Constructed Languages Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

В статье обсуждается устройство искусственных языков, созданных для коммуникации с внеземными цивилизациями или изображающих коммуникативную систему инопланетян в произведениях литературы и кино. Демонстрируется, что такие языки чаще всего обладают небольшим количеством особых черт, которые отличают их от естественных человеческих языков, а по большей части воспроизводят свойства привычных нам коммуникативных систем: в частности, они опираются на вокально-слуховой и визуальный каналы коммуникации, линейны, до некоторой степени иконичны, пользуются двумерным монохромным письмом. Этот вывод подтверждается анализом трех известных примеров: языка линкос, пластинок «Пионера» Карла Сагана и языка гептаподов из фильма «Прибытие» (реж. - Д. Вильнев, 2016). Из этого следует, что изобретение искусственных языков представляет особенный интерес в тех случаях, когда оно выходит за рамки явлений, существующих в человеческом языке, - именно в этом и состоит самая сложная задача языкового конструирования.

- by Charles Häberl
- •
- Interlinguistics, Ottoman History, Sufism, Constructed Languages

Tolkien is not always given due credit for his deep familiarity with Arthurian romances. Yet, in the 1920s, he co-edited and translated the Middle English romantic poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Tolkien and Gordon 1925). Around 1930, he tried his own hand at romantic poetry in the incomplete and only recently-published The Fall of Arthur (2013). And of course he taught the genre for many years at Oxford. More than this, however, Tolkien’s epic romance The Lord of the Rings is replete with Arthurian allusions, including (as Veryln Flieger has noted), ‘the withdrawal of a sword, a tutelary wizard, the emergence of a hidden king, [and] a ship departure to a myth-enshrined destination’. Such allusions make it clear that—even as he sought to supplant what he saw as the imperfectly- naturalized myth of Arthur with his own evolving ‘body of more or less connected legend’ dedicated ‘to England’— Tolkien’s great novel also carried on a deft dialogue between modern and premodern views of friendship, love, and romance. Thus, in the sad tale of the Ents and Entwives, Tolkien explored the tragedy of lost love: the ‘old trouble’ of ‘hearts [that] did not go on growing in the same way’. The rich medieval theme of frustrated love comes into his epic in the form of the ‘love triangle’ between Aragorn, Arwen, and Éowyn. Love in the form of mutual respect and sympathy are the focus of several key turning points in the narrative, as we see in the love between Frodo and Sam, Gimli and Galadriel, and Aragorn and Éomer. And the theme of love’s perversion, of ironic, cynical, and sarcastic references to love and to the birth of hate, emerge in several scenes where ‘love’ appears in the mouths of the orcs, and of Gollum. Throughout, Tolkien’s keen philological ear is much in evidence, not only in his careful usage of ‘love’ and its many derivations and inflections—e.g., loved, beloved, lovely, loveliness, lover, etc.— but also in his deliberate development of several nuanced Elvish roots for ‘love’, such as ban-, mel-, and -(n)dil.

This paper explores, firstly, how fictional languages are constructed for films and television series, and what functions they serve in relation to these audiovisual texts. The structure of some fictional languages will be examined in relation to the plots and genres of the films in which they appear. Secondly, the paper examines specific instances of fictional-language dialogue in films - with a focus on the questions: When is a fictional language used instead of English? When is it translated back to the text's base language? How is this translation veiled, explained, or otherwise communicated?

- by Bram Overbeeke
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- Media Studies, Translation Studies, Film Studies, Translation theory

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Beantwortung der Frage, ob die vom polnischen Autoren Andrzej Sapkowski konzipierte und vom polnischen Entwicklerstudio CD Projekt RED umgesetzte Darstellung der distinkten Aen Seidhe-und Aen Llinge-Elfenkulturen und ihrer Sprache Hen Llinge im fiktiven Der Hexer-Universum unter den theoretischen Ansätzen des sprachlichen Relativismus von Revere D. Perkins und darauf aufbauenden Autoren zum eine passende Repräsentation darstellt. Die hier besprochenen Form des sprachlichen Relativismus beschreibt die Annahme, dass die Lebensrealität von Gruppen Einfluss auf grammatische und lexikalische Phänomene der von ihnen gesprochenen Sprachen haben kann. Perkins und Weiterführende vertreten die Theorie, dass die Gesellschaftsform von Zivilisationen die Existenz von deiktischen Markern in der darin gesprochenen Mehrheitssprache beeinflusst, indem sich mit zunehmender Gemeinschaftsgröße das Verhältnis zwischen einem Individuum bekannten und fremden Bezugspersonen verschiebt. Die Arbeit kommt dabei zum Ergebnis, dass die Aen Elle als sprachgebende Gesellschaft der Form einer mittelalterlich-europäischen Kultur entspricht und die Hen Llinge nach den angewandten Relativismusthesen dieser Zivilisationsform entspricht. Die Untersuchung geschieht am Beispiel eines in Hen Llinge geführten Dialogs aus dem digitalen Spiel The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings sowie der Darstellung der Elfenkulturen in The Witcher 2 sowie The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt.

