Development Policies and Strategies Research Papers (original) (raw)

O Plano Nacional de Educação: PNE 2014-2024 prevê, como Meta 11,
triplicar as matrículas da educação profissional técnica de nível médio e que, pelo menos, 50% da expansão da oferta seja no segmento público. No entanto, além de a proposta original do plano prever a duplicação das matrículas no período, o ano de 2013, estabelecido como Linha de Base do PNE, apresentou expressivo aumento de matrículas decorrentes do Programa Nacional de Acesso ao EnsinoTécnico e Emprego – Pronatec, o que levou a um aumento de 76% entre a meta proposta e a aprovação, de fato, da meta. O presente trabalho analisa o contexto de definição da meta 11 pelo Congresso Nacional, e o posicionamento apresentado pelo MEC frente à alteração realizada pelo Parlamento.

90 prosent av hjernen utvikles før et barn fyller fem år. Barn som får for lite -eller feil -mat de første leveårene, blir ofte merket for livet. I verden i dag, finnes det 159 millioner av dem. Det utgjør hvert fjerde barn under fem år.

- by Anne Hatløy and +1
- •
- Nutrition, Development Policies and Strategies

Our body compulsory demands food, water and air to keep its vital functions and yet their economic nature is rather diverse with food mostly considered a private good, water suffering an accelerated privatization process and air so far considered a global common good. Food has evolved from a common good and local resource to a national asset and then to a transnational commodity as the commodification process is rather completed nowadays. Cultivated food is fully privatized and this consideration means that human beings can eat food as long as they have money to but it or means to produce it. With the dominant no money-no food rationality, hunger still prevails in a world of abundance. In order to provide a sound foundation for the transition towards sustainable food systems, the very nature of food as a pure private good is contested and subsequently reversed in this paper, proposing a re-conceptualisation of food as a common good, a necessary narrative for the redesign of the dominating agro-industrial food system that merely sees food as a tradable commodity. This aspirational transition shall lead us to a more sustainable, fairer and farmer-centred food system. The idea of the commons is applied to food, deconstructing food as a pure private good and reconstructing it as an impure commons that can be better produced and distributed by a hybrid tri-centric governance system compounded by market rules, public regulations and collective actions. Several food-related elements are already considered as common goods (i.e. fish stocks, wild fruits, cuisine recipes, agricultural knowledge, food safety regulations and unpatented genetic resources) as well as food’s implications (hunger eradication) and benefits (public health and good nutrition). Should food and be consider as a commons, the implications for the governance of the global food system would be enormous, with examples ranging from placing food outside the framework agreements dealing with pure private goods, banning financial speculation on food commodities or preparing international binding agreements to govern the production, distribution and access of food to every human being.

- by Jose Luis Vivero Pol
- •
- Political Economy, Social Anthropology, Food Science, Food Safety

