Digital labor Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Embracing Liminality and "Staying with the Trouble" on (and off) Screen

The Shut-In Worker project aimed to investigate the thoughts, beliefs, and experiences of Australian knowledge workers working from home during lockdown. From June to October 2020, we recruited twelve households across two Australian states. While the sample included households with diverse incomes and living arrangements—from metropolitan single person apartment dwellers to regional families in free standing households—the majority were relatively privileged. The households included in this study were predominantly Anglo-Australian and highly educated. Critically, unlike many during COVID-19, these householders had maintained their salaried work. Participating households took part in an initial interview via Zoom or Microsoft Teams during which they took us on workplace tours, showing us where and how the domestic had been requisitioned for salaried labour. Householders subsequently kept digital diaries of their working days ahead of follow up interviews in which we got them to reflect on their past few weeks working from home with reference to the textual and photographic diaries they had shared with us.

2025, King's Law Journal

The burgeoning gig economy largely operates outside of existing labour standards, mainly because in most countries workers are classified as self-employed rather than as employees. Until now, much legal effort has been focused on bringing platform workers within the scope of labour law by proving that they fit the definition of employee or worker, which functions as the gateway to employment rights. This has yielded some positive outcomes, particularly in exposing sham self-employment. However, this approach is limited, not least because platforms are adept at reconfiguring their conditions of work to avoid the legal definition of employee, or at fragmenting their corporate structure to evade the jurisdiction of courts in the region where workers in fact find themselves. By contrast, not enough attention has been paid to how labour law standards, fashioned for the 'employee' paradigm, should be reshaped to meet the needs of platform workers regardless of their employment status. It is these challenges that the Fairwork project in South Africa aims to address. It brings together social scientists and lawyers to establish novel means of developing *Sandra Fredman, Professor of the Law of the British Commonwealth and the USA, Oxford University.

2025, SSRN Electronic Journal

The impact of platforms in the global South is under-researched. This paper analyses the role of platforms in relation to "institutional voids": absences or shortcomings of formal institutions that can create shortfalls in the operation of markets. Through a mix of primary and secondary research, this paper studies gig economy platforms like Uber and Upwork that digitise labour market functions. It finds that platforms do beneficially fill voids: creating new and, in some ways, better jobs. But their digital void-filling concentrates power and constrains worker behaviour. Simultaneously, platforms maintain or create institutional voids, leading to power asymmetries, over-competition between workers, platform opportunism, and job insecurity and precarity. The paper ends by suggesting practical actions to address these downsides of platformisation, and by identifying some future research priorities.

2025, Geoforum

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2025

Artikel ini membahas menganalisis Business Model Canvas (BMC) dari InDriver, sebuah aplikasi layanan transportasi online, dengan fokus pada elemen-elemen kunci yang membedakannya dari pesaing. InDriver menggunakan model negosiasi harga antara pengemudi dan penumpang, memberikan fleksibilitas harga yang lebih besar dan berpotensi keuntungan lebih tinggi bagi pengemudi, serta harga lebih rendah bagi penumpang. Analisis ini membahas bagaimana elemen BMC seperti Customer Segments, Value Propositions, Channels, Customer Relationships, Revenue Streams, Key Resources, Key Activities, Key Partnerships, dan Cost Structure saling berinteraksi untuk menciptakan model bisnis yang unik dan kompetitif di pasar transportasi online yang padat.