An introduction to constructed languages, language creation communities, constructed language users, and type of constructed languages. Examples include Esperanto, Klingon, Tolkien's Elvish, the Akana languages, and others.

- by Darin Arrick
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- J. R. R. Tolkien, Linguistics, Esperanto, Constructed Languages

Although a relatively minor project in terms of its impact on the broader international language movement, Basic English is interesting for the elaborate semiotic theory that lies behind it. The creator of Basic, Charles Kay Ogden (1889–1957), is today remembered chiefly as co-author of The Meaning of Meaning, a book widely regarded as a classic of early twentieth-century semiotics. In this paper, we engage in a critical examination of the design of Basic and demonstrate how it essentially represents an implementation of the key doctrines set out in that book, tempered by the practical exigencies of language construction. We focus on Ogden’s method of ‘panoptic conjugation’, which he used to select the Basic core vocabulary of 850 words, as well as his conception of the grammar of Basic as an outgrowth of its vocabulary. We observe additionally how Ogden’s approach does not result in a self-contained, independent international language, but rather a language that is subservient to Standard English idiom.

- by James McElvenny
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- Interlinguistics, Semiotics, Semantics, Language Planning and Policy

Artificial languages -- languages which have been consciously designed -- have been created for more than 900 years, although the number of them has increased considerably in recent decades, and by the early 21st century the total figure probably was in the thousands. There have been several goals behind their creation; the traditional one (which applies to some of the best-known artificial languages, including Esperanto) is to make international communication easier. Some other well-known artificial languages, such as Klingon, have been designed in connection with works of fiction. Still others are simply personal projects.
A traditional way of classifying artificial languages involves the extent to which they make use of material from natural languages. Those artificial languages which are created mainly by taking material from one or more natural languages are called a posteriori languages (which again include well-known languages such as Esperanto), while those which do not use natural languages as sources are a priori languages (although many a posteriori languages have a limited amount of a priori material, and some a priori languages have a small number of a posteriori components). Between these two extremes are the mixed languages, which have large amounts of both a priori and a posteriori material.
Artificial languages can also be classified typologically (as natural languages are) and by how and how much they have been used. Many linguists seem to be biased against research on artificial languages, although some major linguists of the past have been interested in them.

- by Alan Libert
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- Languages, Languages and Linguistics, Artificial Language, Linguistics

By using the fundamentals of human language, we may be able to achieve complete vertical integration for software languages, allowing one language to do everything from low level programming to chatting with humans. Most software languages can't be used for making content , documentation or having a discussion. Because the vocabulary and grammar of most software languages is so limited, it is impossible to gain conversational fluency, thus they never rise to the status of human language, but sit as merely a code. After years of research, analysis, data-mining and prototypes , a language has been made that not only allows for human-computer discourse and programming, but surprisingly can also be usable as a highly formal pivot language between the majority of human languages. As of this writing, beta-testing seems to be just a short time away. In conclusion, a single language to unite all languages is viable at least to the degree that it has already been implemented. It can translate between controlled variants of most, possibly all human languages. Though further work is needed to prove that those controlled variants can be easily learned by natural language speakers. It can't translate between different software languages, but may be able to vertically integrate all the purposes of software and human languages into one language. Further work is needed in order to prove that to a higher degree of certainty. CCS Concepts • Software and its engineering →General programming languages; • Human-centered computing →Natural language interfaces; Keywords grammar, programming language, pivot language * A vertically integrated software language based on the common features of the majority of human languages.

