgently needed.

2025, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is the source of ten large Asian river systems --the Amu Darya, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra (Yarlungtsanpo), Irrawaddy, Salween (Nu), Mekong (Lancang), Yangtse (Jinsha), Yellow River (Huanghe), and Tarim (Dayan), -and provides water, ecosystem services, and the basis for livelihoods to a population of around 0.2 billion people in the region. The river basins of these rivers provide water to 1.3 billion people, a fifth of the world's population. Against this background, a comprehensive river basin program having current focus on the Koshi and Indus basins is launched at the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) as a joint scientific endeavour of several participating institutions from four regional countries of the HKH region. The river basin approach aims is to maximize the economic and social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable manner while conserving and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems, and improved understanding of upstream-downstream linkages. In order to effectively support river basin management satellite based multi sensor and multi temporal data is used to understand diverse river basin related aspects. We present here our recent experiences and results on satellite based rainfall and run off assessments, land use and land cover change and erosion dynamics, multi thematic water vulnerability assessments, space based data streaming systems for dynamic hydrological modelling, and potential applications of agent based models in effective local water use management.

2025, Nature

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2025, Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences

, borrowing, substituting and generating (BSG) are the main methods people used to acquire the discharge at ungauged stations. Two of the substitution (modelling and disaggregation) methods in combination with the borrowing idea are compared for simulating discharge for the Upper Salween and Mekong River Basin (USMRB). It is seen that with a simple borrowing/ disaggregating method, the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) can reach 0.82. The similarity in the seasonal variation pattern is a more important requirement to identify if the two stations are to be considered as having hydrological similarity. From the experience obtained for the USMRB, an upstream station with shorter geographical distance may be more in hydrological similarity than a station in the far downstream. The NSE is quite low when borrowing occurs within the low altitude downstream region. The efficiency will be decreased when we borrow information from several stations which may be not in hydrological similarity.

2025, PLOS ONE

The Indus basin heavily depends on its upstream mountainous part for the downstream supply of water while downstream demands are high. Since downstream demands will likely continue to increase, accurate hydrological projections for the future supply are important. We use an ensemble of statistically downscaled CMIP5 General Circulation Model outputs for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 to force a cryospheric-hydrological model and generate transient hydrological projections for the entire 21 st century for the upper Indus basin. Three methodological advances are introduced: (i) A new precipitation dataset that corrects for the underestimation of high-altitude precipitation is used. (ii) The model is calibrated using data on river runoff, snow cover and geodetic glacier mass balance. (iii) An advanced statistical downscaling technique is used that accounts for changes in precipitation extremes. The analysis of the results focuses on changes in sources of runoff, seasonality and hydrological extremes. We conclude that the future of the upper Indus basin's water availability is highly uncertain in the long run, mainly due to the large spread in the future precipitation projections. Despite large uncertainties in the future climate and long-term water availability, basin-wide patterns and trends of seasonal shifts in water availability are consistent across climate change scenarios. Most prominent is the attenuation of the annual hydrograph and shift from summer peak flow towards the other seasons for most ensemble members. In addition there are distinct spatial patterns in the response that relate to monsoon influence and the importance of meltwater. Analysis of future hydrological extremes reveals that increases in intensity and frequency of extreme discharges are very likely for most of the upper Indus basin and most ensemble members.

2025, Mountain Research and Development

Assessment of water resources from remote mountainous catchments plays a crucial role for the development of rural areas in or in the vicinity of mountain ranges. The scarcity of data, however, prevents the application of standard approaches that are based on data-driven models. The Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya mountain range is a crucial area in terms of water resources, but our understanding of the response of its high-elevation catchments to a changing climate is hindered by lack of hydro-meteorological and cryospheric data. Hydrological modeling is challenging here because internal inconsistencies-such as an underestimation of precipitation input that can be compensated for by an overestimation of meltwater-might be hidden due to the complexity of feedback mechanisms that govern melt and runoff generation in such basins. Data scarcity adds to this difficulty by preventing the application of systematic calibration procedures that would allow identification of the parameter set that could guarantee internal consistency in the simulation of the single hydrological components. In this work, we use simulations from the Hunza River Basin in the Karakoram region obtained with the hydrological model TOPKAPI to quantify the predictive power of discharge and snow-cover data sets, as well as the combination of both. We also show that shortterm measurements of meteorological variables such as radiative fluxes, wind speed, relative humidity, and air temperature from glacio-meteorological experiments are crucial for a correct parameterization of surface melt processes. They enable detailed simulations of the energy fluxes governing glacier-atmosphere interaction and the resulting ablation through energy-balance modeling. These simulations are used to derive calibrated parameters for the simplified snow and glacier routines in TOPKAPI. We demonstrate that such parameters are stable in space and time in similar climatic regions, thus reducing the number of parameters requiring calibration.

