Defence and Peace Economics Research Papers (original) (raw)

2026, Defence and Peace Economics

2026, Social Science Research Network

developed a powerful framework for evaluating innovations and choosing business strategies to respond to technological change. 1 He divides innovations into two categories, "disruptive" and "sustaining," based mainly on whether or not the new product's performance is measured by new metrics. Sustaining innovations improve performance along an established trajectory that is familiar to traditional customers. Disruptive innovations, on the other hand, offer a different kind of performance that does not help traditional customers with their normal business practices. Christensen argues that incumbent firms will sensibly cater to their established customers, because they understand the established market well and work hard to preserve good customer relationships. As a result, incumbents will tend to focus on sustaining innovations and will neglect disruptive ones. However, this tendency will leave them vulnerable to new entrants that lack established customer ties and are therefore willing to pursue disruptive innovations, initially by selling to fringe customers. Christensen describes cases in a wide range of industries in which competition from new firms selling disruptive innovations led to the collapse of well-known, well-managed incumbent firms. In this article, we improve on Christensen's theory in a way that makes it more analytically useful-making the theory more predictive than descriptive. Christensen actually defines disruptive innovations as those in which incumbent firms lose out in the post-innovation competition, conflating cause and effect. That choice helps make his case histories engaging and easy to read. But it also makes his theory hard to test and hard to apply ex ante rather than ex post, because it requires analysts to know the outcome of the post-innovation competition before they can assign the value of the independent variable-that is, before they can decide whether the innovation in question is disruptive or sustaining. Christensen also introduces auxiliary assumptions about the nature of competition in the product market that complicate the story. In this article, we remedy those problems, classifying innovations explicitly in terms of a single dimension

2026, Social Science Research Network

2026, Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization

This article improves Clayton Christensen's widely cited theory of innovation and applies it to explain recent developments in the U.S. defense industry. We clarify Christensen's categorization of innovations, and expand the theory's scope to products with multiple quality attributes and markets that have a 'demand pull' for innovation. We then demonstrate that military leaders have misdiagnosed the current wave of innovation by casually claiming that it is disruptive. These improvements to Christensen's theory could help improve military investment decisions.

2026, Review of Radical Political Economics

This work contributes to the almost nonexistent literature on the profit rate of the financial sector. It updates the single study to include financial variables to cover the past decade, compares this profit rate to the (almost unpublished) Weisskopf and NIPA financial profit rates, compares the financial and nonfinancial sector rates, and details the procedure to construct the profit rate in the financial sector including relevant financial variables which capitalists consider to make profit-rate decisions.

2026

THE MISUNDERSTANDINGS OF DEFENSE PROCURING

2026, Defence and peace economics

This paper analyzes time-sensitive data on a humanitarian crisis in the Middle East. It aims to assess the impact of the steep influx of Syrian refugees into Jordan on the country's labor market since the onset of the conflict in Syria (March 2011). As of August 2014, nearly 3 million registered Syrians have sought refuge in neighboring countries (Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Turkey), according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Jordan and Lebanon are hosting the majority of them. This paper utilizes data regarding unemployment rates, employment rates, labor force participation, the number of refugees, and economic activity at the level of governorates. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) methodology is used to examine time series data from the most affected governorates in Jordan. The empirical results of Granger causality tests and impulse response functions show that there is no relationship between the influx of Syrian refugees and the Jordanian labor market. Our results are verified through a set of robustness checks.

2026, Defence and Peace Economics

2026

In this paper relationships between perceived important other's behaviours and various motivational, behavioural, and psychological well-being aspects are analyzed in the context of physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of important other in physical activity and psychological well-being in different age groups. The sample consisted of 180 students and 91 individuals of age above 40 who were trying to be physically active. Perceived autonomy support and controlling behaviour from important other, basic psychological need satisfaction and thwarting, motivation for physical activity, level of physical activity, and aspects of psychological well-being were measured. Results revealed that autonomy support from important other predicts basic psychological need satisfaction. Controlling behaviour from important other predicts need thwarting. Need satisfaction predicts autonomous motivation for physical activity, which in turn predicts level of physical activity. These patterns are equivalent in both age groups. However, some differences were found in predicting aspects of psychological well-being in different age groups. Findings reveal how relationships with close important other might promote leisure physical activity in another person.

2026

Pensar o mundo a partir do Sul não é um gesto retórico: é uma tomada de posição ética, política e epistemológica. Nesta obra, os autores reúnem artigos de opinião publicados no jornal A União. Os textos enfrentam, sem concessões, os grandes dilemas do nosso tempo: as disputas geopolíticas, os conflitos armados, a crise da democracia, a hegemonia cultural, as políticas linguísticas, a diplomacia cultural e os desafios da integração latino-americana. Inspirados pelo pensamento de Joaquín Torres García, os autores invertem o mapa simbólico das relações internacionais e assumem o Sul Global como lugar de enunciação. Os textos respondem a acontecimentos urgentes — da América Latina à Palestina, do BRICS à guerra na Ucrânia — articulando análise histórica, crítica midiática e compromisso com os direitos humanos, a soberania dos povos e a justiça internacional. Reunidos em livro, esses artigos deixam de ser apenas intervenções jornalísticas circunstanciais para dialogar, no grande tempo da cultura, com leitores interessados em compreender o mundo para além das narrativas hegemônicas. Nosso Norte é o Sul é, assim, convite à leitura crítica, ao dissenso informado e à construção de outros horizontes possíveis para pensar a política internacional desde o Sul. Profa. Dra. Silvia Garcia Nogueira, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais (PPGRI-UEPB)

2026, International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies

Traditional arms race models often assume that countries possess unlimited resources, leading to predictions of perpetual increases in military power. This paper introduces a new model incorporating the concept of carrying capacity, representing the maximum level of military strength that can be sustained. By integrating this idea, the model provides a more realistic way for analysing arms races, accounting for resource constraints and sustainability. The study examines both the classical and Richardson-Arms race models, applying them to defence expenditure data for Russia and Ukraine from 1994 to 2021. It identifies equilibrium points and assesses the stability of each model. Additionally, the Arms Race Model is modified to account for war scenarios, and its equilibrium points are analysed.