Employees' productivity has been extensively addressed by psychologists for a long time. With the emergence of positive psychology (PS), positive psychologists started to fill the literature gap which addresses the influence of individual's positive traits on employees' performance and organizational productivity and how it could be improve it by identifying these traits and build organizational policies based on them. Unlike traditional psychology, PS focuses on the employees' positive individuals' traits rather than on curing the negative psychological aspects of the individual. This research identifies three such positive traits,-Optimism, Well-Being and Personal Strength and analyses their impacts on employees' productivity, hence organizational productivity. The research explicitly investigates these three positive traits, their identification and the development of a policy based on these aiming at positive effects on increasing the employees' performance, hence their productivity. The research proposes a "process" and a "framework" which reflect the relationships between Positive Psychology traits, employees' performance and Organizational Productivity. Hypotheses were drawn from the framework and a questionnaire was prepared to collect data to verify the validity of the relationships proposed on the framework. The questionnaire was administered on employee in a selected organization. Each hypothesis was tested, and the results were analyzed using statistical approaches. The results demonstrated quite interesting findings which demonstrated that, implementing positive psychology concepts and individual positive traits such as optimism, well-being and personal strength at the workplace increase employees' performance hence organizational productivity, and this was verified by the acceptance of all the hypotheses following the data analysis. Abstract Employees' productivity has been extensively addressed by psychologists for a long time. With the emergence of positive psychology (PS), positive psychologists started to fill the literature gap which addresses the influence of individual's positive traits on employees' performance and organizational productivity and how it could be improve it by identifying these traits and build organizational policies based on them. Unlike traditional psychology, PS focuses on the employees' positive individuals' traits rather than on curing the negative psychological aspects of the individual. This research identifies three such positive traits,-Optimism, Well-Being and Personal Strength and analyses their impacts on employees' productivity, hence organizational productivity. The research explicitly investigates these three positive traits, their identification and the development of a policy based on these aiming at positive effects on increasing the employees' performance, hence their productivity. The research proposes a "process" and a "framework" which reflect the relationships between Positive Psychology traits, employees' performance and Organizational Productivity. Hypotheses were drawn from the framework and a questionnaire was prepared to collect data to verify the validity of the relationships proposed on the framework. The questionnaire was administered on employee in a selected organization. Each hypothesis was tested, and the results were analyzed using statistical approaches. The results demonstrated quite interesting findings which demonstrated that, implementing positive psychology concepts and individual positive traits such as optimism, well-being and personal strength at the workplace increase employees' performance hence organizational productivity, and this was verified by the acceptance of all the hypotheses following the data analysis.

The modern Celtic myth is a complex framework because of its variety of constituent elements. In essence, it consists of an empathetic celebration of otherness, based on a timeless narrative and restorative nostalgia, but including nationalist and capitalistmarket interests. Since the first edition of the Ossianic poems by James Macpherson in 1760, Celticness has firmly settled within a collective imagination in search of alternative aesthetic, political, and even spiritual values. It has been exploited in different geocultural spaces and articulated in propaganda strategies, to found ethnic consciousness and fill the gaps of history. In addition to other Celtic areas of Europe, Galicia (NW Spain) has a long Celtophile tradition, with relevant intellectual support, ritual symbologies, and media productions. This article focuses on Galician Celtic-based history, icons, events, phenomena like the Real Banda of bagpipes, the Interceltic Festival of Ortigueira, and the renewed archaeological attempt to locate Galician ancestry within Iron Age Celts. Celticness has been the main identity locus in the construction of Galicia as a nation, shaping a specific social awareness and even invoking racial arguments. Comparison is established with Scotland, Brittany and Ireland (the ‘brothers from the north’) in their respective perception and treatment of modern Celticness.

"Rio'da yapılan son BM Çevre Konferansı (Rio+20), çokuluslu şirket lobilerinin ve uluslararası güç dengelerini kollayan bürokratların istediği sonuçları doğurdu: Gelecek neoliberal küresel kapitalizme satıldı. Ancak olumlu gelişmeler de vardı. “İstediğimiz Gelecek”
cephesinde toplanan dünya toplumsal hareketleri küresel muhalefeti güçlendirme fırsatı buldu. Morales'in "Doğa Ana Yasası" fikri ekososyalist harekete esin veriyor..."

- by Ethemcan Turhan
- •
- Climate Change, Critical Geopolitics, Poverty, Political Ecology

INDICE 1.-AMÉRICA LATINA Y SU CRISIS SOCIAL: MÁS POBRES Y HAMBRIENTOS PERO CON MÁS ALIMENTOS 2.-LOS DERECHOS ECONÓMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES EN LA REGIÓN: DOS PASOS ADELANTE, UN PASO ATRÁS. 2.1.-Breve retazo histórico: consolidación a... more

- by Jose Luis Vivero Pol
- •
- Business Ethics, Law, International Relations, Political Economy