- by Logan Streondj
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- Computer Science, Programming Languages, Constructed Languages

Words for berries in natural languages are of several types: semantically transparent compounds, e.g. English blueberry, somewhat semantically opaque compounds, e.g. English cranberry and raspberry, where it is not clear what the semantic contribution of the first component is (if there is any), and non-compounds, e.g. French fraise 'strawberry'. In addition, the set of fruits which are labelled as berries can differ in different languages. Given this variation, it would be interesting to look at such words in artificial (or constructed) languages, i.e. languages which have been consciously created. The most successful artificial language is Esperanto, but there have been more than a thousand others. This paper will look at terms for berries in various types of artificial languages: a posteriori artificial languages (e.g. Esperanto), which use one or more natural languages as sources, a priori languages (e.g. Ro), which do not do this, and mixed languages (e.g. Volapük), which occupy a middle ground between the first two types. A posteriori languages can be further classified according to which languages they are based on. Questions to be investigated include whether terms for berries are compounds, and if so, whether they are fully transparent, which sources these terms are taken from (in the case of a posteriori languages drawing on more than one languages), the ways in which they are similar in form (in the case of some a priori languages), and which fruits are treated as berries. From this work one might uncover general trends in the development of the vocabularies of artificial languages.

- by Alan Libert
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- Languages, Languages and Linguistics, Artificial Language, Linguistics

The international auxiliary language Esperanto is probably the best known constructed language in the world, but also one of the most heavily criticised ones. Although it was meant to solve the problem of international understanding, there is still widespread and excessive criticism on Esperantoʼs account by lay people and linguists alike who think it actually cannot solve it and who, for various reasons, consider it linguistically inferior to their native tongues. As a result, this paper deals with the reasons behind the unpopularity of Esperanto, well-known critics of Esperanto, and widely proposed changes to its most criticised points. It closely examines 16 common structural ʻflawsʼ of the language at the orthographic, phonologic, morphologic, semantic and syntactic level, trying to show that there are still significant knowledge deficits behind these persistent objections. It has to be pointed out that all the criticised structural characteristics in this paper are dealt with objectively and scientifically, trying to show that all languages can come under close scrutiny as Esperanto often does. However, we are well aware that natural languages do not conform to the same rules and objections as planned languages still do.

Since its cultural inception less than 300 years ago, modern conlanging has become ever more popular. By examining individual constructed languages – reasons for their creation, the dominant linguistic qualities, their creators, and the impact they have on pop culture, art, and academia – we can better understand this rising popular linguistic phenomenon.

In recent years, the rapid growth of the video game industry has attracted much scholarly attention to video game translation. Mangiron and O’Hagan (2006, 2013) borrowed the notion of transcreation from Translation Studies and wrote that video games must be sometimes transcreated so as to retain the original gameplay experience. Nevertheless, the authors’ description has been challenged due to the emergence of constructed languages in video games. Constructed languages are man-made languages that are potentially transcreatable using a group of six translation strategies. Because such languages only became popular in video games after Mangiron and O’Hagan wrote about transcreation, their description failed to explain whether the strategies can be used to translate constructed language text and retain the game’s original gameplay experience.
The present study investigates whether Mangiron and O’Hagan’s transcreative strategies can be used to translate constructed languages in game assets and retain the game’s gameplay experience. The present study analyzes constructed language texts in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim and Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, and categorizes them based on asset type, text type, immersion components, and translation strategies, in order to determine whether transcreative strategies can be used to translate constructed language texts. Results show that transcreative strategies are rarely used for constructed language texts and that the texts are often transliterated or kept unchanged. The present study concludes by recommending that translators select strategies based on gameplay experience and the ways constructed languages and game assets are used in games.

- by 泰榮周
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- Gameplay Experience, Constructed Languages, Transcreation, Game Localization
- by Anna-Maria Sonnemann
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- Interlinguistics, Slavic Linguistics, Constructed Languages

This book evaluates the applicability of the linguistic worldview framework to the analysis of artificial languages and presents the limitations of such an approach. The following research conclusions were formulated: 1. Artificial languages are not a homogeneous group, and their various characteristics necessitate different perspectives in the application of the framework. 2. The binary division between artificial and natural languages is disproved; a scale of naturalness/artificiality is proposed. 3. The language which may be treated as natural is undoubtedly Esperanto. 4. Any study of artificial languages within this framework needs to take into account transfer from other languages known to the respondents as well as cultural influences. The existence of a linguistic worldview typical of Esperanto and presented consistently in the following areas was proved: cultural concepts related to the Movement and stereotype of an Esperantist.

