Crop Physiology Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural science

Cantaloupe is a high value crop growing in greenhouse. Economical crop yield reduction due to heat stress, caused by global warming is an emerging issue of cantaloupe. High temperature significantly decreases the plant performances and finally effect on the crop yield. Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulates cellular and physiological processes and environment response to abiotic stress of plants. To find out the best concentration of BRs for alleviate the high temperature stress of cantaloupe, plant physio-chemical behaviors and yield responses were evaluated after the application of four concentrations of exogenous BRs (24epibrassinolide, EBR) to cantaloupe plants grown under 47 ± 3 °C. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 concentration, proline and malondialdehyde contents, electrolyte leakage, catalase and peroxidase activity, fruit position, fruit yield, total soluble solid content and fruit firmness were significantly differed according to the type of cultivar and EBR concentration. EBR concentration at 0.1 -0.2 mg L -1 given significant results in order to reduce the impacts of high temperature under greenhouse environment. Higher EBR concentrations than 0.2 mg L -1 recorded negative effect on evaluated physiological and biochemical characters. Furthermore, EBR enhanced the early fruiting of cantaloupe.

2025, Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova

Soil fertility and maximum crop production can only be achieved through proper fertilization. Proper and balanced fertilization have a considerably positive effect on plant growth and yield. Due to continuous use of chemical fertilizers, the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil decreased gradually. Therefore, in modern era, agriculture scientists are now engaged to establish an agricultural system, which can not only lower the production cost, but also conserve the natural resources. Soil, as a source of nutrients, must be protected from various kinds of external factors, especially from the addition of fertilizers in excessive rates. Any degradation in the quality of soil can significantly produce many undesirable changes in the environment and also reduces the overall crop yield. So, the concoction of organic and inorganic fertilization is an alternative and most effective method for sustainable and cost-effective management for maximum crop production, without effectin...

2025, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi

Global climate change negatively affects life, thus complicating the production of vegetables. In addition to this, very little is known about eggplant cultivation under different irrigation strategies. For example, although water use efficiency gives better results in some plant species and varieties without any decrease in yield when the partial root drying (PRD) technique is used, the PRD technique has not been adequately examined in eggplant cultivation. The potential reactions of grafted and ungrafted eggplant plants under different irrigation water levels (100%, 80%, 60% and 40%) with the use of the conventional and deficit irrigation and PRD technique were investigated in this study. The research was conducted in a glass greenhouse during two cultivation seasons in 2019 and 2020. Irrigation was applied equally to both grafted and ungrafted eggplant plants using the drip irrigation method. In the study were examined the growth, quality criteria, yield, yield components, WUE, IWUE, and ky of eggplant to determine the reactions of grafted and ungrafted eggplant plants under different irrigation applications. It was found in the study that the method and amount of irrigation water applied had a significant effect on the grafted and ungrafted eggplant plants. Irrigation water was applied in the first and second season respectively between 148.45 and 365.48 mm, 245.61 and 584.84 mm. The statistical differences were found in the level of importance of yield, evapotranspiration, water-use efficiency, LSD classification of irrigation water-use efficiency values p<0.01 and/or p<0.05. Regression analysis values between irrigation water and yield of grafted and ungrafted eggplant in both cultivation seasons were found to be at a fairly good level (0.80<R2). In addition, as an important finding, the regression analysis value of grafting in the second season was found to be at the highest level (R2=91). In general, grafted eggplant plants were found to have had a higher total yield than the ungrafted plants. As the amount of irrigation water applied decreased, the yield also decreased. In the first season, the highest yields were recorded statistically in FPRD100, I100 and FPRD80 (45.26, 44.01 and 39.26 t ha-1, respectively). Similarly, in the second season, the highest yields were obtained in I100 and FPRD100 (50.97 and 48.96 t ha-1, respectively) followed by FPRD80 (48.96 t ha-1). The advantages of the PRD technique over conventional and deficit irrigation have also been revealed. As a result of the research, it could be recommended that the cultivation of grafted eggplant seedlings is more suitable, and irrigation applications could be carried out using the PRD technique.

2025

Nitrogen deficiency causes significant reduction in yield in maize. The objectives of present study was to evaluate the performance of various shoot traits in selected maize genotypes for tolerance to low nitrogen stress and to understand the morphological changes that take place in the plants under nitrogen stress condition. The intermated B73-Mo17 (IBM) recombinant inbred lines were used, because the parents differ in response to nitrogen stress while the recombinant inbred lines have been thoroughly genotyped. Ten IBM genotypes from the published Maize Genome Database database were evaluated in this study along with their parents B73 and Mo17. Plants were grown in Guterman Green House of Cornell University, USA. Two nitrogen treatments (solution with high N contained 65.79 g Ca (NO3)2 4H2O in 100L of 1X solution making 5.0mM NO3 and solution with low N contained 2.63 g Ca (NO3)2 4H2O in 100L of 1X solution making 0.2 mM NO3) were given to understand the effect of different nitrog...

2025

Aims: To characterize the geo-distinct isolates of Ustilaginoidea virens for morpho-molecular and mating-type locus diversity. Methods and Results: Sixty-one isolates of U. virens collected from Southern India exhibited significant diversity in mycelial width (3Á45-5Á50 µm), colony colour (yellow, pale yellow, and white), and growth pattern (thick leather mat, raised-fluffy, flat-fluffy, and raised). Field-borne chlamydospores of each isolate were significantly smaller in size (3Á34-5Á26 µm 2 ) compared to those formed on culture media (18Á6-100Á89 µm 2 ). The phylogenetic study based on internal transcribed sequences revealed two clusters; however, most isolates (n = 54) were grouped in cluster-I, indicating common ancestral origin. We also identified 42 haplotypes; among them, Hap_3 has the highest number of isolates (n = 19). Mating-type locus (MAT1) analysis revealed all sixty-one isolates as heterothallic, wherein 37 and 24 isolates belonging to MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 heterothallic mating types, respectively. The microsynteny analysis of MAT1 loci of one of the Indian strain (Uv-Gvt) along with Uv-8b (China) strain revealed synteny conservation at MAT1 locus, which is flanked by conserved genes SLA2 and a hypothetical protein in the upstream and APN2, COX12 and APC5 in the downstream of the locus. Conclusions: Morpho-molecular study revealed the significant diversity among geo-distinct isolates, and MAT1 loci analysis indicated the distribution of heterothallic mating types in south Indian paddy fields. And also, complete synteny conservation between Indian and Chinese strain was observed at the MAT1 locus. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report describing the sexuality of Indian strains of the U. virens, which would help better understand the genetic diversity of the U. virens prevailing in Southern India and aid in developing resistant rice cultivars against this pathogen population.

