Consumer Protection (Law) Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Law and Policy Review (LPR)

International and bilateral relations are often challenged by cultural clashes that hinder communication and compromise the ADR and other legal frameworks. Such culture-related issues may result in suspicion, lack of faith, or rigid attitudes which makes mediation exceedingly difficult. Crosscultural mediation, defined as dispute resolution that accounts for and integrates relevant cultural differences, has become increasingly important in those cases. While trained mediators are essential in navigating such issues, the additional use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) systems raises new levels of neutrality and efficiency. This research analyzes the impact of AI language models on cultural mediation, focusing on the mitigation of cultural biases, enhanced dispute communication, and advanced automated data dispute analysis. The study evaluates available global approaches and relevant legal documents aiming to demonstrate advantages and restrictions regarding the employment of AI in multi-faceted dispute resolution. The research also addresses an emerging gap in the literature, where the relationship between AI, culture, and ADR have received insufficient academic attention. Ultimately, this paper argues for a balanced approach: one that leverages AI as a support mechanism rather than a substitute for human judgment, while also advocating for modernized legal frameworks to ensure ethical, transparent, and culturally sensitive deployment of AI in mediation and conciliation.

2025, Acta Iuris Stetinensis

The purpose of this paper is to present changes in legislation during 2013-2017 in the area of consensual dispute resolution with the participation of consumers-in particular with regard to the emergence of electronic procedures. Various features of the analysis of law in force as well as the analysis of law as has it evolved in history are used in the implementation of this objective. The author addresses model European solutions provided under Regulation (EU) No 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC (Regulation on consumer ODR) and presents two important institutions of consensual dispute resolution with the participation of consumers within the framework of the European ODR platform. The author concludes that the introduction of digital procedures cuts down expenses, the duration of disputes and provides a realistic option of achieving its final result; it is also stressed that this is of particular significance in the resolution of cross-border disputes within 90 days -where we encounter obstacles in

2025, Acta Iuridica Resoviensia

This article concerns the analysis of selected issues related to the implementation of the constitutional guarantee of consumer safety by the public authorities in the times of COVID-19, in the financial services market and energy market. The author first underlines the role of Article 76 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in the consumers’ protection system, and then presents the semantic revolution of the notion of “consumer’ safety”. Furthermore, the activities of the public authorities are presented related to consumer safety in the financial services market and energy market during the pandemic. It can be noted that while such activities were in fact undertaken by the legislator, they lacked coherence with EU law or solutions that had already been developed by trade practice. The undertaken legislative initiatives were not always consistently implemented. The author concludes that the implementation of a reasonable goal of “consumer safety” by the public authorities ...

2025

RESUMO: O superendividamento é, atualmente, um problema social resultante de diversos fatores, entre os quais não se pode negar a incontestável influência do capitalismo na cultura do consumo. Nesse contexto, surge a Lei 14.181/2021 (Lei do Superendividamento), que altera o microssistema de proteção ao consumidor e o Estatuto do Idoso, visando à proteção do consumidor pessoa natural, superendividada e de boa-fé, tendo como parâmetro o mínimo existencial. Esse mínimo existencial é regulamentado pelo Decreto 11.150/2022, que recebe críticas incisivas por não contemplar adequadamente a realidade social. Assim, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar, de forma exploratória, o mínimo existencial enquanto categoria jurídica positivada pelo Decreto 11.150/2022 e seus impactos na Lei do Superendividamento, avaliando sua inconstitucionalidade. A pesquisa foi de abordagem qualitativa, de natureza aplicada e objetivos exploratórios, sistematizada por meio de procedimentos de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e de pesquisa em processos judiciais. O marco para a análise da inconstitucionalidade foi a Teoria Geral do Controle de Constitucionalidade, que serviu de base para um enquadramento crítico e reflexivo, fortalecido por um levantamento empírico. Notase que o Decreto 11.150/2022 sofreu duas alterações que esvaziaram o conceito de mínimo existencial: inicialmente, estabelecendo o percentual de 25% do saláriomínimo de 2022 (R$ 303), e, atualmente, fixando o valor em R$ 600. Uma concepção de mínimo existencial comprometida com a realidade social, por sua vez, deve englobar as necessidades de cada caso e garantir os direitos sociais e fundamentais no processo de repactuação da dívida. Diante disso, o Decreto foi analisado à luz das hipóteses de controle de constitucionalidade por meio de ação direta, sendo identificada a adequação para a proposição de arguição de descumprimento de preceito fundamental (ADPF). O levantamento empírico constatou que três ações constitucionais foram recebidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal nessa hipótese (ADPFs 1005, 1006 e 1097), propostas pela Associação Nacional das Defensoras e Defensores Públicos e pela Associação Nacional dos Membros do Ministério Público. De modo geral, as linhas argumentativas das petições indicaram a necessidade de maior proteção ao consumidor, a insuficiência do valor atual do mínimo existencial para garantir o mínimo vital e a urgência de políticas eficazes de prevenção e tratamento do superendividamento. Assim, concluise que o Decreto 11.150/2022 está aquém dos indicadores sociais, das demandas de acadêmicos e especialistas, bem como da sociedade civil organizada. Sua manutenção, nos termos atuais, é prejudicial à ordem constitucional e contribui para a perpetuação da pobreza e miserabilidade. Portanto, é necessário adotar uma concepção de mínimo existencial estratégica e comprometida, que seja aplicada de * Professora Adjunta de Direito Civil da Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB) e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Sustentabilidade (PPGCS/UFSB) da mesma instituição. Doutora (UGF), Mestra (UFSC) e Bacharela em Direito (UFES). Advogada. Líder do Grupo de Pesquisa em Direito das Relações Privadas (DIVA/CNPq). Coordenadora do Programa Extensionista Cidadania, Autonomia e Direito (PexCIADI/UFSB). Lattes: lattes.cnpq.br/7514281584068465. Orcid: orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-491X.