2025

The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is an independent 'Mountain Learning and Knowledge Centre' serving the eight countries of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas -Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , China , India , Myanmar , Nepal , and Pakistan -and the global mountain community. Founded in 1983, ICIMOD is based in Kathmandu, Nepal, and brings together a partnership of regional member countries, partner institutions, and donors with a commitment for development action to secure a better future for the people and environment of the extended Himalayan region. ICIMOD's activities are supported by its core programme donors: the governments of Austria,

2025, International Journal of All Research Education & Scientific Methods

In the era of sustainable development of smart cities, Remote Sensing and GIS is playing a key role in the development and transforming of ordinary cities into smart cities. One of the major objectives of this research work was for the people facing various problems related to improper drainage, sewer, storm water management thereby providing a better infrastructure for living. Here, in this study a storm water management layout plan was prepared using the techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS to mitigate the impact of flash rain as a result of climate change in a part of Aliganj, Lucknow. The results of this study will be beneficial for future urban planning and development of sustainable storm water management layout plan by the various governmental agencies.

2025

Listed companies are vital to capital markets, but issues like information opacity and poor governance elevate credit risks, impacting economic stability. This study proposes a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network model to assess credit risk by analyzing time-series financial indicators. Factor analysis reduces dimensionality of indicators, followed by LSTM training on sequential data to predict risk levels. Using CSI 300 firms’ data, the model achieves 87.5% accuracy, outperforming traditional methods like logistic regression (80.2%). The approach captures temporal dependencies, offering dynamic risk forecasts. Limitations include data quality reliance and computational complexity. Results support regulators and investors in enhancing risk management.

2025, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi

Today, almost all climatologists have agreed on that the climate change results from the increase in the greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and this comes as a consequence of various human activities. The dissolution of carbon dioxide, which has the largest share among greenhouse gases in terms of contribution in global warming and climate change, in sea water is much more when compared to the other gases in the atmosphere. For this reason, oceans are large reserve resources. Since they constitute a large part of our planet and have rich biodiversity, oceans and seas are aquatic ecosystems that are affected by the process of change caused by global warming. Global warming and climate change have caused a decrease in lake waters, an increase in the sea level, and changes in streams and precipitation models and have started to show negative impacts on all aquatic organisms from plankton to mammals. Krills have decreased by 80% on average in the past 30 years. Coral bleaching have increased dramatically. The number of Indian Ocean origin fish found within the waters of our country has arrived to 30 already. Reproduction area of sea turtles have narrowed because coastal habitat to be destroyed by sea level rise. Depending on decreasing of the sea ice many of marine mammals have faced with extinction. According to the mathematical computer models developed lately, it has been calculated that in the event that the CO 2 density is doubled, the global temperature will rise by 3 o С. For this reason, among the precautions to be taken against global warming, decreasing of the carbon dioxide emission comes first and studies are being carried out for this purpose on an international level.

2025, Revista de Administração Pública

In Brazil, sub-national governments have played a particularly important role as the key actors implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions to halt the spread of COVID-19. Building on the methodology proposed by the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), we coded the stringency levels of state-level school, commerce, services, industry, public gathering, and private event closure policies and describe these actions’ duration at the state-level in Brazil from early February to mid-May 2020. Our results suggest significant heterogeneity across Brazil and across weeks in social distancing policy stringency during this period. We then apply dynamic times-series cross-sectional methods to evaluate the effect of anti-contagion policies on the population’s mobility using cell phone location data. We find that anti-contagion policies had a significant effect on producing higher adherence to remaining at home even though social distancing policies were relatively moderate as...

2025, Estuaries of the World

Moreton Bay and its associated estuaries are an example of a complex aquatic system that is under increasing pressure from rapid population growth and urbanisation. Although the extent of decline in ecosystem health within Moreton Bay and its associated estuaries is significant and well documented, a range of innovative management responses have been implemented to reverse current declines. An overview of the development of Moreton Bay is provided, highlighting the dynamic and resilient nature of the system over geological time. The ecological responses that occur at decadal timeframes are presented along with a summary of the current state of the Bay's ecology. The future challenges that are posed by predicted population increases, urbanisation and changes to the region's climate are also discussed. The highly variable nature of the system over relatively short timeframes (i.e. flood vs non-flood conditions) as well as the ability of the system to adapt to long term changes (i.e. past morphological and ecosystem shifts) suggests that Moreton Bay and its associated estuaries have significant capacity to adapt to change. Whether the current rate of anthropogenically induced change is too rapid for the system to adapt, or whether such adaptions will be undesirable, is unable to be ascertained in any detail at this stage. Notwithstanding the above, the combination of a science-based management framework and the collaborative decision making processes that have been implemented to halt the decline of Moreton Bay have shown remarkable progress in a relatively short period of time.