2026, Applied Economics

This article investigates the impact of military spending changes on economic growth in China over the period 1953 to 2010. Using two-state Markov-switching specifications, the results suggest that the relationship between military spending changes and economic growth is state dependent. Specifically, the results show that military spending changes affect the economic growth negatively during a slower growth–higher variance state, while positively within a faster growth–lower variance one. It is also demonstrated that military spending changes contain information about the growth transition probabilities. As a policy tool, the results indicate that increases in military spending can be detrimental to growth during slower growth–higher growth volatility periods.

2026, Defence and Peace Economics

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a nation that has persisted through turbulent times. The country’s leaders have long attempted to balance the allocation of resources between a strong military and a developing economy in their quest for stability, peace and prosperity. This paper examines and sheds further light on the relationship between Jordan’s military expenditure and its economic growth during the period 1970–2015. Using the Gregory -Hansen cointegration technique allowing for structural breaks, and the ARDL methodology this paper tests the short – and long–run equilibrium relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in Jordan. Furthermore, with the error correction model (ECM) and the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests, we examine the stability of the above relationship. The results reveal positive short – and long–run relationships between military expenditure and economic growth in Jordan, during the period under study. This finding has important policy implications...

2026

We have used the Michigan Model of World Production and Trade to assess the impact of exports and imports of armaments (based on 1980 data) on sectoral trade and employment and other economic variables in the major Western trading countries. If the United States were to place a unilateral embargo on its arms exports and imports, we calculate that it would experience a comparatively small amount of employment displacement in the aggregate and that most of this displacement would occur in the transport equipment and electric machinery sectors. If all the major Western countries were to place a multilateral embargo on their arms trade, the sectoral effects on the United States would be similarly small. But the sectoral effects in several other industrialized and developing countries, measured as a percentage of sectoral employment, would be larger, indicating potential short-run adjustment problems in labor markets in some cases.

2026, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

This study revisits the relationship between defence spending and economic growth using Keynesian model in Pakistan by applying ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration for long run and error correction method for short span of time. Empirical evidence suggests a stable cointegration relationship between defence spending and economic growth. An increase in defence spending retards the pace of economic growth confirming the validation of Keynesian hypothesis in the country. Current economic growth is positively linked with economic growth in previous period while rise in nonmilitary expenditures boosts economic growth. Interest rate is inversely associated with economic growth. Finally, unidirectional causality running from military spending to economic growth is found.

2026

South Sudan faces an unprecedented convergence of political instability, armed conflict, and humanitarian catastrophe in late 2025. The detention of First Vice President Riek Machar in March 2025 effectively collapsed the 2018 Revitalized Peace Agreement (R-ARCSS), triggering widespread armed conflict. Concurrently, the Sudan war spillover has added 1.21 million refugees and returnees, while climate shocks displaced over 1.35 million people. More than 9.3 million people require humanitarian assistance, with systematic access constraints impeding aid delivery. This paper analyzes the security dynamics, political crisis, and access challenges essential for strategic decision-making in this rapidly deteriorating context.

2026

Los llamamientos por la reducción de los gastos militares han estado presentes en todas las expresiones del pensamiento pacifista a lo largo de la historia. Bajo el concepto de dividendos de la paz, el desarme ha tenido una extensa historia de debates y propuestas, en particular en las esferas pacifistas desde la disciplina económica; centrándose en la idea de coste de oportunidad de los gastos militares y en cómo la reducción de los presupuestos de defensa pueden constituir una gran oportunidad para conseguir recursos para destinar a políticas sociales. En este trabajo hacemos un estado de la cuestión de los dividendos de la paz. Se trata en primer lugar cómo el concepto, que surgió en el contexto de la Guerra Fría, resultó ser una oportunidad desaprovechada para la paz. En segundo lugar se detalla cómo la idea de la reducción de los gastos militares es una característica central en los pacifismos.Historically, calls for reducing military expenditures were present in all expression...

2026, Scientific Annals of Economics and Business

Occupational accidents are among the most important issues of the agenda of working life in Turkey recently. Recently the causes and consequences of occupational accidents which are related to human, occupational and environmental factors have received great attention from the researchers but it has been paid little attention to focused on economic factors. The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to redressing this gap by examining the relationship between fatal occupational accidents and economic development over the period of 1980 to 2012 for Turkey. In this context, bounds testing approach which is also known as autoregressive distributed lag model is performed. The results indicate the existence of positive relationship between gross domestic product per capita and fatal occupational accidents in the short-run while in the long run this turns out to be in a negative way via economic growth and changes in structure of the economy.

2026

This paper is based on research currently being undertaken as part of a project on Defence Industrial Restructuring, Conversion and Economic Growth in South Africa, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, whose support is gratefully acknowledged.

2026, Estrategia marítima, evolución y prospectiva

2026, Defence and peace economics

In our original comment, we showed that Hausken's characterization of Nash equilibrium is invalid for much of the parameter space examined and provided necessary conditions for his solution to hold. Most of the comments in his reply are either tangential or irrelevant. However, several of the claims made in the reply reveal continuing misunderstandings and gaps in his understanding. In this rejoinder, we briefly clarify the fundamental issues.