2025

2025, Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi

The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) depends on vast datasets that require extensive human labour for annotation and labelling. Despite being framed as autonomous and intelligent, AI systems rely on precarious digital labour, particularly in the Global South. Data labelling, essential for AI training, is often outsourced or crowdsourced, exposing workers to low wages, job insecurity, and exploitative conditions. This study explores AI, labour, and global inequalities, demonstrating how Digital Taylorism and datafication intensify worker surveillance while reducing human labour to fragmented, repetitive tasks. The rise of digital sweatshops and a digital underclass reflects historical economic dependencies between the Global North and South. Crowdsourcing platforms and outsourced labour markets create a new form of exploitation under the guise of technological progress. This research challenges the prevailing narrative of AI as a purely technological advancement by unveiling its socio-economic dimensions. Findings emphasize the necessity of ethical AI development, transparency in labour practices, and structural reforms to protect workers from exploitation. Without intervention, AI risks deepening global inequalities, concentrating wealth and power while reinforcing systemic disparities in the digital economy. Addressing these issues requires a critical approach that situates AI within broader socio-political and economic structures, ensuring technology serves equitable and just purposes rather than perpetuating historical injustices

2025

Pada era digital seperti saat ini, aplikasi layanan jasa telah menjadi salah satu pilihan utama yang tersedia bagi masyarakat untuk memuaskan kebutuhan dan keinginan mereka. Aplikasi-aplikasi tersebut menyediakan berbagai layanan, seperti transportasi, pengiriman makanan, dan jasa lainnya yang dapat diakses secara mudah melalui perangkat seluler. Salah satu manfaat utama dari penggunaan aplikasi transportasi online adalah kemudahan aksebilitas. Saat ini, terdapat beberapa aplikasi transportasi online yang populer di Indonesia seperti Grab, Gojek, Maxim, Anterin, InDriver, dan sebagainya. 1 Maxim adalah perusahaan transportasi online yang kini menjadi salah satu pemain utama di Indonesia. 2 Maxim didirikan oleh Maxim Belonogov, seorang wirausahawan asal Rusia yang lahir di Provinsi Shadrinks pada awal 1980-an. Berasal dari keluarga sederhana, Belonogov harus bekerja sejak kecil, mulai dari menjadi loper koran hingga relawan rumah sakit. Setelah lulus dari Kurgan State University pada 2012, ia sempat gagal dalam bisnis IT. Namun, pada 2003, ia memulai layanan pemesanan taksi berbasis pager dan telepon multisaluran di Shadrinks. Inovasi ini berkembang seiring kemajuan teknologi, hingga akhirnya Maxim menjadi aplikasi transportasi online yang berekspansi ke berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia sejak 2018. 3

2025

2025, Ministry of Manpower Indonesia

The Indonesia Employment Outlook 2024, presented by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy on May 29, 2024, indirectly addresses tourism employment challenges post-COVID-19. With a working-age population of 212.59 million and 7.86 million unemployed (5.32% rate), tourism, a key sector, faces workforce reintegration issues due to pandemic-related job losses. The growing gig economy supports tourism through freelance roles like tour guides and digital hosts, but lacks job security. Digitalization demands skills in online marketing and AI-driven tourism services, yet Indonesia struggles with a digital skill gap, hindering competitiveness. The report highlights Indonesia’s 3.2% global share in freelance creative workers, offering potential for cultural tourism marketing. Green jobs, aligned with the 2050 energy transition, are vital for sustainable tourism, requiring eco-tourism and green hospitality training. Global economic challenges, including reduced tourist arrivals, threaten jobs, necessitating domestic tourism promotion. Recommendations include upskilling programs for digital competencies, gig worker protections, and green job investments. Public-private partnerships can align training with industry needs. The report lacks tourism-specific data, but strategic policies can enhance tourism employment resilience and sustainability.

2025, -

Abstract
The platform economy represents a transformative shift in global capitalism, redefining how economic value is created, distributed, and governed through digital infrastructures. This paper explores the evolution, structure, and implications of platform-based business models that mediate interactions between users, workers, and consumers across sectors. It traces the origins of platforms from early online marketplaces to today’s multi-sided ecosystems powered by data, algorithms, and network effects. The study analyzes global trends in platformization, including the restructuring of labour markets, the expansion into essential services such as finance and healthcare, and the growing power asymmetries between platforms and users, states, and competitors. Regional case studies highlight divergent trajectories: Asia’s super apps, Europe’s regulatory leadership, and innovation from the margins in Africa and Latin America. While platforms promise flexibility and innovation, they also raise urgent concerns around labour precarity, data governance, market concentration, and global inequality. The paper concludes by calling for inclusive digital governance, updated regulatory frameworks, and international cooperation to ensure that the platform economy promotes equitable development and democratic accountability.