2025, Societal Impacts

Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) has been promoted as a technological solution to mitigate groundwater stress worldwide. Despite its potential, the adoption of ASR remains limited, primarily due to social and economic
barriers. This study examines the socio-economic and socio-environmental impacts of a pilot ASR initiative in selected villages of South Bihar, India. By analysing the socio-economic and environmental outcomes through an interdisciplinary approach, we highlight the short-term, medium-term and long-term challenges of implementing “participatory” technology-driven interventions in resource-constrained rural communities. Our findings underscore the significance of local socio-economic conditions, participatory governance, and long-term sustainability in the diffusion of ASR technologies.

2025

In this paper we study about the different types of disasters, their occurrence in J&K and preparedness about facing such calamities based on conclusions drawn on the basis of survey conducted, by using Likert scale.

2025, Mires and Peat

Rewetting combined with biomass crop cultivation (paludiculture) has been proposed as a method for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from drained peatlands. This field experiment compared CO2 fluxes from drained (control) and rewetted experimental plots in a temperate fen under reed canary grass cultivation over two successive years. The annual weighted mean water table depth from soil surface (WTD) during the study period was 9, 3 and 1 cm in control, semi-flooded and flooded plots, respectively. There were no significant effects of WTD treatment on biomass yields. The choice of response model for CO2 fluxes influenced annual estimates of ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross primary production (GPP), but all models showed that ER and GPP decreased in response to rewetting. The resulting net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2, derived by combining eight ER and eight GPP models, varied widely. For example, NEE (expressed as CO2-C) ranged from -935 to -208 g m -2 yr -1 for the flooded plots. One set of ER and GPP models was selected on the basis of statistical criteria and showed insignificant differences in NEE between the three water table treatments (-537 to -341 g CO2-C m -2 yr -1 ). Treatment effects on CO2 emission factors, calculated as the sum of NEE and C export in harvested biomass (58-242 g CO2-C m -2 yr -1 ), were similarly insignificant. Thus, the results indicated that varying WTD within this narrow range could influence both ER and GPP without altering the net emissions of CO2.

2025, Gcb Bioenergy

Rewetting of drained peatlands has been recommended to reduce CO 2 emissions and to restore the carbon sink function of peatlands. Recently, the combination of rewetting and biomass production (paludiculture) has gained interest as a possible land use option in peatlands for obtaining such benefits of lower CO 2 emissions without losing agricultural land. This study quantified the carbon balance (CO 2 , CH 4 and harvested biomass C) of rewetted and drained peat soils under intensively managed reed canary grass (RCG) cultivation. Mesocosms were maintained at five different groundwater levels (GWLs), that is 0, 10, 20 cm below the soil surface, representing rewetted peat soils, and 30 and 40 cm below the soil surface, representing drained peat soils. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 and CH 4 emissions was measured during the growing period of RCG (May to September) using transparent and opaque closed chamber methods. The average dry biomass yield was significantly lower from rewetted peat soils (12 Mg ha À1 ) than drained peat soils (15 Mg ha À1 ). Also, CO 2 fluxes of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) from rewetted peat soils were significantly lower than from drained peat soils, but net uptake of CO 2 was higher from rewetted peat soils. Cumulative CH 4 emissions were negligible (0.01 g CH 4 m À2 ) from drained peat soils but were significantly higher (4.9 g CH 4 m À2 ) from rewetted peat soils during measurement period (01 May-15 September 2013). The extrapolated annual C balance was 0.03 and 0.68 kg C m À2 from rewetted and drained peat soils, respectively, indicating that rewetting and paludiculture can reduce the loss of carbon from peatlands.

