Computer numerical control Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

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2025

Pertama-tama, nyalakan mesin CNC TU-3A hingga indikator daya stabil dengan memutar tombol ke angka "1". Pastikan panel kontrol dan layar display siap menerima input. → Tekan tombol H/C untuk memindahkan mesin dari mode manual ke mode... more

2025, Camera calibration procedure for extracting form deviation features in machined parts through computer vision algorithms

Camera calibration and computer vision algorithms have revolutionized form deviation analysis in machined parts. This study focuses on the camera calibration procedure for extracting form deviation features using 45 image captures of curves, lines, and slope geometries. The calibration process involves capturing high-quality images of a calibration pattern with known dimensions from various angles and orientations. The acquired images are then processed using computer vision algorithms to estimate the camera parameters. Once calibrated, the camera captures images of machined parts with curve, line, and slope geometries. Computer vision algorithms are applied to analyze these images and extract relevant form deviation features. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the camera calibration procedure in accurately measuring form deviations in machined parts with curve, line, and slope geometries.

2025, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

The research work documented in this paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, a generic infrastructure for implementing STEP-NC data models is proposed. The infrastructure illustrates a bidirectional data flow of three different data forms: STEP-NC data, machine specific language, and low-level machine actuation signals. The proposed method utilizes the concepts of modularity and database to harmonize and group machining processes and to manage machining activities. The second part reports on the development of a computer numerical control (CNC) lathe that interprets STEP-NC data into low-level machining instructions. This process was achieved through the development of a software package that can process STEP-NC data and provide an interface with a retrofitted CNC lathe. Tool path information is generated and executed "on-fly" with feedback handled. This new CNC system illustrates the benefits of a novel generation of CNC machine tools that have the capability of being driven by a high-level data model.

2025

During my search for resources on programming Numerical Control (NC) machines, I encountered a significant number of impressive self-made CNC systems. While many of these projects exhibited innovative mechanical design approaches, I observed a noticeable lack of information regarding software development. Most projects employed, at the higher level, open-source CAM software to generate G-code from CAD files, and, at the lower level, another open-source software to convert G-code data into pulses for stepper motors. However, I found no comprehensive analysis or discussion on the development of these software systems.
This technical report presents a personal approach to the development of a numerical control machine, focusing on the following aspects:

The development of CAM software using C++. This software reads CAD files, extracts coordinate data from geometrical shapes, and generates a text file (.nc) containing the corresponding G-code.
The design and manufacturing of the mechanical and electronic hardware for a two-axis CNC system.
The creation of low-level software, implemented in assembly language, to execute a linear and circular interpolation algorithm for controlling the stepper motors.

2024

In this contribution, we present the integration of valveless impedance pumping on the microfluidic scale. When a fluidic channel is periodically compressed at a point located asymmetrically with respect to an impedance mismatch in the system, an effective fluid flow is the result although no further moving parts such as valves are involved. Such an impedance mismatch could be e.g. a sudden reduction of the channel cross section. Four different types of impedance mismatches are being investigated concerning their response to different applied pressures and compression frequencies. A maximum fluid velocity of 25 µm/s and even a frequency dependent overall inversion of the flow direction could be observed.

2024

Pre-existing slot adalah pemberian slot terlebih dahulu pada benda kerja kemudian dilakukan pemakanan utuh. Dengan diberikan pre-existing slot dimaksudkan untuk mengurangi jumlah material benda kerja yang melakukan kontak dengan pahat tiap putaran spindel sehingga mengurangi nilai MRR(Material Removal Rate)-nya sehingga akan memperbaiki kualitas produk proses permesinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh putaran spindel terhadap chatter dan kekasaran permukaan dari proses milling dengan pre existing slot. Material yang digunakan pada penelitian yaitu Al-6061. Untuk mengukur nilai chatter pada penelitian ini menggunakan vibration meter pada saat proses pemakanan dan untuk mengukur nilai kekasaran permukaan pada penelitian ini menggunakan surface roughness tester pada saat setelah selesai proses pemakanan. Pada penelitian ini membandingkan nilai chatter dan kekasaran permukaan antara pemakanan tanpa pre exising slot dan dengan pre existing slot. Variasi putaran spinde...

2024

Most electronic manufacturing industries use computer numerical controlled (CNC) machines for drilling holes on printed circuit board (PCB). Some machines do not choose the optimal route when completing their tasks. Hence, this paper proposes an approach, which is based on ant colony system (ACS), for finding the optimal route in PCB holes drilling process. In ACS, an artificial ant starts to move from a random hole location and moves to the next hole location, based on the pheromone level between the locations of two holes. The higher the pheromones level, the higher the chance for the artificial ant to choose that path. At the same time, that ant deposits its pheromone on the path chosen. This process is repeated until the artificial ant builds a solution, which is evaluated with other artificial ants' solutions. The best artificial ant deposits additional pheromone to its path. The best-found path is updated as the iteration continues. Experimental result indicates that the proposed ACS-based approach is capable to efficiently find the optimal route for PCB holes drilling process.