2025

Ketahanan pangan adalah isu yang penting baik di tingkat global maupun nasional,
terutama dengan adanya tantangan seperti perubahan iklim, krisis pangan, pandemi, dan
ketidakstabilan ekonomi yang dapat mengancam keberlanjutan pasokan pangan. UMKM
berperan strategis dalam menjaga ketahanan pangan dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi
berkelanjutan, khususnya di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) yang memiliki lebih dari
300 ribu pelaku UMKM. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kontribusi UMKM DIY
dalam sektor pangan dan ekonomi lokal menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif
berbasis studi literatur dan data sekunder. Hasil menunjukkan UMKM berkontribusi
signifikan terhadap PDRB DIY, penyerapan tenaga kerja informal, dan peningkatan Indeks
Pembangunan Manusia. Namun, tantangan seperti keterbatasan akses pembiayaan dan
rendahnya digitalisasi masih menghambat kinerja UMKM. Penelitian merekomendasikan
peningkatan akses kredit, insentif fiskal, dan pelatihan digital sebagai langkah strategis
untuk memperkuat peran UMKM dalam ketahanan pangan dan pembangunan ekonomi
yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan.

2025, Good News From Indonesia

Praktik outsourcing telah menjadi bagian penting dalam sistem ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia, khususnya sebagai strategi efisiensi operasional perusahaan. Di balik manfaat ekonomis tersebut, sistem ini menuai perdebatan karena dianggap mengancam perlindungan hak-hak dasar pekerja, seperti kepastian kerja, upah layak, dan jaminan sosial. Artikel ini mengkaji secara kritis dinamika pro dan kontra outsourcing dari perspektif hukum, ekonomi, serta implikasi sosialnya. Regulasi yang ada, seperti UU No. 13 Tahun 2003 dan Permenakertrans No. 19 Tahun 2012, belum sepenuhnya efektif menjamin keadilan bagi pekerja outsourcing. Dalam konteks ini, diperlukan revisi kebijakan, penguatan pengawasan, dan kolaborasi antar pemangku kepentingan untuk menciptakan sistem ketenagakerjaan yang inklusif dan berkeadilan. Artikel ini merekomendasikan perlunya batasan jelas terhadap jenis pekerjaan yang dapat dialihdayakan serta perlindungan hak minimum bagi pekerja outsourcing demi mencapai keseimbangan antara efisiensi usaha dan kesejahteraan tenaga kerja.

2025, Good News From Indonesia

Kemajuan teknologi digital telah melahirkan model pekerjaan baru berbasis aplikasi, salah satunya adalah ojek online (ojol). Meskipun memberikan fleksibilitas dan kemudahan akses transportasi bagi masyarakat, sistem ini menyisakan persoalan mendasar terkait status hukum pengemudinya. Artikel ini membahas ketidakjelasan hubungan kerja antara pengemudi ojol dan perusahaan aplikasi, yang selama ini dikategorikan sebagai "mitra", sehingga pengemudi tidak memperoleh perlindungan hukum layaknya pekerja formal. Dalam praktiknya, perusahaan tetap mengontrol aspek signifikan dalam operasional kerja, seperti tarif, insentif, dan pemutusan hubungan kerja sepihak, yang mencerminkan subordinasi seperti hubungan kerja. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan regulasi yang lebih adil dan berpihak kepada pengemudi, dengan mengatur status hukum yang jelas, perlindungan sosial minimum, mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang transparan, serta partisipasi dalam kebijakan insentif. Penataan hukum yang responsif terhadap perkembangan ekonomi digital menjadi kunci mewujudkan keadilan dan keberlanjutan industri transportasi berbasis aplikasi.