- by Ida Stria
- •
- Interlinguistics, Esperanto, Constructed Languages, Artificial Languages

Among the hundreds of artificial languages put forth as possible
international auxiliary languages, relatively few (e.g. Esperanto, Interlingua) have seen a substantial amount of actual use. Given this, one might think that the study of such languages might have little to offer pragmaticists, and indeed there has been very little pragmatic work on them. However, I would argue that the pragmatic investigation of artificial languages can provide useful insights and information.
Most designers of artificial languages are not professional linguists.
Although they usually say little or nothing about the pragmatics of their languages, what they do say can reveal popular ideas about pragmatics, which may otherwise be difficult to discover. I shall present and discuss relevant remarks by some artificial language designers. I shall also look at several pragmatic features of artificial languages. Although the amount of textual material available in most artificial languages is limited, what exists can be subjected to pragmatic analysis. Perhaps most intriguing are the a priori artificial languages (e.g. aUI), attempts to
build a language without borrowing anything from natural languages, as, on the surface, these languages can appear quite odd. I shall present some texts from several artificial languages with a view to seeing whether even apparently exotic artificial languages have the same pragmatic properties as natural languages. Such work can be seen as contributing to the study of cross-linguistic pragmatics

- by Alan Libert
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- Pragmatics, Artificial Language, International Planned Languages, Esperanto

BĀLAYBALAN, aka Bālaïbalan, Bāl-a i-Balan, and Bâleybelen, an a priori constructed language, represented by a single dictionary, manuscript copies of which are preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Princeton University Library. It was possibly used by the adherents of Ḥorūfīsm (q.v.), a mystical movement that flourished in Iran from the end of the 14th century to the mid-15th century. It is the earliest attested constructed language, and one of a very few that are not of European origin.

- by Charles Häberl
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- Mysticism, Islamic Mysticism, Constructed Languages, Invented Language

The review starts on p. 89.

- by Alan Libert
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- Languages and Linguistics, Esperantic Studies, Artificial Language, Linguistics

A constructed language project in process. Consists of influences from Romance languages as well as from Hindi and Kannada.

In The Lord of the Rings, Book III, Chapter 3 (‘The Uruk-hai’), Pippin is threatened by an unnamed Mordor-orc who utters the following Orcish oath: “Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai”. Although the context makes it clear that this curse is an unflattering description of Saruman and the orcs of Isengard, the problem for students of Tolkien's invented languages is that Tolkien provided three different translations of the curse, none of which was published during his lifetime or necessarily even reflected his precise intentions at the time of writing. As Christopher Tolkien has noted, “it seems clear that my father was at this time devising interpretations of the words, whatever he may have intended them to mean when he first wrote them” (HoMe XII: xii). Yet some reconciliation of Tolkien's divergent translations seems possible if we take into account: (1) various clues as to Tolkien's original intentions in the main text, appendices, and drafts of the novel; (2) the complex and fragmentary nature of Orcish speech as presented by Tolkien; and (3) the usual perils of translation between very different idioms. To anticipate, this paper will suggest that all three of Tolkien's translations were actually correct in one or more Orcish dialects. In defence of this suggestion, a detailed word-by-word analysis of the Mordor-orc's curse is undertaken, as well as an exploration of the origins and development of the so-called "Orcish" dialects of debased Black Speech.

- by Marc Zender
- •
- Philology, Translation Studies, Etymology, Translation theory

This chapter examines possibilities for pragmemes and practs in artificial languages, and whether and how artificial languages differ in these respects from
natural languages. In some controlled languages (a type of artificial language), it is only possible to discuss a small set of topics, meaning that the set of possible
pragmemes is small. Some other artificial languages are designed for use by a particular group of people, in some cases by only one person. Such differences seem
to make some artificial languages quite unlike natural languages; that is, although artificial languages, no matter how strange they may seem on the surface, seem to
resemble natural languages in some areas (e.g. syntax), with respect to pragmemics they appear very different. However, if artificial languages are used to report on
pragmemes (e.g. in fiction), they may (and may have to) allow for a wider range of pragmemes and practs.