2024

ABSTRAK Dengan perkembanngan semakin pesat dunia komputerisasi yang bukan hanya sebagai alat bantu perkantoran sebagai pengganti mesin ketik namun juga dibidang disain grafis, olah data, animasi recording termasuk juga dalam bidang teknik Computer Aided Design (CAD). Hasil disain produk pemesinan dengan menggunakan CAD dapat diaplikasikan pada Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) untuk disimulasikan menjadi kerja proses pemesinan yang optimal, yaitu menggunakan komputer untuk melakukan pemrograman, pengarahan dan pengendalian peralatan produksi berdasarkan hasil disain produk tersebut. penelitian ini adalah bagaimana melakukan proses CAD pada produk berbentuk kepala baut dengan menggunakan software autoCAD sebagai suatu proses perencanaan dengan bantuan komputer. Tujuan penelitian ini merencanakan produk proses pemesinan freis dan mendapatkan gambar proses CAD dari produk yang direncanakan sebagai informasi untuk aplikasi CAM. Hasil yang didapat dari perencanaan ini, yaitu produk yang dijadikan obyek berbentuk kepala baut berukuran 50x15 mm, dan diperoleh informasi ukuran koordinat lintasan dari gerakan pahat freis tegak dalam memproses produk tersebut yang dapat dijadikan data kode geomeotik untuk aplikasi CAM dengan menerapkan metode To Corner.

2024, DIREKTORAT PEMBINAAN SMK KEMENDIKBUD RI

Puji syukur senantiasa kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa sehingga buku yang berjudul Teknik Pemesinan Non Konvensional ini dapat hadir sebagai salah satu media penunjang pembelajaran pada Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Buku ini disusun dengan tujuan untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi spiritual, sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Buku ini berisi materi pembelajaran yang membekali siswa dengan pengetahuan dan keterampilan. Serta mendorong siswa untuk memiliki sifat sosial dan spiritual melalui berbagai macam bentuk tugas yang mendorong siswa dapat saling berdiskusi diantara mereka. Minimnya keberadaan buku pembelajaran khususnya materi kejuruan di bidang Teknik Pemesinan Non Konvensional diharapkan akan semakin teratasi dengan kehadiran buku ini. Penyusun yang juga merupakan praktisi di bidang pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan berusaha memberikan solusi dengan menghadirkan buku ini. Dalam buku ini dijelaskan tentang teknik pemesinan non konvensional mulai dari pengenalan mesin bubut CNC dan mesin frais CNC, pemrograman mesin bubut CNC dan mesin frais CNC, setting tool dan setting parameter pemotongan, serta terakhir pengoperasian mesin bubut CNC dan mesin frais CNC. Doa dan harapan kami, buku ini dapat memberikan kontribusi yang terbaik bagi kemajuan dunia pendidikan khususnya Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) dalam rangka mempersiapkan generasi yang cerdas dan berkualitas serta tangguh di masa depan.

2024, Metode Cross Coupled Control Dan Self Tuning Regulator Untuk Mengatasi Permasalahan Contour Error Pada Cnc Milling 3 Axis

2024

The aim of this research is to know the calibration of z axis in cnc router machine and to know the acuration of declension movement to the work thing before and after being calibrated in cnc router mechine. The research prosess used acrylic which is done in three work thing, After that the calibration process is done in cnc router machine and did in the depth declension of z axis to find the accuration level in cnc router machine. The result of cnc router machine experiment, before calibration is obtained the standar data of standar deviation of the smallest 4 equilateral square is 0,0856 mm and the biggest is 0,0547 mm and 0,2937 mm and the smallest rectangle is 0,0714 mm and the biggest is 0,5740 mm and after being calibrated the data of standard deviation of the smallest 4 equilateral square is 0,0648 mm and the biggest is 0,0141 mm in the circle 0,0223 mm and 0,0223 mm and the smallest rectangle is 0,0387 mm and the biggest 0,0173 mm. the accuration level can be seen from the t...

2024, 2010 Fourth Asia International Conference on Mathematical/Analytical Modelling and Computer Simulation

Most of the operational time of a PCB Robotic Drill is spent on moving the drill bit between the holes. This operational time can be kept at a minimal level by optimizing the route taken by the robot. An optimized route translates to a minimal cost of operating the robot. This paper proposes a new model that implements Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in order to find optimized routing path when using the PCB Robotic Drill. The main task of the PCB Robotic Drill is to drill holes at Printed Circuit Board (PCB). This PCB Robotic Drill will route the drill site by moving the drill bit along Cartesian axes from it's initial position. Then, the drill bit will return back to the initial position. The drill route consists of a number of potential locations where the holes are going to be drilled. As the number of holes required increases so thus does the complexity to find the optimized route. The proposed model can be used to solve this complex problem with minimal computational time. The result of a case study indicates that the proposed model is capable to find the shortest path for the robot to complete its task. Thus concluded the proposed model can be implemented in any drill route problems.