2025, Revista de Derecho Administrativo

Las superintendencias en Chile se caracterizan por detentar potestades comúnmente denominadas como “normativas”, las que se expresan en la facultad de interpretar las leyes y reglamentos respectivos, así como de dictar normas, circulares... more

2025, Deep Science Publishing

2025, Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad

The paper addresses solutions of the recently adopted Digital Content Directive (abbreviated: DCD) with the focus on its major novelty being the possibility of a consumer to provide his personal data in lieu of a price in return for a digital content or a digital service. Though this social phenomenon has been known in practice for quite some time, the DCD is the first instrument of the European Union (abbreviated: EU) that accepted such reality by laying down a legal framework tailor-made to such contractual performance. Prior to its adoption, the main concern was how to reconcile two aspects of personal data: the fact that the right to the protection of personal data presents a fundamental human right, on one hand, and a rising use of such data as an object of contractual performance in the digital environment, on the other hand. The need to conciliate these two dimensions of personal data led to some revisions of the European Commission's Proposal of the DCD. These changes led, inter alia, to a clear reference in the DCD to the already existing regime for the protection of personal data at the EU level epitomised in the General Data Protection Regulation * This paper was presented at the International Scientific Conference Legal Tradition and New Legal Challenges, held on October 3 rd and 4 th , 2019, at the University of Novi Sad Faculty of Law. (abbreviated: GDPR). Apart from relevant solutions of the DCD, the paper also examines arguments favouring the DCD implementation in Serbian legal system, proposing at the same time the most appropriate piece of legislation for that.

2025, Deep Science Publishing

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are enabling financial institutions to expand access to credit. It has allowed for a democratization process that makes credit available to millions of 'real people with real families with real dreams.' Beyond the philosophical issues brought by the use of AI, a critical aspect of any credit decision is trust: that we can trust the bank to identify who can or cannot access credit; and that credit decisions are not serving as vehicles to sift. Unreliable data may drive undesirable outcomes. Among the most severe negative externalities is that financial institutions may inadvertently sort out plaintiffs for premiums that make access to credit expensive. Moreover, there are financial markets that are underbanked and for which AI and alternative data sources have the potential to open doors for thousands of individuals. However, as the risks are barely non-identical commingling that remains unresolved, developing counter-majoritarian machines with broader training can deliver unjustified or over-stochastic outcomes. The gender, ethnicity, and nativity biases are not an example; they are just the tip of the iceberg. Underbanking and affordability of finance are major issues faced by many individuals and families around the world, and the advancement of more considerate AI algorithms aiming at minimizing information asymmetries within the financial sector can contribute to tackling these problems . This short symposium piece discusses the implications of machine learning and artificial intelligence for consumer credit markets. It starts from a brief overview of underwriting,