2025, Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 6 (June 2025)

Background: Drought stress is one of the most common and important environmental factors affecting crop growth and production. Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a temperate halophyte crop, but it is sensitive to water scarcity, which can reduce its growth and yield. Methods: To study the performance of tropical sugar beet under water deficit conditions, a pot experiment was conducted in January to May 2021, using a completely randomized design with three replicates. First and second cycles of drought stress were imposed on seven-week-old sugar beet plants (LS-6 tropical variety). The first phase of stress involved with 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of irrigation withholding to 8 treatments, followed by 15 days of normal watering. Then, half of the treatments were subjected to a second cycle of drought by imposing 3 days of stress. Drought effects were studied in terms of growth, physiological, biochemical and yield characteristics. Result: Water deficit hampered plant growth by reducing leaf area and leaf area index. A marked decrease in relative water content and chlorophyll stability index was also observed. Proline and total soluble carbohydrate content increased compared to the control, while starch content was decreased. However, after 15 days of watering under the second duration of stress, all parameters recovered against control, with a slight effect compared to single-stressed treatments. Yield reduction was observed under severe stress 20 days water withholding, whereas the drought effect was not significant on the harvest index.

2025, Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 59 Issue 6 (June 2025)

Background: Blackgram is one of the important short duration pulse crop which is sensitive to high temperatures. The rising global temperatures are threatening the yield of blackgram by altering the physiological processes at cellular level. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out for better understanding of genotypic variability and the physiological mechanisms governing heat stress tolerance which can help in identifying heat tolerant blackgram genotypes that can yield better under climate change scenarios. Methods: 30 blackgram genotypes selected from temperature induction response technique were evaluated for physiological efficiency under natural high temperature conditions during summer, 2022 and 2023. Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Bapatla. Physiological and yield parameters were recorded at flowering and the data were analyzed statistically and pooled. Result: Significant genetic variability was observed among the blackgram genotypes with respect to all the physiological traits under high temperature stress conditions. Among the 30 genotypes tested for thermotolerance, the genotypes TBG-129, PU-1804, LBG-1015, PU-31 and TBG-104 were found to withstand high temperature stress at reproductive stage by maintaining higher total chlorophyll, carotenoids, chlorophyll stability index, total biomass production, cooler canopies resulting into higher canopy temperature depression, less membrane injury index values and higher yield. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation for all the physiological traits with seed yield except membrane injury index under heat stress conditions. The PCA results revealed considerable variability among the traits accounting for 82.65% of total variability. The genotypes TBG-129, PU-1804, LBG-1015 and TBG-104 can be potentially used as donors in the breeding programmes for the development of heat tolerant genotypes.

2025

Dr. Sitesh Chandra Biswas is a distinguished scientist affiliated with BRAC, one of the world’s leading development organizations. With a strong academic background and a multidisciplinary approach to research and education, Dr. Biswas has significantly contributed to scientific knowledge both in Bangladesh and on the international stage.
He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Kalyani in West Bengal, India, where he specialized in a field that continues to inform his work at BRAC. Over the years, Dr. Biswas has authored a considerable number of scientific papers, which have been published in reputable domestic and international journals, showcasing his commitment to rigorous and impactful research.
In addition to his contributions to peer-reviewed literature, Dr. Biswas is highly active on academic and knowledge-sharing platforms. He has uploaded numerous articles to platforms such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, and SlideShare.net, making his work accessible to a broader global audience. His dedication to education and outreach is further evidenced by his personal YouTube channel, where he has published 205 educational and research-related videos. His photography skills have also gained recognition, with a rich collection of high-quality images featured on the professional photography platform 500px.
Dr. Biswas is not only a scientist but also an accomplished artist. He holds both the Pre Senior Diploma and the Senior Diploma in Rabindra Sangeet from the Shastriya Sangeet Kala Parishad in West Bengal, India. His deep appreciation for music and culture complements his scientific pursuits, reflecting a well-rounded and holistic approach to personal and professional development.
Through his diverse accomplishments in science, education, media, and the arts, Dr. Sitesh Chandra Biswas continues to inspire and influence a wide spectrum of audiences across disciplines.

2025

Born in Kantapara, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Dr. Sitesh Chandra Biswas completed his Ph. D course from University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal India and worked as a Scientist at BRAC Agricultural Research & Development Centre (BARDC) for 22 years. He has developed a good no. of crop varieties in his research career. He also developed a good no. of sustainable technologies mostly related to vegetable production. He has published a total of 27 scientific papers in the domestic and international level journals and also written a good no. of articles. He has uploaded near about 180 video's in the social media You tube as well.

2025

Rice is economically very important in Ghana and West Africa. The lack of improved rice varieties, particularly upland varieties, is recognised as a constraint. The purpose of the project was: to analyse rainfall patterns and drought-spells in Ghana; to characterise the photothermal flowering responses of diverse varieties in order to understand adaptation; to understand farmers' indigenous technical knowledge of rice farming and varietal selection; to test and evaluate new droughtand weed-tolerant rice varieties with farmers using participatory techniques and formal replicated yield trials; and to disseminate participatory approaches to crop improvement in Ghana and West Africa. Long-term (30 years) daily rainfall data were analysed for selected locations in each of the forest, transition and moist and dry savanna zones. Rainfall patterns (start, end and duration of the growing season) and drought-spells were calculated. A Crop Performance Index (CPI) was used to examine the effect of toposequence on drought patterns. Photothermal flowering responses of 83 varieties were quantified from sowing date experiments in the field and a controlled environment experiment in the UK. PRA techniques were used to describe indigenous technical knowledge at two locations, Hohoe in the forest zone and Aframso in the transition zone. A Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) programme with 60-100 varieties was initiated at Hohoe, Aframso and at Nyankpala in the moist savanna. Replicated yield trials with High Input (fertiliser + weeding) and Low Input (low fertiliser + no weeding) treatments were planted at four locations in 1998 and 1999. Rainfall patterns covering the major upland rice zones have been analysed. This analysis has shown that the savanna zone (i.e. Northern, Upper East and West Regions) and forest zone (Volta, Western Region) is favourable for rice production, with a minimum of a 100d growing season even in very shallow upland soils. In contrast, rice production is much riskier in the transition zone (Ashanti, Brong Ahafo Regions) because of the bi-modal rainfall pattern and the consequent break in the rains in August. There was considerable variation in photothermal flowering responses and hence adaptation to different rice ecosystems among varieties. Photothermal characteristics were clearly defined in terms of a basic vegetative phase (BVP) and a photoperiodsensitive phase (PSP). The participatory process has shown that farmers have a considerable knowledge of varieties and their characteristics. Traits which contribute to weed competition and drought-tolerance are important, as are post-harvest traits. A PVS programme was successfully implemented with male and female farmers, traders and consumers. Male and female farmers made many similar varietal choices, the most notable difference being for grain characteristics; women selected grain types suitable for home consumption while men preferred grain types with a high market value. The market prefers long, white grains which are similar to those of imported grains. At Hohoe, almost all farmers selected the same variety, IDSA85, both in the PVS trials and from paired-comparisons on-farm. At Aframso a larger number of varieties was chosen, including interspecifics and improved upland japonicas. At Nyankpala, improved japonicas, interspecifics and local glaberrimas were selected. A Regional Workshop has helped disseminate project findings and promote the participatory approach throughout the West African region