2024, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation

The four-axis NC configuration is suitable for the manufacture of a part family (called a rotationally free surface or RFS) requiring concurrent motions for the tool movement and part rotation. In this paper, we develop algorithms for handling tool interference in four-axis machining in which three types of interference exist: interference due to step size, tool size, and tool axis. The first two types are also present in three-axis machining, but the third type is unique and critical in four-axis machining. The performance of the developed algorithms is tested via graphic simulation and actual cutting. The results showed that the developed algorithms can be readily incorporated into existing CAD/CAM systems as a module for interference-free four-axis NC machining of an RFS.

2024, SIMETRIS

The value of a product can be indicated by one of them is surface quality. The machining process has different fineness (roughness value), especially in CNC Milling machines. This study aims to determine the variability of tool path, Spindle Speed, and Feed Rate on flat surfaces machined CNC Milliing Sinumerik 808D 3 Axis on Acrylic material, on the surface roughness produced in units (Ra) which results are good. The machining process of acrylic materials using CNC Milling machines is carried out at the Campus CNC Laboratory of the Akprind Institute of Science & Technology in Yogyakarta. Surface roughness testing was carried out at the Engineering Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gadjah Mada University using the Surface SE 1700 roughness test equipment and material surfaces observed using a 200x magnification metal microscope. The machine parameters that are set are the spindle speed of 1000, 1500, 2000 rpm, Feed Rate 400, 800 mm / min and use the zigzag & one way tool path. The conclusion obtained is that at 1000 rpm spindle rotation, one way feed flow, 800 mm / minute feeding speed gets the highest roughness of 15.78 μm. While the spindle rotation of 2000 rpm feeding speed of 400 mm / min, and zigzag tool flow get the lowest roughness value, the roughness value obtained is 7.074 μm. Then the CNC Milling Machining Process on Acrylic material if you want to have good roughness the parameters must be high rotating speed and low Feedrate using a one way tool pad.

2024

This study is aimed to produce CAM software run under AutoCAD 2000 or latest version using Visual Basic for Application (VBA) program. Machining processes are carried out using endmill cutter at X-Y plane. Input of this software is 3-D drawings of the model. The output of this software are G-Code of cutting tool path. The software also provides fasilities to approach spline and ellips with connected lines but still considering geometric tolerances of line profile.

2024

The Wide Field X-ray Telescope (WFXT) is a medium class mission proposed to address key questions about cosmic origins and physics of the cosmos through an unprecedented survey of the sky in the soft X-ray band (0.2-6 keV) [1], [2]. In order to get the desired angular resolution of 10 arcsec (5 arcsec goal) on the entire 1 degrees Field Of View (FOV), the design of the optical system is based on nested grazing-incidence polynomial profiles mirrors, and assumes a focal plane curvature and plate scale corrections among the shells. This design guarantees an increased angular resolution also at large off-axis positions with respect to the usually adopted Wolter I configuration. In order to meet the requirements in terms of mass and effective area (less than 1200 kg, 6000 cm 2 @ 1 keV), the nested shells are thin and made of quartz glass. The telescope assembly is composed by three identical modules of 78 nested shells each, with diameter up to 1.1 m, length in the range of 200-440 mm and thickness of less than 2.2 mm. At this regard, a deterministic direct polishing method is under investigation to manufacture the WFXT thin grazing-incidence mirrors made of quartz. The direct polishing method has already been used for past missions (as Einstein, Rosat, Chandra) but based on much thicker shells (10 mm ore more). The technological challenge for WFXT is to apply the same approach but for 510 times thinner shells. The proposed approach is based on two main steps: first, quartz glass tubes available on the market are ground to conical profiles; second the pre-shaped shells are polished to the required polynomial profiles using a CNC polishing machine. In this paper, preliminary results on the direct grinding and polishing of prototypes shells made by quartz glass with low thickness, representative of the WFXT optical design, are presented.

2024, 2010 25th Biennial Symposium on Communications

Although recent studies have shown the potential benefits of base station (BS) cooperation technology, existing schemes rely on the assumptions of (i) perfect backbone links between the central network controller (CNC) and the base stations (BSs), and (ii) mobile stations (MSs) at the cell edges. The contribution of this paper is twofold. The authors first relax the aforementioned assumptions and present an in-depth investigation of their impact on the performance of conventional and BS cooperation transmission techniques. A hybrid signalling algorithm for cellular multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks that performs well under such non-ideal scenarios is then presented. The proposed algorithm outperforms the joint transmitter minimum mean squared error (JT-MMSE) method at low to moderate signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). It is also shown to be more robust to imperfect channel estimates than the JT-MMSE method.