India's agricultural system is at an important stage in its transformation. In India, the average land tenure for farmers is 1.08 hectares, and 86 percent of the settlements are less than two hectares in size. In addition, small and scale farmers are often trapped in a vicious cycle of low productivity and subsistence farming due to insufficient access to information, technology, and financial services. Therefore, an important policy question that arises is how information and market access issues can be overcome by poor farmers with resources. Traditionally, a key means of information dissemination and innovation for many emerging economies are agricultural extension services that are supported by the public sector. In this program, extension agents train poor farmers with resources directly on best practices or work closely with selected 'model farmers' who try new farming methods and pass them on to other farmers. It is suggested that your personal digital extension services could be used to enhance the public sector's efforts to provide agricultural-related information in rural areas. However, for these digital extension services to be an effective tool, some basic infrastructure such as roads, electricity, telephone network and internet access need to be accessible, which may require government support.

That talk is never disinterested complicates the relationship between the environment and the claims people make about it. Talk about place, and one's self in it, is particularly complex when the environment poses risk or is otherwise problematized. This study, a secondary analysis of interview data, seeks to extend discursive work on place-identity by examining the ways in which 14 residents of a small English village talk about themselves and their locale. The locale accommodates an active quarry, and many residents had lodged complaints to the quarry about dust, noise and vibrations from blasting. Attention to the interactional context of the interviews illustrates the ways in which (simply) interviewing people about their locale can threaten self- and place-identity. When asked about life in the village, interviewees oriented to two main dilemmas in protecting self- and place-identity: (1) how to justify continued residence in a challenging environment and (2) how to complain about the locale whilst maintaining positive place-identity. Discursive responses to these dilemmas drew upon typical identity processes, such as self- and place distinctiveness and the formulation of out-groups, as well as upon constructions of localized power-sharing and morally obligated tolerance of risk. We suggest that research on problematical places, and of environmental risk, needs to be sensitized to how it may constitute a threat to self- and place-identity, and how this may mediate formulations self and place, as well as of environmental risk.

- by Anna Madill
- •
- Real Estate, Business Ethics, Environmental Engineering, Discourse Analysis

Análisis comparado de las políticas de Cooperación Internacional para el desarrollo de disintos países de la Unión Europea para conocer el grado de compromiso institucional con el Enfoque basado en Derechos humanos por parte de los diferentes países y hacer recomendaciones a la política de cooperación española para una incorporación eficaz del Enfoque basado en derechos.

This paper intends to show a possible use of videogames in knowledge construction through the participatory action research methodology in the areas of agro-ecology, fisheries engineering and solidarity economy. The paper presents the initial state of the activities of the “Pirarucu-Gente Project”, a research and extension project focusing on advisory, training and social change. The project aims to assist family-based farmers, fishermen and fish farmers of the region called “Território Central da Cidadania “ (the Central Territory of Citizenship) of the State of Rondônia, Brazil, in the use of sustainable practices in the management of production, processing and commerce of their products, so as to ensure their autonomy and livelihood. A metaverse will be used as a working tool.
for the dissemination of best practices.

- by Has Willet
- •
- Climate Change, Poverty, HIV/AIDS, Governance
- by Cornelis De Wolf
- •
- Climate Change, Poverty, Monitoring And Evaluation, HIV/AIDS
- by IBRAHIM WADEMBERE
- •
- Social Change, Health Promotion, Epidemiology, Social epidemiology

Exploring the connection between culture and broader goals of human development, this research focuses on cultural and creative industries in what is commonly referred to as 'developing countries'. Christiaan De Beukelaer offers a thorough exploration of how the concepts of cultural and creative industries are constructed and implemented across African countries and evaluates various policy implications of his findings. Combining an empirical study of the cultural industries of Africa with an understanding towards broader insights regarding global implications of the European debate surrounding creative industries, De Beukelaer's work will greatly benefit our thinking on cultural policy.