2025

2025, Advances in Life Sciences

The study was conducted to determine the effects of four different numbers of plants per stand on the performance of three cowpea varieties under rain-fed conditions. A field experiment was conducted for two successive rainy seasons (2007/08-2008/09) in sandy soil of North Kordofan State, Sudan. The three varieties of cowpea (BLedi, an old local cultivar and two recently improved cultivars, Haydoob and Eien Elgazal) were sown in four patterns (one, two, three and four plants per stand). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in four replications. The results showed that, plants/stand had a significant effect on most of the attributes measured. Increased plants/stand significantly increased grain yield per unit area and reduced the number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, grain yield per plant and harvest index. The local cultivar was late in maturity and had heavier 100-grain weight, greater grain yield per plant, greater final grain yield (t/ha). The Ein Elgazal was earlier in maturity and scored the highest values of harvest index.

2025, Legume Research, Volume 48 Issue 5 (May 2025)

Background: Alfalfa often fails in continuous cropping due to its autotoxicity effect. Rotation is considered an effective way to mitigate autotoxicity; however, crop rotation is typically practiced between alfalfa and non-leguminous crops rather than among different alfalfa varieties. Therefore, understanding the germination and seedling growth of alfalfa after continuous cropping is of great significance to reveal the possibility of continuous cropping of alfalfa. Methods: The leaves of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv ZhongMu No.1) were collected to determine the seed germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, seedling growth and physiological characteristics, including malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), in four alfalfa varieties (XunLu, GongNong No.1, ZhongMu No.1 and JuNeng 995). Result: The germination rate, germination potential, germination index and vigor index of the four alfalfa varieties decreased with increasing concentrations of leaf extract from ZhongMu No.1. JuNeng 995 exhibited better germination conditions than the other three varieties. Similarly, JuNeng 995 demonstrated superior plant length compared to the other varieties. The alfalfa cultivar, extract concentration and their interaction significantly influenced MDA, SS, SP, CAT and POD levels. However, these effects varied inconsistently with respect to extract concentration or variety. Furthermore, while the extract inhibited germination and vigor, it promoted seedling elongation in the remaining plants. GI was found to be negatively correlated with seedling length. Conclusively, the continuous cropping barrier effect of alfalfa became more severe with increasing extract concentrations. Cultivar renovation was identified as a potentially effective strategy to reduce the autotoxicity of alfalfa in this study.

2025, Biological Forum An international Journal

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum) is considered as an important horticultural crop worldwide. But instead of using various technologies and cultivars the production rate of tomato is low. With the increasing demand on consumption of tomato as well as on consumption of organic crops, there is a great necessitate for using new and organic technologies to increase the yield and maintain the environmental health. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted with a target to increase more quantity of tomato with the application of yeast and ascorbic acid. In our study we have given foliar spray of yeast (5 and 10g/L) and ascorbic acid (0.1 and 0.2 ml/L). The experiment was laid out in five different plots including one control; each plot consists of six to ten replicas. The parameters taken was plant height, leaves number, branches number, flowers per plant, fruits per plant, chlorophyll and carotenoid content of leaves; protein, sugar, ascorbic acid and lycopene content of the fruit. The results showed ascorbic acid treatment shows better result in comparison to increase in yield and fruit number per plant in comparison to yeast treated plants. But lowest yield was recorded in the control group.

2025, Agronomy

Understanding the response of plant nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) economies in oilseed rape, as well as their role in defining phenotypic plasticity, is necessary for designing new strategies to optimize plant and canopy C assimilation to improve potential yield. This paper aims to elucidate the extent to which the interaction between N supply and plant population density alters N distribution in oilseed rape plant (Brassica napus L.) and whether this interaction changes plant investment in leaf area or leaf mass per area. Spring oilseed rape was grown at two rates of N supply (50 and 150 kg N·ha−1) and two plant population densities (50 and 150 plants·m−2). Photosynthesis, leaf area, leaf biomass, and N content of selected leaves were measured at 20% of flowers on main raceme open. The interaction between N supply and plant population density altered leaf N content per area, which is the main determinant of photosynthesis. This interaction also affected leaf mass per area, while N su...

2025, International Journal of Chemical Studies

The present study was conducted in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh during the year 2016-2017. During the study 10 villages of the block were selected, where 05 respondents from each village and total of 50 respondents were selected randomly from the entire block. The data were collected through personal interview method with the help of pre-structured scheduled designed questionnaire with the objective of finding out the knowledge and adoption level of soil health card based fertilizer application in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. The study revealed that, the knowledge level of the farmers were high (66.00%) followed by medium (18.00%) and lowest (16.00%), whereas the adoption level of the farmers were high (74.00%) followed by medium (22.00%) and lowest (04.00%).

2025, Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops

To investigate the effect of weed management and planting pattern on the growth and yield of two peanut cultivars, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in the Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University, Kermanshah in 2021. The experimental factors include 1) cultivars NC2 and NC7, 2) planting pattern (row and plant spacing of 50 cm × 25 cm and 75 cm × 18 cm), and 3) two times weeding along with the use of Trifluralin 48% EC (796 g a.i.ha-1), Bentazon 48% SL (960 g a.i.ha-1) and Haloxyfop-r-methyl 10.8% EC (75 g a.i.ha-1), weeding two times along with the use of Trifluralin (1233 g a.i.ha-1), twice weeding together with the use of Haloxyfop-r-methyl and Bentazon, complete weeding and weed-infested treatment. The results showed that the weed control significantly increased the plant's dry weight. The kernels dry weight in the plant showed a significant increase in both studied planting patterns in weed control compared to no control. However, the impact of weed control treatments on the two studied planting patterns did not exhibit any significant differences, except for the complete weeding treatment. The kernels dry weight within plants subjected to complete weeding in the 50 × 25 cm planting pattern exhibited a 39.31% increase relative to those grown in the 75 × 18 cm. The response of dry weight of kernels and pods was high for cultivar NC2 in a planting pattern of 50 x 25 cm and for cultivar NC7 in 75 x 18 cm. In general, according to the obtained results, due to the high sensitivity of peanuts to weed competition, it is suggested to control weeds at the beginning of the growing season until about 60 days after planting, regardless of the type of planting pattern.