2025, Deep Science Publishing

Machine learning has, in recent years, become one of the most important developments in the world of technology and big data. Computers process and store large amounts of structured and unstructured data. Machine learning methods can allow computers to sift through and classify this data, recognize patterns, and make predictions or decisions based on those patterns. These methods can help in a wide variety of decision-making problems: they do not need detailed theory about the underlying process, and they can identify subtle and complex interactions. Cutting through all the hoopla and hyperbole surrounding machine learning, it is possible to identify a few simple use cases that account for most of the successful applications of ML. Generally, almost all machine learning revolves around four important steps: (1) choose representation or feature set, (2) choose a model, (3) choose a loss function, and (4) choose an optimization algorithm. In financial services, the use of machine learning has become widespread. Consumer and commercial lenders, payment card issuers, investment banks, and asset management companies all use machine learning to some degree to answer a broad range of questions. These range from predicting which consumers are likely to pay back a loan, identifying which suspects are likely to be engaged in money laundering, recognizing which transactions are likely to be fraud, classifying consumer and small business loans that should be sold, trading on opportunities in the market, and optimizing consumer collections when a loan has gone into default. Companies that do not use advanced analytics methods like these in their risk and marketing operations have long been recognized as leaving money on the table. But today, many of the most sophisticated players are relying on ML not only to extract more data from their current operations but Deep Science Publishing

2025, Deep Science Publishing

2025

In upholding the principle of consumerism, which illustrates the desire to protect or promote the interest of consumers, there is the likelihood that within standard form contracts, the consumer is at a weaker position in terms of bargaining strength and prospects of safeguarding their rights under such contracts. Standard agreements are generally considered to be contracts of adhesion where one party drafts the entire contract and the other party merely accepts or confirms what has been arrived at by the other party. Thus, the aim of this paper is to show how the rights of consumers are sometimes violated with the prevalence of standard form contracts/standard agreements. In achieving the said objective, the content analysis approach was adopted. Our findings reveal that consumers are sometimes at risk when concluding standard agreements with sellers or service providers, since they are hardly conversant with the terms of the contract and given that they have little or no means to make propositions therein before accepting. This gives a leeway for some authors of such contracts to defraud consumers through the use of excluding and limiting terms. This is mostly compounded by the fact that there is often little or no time given to consumers to acquaint themselves with the terms before contracting. It is therefore submitted inter alia that consumers should be given the latitude or reasonable time to properly read through or get conversant with the terms of these agreements before expressing consent to them.

2025

It comes as no surprise that the growing influence of the internet and information technologies have ushered in the development of a medium of transacting or doing business called 'Electronic Commerce'. Pertinent concerns are raised as to whether this form of commerce guarantees parties' expectations and standards. Indeed, it is no gainsay that with such transactions lays a pointer to the entitlements and responsibilities of parties in the electronic contract/transaction. These aspects can be achieved through principles and doctrines that help aid parties in reaching a favourable contract outcome while acknowledging and/or with due regard to relevant legislation. As such, the aim of this paper is to ascertain the relevance of the 'Caveat' doctrine as a guide to electronic commerce transactions in Cameroon with a view to determining how useful it is in protecting the consumer in such transactions. Therefore, in achieving the said objective, the content analysis approach was adopted. Our findings reveal that the electronic commerce environment needs a more appropriate doctrine to guide commercial transactions between the buyer and the seller, and which particularly favours the protection of consumers who are most vulnerable in electronic contracts. This gives way for attention to be tilted to the 'Caveat Venditor' rule as a fundamental doctrine that assures consumer protection even in the realm of electronic commerce.

2025, Dialoghi di Diritto dell'Economia

2025, European integration studies

In these days, lending in foreign currencies is one of the most complex economic and social problems, which arises several legal questions not only in those Member States of the European Union, where such contractual constructions have been applied, but in relation to the judicial practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter CJEU). The study was inspired by the CJEU’s new judgement, which was recently published, in September 2017. This judgement facilitates to examine some problematic questions in detail, with reference to the interpretation of Directive 93/13/EEC and with regard to the specialities of the Hungarian regulatory environment. Notwithstanding the fact, that both the Hungarian legislator and the bodies applying law intended to close the debates on the lending in foreign currencies, statistics show the opposite. Between 1 November 2013 and 31 December 2016, more than 36,000 cases were submitted to the different courts from all over Hungary. About 19...