2025

La questione della tutela del lavoro autonomo non richiama solo problemi di equità e giustizia sociale, ma anche di libertà individuale e collettiva. Si tratta di definire una certa idea di società. Questo è il punto che vogliamo sviluppare nel presente volume, riprendendo un assai vivace dibattito italiano, europeo e globale sul tema del «destino del diritto del lavoro» e del welfare.

2025, Bintank Antonio Raffael, Faisal Bakri, Haykal

Transformasi digital telah mengubah lanskap ketenagakerjaan secara fundamental, memunculkan model kerja baru seperti freelance, gig economy, dan platform digital yang menantang struktur hukum ketenagakerjaan konvensional. Artikel ini menganalisis dampak era digital terhadap hukum ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia, dengan fokus pada tantangan regulasi dan perlindungan pekerja non-formal digital. Melalui kajian literatur dan analisis komparatif, artikel ini menemukan bahwa sistem hukum saat ini belum mampu mengakomodasi dinamika kerja digital secara menyeluruh. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan reformasi hukum berupa redefinisi hubungan kerja, pembentukan kategori pekerja digital, serta penguatan perlindungan dan regulasi berbasis teknologi. Reformasi ini diharapkan dapat menciptakan keadilan dan kepastian hukum bagi seluruh pekerja di era digital. Kata kunci: hukum ketenagakerjaan, era digital, pekerja platform, perlindungan hukum, reformasi regulasi

2025, Bulletin Insight IGPA

Tulisan ini mengkaji relasi kerja buruh informal dalam sektor jasa servis pendingin ruangan di Jawa Barat menggunakan perspektif ekonomi politik kritis. Studi ini menyoroti bagaimana buruh informal pendingin ruangan bekerja dalam kondisi kerja yang fleksibel, eksploitatif, dan tidak terlindungi secara hukum. Melalui konsep Labour Regime penelitian ini mengungkap bagaimana proses pengaturan buruh melalui rekrutmen informal, pengupahan harian, dan relasi kuasa yang bergantung pada kontrol alat produksi dan distribusi pekerjaan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa buruh informal pendingin ruangan menghadapi eksploitasi dan kerentanan karena tidak memiliki posisi tawar yang kuat.

2025

Perempuan hadir di publik Indonesia dan terus-menerus memberikan yang terbaik dalam penyajian artikel-artikel dan penelitian yang menarik tentang permasalahan perempuan di Indonesia. Tahun 1996, Jurnal Perempuan hanya beroplah kurang dari seratus eksemplar yang didistribusikan sebagian besar secara gratis untuk dunia akademisi di Jakarta. Kini, oplah Jurnal Perempuan berkisar 3000 eksemplar dan didistribusikan ke seluruh Indonesia ke berbagai kalangan mulai dari perguruan tinggi, asosiasi profesi, guru-guru sekolah, anggota DPR, pemerintah, Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan kalangan umum seperti karyawan dan ibu rumah tangga. Kami selalu hadir memberikan pencerahan tentang nasib kaum perempuan dan kelompok minoritas lainnya melalui kajian gender dan feminisme. Selama perjalanan hingga tahun ini, kami menyadari betapa sangat berat yang dihadapi kaum perempuan dan betapa kami membutuhkan bantuan semua kalangan termasuk laki-laki untuk peduli pada perjuangan perempuan karena perjuangan ini. Jurnal Perempuan menghimbau semua orang yang peduli pada Jurnal Perempuan untuk membantu kelangsungan penerbitan, penelitian dan advokasi Jurnal Perempuan. Tekad kami adalah untuk hadir seterusnya dalam menyajikan penelitian dan bacaan-bacaan yang bermanfaat untuk masyarakat Indonesia dan bahkan suatu saat dapat merambah pembaca internasional. Kami berharap anda mau membantu mewujudkan cita-cita kami. Bila anda percaya pada investasi bacaan bermutu tentang kesetaraan dan keadilan dan peduli pada keberadaan Jurnal

2025, Improving working conditions in platform work in the light of the recent proposal for a directive

The paper discusses the theoretical foundations of the laws protecting against dismissal, starting precisely with the relationship between the employer, as the economically and often politically weaker party to the employment contract, and the employee. In this context, the rules of the law on protection against dismissal promote the maintenance of social peace. Protection against dismissal is an instrument to achieve material equality in employment and serves to preserve the economic, social and cultural rights of workers.