- by Christiaan De Beukelaer
- •
- Cultural Studies, Music, Media Studies, Media and Cultural Studies

The Migration of people is an integral part of the major transformations currently affecting our world. The importance of integrating migration to development planning processes has been recently recognized.
In assessing the situation, there have been new global initiatives advocating greater integration of migration issues in the development planning processes and strategic designs.
In the context of this study, the aspect of the migration-development nexus is studied with regard to the need to establish a coherent policy framework both at institutional and working levels. In this respect, the coherence referred to implies that on one side, migration policies should take into account development processes and on the other, the development policies should also recognize the role of migration.
Achieving policy coherence in the field of Migration is not an easy task. Especially when considering that the policy aspect, multiple stakeholders and interests are involved, one can identify that certain countries, such as the UK have been able to demonstrate greater policy coherence than others, however due to the inherenttensions between the different objectives and departments limit the progress made (Sriskandarajah, 2006).

- by Lisa Elkins Goodman
- •
- Business Ethics, Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics
- by Bob Edwards and +1
- •
- Sociology, Environmental Sociology, Rural Sociology, Globalization

A comparative study on spatial planning and regional development, and territorial restructuring in developing countries shows few general trends mixed in different patterns. Amongst them those on territorial dynamics constitute the focus of this book.
The methodology of the comparison is based on the use of a common set of frameworks by the experts of the different national cases including emerging countries and less developed countries from three continents and several cultural areas. Territorial authorities, institutions, projects, local governments and spatial initiatives with their relative areas and jurisdictions are positioned according to their origins. level and scales on a set of figures. The figures are used to differentiate territorial objects and stakeholders by levels (from international to local), tier and scales and by nature, origins and functions. Using a model of the relationship and financial links, three spheres of territorial powers are distinguished, each with its own set of dynamics: the sphere of state territories emanating from the central state apparatus and from devolution (local government); the sphere of operational territories driven by private or public sector; and the sphere of emergent territories with area based development projects, ranging from community based to interregional cooperation.
Five main tendencies characterize developing countries in the era of globalization:
devolution, participation, concession, regionalization and autonomization. Those trends are not always represented and are combined in different national configurations.
For instance Morocco and South Africa, two African emergent countries present contrasting patterns with some common trends. Their respective nexus deal with their different historical and political backgrounds and the resulting contrasted approaches to spatial planning and territorial management despite the present common context of devolution and promotion of stakeholders and spaces for civil society and the private sector.

- by Frédéric Giraut
- •
- Geography, Human Geography, Political Geography and Geopolitics, Economics
- by Levi Manda and +5
- •
- Climate Change, Poverty, HIV/AIDS, Governance
- by Alejandro Márquez-Velázquez and +1
- •
- Trade and Industrial Policy, Global Financial Crisis, Bretton Woods, Development Policies and Strategies
- by Därlëën Mïtchëll Fräncïscö
- •
- Climate Change, Poverty, HIV/AIDS, Governance
- by Dereje Elias
- •
- Geography, Development Studies, Climate Change, Ecotourism

Supermarket chains have spread throughout Southern Africa and thereby restructured agri-food markets. Fragmented public markets have increasingly been replaced by supermarket stores which can offer products of better quality at lower prices. Those farmers who previously supplied public markets are now superfluous and have difficulties in entering new supermarket channels due to high entry requirements, in particular private standards. Although the expansion of supermarkets provides new opportunities for smallholders to participate in new supply chains, their inclusion has failed as supermarkets have not been able or willing to support farmers sufficiently. Instead, they co-operate with bigger farms which are able to meet their standards, or import the desired produce. Several alternative strategies for smallholders have been suggested, however, it remains uncertain whether an inclusion of smallholders into supermarket channels is the best available approach at all.