2025

RESUMO Objetivos: O presente artigo analisa o crime de menor potencial ofensivo de infringir as regras do poder público destinadas a impedir a disseminação da doença contagiosa, previsto no artigo 268 do Código Penal brasileiro. Metodologia: A pesquisa utiliza o método analítico-normativo, que estabelece requisitos formais para a lógica de um discurso jurídico racional. Resultados: O artigo demonstra que mesmo se tratando de um crime de perigo abstrato, o tipo penal não viola o princípio da lesividade, uma vez que os princípios são mandamentos de otimização e não podem impedir que o direito penal se antecipe aos fatos e evite ou reduza danos à incolumidade pública que a disseminação de epidemias pode provocar. O artigo demonstra ainda que o núcleo verbal do tipo penal está descrito de forma objetivamente determinável, permitindo ao cidadão identificar claramente a conduta proibida, de modo que não há que se falar em violação do princípio da reserva legal. Contribuições: O artigo ana...

2025

Cartel damage evaluation: a case study on the liquefied petroleum gas cartel in Pará, Brazil / Nathalie Gressler Afonso. -2017. 84 f. Dissertação (mestrado) -Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola de Pós-Graduação em Economia.

2025

Collusive practices carried out by cartels have proven to be extremely harmful to economic efficiency and social welfare. Cartel detection and damage evaluation have become a priority among antitrust agencies around the world. However, both are challenging tasks. In particular, economists and regulators have different views on how to define cartel damage and on the most appropriate methodology to estimate it. This paper aims at comparing the performance of different damage evaluation methodologies applied to the liquefied petroleum gas cartel in Pará state, Brazil. Cartel damages were estimated by a multivariate regression method and by a difference-in-differences approach. Our results suggest that estimated damages are sensitive to the chosen methodology, with estimated price overcharge ranging from 10% to 17%.

2025

2025, International Journal of Legal and Social Order

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed the ticketing industry, with the proliferation of ticket scalping bots posing a major challenge to fair consumer access. This paper explores the historical context of ticket scalping, its evolution in the digital age, and the legal and technological measures implemented to counteract its adverse effects. The discussion highlights key legislative responses, including the BOTS Act in the United States, the Digital Economy Act in the United Kingdom, and the EU's Omnibus Directive, assessing their effectiveness in regulating AI-driven scalping practices. Additionally, the paper examines industry-led solutions such as blockchain-based ticketing and personalized tickets, alongside contractual restrictions imposed by event organizers. Through a comparative legal analysis, this study argues for a balanced approach that integrates legislative, technological, and contractual measures to mitigate AIdriven ticket scalping while ensuring fair access for consumers.

2025

This paper examines the challenge of algorithmic discrimination in judicial decision-making. It explores how artificial intelligence (AI) tools can inadvertently reproduce and amplify biases present in training algorithms and data, undermining neutrality in judicial decisions. Explainability is not a mere technical feature but a fundamental requirement for AI systems to be used in the judicial decision-making process. The use of Explainable AI systems in the judiciary would enable legal practitioners to critically assess and validate AI-generated outputs. According to the Colombian Constitutional Court's ruling T-323/24, ensuring that AI models are transparent and interpretable is essential to both mitigate the risk of discriminatory biases and give transparency to AI-assisted judicial decision-making.

2025, Algorithmic discrimination and explainable artificial intelligence in the judiciary: a case study of the Constitutional Court of Colombia

2025, Nigeria Police Academy Law Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1

This paper focuses on protecting buyers and consumers from misleading advertisements in electronic commerce (e-commerce) through legislations from Nigeria and selected foreign jurisdictions of China and India, due to the existing electronic commerce laws in those foreign jurisdictions. This work adopts doctrinal and analytical approach to legal research, using both primary and secondary sources of legal research materials. This work finds that although there are provisions on misleading advertising in the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act (FCCPA) 2019, when juxtaposed with the Electronic Commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China 2018 and the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2021 of India, there are salient provisions missing under the FCCPA which pertain specifically to misleading advertising in electronic commerce for example prohibition of deleting negative reviews by e-commerce sellers. This work recommends amongst others, amending the FCCPA to accommodate this challenge.