2025, WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION CONFERENCE,

Agrochemicals are considered potent tools or magic bullets for increasing agricultural product output,
quality, and income. However, it has been shown that agrochemicals pose significant ecological risks
to agricultural products, soil, water bodies, and the atmosphere. Awareness is increasing of the need
to achieve a safe environment and human health thus, there is a paucity of research and policy
interventions with regard to the health and safety concerns of agrochemical usage in agriculture.
Agrochemicals are environmentally unfriendly if not used properly following prescribed protocols and
directions (manuals), it is necessary to adhere to regulations and standards for safety and efficiency in
the usage of agrochemicals in agriculture. It is also important to select the safest Agrochemicals that
will act effectively with the least risk to the ecosystem, and consumers of agricultural products. The safe
use of agrochemicals is determined by the care and attention given (pre-cautionary measures applied
before, during, and after the application). Agrochemicals users must ensure that they are properly
trained as sprayer operators. Users should receive adequate training that covers the basic aspects of
the application and potential risks of agrochemical usage. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly
investigate their molecular level of mechanism before and after usage this can be monitored directly by
governments’ authorities showing support for the manufacturing industries.
Keyword: Agrochemicals, Application, Efficiency, Food, Safety, Risks, Ecology

2025, International journal of Advance Biochemistry Research

An experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2023, at BTC college of Agriculture and Research Station, Bilaspur, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. In this experiment, nineteen early duration rice genotypes comprising of four checks viz. CO 51, US 314, MTU 1010 and Sahbhagidhan were used. The research was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The major objective of research conducted was evaluation of genetic variability parameters among genotypes, estimation of correlation coefficient analysis for yield and among yield attributing characters, path coefficient analysis and estimation of genetic divergence among early duration rice genotypes. The analysis of variance reported the presence of ample amounts of variability among all genotypes for all traits studied. High to moderate estimates of GCV and PCV were observed for traits like yield per ha (q/ha) followed by, 1000 grain weight (g), number of tillers per hill and L/B ratio indicating the importance of selection for improving the grain yield. Further, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was also observed for 1000 grain weight (g), yield per ha (q/ha) and L/B ratio. These characters are assumed to be regulated by additive gene action and selection for these traits can be rewarding. Analysis of correlation coefficient indicated high positive and significant correlation of yield per ha (q/ha) with days to maturity, biological yield (q/ha), harvest index % and days to 50% flowering. Hence, these characters are helpful to determine the higher grain yield and can be used as selection criteria. Path analysis reveal that the traits like biological yield (q/ha), L/B ratio and grain width (mm) showed positive direct effect on yield per ha (q/ha). Thus, these characters can be used for improvement of grain yield in early duration rice genotypes. For genetic diversity analysis 19 rice genotypes were grouped in five clusters. Cluster I was the largest cluster. Cluster I had the longest intra cluster distance. Cluster II and V had maximum inter cluster distances, followed by cluster I and V. The maximum inter cluster distance revealed that using parents from these clusters in a hybridization programme will result in a higher frequency of better segregants or desired pairings, which is important for the generation of valuable varieties. The contribution of traits to divergence was greatest for yield per ha (q/ha), biological yield (q/ha), harvest index (%) and L/B ratio. Genotypes CRUBCKV-2235, HRI-214, UPLRH-181325 and JKRH-1601 were found to be the top four promising genotypes for yield and yield contributing traits. Hence, these genotypes can be utilized for further selection process.

2025

Drought is one of the major factors limiting chickpea production in arid and semi arid regions. There is meagre information available regarding genotypic variation for drought tolerance in chickpea genotypes. Present investigation was carried out to find out the influence of salicylic acid (SA) on drought tolerance in four chickpea genotypes. Reduction in relative injury was observed in plants treated with SA @1.5 mM as compared to control seedlings. Relationship between relative water content (RWC), membrane permeability (MP), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline, lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was determined in order to find out whether these parameters can be used as selection criteria for drought tolerance in this crop. Results indicate wide variation in tolerance to drought stress amongst chickpea cultivars at both the critical stages i.e. pre-and post-anthesis. On the basis of growth and antioxidant activity better genotypes Tyson and ICC-4958 appear to be adapted to drought stress tolerance. Early drought stress (pre-anthesis drought) was found to be more damaging than the late drought stress (post-anthesis drought).

2025

Forests hold a plethora of ecological functions, that are critical in the maintenance of biodiversity. For instance, the mistbelt forests are small and fragmented forest ecosystems, which are dominated by South Africa's national tree -Podocarpus latifolius or the 'real' Yellowwood. The Yellowwood trees are regarded as a priority species, because they support large communities of plants, birds and mammals, attributing to the maintenance of biodiversity. They also store carbon and provide habitat as well as resources for pollinators. Meanwhile, they produce durable, high quality timber which is harvested for cultural, medicinal and commercial use. Subsequently, the podocarps have been listed as endangered species owing to extensive logging. Current forest species productivity information is urgently required in the characterisation of forest condition, especially that of disturbed habitats which support a variety of indigenous species and contribute immensely to ecosystem resilience. Leaf area index (LAI) is a widely applied measure of photosynthetic capacity and productivity, that may reveal this information. Meanwhile, local level floral biodiversity and productivity is driven by topographic heterogeneity. Micro landscape level processes associated with topography are important in the determination of leaf area index, that may be applied as proxy measures of productivity. However, this is not well understood, especially for unique forest types such as the Afromontane mistbelt forest. Recently, Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing, have progressed to assume a pivotal role in the monitoring of vegetation, offering increased spatial coverage and modern, automated processing techniques. The applicability of digital elevation models such as the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission, facilitates the retrieval of objective topographic measurements, that can be used in the explanation of leaf area. Meanwhile, the onset of "new generation" sensors, such as Sentinel 2 Multispectral Instrument has provided opportunity for investigating leaf area index, which cannot be achieved using traditional field surveys. This progression is supplemented by the application of machine learning algorithms, in the modelling of ecological relationships. Applying these algorithms in this regard, has demonstrated strength in managing data of high dimensionality, with speed and accurate results. The study therefore set out to characterise the leaf area index of the Yellowwood within a southern African mistbelt forest, using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing techniques. Specifically, the study evaluated the role of Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission digital elevation model derived topographic variables, in the explanation of LAI, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and regression analysis. It also assessed the utility of Sentinel 2 imagery, in the estimation LAI, using the Random Forest (RF) regression ensemble. The stepwise linear regression analysis showed that topographic indices accounted for approximately 85 % of leaf area index variance (SEE = 35m 2 /m 2 ; R 2 = 0.85). Optimal topographic variables included the mass balance index and sky view factor. These can explain the micro landscape properties relating to ecosystem budgets and visible sky. Results also indicated that the backward elimination method optimally predicted the leaf area index of Yellowwood trees (RMSE = 0.48; R 2 = 0.59). Further, predictors derived from the Red Edge bands were the most influential variables in predicting leaf area index. The study demonstrated the applicability of remotely sensed data and Geographic Information Systems in the retrieval of forest productivity proxies, such as leaf area index. III.