- by David Parduhn
- •
- Climate Change, Poverty, HIV/AIDS, Governance
- by Andrea Bohn
- •
- Climate Change, Poverty, HIV/AIDS, Governance

Tourism is a significant contributor to GDP, employment and to the international appreciation of a country and its culture – regardless of its level of development. This policy analysis seeks to assist the Least
Developed Countries (LDCs) in harnessing development opportunities by providing a comprehensive overview of existing international development instruments, i.e., Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies
(DTISs) and their Action Matrices, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), and reviewing their alignment with the national tourism development strategies, investment policies and tourism related trade
arrangements. The authors encourage the use of findings from this analysis by all actors and stakeholders engaged with trade facilitation activities in LDCs. In reviewing these key development policy
documents, this in-depth analysis seeks to better equip LDCs to manage international policy advice provided by a multitude of international development partners. The ultimate objective of this work is to support their achievement of greater social and economic benefits through growth trade in tourism services. It is also hoped that this analytical report will enhance the coherence and complimentarity of tourism development advice proposed by the international community via drawing attention to policy gaps and implementation vacuums existing within the tourism supply and value chain.

- by Lichia Saner-Yiu and +1
- •
- Development Policies and Strategies

Armut und Verwundbarkeit prägen das Leben vieler Menschen in Afrika. Für die Sicherung ihrer Existenz spielen Wanderungen zwischen Land und Stadt und die aus ihnen resultierenden ortsübergreifenden sozialen Netzwerke eine weitaus größere Rolle als bisher von der Forschung angenommen. Das Buch zeigt dies am Beispiel Südafrikas.
Die Entstehung, die innere Dynamik und die entwicklungspolitische Relevanz informeller Land-Stadt-Verflechtungen werden anhand einer bilokalen Fallstudie untersucht und veranschaulicht.
Malte Steinbrink eröffnet eine translokale Perspektive, die dazu geeignet ist, die aktuelle Diskussion um das Verhältnis von Migration und Entwicklung in Afrika maßgeblich voranzubringen.

- by Malte Steinbrink
- •
- Development Studies, Migration, South African Politics and Society, Gender

This research is a qualitative case study of two festivals that showcased South African music in the USA: the South African Arts Festival which took place in downtown Los Angeles in 2013, and the Ubuntu Festival which was staged at Carnegie Hall in New York in 2014. At both festivals, South African government entities such as the Department of Arts and Culture (DAC), as well as the Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) were involved. Due to the cultural, economic and other mandates of these departments, broader South African government policy interests were inadvertently represented on foreign soil. The other implication is that since South African culture was central to these events, it was also key to promoting these acultural policy interests. What this research sets out to do is to explore how these festivals promote the interests of South African musicians while furthering South African government interests, and how policy was an enabler of such an execution.

- by akhona ndzuta
- •
- Festivals and music, Cultural Policy, Ethnomusicology, Foreign Policy

ABSTRAK Meningkatnya pertumbuhan jumlah produksi industri manufaktur di Jawa Timur dan banyaknya kawasan industri yang sedang dikembangkan menunjukkan adanya peluang yang sangat besar bagi industri jasa kontraktor untuk mendapatkan pangsa pasarnya. Adanya peluang tersebut juga diimbangi dengan semakin banyaknya jumlah kontraktor jasa yang mendirikan perusahaannya. Ketatnya persaingan membuat perusahaan PT. Mitra Jasa Engineering untuk memiliki strategi pemasaran yang tepat dan efektif agar dapat memenangkan persaingan tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang strategi pemasaran yang tepat pada PT. Mitra Jasa Engineering dengan menggunakan metode SWOT dan QSPM. Perancangan strategi pemasaran tersebut menggunakan dua alternatif strategi, alternative strategi pertama yaitu menggunakan strategi lama yang digunakan perusahaan dan alternative berikutnya menggunakan strategi yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis faktor internal dan eksternal perusahaan. Kedua alternatif tersebut akan disandingkan dalam matriks QSP untuk diolah hingga menghasilkan alternatif strategi mana yang terpilih. Hasil analisis matriks QSP menunujkkan bahwa alternative strategi hasil analisis SWOT merupakan strategi yang paling tepat digunakan pada PT. Mitra Jasa Engineering dengan total nilai TAS lebih besar yaitu 5.370.