2025

Di tengah maraknya tekanan standar tubuh ideal, penggunaan obat diabetes Ozempic sebagai pelangsing viral di media sosial. Tanpa disadari, hal ini mencerminkan bandwagon fallacy, dimana masyarakat mengikuti arus karena "semua orang melakukannya". Awalnya dikembangkan untuk DM tipe 2, ozempic kini disalahgunakan tanpa pertimbangan medis, sehingga dapat menimbulkan resiko kesehatan serius dan lonjakan permintaan menyebabkan kelangkaan obat bagi penderita diabetes. Popularitasnya didorong oleh testimoni selebriti dan influencer, yang seringkali mengabaikan efek samping serta pentingnya konsultasi dokter. Tren ini memperlihatkan bagaimana tekanan sosial dan narasi media dapat menggeser keputusan kesehatan dari pertimbangan ilmiah menjadi sekadar ikut-ikutan. Melalui pendekatan filosofis dan analisis sosial, esai ini mengajak pembaca untuk edukasi tentang kesesatan berpikir, menyadari pentingnya berpikir rasional di era digital, serta menuntut perlunya regulasi dan edukasi untuk mencegah penyimpangan penggunaan obat di masa depan.

2025

2025, A PROTEÇÃO JURÍDICA DO CONSUMIDOR COM DEFICIÊNCIA: A HIPERVULNERABILIDADE E A EFETIVIDADE DO CDC

O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro traz a proteção do consumidor orientada por princípios que reconhecem a desigualdade estrutural nas relações de consumo, principalmente quanto à assimetria de informação, poder econômico e capacidade técnica. Apontada como característica inerente ao hipossuficiente da relação de consumo, isto é, o consumidor, o CDC consagra a vulnerabilidade como pressuposto da Política Nacional das Relações de Consumo. Entretanto, muito além do conceito amplo de vulnerabilidade apontado no artigo 4º, inciso I, do Código de Defesa do Consumidor (CDC), se faz mister destacar situações em que a referida vulnerabilidade é potencializada por fatores específicos como a idade, condição econômica, grau de instrução ou deficiência. É nesse contexto que emerge o conceito da hipervulnerabilidade, em especial no que diz respeito à pessoa com deficiência, cuja proteção exige não apenas medidas jurídicas formais, mas também políticas de inclusão, acessibilidade e informação eficaz. Isto porque, a inclusão do consumidor com deficiência ainda enfrenta grandes desafios no mercado de consumo como as diversas barreiras dispostas no Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência (EPD), quais sejam as barreiras arquitetônicas, comunicacionais, tecnológicas e atitudinais. Diante do exposto, o presente artigo busca analisar o conceito de hipervulnerabilidade do consumidor com deficiência a partir do diálogo entre o Código de Defesa do Consumidor (CDC) e a Lei Brasileira de Inclusão da Pessoa Com Deficiência (LBI), responsável por trazer critérios objetivos acerca de que é a pessoa com deficiência, as barreiras enfrentadas por elas, bem como os deveres do Estado e da sociedade em sua tutela. Pretende-se analisar de que maneira o CDC garante ou poderá garantir à pessoa com deficiência um ambiente adequado para o exercício das suas relações de consumo, de forma que tenha seus direitos e necessidades respeitados diante das normas gerais que o EPD estabeleceu. 2 A VULNERABILIDADE E A HIPERVULNERABILIDADE: DOIS LADOS DA MESMA MOEDA Em 1985, a Sessão Plenária da ONU, número 106, por meio da resolução nº 39/248, definiu o Princípio da Vulnerabilidade do consumidor, reconhecendo que o hipossuficiente na relação de consumo é o consumidor. No âmbito nacional, o Código de Defesa do Consumidor trouxe em seu texto normativo o Princípio da Vulnerabilidade, localizado em seu artigo 4º, inciso I: Art. 4º A Política Nacional das Relações de Consumo tem por objetivo o atendimento das necessidades dos consumidores, o respeito à sua dignidade, saúde e segurança, a proteção de seus interesses econômicos, a melhoria da sua qualidade de vida, bem como a transparência e harmonia das relações de consumo, atendidos os seguintes princípios: (Redação dada pela Lei nº 9.008, de 21.3.1995). I -reconhecimento da vulnerabilidade do consumidor no mercado de consumo;

2025

Belakangan ini tren penurunan berat badan instan melalui penggunaan obat-obatan medis semakin marak, salah satunya adalah penggunaan ozempic yang awalnya dikembangkan untuk pengobatan diabetes tipe 2. Ozempic kini populer sebagai obat pelangsing di kalangan selebriti dan masyarakat luas, di Indonesia tren ini mulai diikuti tanpa pemahaman yang cukup mengenai efek samping dan resiko jangka panjangnya. Salah satu kesesatan berpikir yang sering muncul dalam kasus ini adalah fallacy of the bandwagon, yaitu anggapan bahwa sesuatu benar atau aman hanya karena banyak orang melakukannya, terutama public figure.