2024, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

This study reports an integrated microfluidic chip manufactured by micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) technology used for the automatic extraction of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA). Mitochondria is a key organelle associated with aging, degenerative diseases, and cancers. An alteration in mtDNA may be induced by oxidative stress in tissues and cells and may be used as an indicator for diseases associated with aging. Hence, there is a great need to establish a quantitative and qualitative measurement method to evaluate dysfunction in mitochondria. Traditional processes for the measurement of alterations in mtDNA involves micro-cloning, direct sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) processing, and microarray detection; all of which are timeconsuming and labor-intensive processes. Especially, the extraction of mtDNA from cell samples that require precision and a lengthy process. This microfluidic chip integrates micropumps, a micromixer and a micro temperature module in a three-dimensional structure to automate the entire process of the extraction of the mtDNA. Compared with its conventional counterparts, the advantages of this microchip include less sample and reagent consumption, higher extraction performance, a shorter analysis time, and automation. The developed microsystem is promising for the extraction of mtDNA and can be applied in further mitochondrial studies.

2024, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

In solid carbide end-mills, the flutes significantly affect the tool's cutting performance and life, and the core radius mainly affects the tool's rigidity. The current CNC programming techniques can correctly determine the orientation of the wheel so that it grinds the rake face with the specified rake angle; however, it cannot accurately determine the wheel location for the direct method and, consequently, the desired core radius is not guaranteed. To address this problem, a new CNC programming approach is proposed to accurately calculate the wheel orientation and location (WOL) in 5-axis grinding of the cylindrical end-mill flutes. In this work, a new concept of 5-axis CNC grinding—effective grinding edge (EGE)—is first proposed to represent the instantaneous grinding edge of the wheel, and the parametric equations of the effective grinding edge are formulated. The wheel orientation and location in 5-axis flute grinding are calculated automatically and accurately so that ...

2024, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

The STEP file is the “standard for the exchange of product model data,” which is usually used to exchange geometric data in boundary representation (B-rep) between different computer-aided design (CAD) platforms. These data can be fully utilized and integrated into a larger manufacturing organization, such as a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) environment for computer numerical control (CNC) machining applications based on ISO 6983. The 3D models of 2D machining profiles were created in CAD software and saved as STEP files. The data structure was analyzed by comparing the geometric entities of the CAD model and the STEP file. The algorithm was created using the hypertext preprocessor (PHP) programming language and produced a computer interface system to convert STEP files into G-code format. The machining blocks with profile machining features were simulated using a CNC simulator and PC-based open architecture control (OAC) software. The G-code was validated on a three-axis CNC mi...

2024, Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Processing and Multimedia Applications

Nowadays we live in very industrialization world that turns worried about surveillance and with lots of occupational hazards. The aim of this paper is to supply a surveillance video system to use at ultra fast industrial environments. We present an exhaustive timing analysis and comparative between two different Address Event Representation (AER) retinas, one with 64x64 pixel and the other one with 128x128 pixel in order to know the limits of them. Both are spike based image sensors that mimic the human retina and designed and manufactured by Delbruck's lab. Two different scenarios are presented in order to achieve the maximum frequency of light changes for a pixel sensor and the maximum frequency of requested pixel addresses on the AER output. Results obtained are 100 Hz and 1.88 MHz at each case for the 64x64 retina and peaks of 1.3 KHz and 8.33 MHz for the 128x128 retina. We have tested the upper spin limit of an ultra fast industrial machine and found it to be approximately 6000 rpm for the first retina and no limit achieve at top rpm for the second retina. It has been tested that in cases with high light contrast no AER data is lost.

2024, PT. Mufi Media Literasi

Buku Ajar ini diperuntukan sebagai salah satu buku pegangan bagi mahasiswa tahun kedua yang mengambil Mata Kuliah Teknik Manufaktur I (Kode TMS 215) pada Semester Ganjil di Departemen Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Andalas. Bahan ajar pada Mata Kuliah Teknik Manufaktur I ini menitikberatkan pada Proses Pemesinan (Machining Processes). Pada Bab I dijelaskan terkait Proses Manufaktur secara umum yang meliputi proses pengecoran, pembentukan, pemesinan, proses polimer, penyambungan, metalurgi serbuk, perlakukan panas dan permukaan, dan proses perakitan. Bab 2 menjelaskan secara spesifik proses pemesinan, yang secara umum dapat diklasifikasikan dengan proses yang menggunakan pahat potong, material abrasif dan proses-proses non-konvensional. Bab 3 hingga Bab 7 menjelaskan masing-masing proses pemesinan yang memakai pahat potong yaitu proses bubut, proses frais, proses gurdi,n proses lanjutan dari gurdi, dan proses sekrap. Biasanya materi ini diberikan pada mata kuliah Teknik Manufaktur I sebagai bahan hingga Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS). Selanjutnya setelah UTS bahan yang diberikan meliputi proses-proses abrasif, pengetahuan mekanisme pemotongan dan pahat potong. Yang terakhir ini bahasannya meliputi geometri dan material pahat, mekanisme keausan dan umur pahat serta proses pendinginan pahat. Selanjutnya bahasan setelah ujian tengah semester diakhiri dengan perkakas bantu untuk topik jigs and fixtures, serta mesin perkakas CNC