- by Alan Libert
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- Pragmatics, International Planned Languages, Esperanto, Intercultural Pragmatics

Although cryptocurrencies and the artificial language Esperanto, designed by L. L. Zamenhof, are quite different types of things, it has been argued that there are resemblances between them. Both slightly positive and negative comparisons have been made. For example, in the the website for Luno, a cryptocurrency exchange company, there is the following statement: "'Luno' is the Esperanto word for 'moon'. Esperanto is a language devised in 1887 with the main aim of being an international medium of communication, effectively a way to connect everyone in the world through language. Bitcoin is a perfect financial equivalent of this, and in some ways an even better way to connect us all". On the other hand, a 2013 webpage in the website of another company, CoinDesk, was entitled "What can bitcoin learn from the failure of [the] 'global' language Esperanto?" In this paper the validity of some such analogies will be examined. Other connections between Esperanto and cryptocurrencies will also be brought up, e.g. the fact that René de Saussure, a significant figure in the early Esperanto movement, "proposed the first 'virtual' worldwide currency-the father of Bitcoin, so to speak" (Gobbo 2020:110).

- by Alan Libert
- •
- Esperanto, Constructed Languages, Artificial Languages, Conlangs

Constructed languages (purposefully invented languages like Esperanto and Klingon) have long captured the human imagination. They can also be used as pedagogical tools in the linguistics classroom to enhance how certain aspects of linguistics are taught and to broaden the appeal of linguistics as a field. In this article, I discuss the history and nature of constructed languages and describe various ways I have successfully brought them into use in the classroom. I conclude from the results of my courses that linguists should take a closer look at how they might benefit from similarly enlisting this often criticized hobby into more mainstream use in the linguistics classroom.

- by Nathan Sanders
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- Languages and Linguistics, Pedagogy, Linguistics, Linguistic Typology
- by Alan Libert
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- Syntax, Esperantic Studies, Artificial Language, International Planned Languages

To some extent, the early twentieth century revival of universal languages was the work of logicians and mathematicians. Pioneers of modern logic such as Frege, Russell and Peano wanted to overcome the diversity and deficiencies of natural languages. Through the rigour of formal logic, they aimed at providing scientific thinking with a reliable medium free from the ambiguity and inconsistencies of ordinary language. This article shows some interconnections between modern logic and the search for a common tongue that would unite scientists and people of all nations. The French mathematician and philosopher Louis Couturat is a key figure in understanding the interplay between these two movements. Through his work in composing the Ido language as an alternative to Esperanto, Couturat gave a new life to the Leibnizian idea of a universal characteristics. In addition, his multifaceted work provides a valuable insight into some political implications of early analytic philosophy.

- by Başak Aray
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- Philosophy Of Language, History of Logic, Esperanto, Constructed Languages
- by Anna-Maria Sonnemann
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- Interlinguistics, Slavic Linguistics, Constructed Languages

Nowruz is very important in countries such as Azerbaijan and Iran, but not well known in the most countries in Europe and the Americas. One would therefore not expect it to receive much attention in media and works in artificial auxiliary languages such as Esperanto (i.e. languages which have been created to facilitate international communication), since most such languages have been created by inhabitants of these countries. On the other hand, since designers and users of such languages generally have an international outlook, it would not be too surprising if mentions or descriptions of Nowruz did sometimes occur in them. In this paper I will discuss appearances of Nowruz (or lack of them) in such languages. One might first note the apparent total absence of references to Nowruz in major auxiliary languages other than Esperanto, e.g. in Volapük, Ido, and Interlingua. This can be explained by the fact that the heyday of these languages was before the current era of globalization, and knowledge of some less familiar countries and cultures was limited. In contrast, Nowruz occasionally appears in non-fiction in Esperanto, and in at least one work of fiction in that language, Ne eblas aplaŭdi unumane ('One cannot Applaud with One Hand') by Sten Johansson. The bulk of this paper will be a discussion of such occurrences.

- by Alan Libert
- •
- Languages, Languages and Linguistics, Esperanto, Constructed Languages

Since his birth in 1892, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien walked many paths during his life, which led him to be known as an author, a linguist, an academic and a mythologist, along with less career-orientated factions denoting him as a soldier, a Roman Catholic and a father. Therefore, it beggars logic to isolate the attributes of Tolkien’s multiplexed career, such that suitable references
can be made in retrospect, highlighting the points in his life that pay dividends to the man as he is known today.