2025, Indian Journal of Weed science

An experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2003 and 2004 at Agronomy Research Farm, Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University to assess the response of rice and associated weeds to establishment methods, fertility levels and weed management practices. The experiment was laid out in three factor randomized block design comprising two establishment methods (direct wet seeding and transplanting), three levels of fertility viz., 80, 40, 40; 100, 50, 50 and 120, 60, 60 NPK kg/ha and four weed management practices viz., (W1) anilofos @ 0.4 kg a. i./ha, (W2) butachlor @1.5 kg a. i./ha, (W3) two hand weedings and (W4) weedy check. These comprised 24 treatments, which were replicated thrice. Results revealed that transplanting method of rice establishment recorded lowest number of weeds and weed dry weight resulting in significantly higher grain yield. The weed intensity and weed dry weight increased with the increase in fertility level and was maximum with 120, 60, 60 ...

2025, Plant biotechnology Journal

To increase rice yields and feed billions of people, it is essential to enhance genetic gains.However, the development of new varieties is hindered by longer generation times and seasonalconstraints. To address these limitations, a speed breeding facility has been established and arobust speed breeding protocol, SpeedFlower is developed that allows growing 4–5 generationsof indica and/or japonica rice in a year. Our ﬁndings reveal that a high red-to-blue (2R > 1B)spectrum ratio, followed by green, yellow and far-red (FR) light, along with a 24-h long day (LD)photoperiod for the initial 15 days of the vegetative phase, facilitated early ﬂowering. This isfurther enhanced by 10-h short day (SD) photoperiod in the later stage and day and nighttemperatures of 32/30 °C, along with 65% humidity facilitated early ﬂowering ranging from 52to 60 days at high light intensity (800 lmol m2 s1 ). Additionally, the use of prematurelyharvested seeds and gibberellic acid treatment reduced the maturity duration by 50%. Further,SpeedFlower was validated on a diverse subset of 198 rice accessions from 3K RGP panelencompassing all 12 distinct groups of Oryza sativa L. classes. Our results conﬁrmed that usingSpeedFlower one generation can be achieved within 58–71 days resulting in 5.1–6.3 generationsper year across the 12 sub-groups. This breakthrough enables us to enhance genetic gain, whichcould feed half of the world’s population dependent on rice.

2025, Journal of Agriculture and Environment

Maize is more likely to have weed infestations due to its steady early growth rate and extensive row spacing, which favor weed development even before crop emergence. As a result, there prevails strong correlation between weed density and maize yield. An experiment was conducted at the Gauradaha Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, in the spring of 2022 to assess the effect of various weed control methods on maize yield. The experiment had three replications and eight treatments (control, cover crops, hand weeding at intervals of 15 days, botanical weedicides, inorganic weedicides, black plastic mulch, straw mulch, and small inter-row spacing). The number of cobs per hectare, sterility%, and shelling% were not significantly affected by various treatments. The use of black plastic mulching for weed management achieved significantly higher numbers of grain/cob (427.83), row/cob (13.40), weight of grain/cob (153.33gm), test weight, and yield (8.46t/ha). Similarly, the lowest test weight was reco...

2025, Fikre, A., Degefu, T., Geleta, T., Thudi, M., Gaur, P., Ojiewo, C., Hickey, L. and Varshney, R.K. <https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/view/author/Varshney, Rajeev.html>ORCID: 0000-0002-4562-9131 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4562-9131 (2021) Rapid generation advance in chickpea for accelera...

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown in a wide range of environments and cropping systems and its maturity ranges from 80 to 180 days.. Time-saving breeding is key to responding to the dynamics of demands and environmental changes. The study employed Single Seed Descent (SSD) technique in advancing the generation, brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by AJOL -African Journals Online Rapid generation advance in chickpea for accelerated breeding gain in Ethiopia [2] supported by an independent observation of chickpea seed germination and seedling establishment in the seed lab. The filial generation nursery was derived from 46 initial crosses with the aim of enhancing drought and yield response of otherwise commercial 10 cultivars. Between 5 December 2017 and 20 December 2018 we were able to obtain four rounds of working chickpea seeds (F 2 -F 5 ) using two research locations. The average time required to obtain early matured pods varied from 80 to 85 days. Harvesting four generations in an annual cycle enables a saving of at least 50% time in variety release, which has the potential to double the rate of genetic gain and variety replacement. As long as measures are taken to reduce risk associated with extreme weather events or animal damage, this low-cost rapid cycling approach could be adapted for large-scale breeding programs to fast track the development of more productive varieties.

2025, Plant Breeding

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a dry season food legume largely grown on residual soil moisture after the rainy season. The crop often experiences moisture stress towards end of the crop season (terminal drought). The crop may also face heat stress at the reproductive stage if sowing is delayed. The breeding approaches for improving adaptation to these stresses include the development of varieties with early maturity and enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Several varieties with improved drought tolerance have been developed by selecting for grain yield under moisture stress conditions. Similarly, selection for pod set in the crop subjected to heat stress during reproductive stage has helped in the development of heat‐tolerant varieties. A genomic region, called QTL‐hotspot, controlling several drought tolerance‐related traits has been introgressed into several popular cultivars using marker‐assisted backcrossing (MABC), and introgression lines giving significantly higher yield tha...

2025

Burning of rice straw after rice harvest in the Rice Wheat System of North west India can be overcome by sowing wheat into rice straw with the help of a machine called the 'Happy Seeder'. The adoption of zero tillage and retaining rice straw on the soil surface alters the nitrogen demand of the wheat crop due to changes in soil temperature and soil moisture under rice straw mulch, which in turn affects microbial growth. The microbes can either immobilise nitrogen or mineralise it and thus affects the plant growth. A field experiment was conducted to optimise the management of N fertilizer for wheat production under rice straw mulch so as to ensure high grain yield, high N use efficiency. Whilst band placement of nitrogen fertiliser at 180 kg/ha resulted in higher grain yield when rice straw was burnt, banding was not effective in increasing yield when straw was retained. The retention of rice straw as a mulch also resulted in higher mineral N concentrations remaining in the soil after harvest which may be used by subsequent crops in leaching can be minimised. This work provides evidence that retention of rice straw is not detrimental to yield if N management is optimised.

2025, Semina-ciencias Agrarias

2025, Journal of AgriSearch

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic manures viz., four formulations of organic manures (neem cake, pongamia cake, filter press cake, poultry manure, FYM and vermicompost in different ratios) and two levels of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers (120 and 160 kg N /ha) on chemical and biochemical quality constituents of burley tobacco. Cured leaf samples from bo om, middle and top leaf positions in different treatments were analysed for chemical and biochemical quality constituents. Total chlorophylls, carotenoids and nitrate nitrogen varied from 0.116 to 0.388, 0.161 to 0.531, 3.87 to 8.06 mg/g, respectively. Chlorophylls and carotenoids were higher in manure treatments compared to inorganic treatments. Polyphenols viz., chromogenic acid and rutin ranged from 0.58 to 3.89 mg/g and 0.94 to 2.85 mg/g respectively. Polyphenols were less with organic manures compared to inorganic manures. Proline content varied from 0.506 to 3.7 mg/g. Organic manures showed higher proline compared to inorganic Nitrogen. Chemical quality parameters viz., nicotine, reducing sugars and chlorides ranged from 0.4 to 1.73%, 0.49 to 1.93% and 0.39 to 2.84% respectively. Reducing sugars content is high with organic manure application compared to inorganic nutrients. Manure treatments not only increased the content of carotenoids, proline, reducing sugars, chlorophyll, and free fa y acids which play an important role in the quality of tobacco but also decreased the levels of polyphenols and nitrate nitrogen, which are negatively correlated with the quality of tobacco. Among the different organic manures, manure A (neem cake, pongamia cake, filter press cake, poultry manure, FYM and vermicompost in the ratio of 2:2:2:2:1:1) showed superiority followed by Manure C (neem cake, pongamia cake, filter press cake, poultry manure, FYM and vermicompost in the ratio of 1.5:1.5:5:2:1:2) in their influence on chemical quality parameters of Burley tobacco. Organic and inorganic fertilizers, Quality, Burley tobacco

2025, ASEAN/Asian Academic Society International Conference Proceeding Series

The study that was carried out in winter-spring 2018 in Thoai Son, An Giang province, include experiments: Effects of (AWDI) to (i) Characters in soil; (ii) rice yield and (iii) water use and water use efficiency of Jasmine rice. The experiment was carried out with 4 treatments, 4 replications. The treatments ranged from continuous submergence (NT1) of the field to a number of delayed irrigations (NT2, NT3, NT4) denoting application of 4 cm irrigation water when water level in the perforated PVC pipe fell 18, 14 and 10 cm below ground level. The study revealed that NT1 attributed by the highest total water use (118 cm) and the lowest WUE (60.3 kg/ha/cm) produced the highest grain yield (8,10 t/ha). On the contrary, the yields in NT3 (6.80 t/ha) and NT2 (5.80 t/ha) were significantly lower at 0,5 times level of significance compared to that of NT1 and NT4 (7.83 t/ha).

2025

Global scale dynamic vegetation models simulate the global C cycle and atmosphere-vegetation interactions, an essential component in the global climate system. The important role of the N-cycle in determining fluxes of carbon and climate dynamics is unequivocally evident. The current generation of ecosystem models include progressively carbon-nitrogen interactions but vary in their representation of important processes. We contribute to this development by evaluating predictions of the newly implemented N-cycle in LPJ-GUESS with direct observations.

2025, Legume Research, Volume 48 Issue 1 (January 2025) : 75-85

Background: In the present climate change scenario, the rising temperatures are imposing severe threat to blackgram production leading to marked reduction in yield potential.The reduction in the yield potential is mainly due to reproductive failures caused by heat stress. Keeping this in view, the present study was carried out to find out the reasons behind reproductive failures and identify the genotypes that yield better under heat stress. Methods: Thirty blackgram genotypes selected from temperature induction response technique were evaluated for reproductive efficiency under natural high temperature conditions. Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Bapatla. Dry matter partitioning, reproductive efficiency and yield traits were recorded at flowering and the data were analyzed statistically and pooled. Result: Genetic variability was observed among the blackgram genotypes with respect to dry matter partitioning, reproductive efficiency and yield traits under high temperature stress conditions. Among the 30 genotypes tested for thermotolerance, the genotypes TBG-129, PU-1804 and LBG-1015 were found to withstand high temperature stress at reproductive stage by possessing higher dry matter, number of flowers per plant, pollen viability, pollen germination percentage, pollen load on stigma, stigma receptivity, flower to pod setting percentage and higher yield. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association of total dry matter and all the reproductive efficiency characteristics with seed yield under heat stress conditions. The PCA results revealed considerable variability among the traits accounting for 86.6% of total variability. The genotypes TBG-129, PU-1804 and LBG-1015 can be potentially used as donors in the breeding programmes for the development of heat tolerant genotypes.

2025, Plant Disease

Ustilaginoidea virens is the fungal pathogen causing an emerging false smut disease that affects crop yield as well as deteriorates quality of the grains by producing mycotoxins. A high quality genome of U. virens isolate UV2_4G was sequenced using Nanopore and Illumina HiSeq 2,000 sequencing platforms. The total assembled genome of Indian isolate UV2_4G was 35.9 Mb, which comprised 89 scaffolds with N50 of 700,296 bp. A total of 358,697 variants were identified in the genome, out of which 355,173 were SNPs and 3,524 were INDELS. Further, 7,390 SSRs belonging to different repeat types were also identified in the genome. Out of 7,444 proteins predicted, 7,206 were functionally annotated. A total of 1,307 CAZymes, 501 signal peptides, 1,876 effectors, and 2,709 genes involved in host-pathogen interactions were identified. Comparative analysis revealed isolate UV2_4G is distinct with 31 unique clusters and placed distantly in phylogenetic analysis. Taken together, this high-quality gen...

2025, Ebisa Olika

Background: In Ethiopia, particularly in the Benishangul-Gumuz region, there are numerous underutilized plants like figl (Raphanus sativus), girgir (Eruca sativa) and karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa) which are cultivated and consumed only by the local communities. However, information on production practices, postharvest handling, and utilization trends of these plants is limited. Objective: Assess the production, handling, and utilization pattern of figl, girgir, and karkade in the Benshangul-Gumuz region of Ethiopia. Methodology: A cross-sectional household survey was used to collect primary data from 274 producers and 30 users using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 20.0) software package. Results: The results showed that about 46% of farmers produce figl and girgir for food, medicine, and income generation. More than half of the farmers produce karkade for beverage and medicine. About 93% of the respondents showed that, edible parts of figl and girgir could attain commercial maturity within 15-35 days. However, calyces of karkade takes 121-150 days. Most of the farmers consume leaves and roots of figl and leaves of girgir as local salads while 84.31% use dried calyces of karkade for making a beverage. About 94% of the farmers allocated less than 0.25 hectares of land for the production of figl and girgir while 81% of them allocated this amount of land for the production of karkade. The majority (80%) of them are not getting extension services for the production of figl, girgir and karkade, and 53% lament that there is no market linkage for these crops. Conclusions: Figl and girgir play significant roles in mitigating food insecurity because they reach commercial maturity within a short period and the possibility of cropping about five cycles throughout the year, particularly in marginal lands with agronomic practices accessible to farmers. Therefore, future research should incorporate packages of farming technology including propagating the crops at research centers, adaptation trial across different agro-ecology, improving of agronomic practices, variety registration and promotion.