2025, GCB Bioenergy

2025, Journal of plant and environment

Water plays an essential role in agriculture, serving as a primary reserve that directly impacts crop production and food security. Water conservation is critical for sustainable agriculture and the well-being of communities and ecosystems, chiefly due to the increasing global demand and rising water dearth concerns. The water needs of crops and irrigation scheduling in the district Gujrat, Pakistan, are currently missing enough information. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the crop water requirements and establish irrigation schedules for the major crops in district Gujrat, Pakistan. The crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation schedules were determined by CROPWAT 8.0 by using the input climate data obtained from the POWER-NASA website from 1991-2020. Other than climatic data, crops (wheat, rice, sugarcane, and maize) and soil information were added from CROPWAT 8.0 preexisting data. The crop planting dates were estimated by Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI). The gross and net crop water requirements are 624.3 mm and 491.3 mm for wheat, 1805.2 mm and 1768.3 mm for rice, 4135.1 mm and 3537.2 mm for sugarcane, and 1203.5 mm and 1051.4 mm for maize. The deployment of CROPWAT 8.0 proves to be valuable in precisely assessing crop water requirements and computing irrigation scheduling. The study's outcomes show the potential to boost food production and aid in well-organized water reserve management.

2025, International Journal on Perceptive and Cognitive Computing

This literature review will serve as the basis for a preliminary work that is part of the project on the analysis of greenhouse gas emission and its impact on leading countries. The research's main tasks include taking accurate measurements, understanding how the greenhouse Effect works, identifying instances of it, and interpreting the results while taking into consideration all natural and artificial factors that have an impact on the climate and the earth's environment. It will provide an effort to address the core concern of greenhouse impacts. It also discusses SDG objectives and how it connects to this work, as well as providing a brief overview of climate action and its effects. A brief introduction describes the economic scale, economic structure, and technical level, impact categories on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, application of machine learning approaches, contradictory results, the environmental cost of algorithms, and the impact of AI in literature ...

2025, Investigaciones Geográficas

Se presentan resultados de mediciones de espesor de hielo realizadas en Chile centro-sur (30-41°S) durante los últimos años. La información fue obtenida mediante radar en cinco glaciares. En todos los casos, las señales de radar fueron levemente atenuadas permitiendo la penetración de la totalidad delhielo, lo que implica que la presencia de agua supra, intra y subglacial no afectó significativamente las señales. El sistema se probó tanto en glaciares descubiertos, así como en glaciares con cubierta detrítica, la que si bien generó cierto nivel de ruido en los registros, no impidió la penetración de las señales hasta el fondo subglacial, obteniéndose espesores máximos de 230 m en la zona de ablación del glaciar Juncal Norte. El análisis de la potencia de reflexión interna y de fondo, permitió caracterizar una condición fría para el glaciar Tapado (sin deslizamiento basal), mientras que para el glaciar Juncal Norte, se corroborósu condición temperada. Las mediciones de espesor de hie...

2025

Calcium carbonates of calcite-group minerals are formed chemically and life process through liquid state on water-planet of Earth. Recently author finds new type of calcium carbonates in natural impact-related limestone and artificial shock wave in air as huge explosions [1][2][3][4][5]. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate new type of calcium carbonates and apply to study on shocked limestone on Earth and formation of carbonates minerals on planetary bodies without large sea-water (esp. on Mars). Calcium carbonate formation: There are three formation processes of calcium carbonates on Earth: 1) Life process: calcium (from life) combines with carbonates (in sea-water or from atmosphere), which can be found in older and known limestone with fossil. 2) Chemical precipitation under low temperature: older calcium carbonates dissolved to water, carbon dioxides and younger calcium carbonates found in younger cave used by normal ESR dating method [6]. 3) Shock wave reaction: Three types of shocked calcium carbonates (calcite group minerals) are found in a) natural impact crater on target rocks of limestone [1-7], b) natural impact on Ca-rich target rock (originally from meteoroids or life production) by carbon-rich projectiles of comets and meteorites [3, 4], and c) artificial shocked wave of huge explosions in air (e.g., Hiroshima atomic bomb) [1,[3][4][5]. Calcium (from meteoroids or life) combines with carbon and oxygen (from life or atmosphere) to form calcium carbonates (without fossil). This new impact reaction produces easily irregular and intermediate (i.e. nonstoichiometric) compositions between calcium and carbonate ions due to fast reaction [1][2][3][4][5]. Shocked calcites in impact craters: Shocked calcites are found in Barringer (Meteor) meteorite crater in USA (1.2km in diameter), Ries crater in Germany (24km), and Sierra Madera crater in USA (12km). Main characteristics of shocked carbonates of impact craters are high contents of Fe, C, Ni, Co and Ir (Fig. ).