- by Alejandro Márquez-Velázquez and +1
- •
- Development Economics, Development Studies, Brazil, China
- by Lisa Elkins Goodman
- •
- Real Estate, Business Ethics, Transportation Engineering, Botany
- by Aromar Revi and +1
- •
- Gender Studies, Development Economics, Education, Social Policy

After toppling the 61-year dominant Barisan Nasional through a historic election victory in May 2018, expectations are high for the new ruling government led by Mahathir Mohamad and the Pakatan Harapan to fulfil their promises for socio-economic reforms and regime change in Malaysia. But what have been the institutions of the prevailing regime that need to be reformed and changed? This article offers a critical review of the evolving development agendas since the 1990s of the successive governments of Mahathir Mohamad, Abdullah Badawi, and Najib Razak, each couched in different catchphrases: Wawasan 2020, Islam Hadhari, and 1Malaysia. A close reading of these programs suggests that their substance articulates two persistent logics: the ruling elite’s constant requirement for political stability enforced by a strong state; and, the need to adapt to the demands and opportunities of accumulation in specific phases of Malaysia’s capitalist development in the context of globalization. The analysis reveals the attempts at maintaining authoritarian neoliberalism, or a neoliberal economy embedded in an authoritarian polity, as the de facto social regime in contemporary Malaysia. By examining policy documents, speeches, and news reports, the article discloses how this regime had been enunciated or reified in public discourses, policies, and actions of the respective administrations.

- by Bonn Juego
- •
- Sociology, Economic Sociology, Political Sociology, Social Change

Our body compulsory demands food, water and air to keep its vital functions and yet their economic nature is rather diverse
with food mostly considered a private good, water suffering an accelerated privatization process and air so far considered a
global common good. Food has evolved from a common good and local resource to a national asset and then to a
transnational commodity as the commodification process is rather completed nowadays. Cultivated food is fully privatized
and this consideration means that human beings can eat food as long as they have money to but it or means to produce it.
With the dominant no money-no food rationality, hunger still prevails in a world of abundance. In order to provide a sound
foundation for the transition towards sustainable food systems, the very nature of food as a pure private good is contested and
subsequently reversed in this paper, proposing a re-conceptualisation of food as a common good, a necessary narrative for the
redesign of the dominating agro-industrial food system that merely sees food as a tradable commodity. This aspirational
transition shall lead us to a more sustainable, fairer and farmer-centred food system. The idea of the commons is applied to
food, deconstructing food as a pure private good and reconstructing it as an impure commons that can be better produced and
distributed by a hybrid tri-centric governance system compounded by market rules, public regulations and collective actions.
Several food-related elements are already considered as common goods (i.e. fish stocks, wild fruits, cuisine recipes,
agricultural knowledge, food safety regulations and unpatented genetic resources) as well as food’s implications (hunger
eradication) and benefits (public health and good nutrition). Should food and be consider as a commons, the implications for
the governance of the global food system would be enormous, with examples ranging from placing food outside the
framework agreements dealing with pure private goods, banning financial speculation on food commodities or preparing
international binding agreements to govern the production, distribution and access of food to every human being.

- by Lisa Elkins Goodman
- •
- Social Psychology, Human Geography, Earth Sciences, Environmental Science

"Summary
The aim of this meeting is to discuss local environmental knowledge in relation to policies and scientific perspectives on climate change. The purpose is for Pacific Islanders to talk about and represent their local knowledges, values and environmental practices in ways that effectively speak to national and international policy makers and climate scientists. We have chosen traditional calendars as our guiding theme because they offer a useful, organized set of systems for approaching indigenous environmental knowledges.
By placing traditional calendars at the centre of this conversation we hope to offer a space for community researchers and representatives from across the Pacific to compare and present their local knowledges in ways that can be understood and incorporated into climate studies and policy without losing their sense of origin, ownership and cultural value. This translation between local knowledge, science and policy poses big challenges, because traditional knowledge is never separate from moral and social values, nor the places where they are rooted, while the production of scientific knowledge about the environment is usually about creating abstract data that are kept separate from local and cultural considerations.
The solution that we want to explore seeks to encourage participants to think about how the environmental practices of their community fit within larger configurations across neighbouring islands in order to produce shared models of knowledge across Pacific communities with similar environments and challenges. For example, the representatives from Melanesia can relate their local experiences of the environment to broader monsoon seasons, strong cyclones, earthquakes and tsunamis, which are characteristic of the Western Pacific; by contrast, the Central Pacific, Eastern Polynesia, Micronesia, and Aotearoa will each share different sorts of cycles and challenges, as well as certain shared cultural values.
Producing regional models through the joining of local experiences can facilitate locally-grounded and collective representations of Islander knowledge - a sort of clustering that carries more weight than single case studies. This may allow indigenous knowledges to be presented to policy makers and scientists on Pacific Islanders' terms, which means not losing sight of the networks of people, places and forms of understanding that underpin these assemblages. It takes us away from "intellectual property" discussions that assume that knowledge is alienable. It is a way of bringing together different worldviews on an equal basis, rather than separating them."

- by Carlos Mondragon
- •
- Entrepreneurship, Human Ecology, Environmental Education, Climate Change

The Koga project is the first new large-scale irrigation scheme in the Blue Nile river basin since the 1970s and may thus serve as an example of the tremendous changes of landscape and livelihood that are accompanying current water development projects in Ethiopia. This article analyzes the impoverishment risks arising out of the development-induced relocation of households in Koga. Following the Impoverishment Risk and Reconstruction model, seven of eight impoverishment risks could be identified, namely temporal landlessness, homelessness, joblessness, social marginalization, loss of household assets, social disarticulation and food insecurity, though the majority of relocated households succeeded in moving to other rural areas and did not face the challenges caused by urbanization. The Koga project and the local municipality undertook activities to reverse the impoverishment risk for the relocated households, but focused on the reconstruction of material livelihood assets (land, houses and compensation). The extent of rural-urban migration as a result of the project was underestimated. Proactive activities by the affected households succeeded in reducing their risk of impoverishment if they were informed early enough about the irrigation project.

- by Afrika Focus
- •
- Religion, African Studies, Climate Change, Poverty
- by Jonathan Fox
- •
- Political Economy, Mexican Studies, Poverty, International Trade

This research attempts to approach the current structure of an emerging Mexican regional policy, understanding its origins and the poor efforts for its development i.e., a regional policy that is hardly marked by an urban vision. In Mexico, urbanization processes and regional policies are strongly linked, to a great extent as a result of the growth strategies followed since 1960, beginning with a protectionist policy during which the Mexican economy enjoyed certain prosperity reflected in the high rates of GDP growth. The protectionist model was considered depleted by early 1980’s, with the beginning of a Mexican economic crisis that lasted the whole decade, and whose causes were surely internal, but some international constraints also contributed to the decline of growth. This is one of the worst decades in economic growth in Mexico of the twentieth century. In the 1990’s, looking for a model to assist the economic recovery, came the abrupt economic liberalization and privatization processes. Despite the dramatic changes in growth strategies, the regional inequalities in Mexico have been a constant, which during the protectionist policy era tended to decrease and for the liberalization era, they have tended to increase until today. Herein are exposed the Mexican regional policy strengths and weaknesses, showing that currently, regions in Mexico and their development have not had a major weight in the national policy agenda. Extreme poverty and unequal income concentration are topics that need to be tackled and a strong regional policy could bring potential benefits to this purpose.

- by Cynthia Arredondo
- •
- Development Studies, Regional policy, Mexico, Endogenous Growth