2024, SSRN Electronic Journal

Many devices and objects, from microelectronics to micro uidics, consist of parts made from dissimilar materials, such as different polymers, metals or semiconductors. Techniques for joining such hybrid micro-devices, generally, are based on gluing or thermal processes, which all present some drawbacks. For example, these methods are unable to control the size and shape of the bonded area, and present risks of deterioration and contamination of the substrates. Ultrashort laser bonding is a non-contact and exible technique to precisely join similar and dissimilar materials, used both for joining polymers, and polymers to metallic substrates, but not yet for joining polymers to silicon. We report on direct transmission femtosecond laser bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and silicon. The laser process was performed by focusing ultrashort laser pulses at high repetition rate at the interface between the two materials through the PMMA upper layer. The PMMA-Si bond strength was evaluated as a function of different laser processing parameters. A simple, analytical, model was set up and used to determine the temperature of the PMMA during the bonding process. As a proof of concept, the fs-laser bonding of a simple hybrid PMMA-Si micro uidic device has been successfully demonstrated through dynamic leakage tests.

2024, International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering

This paper presents a study of tool wear and geometry response when machinability tests were applied under milling operations on the Super Austenitic Stainless Steel alloy AL-6XN. Eight milling trials were executed under two cutting speeds, two feed rates, and two depths of cuts. Cutting edge profile measurements were performed to reveal response of cutting edge geometry to the cutting parameters and wear. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to inspect the cutting edges. Results showed the presence of various types of wear such as adhesion wear and abrasion wear on the tool rake and flank faces. Adhesion wear represents the formation of the built-up edge, crater wear, and chipping, whereas abrasion wear represents flank wear. The commonly formed wear was crater wear. Therefore, the optimum tool life among the executed cutting trails was identified according to minimum length and depth of the crater wear. The profile measurements showed the formation of new geometries for t...

2024, COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design an online-data driven adaptive control scheme based on fuzzy rules emulated network (FREN) for a class of unknown nonlinear discrete-time systems. Design/methodology/approach By using the input-output characteristic curve of controlled plant and the set of IF-THEN rules based on human knowledge inspiration, the adaptive controller is established by an adaptive FREN. The learning algorithm is established with convergence proof of the closed-loop system and controller’s parameters are directly designed by experimental data. Findings The convergence of tracking error is verified by the theoretical results and the experimental systems. The experimental systems and comparison results show that the proposed controller and its design procedure based on input-output data can achieve superior performance. Practical implications The theoretical aspect and experimental systems with the light-emitting diode (LED) current control and the robotic sys...

2024

The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of feedrate variation, timing of cooling variation, and the interaction between feedrate and timing of cooling to rate wear HSS end mill cutter in machining result CNC milling with ST 40 steel. This research is an experimental research using two factor independent variable (feedrate and timing of cooling) and one dependent variable (rate wear of HSS end mill cutter). The results data of this research described using descriptive analytic method. The results of discussion with this method was enhancement of feedrate and timing of cooling the rate wear cutter increases. Type of cutter wear that occurs is flank wear and began to grow relatively quickly then followed by a relatively slow growth to a certain cutting. The smallest edge of the cutter rate wear occurs when interaction feedrate 0.11 mm/rev with a timing of cooling 10 minutes value is 562.57 μm, while the largest edge of the cutter rate wear occurs when interaction feedrate 0.15 mm/rev with a timing of cooling 20 minutes value is 958.65 μm. This research suggests that interaction between feedrate and timing of cooling has a certain influence to rate wear of HSS end mill cutter in machining result CNC milling with ST 40 steel.

2024, 26th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

Ia. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS UNCLAS-SIFIED __NNE NONE 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY D "ISTRIBUTION/A,'AILA3ILIrY ,7 REFCAr APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION 2b. OECLASSIFICATIONIDOWNGRADING SCHEDULE UNLIMITED 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) UVA/525415/EE87/105 1I 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

2024, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

consider N as a continuous variable and seek N* so that aF,/aN = 0. The result is 1-Mp 1-2 (N*-M) exp(N*lns) =or, because p < 1/M and s < 1, N* > M +(1-Mp)/(ls 2) which implies N* > M + 1. Although these channels are simple, they constitute a useful model for comparison with the channels studied in the text, which are perhaps of greater practical interest. The special case of N* = M and p = r should be mentioned. The Gram matrix for this channel is given by (B.4) and the solution to the quantum detection problem is known [17]. The matrix elements qJ = (a,IpJ