2025, Sains Malaysiana

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops, throughout the world. It is a rich source of antioxidants and vitamin C. Citrus canker is a potential threat to its successful production. In current study, ten desert phytopowders including Xanthium strumarium, Dipterygium galucun, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Haloxylon recurvum, Suaeda fruticosa, Salsola baryosma, Citrulus colocynthis, Abutilon indicum, Aerva javanica, and Calotropis procera at three different concentrations (5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) were evaluated under in vitro conditions against Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. Among all phytopowders, X. strumarium and S. fruticosa, showed maximum inhibition zone (40 mm) followed by S. baryosma (38.50 mm) C. colocynthis (37 mm), Abutilon indicum (34 mm), H. recurvum (32 mm), D. galucun (30.5 mm), A. javanica, (29.50 mm), L. pyrotechnica, (29.5 mm) and C. procera (28 mm) as compared to control. Then, effective phytopowders were applied under greenhouse and field conditions @ 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% against citrus canker. Combination of X. strumarium + S. baryosma showed minimum disease severity (22%) followed by X. strumarium (26%), X. strumarium + S. fruticosa (27%), S. fruticosa (27%), X. strumarium + S. baryosma (27%), and S. baryosma (29%) as compared to control. While in field experiment, the combination of X. strumarium + S. fruticosa showed significant results with minimum disease severity (32%) followed by S. fruticosa + S. baryosma (32%), X. strumarium + S. baryosma (33%), S. baryosma (35%), X. strumarium (36%) and S. fruticosa (36%) as compared to control. It is concluded that application of X. strumarium + S. baryosma phytopowders will be helpful for farmers to combat citrus canker.

2025, Nature Plants

orests provide essential livelihoods and environmental services. They harbour a disproportionate amount of the world's biodiversity, regulate key aspects of the global carbon cycle and weather patterns, and contribute directly to national incomes and the local livelihoods of millions of people worldwide. Their role in sustainability transitions is re-emphasized by multiple current international sustainability agendas. Forests can be linked to most-if not all-of the Sustainable Development Goals through contributions to ecosystem services, green economic opportunities, and social and environmental justice agendas . Forests are also essential to the Paris Climate Agreement, 3 the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework 4,5 . Further, the Bonn Challenge aims to bring under restoration 350 Mha of degraded lands globally by 2030, and the New York Declaration on Forests identifies 10 specific global forest goals 6 . Forests are a key mechanism for mitigating climate change through forest protection, restoration and afforestation . This prominent attention to forests, especially in human-dominated tropical and subtropical regions, creates a need for a comprehensive policy-oriented research agenda. Research on forests and livelihoods has typically focused on trying to understand how household-or community-level dynamics, including rights to resources and land-use decisions, affect local livelihoods and forests 9 . However, new research on forests demonstrates the importance of links between human and natural systems at regional, inter-continental and global scales 10 . For example, demand for commodity crops in Europe, North America and emerging economies is driving environmental degradation in the Amazon, Congo Basin and Indonesian peatlands 11 . In turn, smoke from forest and peat fires in Indonesia affects human health in Southeast Asian countries . Identifying and understanding large-scale processes linked to forests and livelihoods with disproportionate effects on

2025

The views expressed in this pulication are those of the author(s). The publication does not imply endorsement by the German Committee Future Earth of any of the views expressed

2025, Environmental Management

Water provision and distribution are subject to conflicts between users worldwide, with agriculture as a major driver of discords. Water sensitive ecosystems and their services are often impaired by man-made water shortage. Nevertheless, they are not sufficiently included in sustainability or risk assessments and neglected when it comes to distribution of available water resources. The herein presented contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6) and Life on Land (SDG 15) is the Ecological Sustainability Assessment of Water distribution (ESAW-tool). The ESAWtool introduces a watershed sustainability assessment that evaluates the sustainability of the water supply-demand ratio on basin level, where domestic water use and the water requirements of ecosystems are considered as most important water users. An ecological risk assessment estimates potential impacts of agricultural depletion of renewable water resources on (ground)water-dependent ecosystems. The ESAW-tool works in standard GIS applications and is applicable in basins worldwide with a set of broadly available input data. The ESAW-tool is tested in the Danube river basin through combination of high-resolution hydro-agroecological model data (hydrological land surface process model PROMET and groundwater model OpenGeoSys) and further freely available data (water use, biodiversity and wetlands maps). Based on the results, measures for more sustainable water management can be deduced, such as increase of rainfed agriculture near vulnerable ecosystems or change of certain crops. The tool can support decision making of authorities from local to national level as well as private enterprises who want to improve the sustainability of their supply chains.

2025, Proceedings of The Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences