Cross-Language Comparison Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Im Kontext des noch wenig erforschten frühen gleichzeitigen Einsetzens von Unterricht in zwei Fremdsprachen stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit es sinnvoll ist, bereits in der Schuleingangsphase mit Sprachvergleich zu arbeiten. Die hier vorgestellte Studie untersucht einerseits, inwieweit die Lehrkraft Sprachvergleich benutzt und wie dieses von den Lernenden aufgenommen wird und andererseits, inwieweit Kinder selbst sprachvergleich anstellen. Erste Beobachtungen zeigen nur wenig Sprachvergleich bei allen Beteiligten. Die Daten lassen vermuten, dass eine entsprechende Aufmerksamkeitslenkung durch die Lehrkraft eine häufigere Nutzung seitens der Schüler/innen anregen würde.

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- Language Awareness, Videography, Cross-Language Comparison, Early Language Learning

Materi ini disusun dalam rangka perkuliahan singkat tentang perbedaan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Melayu Malaysia. Selama kurang 14 kali perkuliahan telah didapatkan beberapa hasil tentang perbedaan kedua bahasa. Objek kajian utama dari... more

The usage of the grammatical passive voice in English and Chinese is analyzed and investigated by this study, making a comparison of the two different approaches Chinese and English have. When using a different language, different rules and customs are bound to appear, hence a different form of the passive voice with its different rules and usages is very likely to appear as well: this research highlights the differences between the two language and gives and insights for learners of either language. The reasons why the passive voice is used in both language and how are explained. The main features of both passive voices are also described.

Psycholinguistic investigations of the way readers and speakers perceive gender have shown several biases associated with how gender is linguistically realized in language. Although such variations across languages offer interesting grounds for legitimate cross-linguistic comparisons, pertinent characteristics of grammatical systems-especially in terms of their gender asymmetries-have to be clearly identified. In this paper, we present a language index for researchers interested in the effect of grammatical gender on the mental representations of women and men. Our index is based on five main language groups (i.e., grammatical gender languages, languages with a combination of grammatical gender and natural gender, natural gender languages, genderless languages with few traces of grammatical gender and genderless languages) and three sets of specific features (morphology, masculine-male generics and asymmetries). Our index goes beyond existing ones in that it provides specific dimensions relevant to those interested in psychological and sociological impacts of language on the way we perceive women and men. We also offer a critical discussion of any endeavor to classify languages according to grammatical gender.

We discussed a necessity of establishing a relation of False Friends and made an attempted to contrast the lexical systems of three East Asian languages under Sinosphere - Korean, Chinese, Japanese - based on the relation. We proposed the term ‘the relation of False Friends’ to refer to a relation of that forms are same or similar but meanings are different. Strictly speaking, since, the term Homonymy is not appropriate for the study of lexical contrast among Chinese words in Korean, Chinese, Japanese. When we were discussing the notion of a relation of False Friends, in this context we checked the term False Friends which linguists has accumulated a lot of outcomes especially on European languages. Next, we examined the significances and problems of the
existing research of lexical contrast, suggested an orientation of the contrastive research of Chinese words in Korean, Chinese, Japanese, and made an attempt to contrast the lexical systems of the languages by the Chinese words under the subsystem of [LEARNING].

- by Jaehak Do and +1
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- Homonymy, False friends, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Language Comparison

This article is a crosslinguistic investigation of the hypothesis that the average information rate conveyed during speech communication results from a trade-off between average information density and speech rate. The study, based on seven languages, shows a negative correlation between density and rate, indicating the existence of several encoding strategies. However, these strategies do not necessarily lead to a constant information rate. These results are further investigated in relation to the notion of syllabic complexity.*

- by Egidio Marsico and +1
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- Cognitive Science, Information Theory, Working Memory, Linguistics

The paper gives a systematic overview of basic clitic climbing data of Czech, Slovenian, and Polish by examining the following structures: clitic climbing out of infinitival complements and adjuncts; climbing out of embedded clauses under raising, control, and exceptional case marking verbs; embedded clauses under future auxiliaries, modals, aspectual verbs, verbs of movement, and verbs of perception. In all three languages, clitic climbing works in the exact same manner. This casts the typologically exceptional position of Polish within Slavic into doubt. A brief comparison of Minimalist and HPSG analyses of clitic climbing reveals that no account is superior to the other. Different range of success in describing clitic climbing might be counterbalanced by the utilization of further theoretical equipment. However, none of the discussed approaches provides an answer to the question, what the essential factors are that actuate the local or non-local realization of a clitic. Hence, an explanatory analysis of clitic climbing remains a desideratum to date. The Slavic clitic systems still need principled study to shed light on how they function.