2024, G-Tech : Jurnal Teknologi Terapan

Surface integrity depends on the machining process carried out on the product, will be different in each resulting machining process, which has two important parts, namely surface texture and surface metallurgy. This research was conducted using quantitative methods and experimental design, namely AISI 1045 steel was turned and calculated with variations in speed. The surface changes produced during the fermentation process are such as metallurgical transformations associated with work hardening, cracking, pits, and residual stresses. Surface integrity has two parts, Surface texture affects the surface roughness. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of surface integrity (direction) on the workpiece after the turning process. In data analysis, the value of the directionality (ly) for minimum cutting is 0.0160 and for maximum cutting conditions is 0.0120. Meanwhile, for max cutting, the best chipping ratio is 1.36, while for min cutting, the best chipping ratio is 1.08s. These results are influenced by several factors, namely cutting speed, speed and depth of ingestion and cutting time

2024, Experimental Techniques

The aim of this paper was to introduce the study on burr formation mechanism of nickel-based Hastelloy C-276 in the turning process. The process is monitored using a high-speed camera mounted on a computer numerical control (CNC) turning machine. The captured photographs show that the burr starts appearing on the edge of an uncut surface when the engagement with the chip-workpiece contact area is complete and increases accordingly during the process of hitting the cutting edge and causing chipping wear. The study shows that the initializing of chip burr formation can be divided into two stages: creating and mounting up. Creating of burr formation is characterized by the ''reaction of shear formation'' of the cutting force on the edge of chip for an unmachined surface, while mounting up increasing in size and forcing the chip to change its direction shoots up the rake face. This edge of the burr will separate and re-attach with the burr edge again during mounting up, thus creating a chain web shape on the edge of the uncut surface and causing edge chipping. The results show that the approach angle has a significant effect on burr formation.

2024, Jurnal Teknik Industri

This research was expected to apply QFD in the development process of product which refers to consumer request, so that the result of scheme process really answers market requirement. The research methods were conducting product survey in field, making questionaire of consumer request, spreading questioner, checking returned questioner data, and the processing questioner data by QFD. The matrix of concept assessment shows that concept A (funnel one semi automatic) gets value 0.238 and 16510%; concept B (funnel two semi automatic) gets value 0.211 and 16630%; concept C (funnel two semi automatic/manual) gets value 0.203 and 18470%; so that amongst the third concept, the one which is appropriate to be proceeded to the production department is only concept A.

2024, International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Substantial progress and development in additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been realised during the last decade but have hardly been implemented on AM systems due to old numerical solutions still used by the AM digital thread, for instance STL (1987) and G-code (ISO 6963, 1982). In this field, more traditional processes like machining have challenged this issue by adopting the Standard for the Exchange of Product model data compliant Numerical Control (STEP-NC) standard that enables advanced and intelligent manufacturing by taking advantage of the full computing performance of numerical controllers in manufacturing machines. This standard integrates the whole digital chain (CAD-CAM-CAPP-CNC-CMM) in a unique file with information on design and manufacturing and enables manufacturing of high-value products directly without numerical data conversion or post-processing. This study presents a new STEP-NC data model for AM technologies developed with the ISO TC184/SC1/WG7 committee. A STEP-NC platform initially developed for machining processes has been adapted to implement and validate the AM data model. It enables AM directly from a STEP-NC file, as well as hybrid manufacturing (AM and machining), and allows integration of several optimisation and simulation modules that extend the possibility of advanced and intelligent AM, for instance inprocess manufacturing optimisation.

2024, International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems

Tool wear monitoring is of great industrial importance in machining Nickel-based alloys. This paper presents the research effort to develop a tool wear observer model for flank wear monitoring in the milling of Nickel-based alloys. It aims at an online tool wear monitoring system that is capable of predicting tool wear in real time by measuring the cutting force variation. The correlation between the cutting force components and the flank wear width has been established through experimental studies. An observer model is developed to estimate the flank wear growth from the measured cutting force signals.

2024, 2018 2nd International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI)

This typical robot is step further in robotics where technology is used in the automation of the food processing. This is an embedded system which works with the help of different algorithms of computer numerical methods for drawing similar dosas on the hot pan. This robot basically draws dosas on the hot induction plate, which enables to cook dosas of required size and shape. This prototype bot consists of a beaker containing the dosa batter with a small nozzle at its bottom. Beaker motion in the space is controlled through two axis X & Y, controlled by the stepper motors. Opening and closing of the nozzle is controlled by the servo motor and the amount of batter coming out of the tube is controlled by the pressure pipe connected at the top of the tube. Induction heating mechanism is employed for the heating of the nonstick pan. The shape of the dosa or an image is given to the Inkscape software which creates corresponding G-code files to make dosas of required shape and size. Moti...