2025

Lampung Province, Indonesia local government intended to extend shallot cultivation in Mesuji Regency, Lampung (-3.86, 105.43). Mesuji has 21,863.5 ha dry land area, with unproductive land of 10,325.6 ha which could be potential for growing shallot. However, horticulture crops such as shallot often face obstacles in dry land since dry land characterized with poor soil nutrient and limited water. The objective of this research are to analyze the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and different irrigation volumes on shallot growth and production, investigate shallot suitability to Mesuji agro-climate, and estimate shallot yield potential in Mesuji. The treatments on factorial split block were: without N, 80 kg N ha -1 , 160 kg N ha -1 , and 240 kg N ha -1 and the irrigation levels: 25, 50, 75 and 100% of ETc; ETc is crops evapotranspiration. The Mesuji agro-climate was evaluated using standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the yield was simulated by Aquacrop model. The results showed that the effort of shallots production with a high fresh weight of bulbs and biomass in the Mesuji area requested water at least 75% ETc and N fertilizer doses of 160 kg N ha -1 . The SPI indicated near normal condition was more than 65%, and drought existed in a small percentage in both places (a total of 16.9% for Brebes the centre of shallot production and 19.43% for Mesuji). The AquaCrop simulation gave a good yield estimation (simulated 19.451 ton ha -1 and observed 17.351 ton ha -1 ). There is a possibility that shallot will grow well in the Mesuji area even though the quality of the shallot should be further tested.

2025

Agriculture is the main profession in Nepal's context and a major Nepalese economy sector. Poultry farming is an integral part of agriculture in Nepal. The experiment was carried out on the farm of the Lamjung Krishi Campus at Sundarbazaar, Lamjung lying at an elevation of 630 meters above sea level with single-factor Complete Randomized Design (CRD)
with 3 treatments and 5 replications. By performing the research, we learned about from the starting point to the last phase of poultry farming, including poultry housing and sanitation activity, protection from enemies, rearing of chicks, brooding temperature management, feeding and watering, feed management, vaccination schedule and route, light management, database preparation, and so on. The feed conversion rate was found lower in Cobb than other breeds, which are 1.16, 1.73, and 1.6 of Cobb-500, LIR, and Ross, respectively. We found that Cobb's FCR was low among the other breeds. So, we can recommend farmers rear the Cobb breed rather than other breeds as it has a low FCR.

2025, Crop Science

The presence of significant variation among rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) that is related to grain yield should be of interest to rice breeders. The effects of four important yield-determining traits (maximum number of tillers, grain weight, panicle node number, and panicle size) on the TNC concentrations of plant structures at heading and harvest were determined. Path analysis was used to determine the path coefficients of the effect of changes in TNC content (Δ TNC) in leaves or stems on Δ panicle TNC at various stages of crop maturation. Fifteen rice genotypes were used in this study (‘Lemont’, ‘Teqing’, and 13 inbred lines obtained from a Lemont × Teqing cross) to represent the combinations of low and high levels of the four important yield determinants. Field experiments were conducted during the 1994 and 1995 cropping seasons at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont, TX. Path coefficients for the significant direct effects of Δ stem TNC on Δ panicle TNC were −0.46 for the early- to late-heading period and −0.59 for the late-heading to grain hardening period. Significant genotype × developmental stage × plant structure interaction suggested the potential for selection of rice lines with high TNC concentration in stems at heading. Linear contrasts indicated that low-grain weight genotypes had higher stem TNC concentration at harvest, which in turn suggested for the selection of high-grain weight genotypes.

2025, Agronomy Journal

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeders have historically not included nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) as a selection criterion in breeding for cultivars, even though it has economic and ecological implications. This study examined the significance and magnitude of variation in N content, NUE, N translocation ratio (NTR), and grain protein concentration among diverse rice genotypes. Fifteen rice genotypes were studied representing the combinations of low and high levels of four yield-related traits: maximum number of tillers, grain mass, main culm panicle node number, and panicle mass. These genotypes included ‘Lemont’, ‘Teqing’, and 13 advance recombinant inbred genotypes obtained from a Lemont × Teqing cross. Field data were obtained from experiments conducted during two cropping seasons. Plant samples were analyzed for N concentration. There was significant variation in N content and NUE among genotypes. The genotype NUE means ranged from 25.3 to 63.9 kg grain kg−1 N in a square meter of plants (kg grain kg−1 N), with the top four NUE values ranging from 56.6 to 63.9 kg grain kg−1 N. Nitrogen content and NUE were not significantly correlated with each other, and they had significant positive direct effects on grain yield. Grain yield was positively correlated with NUE, N content, and NTR, whereas NTR was correlated with grain protein concentration. Plant breeders could use these significant correlations to their advantage in breeding for rice cultivars that not only produce high yield but also utilize N efficiently and produce grain with a higher protein concentration.

2025, Am.-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. …

This study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic potential effect of Euphorbia hierosolymitana in wheat (Triticum durum local var. Hourani 27), in both laboratory and glasshouse. Since E. hierosolymitana is a common weed in filed crops and orchards in Jordan. The effects aqueous leachate of E. hierosolymitana on germination, seedling growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of wheat were examined. Higher c oncentration of aqueous leachate of E. hierosolymitana reduced the germination rate. On the other hand, the radicle and coleoptile length of the germinated seeds of wheat were significantly inhibited by the leachate. Also, the aqueous leaf leachate of E. hierosolymitana was found to inhibit significantly the growth of wheat seedlings. Allelochemicals caused significant reduction in decreased root and shoot length, fresh, dry weights and decreased the amount of total chlorophyll and protein contents.

2024, Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics

Smallholder farmers having fragmented lands need fodder and grains simultaneously for earning food security for their families. A study was conducted in Crop Physiology and Ecology Research Field and Laboratory at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Bangladesh during the period of March to July-2013 to investigate the effect of leaf clipping and population density on fodder and grain yield in maize. Three population densities (D1= 75 cm × 25 cm, D2= 60 cm × 20 cm and D3= 50 cm × 20 cm) and three clipping treatments (C1 = no clipping, C2 = removal of all leaf blades below the lowermost cob and C3 = removal of all leaf blades above the uppermost cob) at the silking stage were included as experimental treatments. The experiment was laid out in a two factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed that D1 required the maximum days to attain most of the phenological stages of maize. Higher population density (D3) with C3 clip...