2025, Esai Filsafat Kelompok 3 Demam Ozempic: Sesat Pikir Bandwagon pada Masyarakat Akibat Influencer dan Selebriti Amerika Serikat Pasca 2022

2025

Kullanımları her geçen gün artan akıllı yardımcıların (Amazon Alexa", "Google Assistant" veya "Apple Siri" gibi) kurduğu sözleşmeler, tüketici ve satıcı veya sağlayıcı arasında kurulan bir mesafeli sözleşmedir. Mesafeli sözleşmelerde tüketiciyi koruma amacıyla getirilen bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü akıllı yardımcılar aracılığıyla kurulan sözleşmelerde de mevcuttur. Ancak bu sözleşmelerde sınırlı bilgilendirme yeterli görülmeli, bilgilendirmenin şekli de bu tip sözleşmeler bakımından yeniden düzenlenmelidir.

2025

El presente artículo analiza la lucha legal de años recientes que sucede entre las cadenas de cine en el Perú contra la entidad reguladora de la protección al consumidor, INDECOPI, por la entrada de alimentos de fuera de los cines a las instalaciones. La jurisprudencia de estos acontecimientos se vuelve relevantes en cuanto revelan necesidades de la protección al consumidor que no se tienen generalmente en cuenta en los diferentes países de América Latina. En este sentido, a través del análisis de lo que implica la protección al consumidor y la inspección legal de las resoluciones del caso mencionado, se llegará a entender la relevancia de que los cines permitan que los clientes ingresen con alimentos de fuera de las instalaciones. Relevancia que impacta sobre la libertad de elección de los consumidores, la libertad de uso del servicio prestado y la obligación del trato justo por parte de las empresas privadas. En este sentido, el presente artículo esclarece sobre la percepción de la protección al consumidor y aplicación al caso presente a través de la exploración de material académico relevante para generar apreciaciones cualitativas respecto al tema y el análisis legal de textos jurídicos concernientes a la mencionada batalla legal por la protección al consumidor que se figura relevante sobre el derecho comparado en el futuro. Palabras clave: Indecopi, cadenas de cine, ingreso de alimentos, debate Conocimiento Global e Interdisciplinario n°9 INDECOPI vs. Cadenas de cines en el Perú: la relevancia del debate del ingreso de alimentos a los cines 205

2025

O presente trabalho visa estudar as figuras de retórica nos títulos dos anúncios publicitários de marcas latinas, com o intuito de perceber até que ponto essas figuras desempenham a função dos argumentos persuasivos na publicidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com caráter interpretativo, privilegiando, essencialmente, o método de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. No entanto, o corpus é constituído por dez peças publicitárias todas de versão online. Tais são Titanium (marca de perfume), Dux (marca de champô hidratante), Regina (marca de galinha), Animus (nome que designa um serviço de saúde mental), Vitalis (marca de água mineral), Petra (marca de cerveja), Fiat (marca de automóvel), Bis (marca de biscoito), Nivea (marca de desodorante) e Lux (marca de sabonete). Em cada título dos respetivos anúncios são identificados uma ou várias figuras de retórica, entre as quais se destacam: a anáfora, a analogia, a antítese, a hipérbole, a metáfora, a personificação e a sinestesia. ...

2025, Aplicabilidade do Código de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor ao Comércio Eletrônico Brasileiro

This monograph talks specially about the application of the Code of Protection and Defense of the Consumer to the electronic Brazilian commerce and about the most relevant aspects of the electronic contracts and his legal validity. The subject is relatively recent, and as regards the electronic contract there is still not specific national legislation that regularizes his formalization. On account of this lack of specific legislation, the doctrine and the jurisprudence they have been welcoming the application of international standards in the solution of the originating conflicts in this way of contraction, however, as for the legal validity of the electronic contracts, there is no doubt of which, when the law does not demand special form, the electronic contract is perfectly applicable, when since the general beginnings of the contractual traditional theory were observed. The matter is a relevant and awake great attention in function of the significant increase of the sales of products, services and informations through the electronic ways.