- by Irenäus Kulik
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- Polish Language, Czech language, Cross-Language Comparison, Pronominal Clitics

This study explores the coding asymmetry between independent and dependent possessive person forms (as in English mine/my) from a cross-linguistic perspective. On the basis of a typological survey of 70 geographically and genealogically diverse languages, this paper identifies three universal tendencies: the length universal, the constituent order universal and the alienability universal. First, the length universal claims that independent possessive person forms are either longer or as long as the dependent possessive person forms. Second, the constituent order universal claims that the internal constituent order of the person form and the substantivizer correlates with the constituent order of the possessor and the possessum. In addition, in languages where both a composite possessive marker and a composite substantivizer are used, the possessive marker is always closer to the person root. Finally, the alienability universal claims that the possessive person forms in the alienable possessive constructions are more likely to be used as independent possessive person forms than those in the inalienable possessive constructions. These universal tendencies are instances of form-frequency correspondence, which is shown by corpus evidence from three languages.

- by Jingting Ye
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- Functional Linguistics, Universals, Morphology and Syntax, Linguistic Typology

Ad ogni livello di progresso culturale si possono trovare entrambi comunemente parlati, sia tipi semplici sia tipi complessi di lingua in un numero indefinito di varianti. Per quel che riguarda la forma linguistica, Platone cammina a braccetto col porcaro macedone, e Confucio con il selvaggio cacciatore di teste dell'Assam." E. Sapir, Il linguaggio, trad. it. 2 2007 : 217

- by paolo ramat
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- Language Typology, General linguistics, Cross-Language Comparison
- by Alan Garnham
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- Psychology, Linguistic Typology, Grammatical Gender, Cross-Language Comparison

Taking a look at basic Clitic Climbing (CC) data of Czech, Slovene, and Polish shows that CC works in the same manner in all three languages. Therefore, CC may be analyzed identically for these languages - at least regarding the data considered here. Analyzes of clitic phenomena were done within both the Minimalist Progam (MP) and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). Although a comparison of these frameworks reveals different degrees of succes in describing CC in Slavic, it turns out that none is superior to the other. Furthermore, all proposals reviewed are unable to provide an explanatorily adequate analysis of CC. Both MP and HPSG accounts fail in shedding light on why CC actually occurs, which the utilization of discourse structure might be needed for.

- by Irenäus Kulik
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- Theoretical Linguistics, Minimalist Syntax, HPSG, Polish Language

The talk is meant to give a systematic overview of basic clitic climbing data of Czech, Slovenian, and Polish. It turns out that clitic climbing works in the exact same manner in all three languages, at least regarding the data considered. This casts the typologically exceptional position of Polish within Slavic into further doubt. From this it follows that more principled research is needed, in order to shed light on the microtypology of the Slavic clitic systems.

- by Irenäus Kulik
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- Polish Language, Clitics, Czech language, Cross-Language Comparison

In this case study, I am discussing my recent PhD research project aiming to examine the development of spelling skills from different angles: the universality of dyslexia and the role of language in the developmental trajectories of spelling skills. To date, the number of studies comparing different types of spelling errors of children with and without dyslexia is limited and mainly conducted in English. The goal of my research was to contribute to the movement toward a more inclusive literacy theory by examining the spelling errors of English and Greek native speaking children of primary school age in quest of information related to the universal and unique characteristics of typical and atypical spelling development. Comparing spelling in three writing conditions in English and in Greek can be very insightful of the role of language in the development of different spelling skills as well as the role of written context in manifestation of dyslexia in two languages with different levels of consistency. In this case, I am discussing some methodological challenges stemming from my aim to conduct my research in two different countries and two different orthographic systems. In particular, this case is concerned with issues relevant to recruiting participants with special characteristics, designing experimental tests measuring spelling ability in two different languages, group matching, data scoring, and drawing cross-language comparisons. I will discuss ways to address these challenges in order to promote detailed, more inclusive, and universal studying of literacy acquisition.

- by Anna Tsakalaki
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- Literacy, Education, Languages and Linguistics, Greek Language