2024, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture

Inspired by the metal oxide system implementation service (MOSIS) project, CyberCut is an experimental fabrication testbed for an Internet-accessible, computerized prototyping and machining service. Client-designers can create mechanical components, generally using our web-based computer aided design (CAD) system (available at http://cad.berkeley.edu), and submit appropriate ®les to the server at Berkeley for process planning. CyberCut then utilizes an open-architecture, computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool for fabrication. Rapid tool path planning, novel ®xturing techniques and sensor-based precision machining techniques allow the designer to take delivery of a component machined from high-strength materials with good tolerances, e.g. §0.002 in (0.05 mm).There are also instances where the complex geometry of a component cannot be prototyped on our three-axis machine tool. For these components use is made of solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technologies such as fused deposition modelling (FDM) to build a prototype of the design. Based on experience with this testbed, a new characterization of types of relationship, or 'couplings', between design and manufacturing has been developed using the three classi®cations 'loose and repetitive', 'stiV and one-way' or 'strong and bidirectional'. These three couplings represent diVerent trade-oVs between 'design¯exibility' and 'guaranteed manufacturability'.

2024, Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin

Machining is one of the processes in a manufacturing of a product. Manufacturing design is needed for improving the quality of a product. The desired manufacturing process is the achievement of a product with a smooth level of roughness and a short time. Bracket is one component of a series of machines. Work on bracket using CNC milling and Turning machine. The material used is aluminum alloy 6063. The main variables in this machining process are the speed of feeding, cutting speed and feeding motion. The results achieved in the machining process of this bracket are for the roughness on the surface of the N5 with Ra (ideal) = 0.4 μm of Ra (actual) = 0.410 μm. As for the roughness of N6 with Ra (ideal) = 0,8 μm obtained result Ra (actual) = 0,832 μm and 0,625 μm. Total machining time for one workpiece are 1 hour 57 minutes 25 seconds.

2024, JURNAL ILMIAH MOMENTUM

Teknologi pemesinan kecepatan tinggi (high speed machining) merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk meningkatkan produktivitas disuatu proses pemesinan. Mesin kecepatan tinggi yang digunakan di PT X adalah mesin CNC DMG Mori DMC 210U yang merupakan mesin CNC 5 axis. Namun dalam aplikasinya, mesin DMG Mori DMC 210 U ini masih belum dapat bekerja secara maksimal. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah umur pahat yang belum optimal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi pemesinan yang sesuai untuk pahat routing cutter (T02) dan pahat slot drill (T31) agar mencapai umur pahat yang optimal berdasarkan data perbandingan nilai teoritis dengan nilai aktual pada mesin CNC DMC 210U. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada pahat routing cutter (T02), umur optimalnya adalah 300 menit sedangkan umur aktualnya adalah 196,41 menit. Pada pahat slot drill (T31), umur optimalnya adalah 350 menit sedangkan umur aktualnya adalah 330,48 menit. Maka dari itu perlu dilakukan penyesuaian...

2024, Jurnal Surya Teknika

Permesinan menggunakan mesin CNC merupakan merupakan salah satu metode dalam peningkatan efisiensi dan produktivitas permesinan. khususnya dalam pembuatan produk Teaching Aids di BBPPMPV Bidang Bangunan dan Listrik, namun hal ini perlu ditingkatkan untuk efisiensi bahan dan proses permesinannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pemesinan yang sesuai dalam pembuatan S-Slot pada baja karbon AISI 1045 menggunakan perintah Contour dan perintah Pocket agar proses permesinannya optimal berdasarkan data perbandingan nilai software CAM dengan nilai aktual pada mesin Milling CNC 3 Axis GUT TE1060. Dari Hasil Penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa Kombinasi perintah pocket yang optimal pada proses pembuatan S-slot menggunakan mesin CNC Frais 3 axis pada material AISI 1045 menggunakan end mill HSS diameter 4 mm untuk meminimalkan kekasaran permukaan dan Waktu pengerjaan aktual memberikan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kekasaran permukaan S-Slot, hal ini ditunjuk...

2024

CAD systems today interpolate general curves by dividing each curve into many straight-line segments which are downloaded to the CNC. Determining the number of lines to be transferred from the CAD to the CNC poses a conflict between the desired precision of the part and the feedrate fidelity. The current method results in severe variations in the feedrate, leading, in turn, to variations in the surface smoothness and a substantial increase in machining time. These problems are caused by the acceleration/deceleration at the ends of each segment. Moreover, the problems are inherent in the CNC interpolator, as is thoroughly discussed in this paper. These problems can be solved by the development of curve interpolation algorithms for CNC. In this paper, a real-time interpolation algorithm for curves presented in their parametric forms is proposed and compared with the existing CAD interpolators. Analysis shows that with this new interpolator, a constant feed is maintained along the cut and the machining time is as expected. In addition, the amount of geometric information transferred from the CAD system to the CNC is reduced by orders of magnitude. Moreover, the contour errors caused by the new interpolator are much smaller than those caused by conventional CAD interpolators.