2025, ВЕСТНИК АКАДЕМИИ ПРАВООХРАНИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОРГАНОВ ПРИ ГЕНЕРАЛЬНОЙ ПРОКУРАТУРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН

This article explores the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to mitigate the misuse of the “The client is always right” principle, often exploited for unfair advantages. While consumer rights are well-protected, businesses increasingly face consumer extremism, manifesting as abusive behaviors like unwarranted returns, fraudulent service claims. AI technologies, including machine learning and natural language processing, offer solutions by identifying patterns of abuse, analyzing sentiment and intent, and automating decision-making processes. This proactive approach allows businesses to detect and prevent consumer extremism, protecting both their financial interests and employee well-being. However, ethical considerations, particularly regarding bias in AI systems, must be addressed to ensure fair and transparent practices. This research utilizes a qualitative literature review and ethical and legal modeling to analyze the challenges and opportunities of implementing AI to counter consumer extremism, advocating for a balanced approach that protects both businesses and consumers.

2025, supervision and inspection

Background and Objective: Cognitive warfare has been designed as one of the new tools of information and psychological warfare, especially against security and law enforcement forces. This war uses false information, rumors, and psychological techniques to influence public opinion and the beliefs of law enforcement personnel and their families. The purpose of this article is to examine and develop a model for protecting law enforcement personnel and their families against cognitive warfare threats.
Methodology: To develop the aforementioned model, a qualitative research method based on content analysis and semi-structured in-depth interviews was used. The samples were selected from a combination of senior managers and experienced law enforcement commanders, experts in psychology, media and cybersecurity, and researchers in the fields of security, cognitive warfare and social protection, in a total of 20 people, until theoretical saturation was reached. The sampling method is purposive. The validity and reliability of the research were assessed using a three-way approach, namely combining data from interviews, analysis of existing literature, and practical experiences to increase the accuracy and validity of the results.
Findings: A protection model with 8 macro dimensions (education and culture building; psychological and social support; technical and supervisory measures; crisis management and coordination at different levels; socio-cultural dimension; security and cyber dimension; managerial and organizational dimension; and legal and regulatory dimension); 30 components and more than 80 indicators were developed.
Results: The model developed to protect law enforcement personnel and their families in cognitive warfare is a comprehensive response to the complex and multi-layered threats that endanger the mental, social, and organizational health of this group in today's environment. This model, by considering various dimensions, from education to cybersecurity, provides operational strategies to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience.

2025

La Tercera se reserva el derecho a editar los textos, que no serán devueltos. @aundurragav: "Concejales de oposicion de Recoleta marcan precedente al rechazar renuncia a alcaldesa para que asuma otro cargo: No se abandona a la gente". Alberto Undurraga V., alcalde de Maipú. @silviabaezav: "Tremendo tema el de financiar con fondos públicos a los partidos políticos, interesante propuesta en debate hoy en Comision de Etica Senado". Silvia Baeza, investigadora Libertad y Desarrollo. @frank_sauerbaum: "De acuerdo con una reforma tributaria sólo para Bajar impuestos a la clase media que trabaja 4 meses para el estado y no ve ningun beneficio". Frank Sauerbaum, diputado RN. @marcelomena: "Divertido ese eslogan 'Codelco buen vecino' si es que cada vez que hay problema ambiental te relocalizan. Buen ex vecino?". Marcelo Mena, dir. Centro de Suistentabilidad Unab. @andresamengual: "La Unión Europea y su falta de moral. Libia sí, Siria no". Andrés Amengual. @JosePinera: "Un año de valiosa iniciativa: el 'Defensor del Lector' en La Tercera (). Felicitaciones. ¿Pq no en todos los diarios?". José Piñera.

2025, Journal of Air Law and Commerce

I will send forth My terror before you, and I will throw into panic all the people among whom you come, and I will make all your enemies turn tail before you ... I will drive them out before you little by little, until you have increased... more

2025, iJournals: International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern (IJSRC)

This paper examines the societal issues that young adults face with traditional credit scoring systems. This includes the problem of credit invisibility and the use of outdated metrics that assess one's financial standing. It analyzes how newer potential earners are disadvantaged by traditional models through the exclusion of nontraditional indicators such as rent, utilities, and even modern digital payments. This covers both the US and South Korea, highlighting the increased credit exposure risks and plummeting credit scores of Korean as well as American youth. This research proposes a solution in three steps: the use of alternative financial data, increasing the transparency of AI systems in credit evaluation, and holistic financial literacy. This will reform the credit system into one that actively encourages the inclusion of young adults, mitigates societal risk, and grants unrestricted access to economic opportunities.