2024

This study was aimed to examine the effect of different cultivation techniques on growth and yield components of an amphibious promising line of red rice by conducting a field experiment on ricefield in Beleke village of West Lombok (Indonesia) from May to August 2018. The experiment was arranged according to Split Plot Design with two factors and three blocks. The main plot factor was cultivation technique (T) with three treatments (T1= conventional; T2= aerobic rice systems (ARS) on raised-beds; T3= ARS intercropped with peanuts), and the sub-plot factor was rice row patterns (P) with three treatments (P1= normal or single-row; P2= double-row; P3= triple-row). In the intercropping raised-beds, peanut seeds were relay-planted between single-, double-, or triple-row of rice at two weeks after seeding rice. Results indicated that red rice plants grown under aerobic irrigation systems on raised-beds, especially those intercropped with peanuts, showed higher growth performance and yiel...

2024, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Potassium (K + ) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. Plants often adapt to low K + conditions by increasing their K + uptake capability. Recent studies have led to the identification of a calcium signaling pathway that enables plants to act in this capacity. Calcium is linked to two calcineurin B-like calcium sensors (CBLs) and a target kinase (CBL-interacting protein kinase 23 or CIPK23) that, in turn, appears to phosphorylate and activate the potassium channel, Arabidopsis K + transporter 1 (AKT1), responsible for K + uptake in roots. Here, we report evidence that this regulatory mechanism is more elaborate than earlier envisaged. The recently described pathway is part of an extensive network whereby several CBLs interact with multiple CIPKs in the activation of the potassium channel, AKT1. The physical interactions among the CBL, CIPK, and AKT1 components provide a mechanism for specifying the members of the CBL and CIPK families functional in AKT1 regulati...

2024, Journal of research

An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute regional station, Rangpur to investigate the performances of different establishment methods of Boro rice; variety BRRI dhan29 in light texture soil during Boro 2004-05 and 2005-06 seasons. Five crop establishment methods were tested in a randomize complete block design with three replications. The methods were: 1. Conventional transplanting method 2. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method, 3. Farmers practice, 4. Seedling throwing method and 5. Direct-Wet Seeded Rice(DWSR) using drum seeder method. Grain yield was influenced by different crop establishment methods in both the seasons. The highest mean grain yield was obtained by BRRI recommended conventional transplanting method (6.27 t ha-1) followed by SRI method (5.70 t ha-1). The highest number of panicles m-2 was obtained from wet DSR by drum seeder method (341 m-2). Effectiveness of tiller (92%) was obtained from the SRI method. The largest number of filled grains per panicle (76) was obtained from the SRI method. The highest 1000-grain weight (23.2 g) was obtained by the farmer's method. Less sterility was occurred (30 %) from farmer's methods. The highest growth duration (175 days) was observed in farmer method. But the highest field duration of BRRI dhan29 (145 days) was observed in wet DSR using dream seeder.

2024, Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia

One of the main problems about cultivation of sugar beet in Moghan region is the growth of aerial organ, while in Karaj the problems is reduction of sugar cutie and yield that are due to high temperature of harvest time and water stress. Present paper was carried out for 1 year using strip split block experiment in the form of complete accidental blocks with 4 times repetition in 2 different regions; irrigation was done in tape form. Experimental factors included 4 levels of N: non-application, 13, 19 and 25 mg/kg and 4 different varieties of sugar beet were experimented: Pars, Ekbatan, Razor and Flores; and the third factor was methanol spraying in 3 levels: non-application, 10 and 20% by volume. In Karaj region, the most yield achieved due to interaction effect of Razor*non application of methanol (78043 kg/hectare). In Moghan region, the most root yield achieved due to Pars var.* 20% by volume of methanol (92286 kg/hectare) that was classified in the same statistical group with Flores* 10% and 20% by volume of methanol and Pars var.* 10% by volume of methanol (91296, 85725 and 87543 kg/hectare in order). The result of compound analysis indicated that the main effects of region, N, variety and methanol had significant effect on catalase activity amount in 1% level as well as interaction effects of N*variety, N* methanol, variety* methanol and N*variety*methanol. According to the results of experiment in two regions, selection of proper variety can be the most crucial factor beside application of balanced level of methanol and management of N fertilizer at optimum level in order to improve the yield.

2024, Plant Science

This study compared maize, sorghum and pearl-millet, leading C 4 cereals, for the transpiration rate (TR) response to increasing atmospheric and soil water stress. The TR response to transiently increasing VPD (0.9-4.1 kPa) and the transpiration and leaf area expansion response to progressive soil drying were measured in controlled conditions at early vegetative stage in 10-16 genotypes of each species grown in moderate or high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) conditions. Maize grown under moderate VPD conditions restricted TR under high VPD, but not sorghum and pearl millet. By contrast, when grown under high VPD, all species increased TR upon increasing VPD, suggesting a loss of TR responsiveness. Sorghum and pearl-millet grown under high VPD reduced leaf area, but not maize. Upon progressive soil drying, maize reduced transpiration at higher soil moisture than sorghum and pearl millet, especially under high VPD, and leaf area expansion declined at similar or lower soil moisture than transpiration in maize and sorghum. It is concluded that maize conserves water by restricting transpiration upon increasing VPD and under higher soil moisture than sorghum and millet, giving maize significantly higher TE, whereas sorghum and pearl millet rely mostly on reduced leaf area and somewhat on transpiration restriction.

2024, Plant Science

2024, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science

The cause for low maize yields in rain-fed production systems is usually associated with water stress due to perceived suboptimal seasonal precipitation. A modeling study using Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project modeling framework was conducted to determine the magnitude of rain-fed potential yield and yield gap of maize in the Wami River sub-basin, Tanzania. Primary and secondary data on soils, weather, management, and crop yields and cultivars were used. Data matrix search technique was used to calibrate CERES-Maize Crop System model against reported yield for each of 168 farms involved in this study. Then the individual farms' simulated yields, actual reported yields, and the resultant yield gaps were aggregated into ward-level averages. Model calibration was robust as there was a very close agreement between reported and simulated yield (R 2 = 0.9). Actual yields reported from farm survey ranged from 50 kg ha −1 to 3600 kg ha −1 with an average of 860 kg ha −1. Simulated rain-fed potential yield was between 2073 kg ha −1 and 5443 kg ha −1 and a mean of 4033 kg ha −1. It is apparent therefore that there exists a wide maize yield gap of 79% with current management under rain-fed conditions. This suggests that there is a large scope of improving maize yields under rain-fed conditions. Narrowing the yield gaps would require an intensive soil fertility improvement in the study area.

2024