- by Matt Coombes
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- Discourse Analysis, Phonology, Phonetics, Pragmatics

A preview of the first chapter from my forthcoming book "The Elvish Writing Systems of J.R.R. Tolkien", covering Tolkien's history in writing systems, the origins of Sindarin and Quenya, the Tengwar, Cirth and Sarati, a history of Arda... more

- by Matt Coombes
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- Languages and Linguistics, J. R. R. Tolkien, Neuroaesthetics, Artificial Language

Although hundreds of artificial languages designed for international use have been created in the last few centuries (the best known of which is Esperanto), Korea has largely remained outside of this sphere of activity: most such languages were created in Europe or North America, and few of them make use of words from Korean. This is in spite of the fact that there is a reasonably active Esperanto movement in Korea. In this paper I shall examine the situation of artificial auxiliary languages in Korea and focus on the only major Korean artificial language, Unish, which was designed by some members of Sejong University, Seoul. Some properties of Unish will be examined in order to determine whether they can be attributed to the Korean linguistic context. I shall also look at the extent to which Korean vocabulary and grammar have been used in the construction of artificial auxiliary languages created in other countries.

- by Alan Libert
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- Korean Studies, South Korea, Korean linguistics, Esperantic Studies
- by David Samuels
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- Discourse Analysis, Modernity, Constructed Languages, Imagined Futures
- by Martin P . J . Edwardes
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- Cognitive Grammar, Constructed Languages, Grammar

This article touches upon the problem of the manifold forms of the future tense in the group of Slavic languages. Covering a variety of methods of forming the future tense, the author tries to give a description of each form and to define its semantic component. At the end of the article the author concludes from the conducted observations and gives a description of future tense for the project of a pan-Slavic language, codenamed novoslovnica.

- by George Carpow
- •
- Semantics, Slavic Languages, Constructed Languages, Future Tense

Homoj ofte neglektas la gravecon de la rutino, konsiderante ĉiutagaĵojn enuaj. Tamen, dum oni babilas, ridas, suferas kaj laboras en sia ordinara vivo, oni lernas kaj ankaŭ elformas neordinarajn ideojn. Tiamaniere, antaŭ pli ol 130 jaroj, iu homo pensis pri kiel senkonfl ikte rilati kun siaj najbaroj. Rezulte de tiu ŝajne ordinara konsidero, kreiĝis Esperanto. Siavice, ĉi tiu lingvo – samkiel pluraj aliaj planlingvoj – provizis al homoj neatenditajn pensmanierojn, praktikojn kaj formojn de sinesprimo. Kompreni tiajn pensmanierojn kaj praktikojn - kaj videbligi tiajn klopodojn kompreni ilin - estas en la kerno de la ekzistado de la revuo Esperantologio / Esperanto Studies (EES).
Ekde 1949, EES celas kunvenigi bibliografi an korpuson pri temoj rilataj al Esperanto kaj al Interlingvistiko. Ĝi aperigas artikolojn bazitajn sur originalaj studoj pri lingvosciencaj, historiaj, literatursciencaj, psikologiaj,sociologiaj kaj politikaj aspektoj de Esperanto. En ĝi ankaŭ aperas librorecenzoj, esploraj notoj kaj referaĵoj el la Esperantologiaj Konferencoj jare organizataj de la Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado pri Mondaj Lingvaj Problemoj (CED). Fondita de Paul Neergaard kaj poste redaktita de Christer Kiselman, EES troviĝas ekde 2019 sub la aŭspicio de CED. Tiu lastatempa ŝanĝo pri
edaktado ankaŭ entenas ambiciajn projektojn pri ĝisdatigo kaj plibonigo de la revuo.

- by Alan Libert
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- Artificial Language, Altaic Linguistics, International Planned Languages, Esperanto

This in an extended version of a paper that I delivered at the the May 2016 International Medieval Congress at Kalamazoo Michigan. It draws upon newly published material in Tolkien's A Secret Vice - Tolkien on Language Invention... more

- by Andrew Higgins
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- Philology, Languages and Linguistics, J. R. R. Tolkien, Linguistics
- by Alan Libert
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- Languages, Languages and Linguistics, Artificial Language, Linguistics

The author of the article discusses a special manner of existence of constructed languages created within the boundaries of science ﬁction. The subject matter occupies a special place in the general theory and practice of science ﬁction within the frames of the confrontation of languages and modiﬁcation of the existing linguistic systems. The article contains a brief outline of constructed languages categorization, in the background of which selected science ﬁction works focused on language communication, as well as the presentation of two most popular fantasy systems – Laadan and Klingon.

- by Mariusz M Leś
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- Science Fiction, Constructed Languages, Klingon