2024, Springer tracts in mechanical engineering

Reverse engineering has been practised since the beginning of technology. Fundamentally, it is about the identification of existing technical and natural solutions, and their reconstruction into new, identical or even improved technical solutions. Over the years it has flourished systematically, thanks to the development of new and technologically increasingly advanced and economically affordable measuring procedures, which allows the accurate reconstruction of not only technical principles but also detailed shapes and dimensions. This chapter explains the position of reverse engineering in the modern design and development process. It also introduces the main measuring methods for capturing data on the geometry of physical objects. These methods are divided into groups, depending on how they work and the physical laws on which they are based. We also present the main advantages and disadvantages of particular groups of methods, and recommendations for their application where the best results can be achieved.

2024, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - ICASSP '07

The majority of state-of-the-art speech recognition systems make use of system combination. The combination approaches adopted have traditionally been tuned to minimising Word Error Rates (WERs). In recent years there has been growing interest in taking the output from speech recognition systems in one language and translating it into another. This paper investigates the use of cross-site combination approaches in terms of both WER and impact on translation performance. In addition the stages involved in modifying the output from a Speech-to-Text (STT) system to be suitable for translation are described. Two source languages, Mandarin and Arabic, are recognised and then translated using a phrase-based statistical machine translation system into English. Performance of individual systems and cross-site combination using cross-adaptation and ROVER are given. Results show that the best STT combination scheme in terms of WER is not necessarily the most appropriate when translating speech.

2024

Teknologi manufakturing yang ada dewasa ini teJah berkernbang demikian pesatnya. Hal ini dapat dilihat dengan adanya bentuk integrasi antara tahapan desain (CAD) dengan perencanaan produk dan proses dengan menggunakan mesin-mesin perkakas CNC. Hal ini berarti kemampuan dalam sistem produksi permesinan modern tersebut mutlak diperlukan oleh para dosen khususnya untuk dosen pada Jurusan Teknik Mesin. Tujuan dari pelatihan CNC dan CAD-CAM ini adalah untuk menjembatani dan mempersempit kesenjangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi khususnya antara Perguruan Tinggi Swasta Jurusan Teknik Mesin dengan pihak industri permesinan khususnya yang berkaitan sistem produksi permesinan modern saat ini. Pelatihan CNC dan CAD-CAM bagi dosen-dosen Jurusan Teknik Mesin pada Perguruan Tinggi Swasta di DIY dan Jawa Tengah dilaksanakan di laboratorium CNC dan CAD-CAM ]urusan Pendidikan Teknik Mesin FPTK IKIP Yogyakarta. Mengingat adanya keterbatas...

2024, Metode Cross Coupled Control Dan Self Tuning Regulator Untuk Mengatasi Permasalahan Contour Error Pada Cnc Milling 3 Axis

2024, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

In the present paper, we propose a microvibrating flow pump (micro-VFP), which is a novel micropump. The micro-VFP is constructed using an actively vibrating valve that has a cantilever-like structure fixed on a wall of a microchannel and a slit orifice downstream. The slit orifice is designed to make the flow asymmetric around the vibrating valve and to effectively generate a net flow in one direction. At the same time, the valve works as an actuator to induce liquid flow in the microchannel. Since the valve is made of a flexible material including magnetic particles, it is manipulated by changing the magnetic field from outside the micro-VFP. This design allows external operation of the micro-VFP without any electrical or mechanical connections. In addition, the micro-VFP, which realizes pumping with a chamber free design, is advantageous for implementation in a small space. In order to demonstrate its basic pumping performance, a prototype micro-VFP was fabricated in a microchannel with a cross section of 240 lm 9 500 lm using microelectromechanical systems technologies. The vibration characteristics of the valve were investigated using a high-speed camera. The pump performance at various actuation frequencies in the range of 5 to 25 Hz was evaluated by measuring the hydrostatic head and the flow rate. The proposed micro-VFP design exhibited an increase in performance with the driving frequency and had a maximum shut-off pressure of 3.8 ± 0.4 Pa and a maximum flow rate of 0.38 ± 0.02 ll/min at 25 Hz. Furthermore, in order to clarify the detailed pumping process, the flow characteristics around the vibrating valve were investigated by analyzing the velocity field based on micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV). The validity of the hydrostatic measurement was confirmed by comparing the volume flow rate with that estimated from micro-PIV data. The present study revealed the basic performance of the developed micro-VFP.

2024, International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)

In this work an effective simulator for a CNC milling machine is presented. It has been developed in EMC2, a free Opens Source NC software running in Linux environment, developed by an international community. It can be installed on a common PC and is able to: control a CNC machine; read part programs; display the tool path; send instructions to the CNC machine for the cutting process. In this work a new feature has been implemented, which can both display a 3D model of the machine and simulate all the motions of the movable parts of a real 3 axis end milling machine. This simulator lets the users not only verify the toolpath but also detect any possible collision by using the very computer which controls the milling machine. This system is very efficient and easy to use as powerful tool in Engineering education.