2025

Puji syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas segala limpahan rahmat, karunia, dan hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan karya ilmiah yang berjudul Indonesia peringkat tertinggi Pengangguran di Asia Tenggara: Tanda Stagnasi Ekonomi dan Melemahnya Fungsi Proteksi Negara ini dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Karya ilmiah ini disusun sebagai bentuk kontribusi pemikiran terhadap persoalan strategis bangsa, khususnya dalam isu ketenagakerjaan, pengangguran, dan potensi bonus demografi di Indonesia. Di tengah kondisi tingginya angka pengangguran lulusan muda dan ketidaksesuaian antara dunia pendidikan dan pasar kerja, penulis merasa perlu untuk memberikan analisis kritis sekaligus solusi berdasarkan data, teori, dan hasil riset terkini. Penulis menyadari bahwa penyusunan karya ini tidak terlepas dari bantuan berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, dengan tulus penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada, Seluruh dosen dan pembimbing yang telah memberikan arahan dan masukan berharga, Rekan-rekan seperjuangan yang telah berbagi semangat serta data dan referensi penting; Penulis juga berharap karya ini dapat menjadi bahan refleksi dan rujukan bagi pembuat kebijakan, mahasiswa, akademisi, serta masyarakat luas dalam menyikapi fenomena ketenagakerjaan dan pembangunan sumber daya manusia di Indonesia secara lebih cermat, kritis, dan solutif. Akhir kata, penulis menyadari bahwa karya ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, segala kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat penulis harapkan demi penyempurnaan di masa yang akan datang. Penulis ABSTRAK Tingkat pengangguran di Indonesia per tahun 2025 tercatat mencapai 5,45%, menempatkan Indonesia sebagai negara dengan tingkat pengangguran terbuka tertinggi kedua di Asia Tenggara. Fenomena ini menunjukkan tidak hanya kegagalan negara dalam menciptakan lapangan kerja yang layak, tetapi juga lemahnya proteksi terhadap masyarakat kelas bawah dalam sistem ekonomi nasional. Dengan pendekatan deskriptifanalitis berbasis data sekunder dari BPS, Bank Dunia, dan Trading Economics, artikel ini menelaah korelasi antara stagnasi ekonomi, dominasi sektor informal, dan minimnya intervensi negara terhadap krisis ketenagakerjaan. Ketika bonus demografi tidak diimbangi dengan lapangan kerja yang produktif, maka Indonesia berisiko gagal memanfaatkan potensi emasnya. Kesimpulannya, tanpa reformasi struktural yang kuat dan intervensi kebijakan yang pro-rakyat, Indonesia akan terus terjebak dalam sirkulasi stagnasi ekonomi dan meningkatnya ketimpangan sosial.

2025

The digital revolution has changed how luxury brands operate because it enables broader market access to both brands and their consumers. Higher exhibition on the internet brought new difficulties in preserving brand exclusivity. A research investigation explores digitalization effects on luxury brand selectiveness together with the barriers to preserving high-end status and methods used to keep luxury brands exclusive in contemporary times. The combination of broad digital market access and excessive relationships with influencers and non-luxury-based platform inclusion has resulted in loss of the traditional brand exclusivity quality. Mass-market accessibility alongside discounted pricing elements affect the prestige standing of luxury brands in the market. Luxury brands fight online challenges through methods involving restricted internet availability for their products along with special VIP benefits and adapted digital experiences as well as precise influencer engagement programs. A well-managed digital presence remains essential because it combines accessibility for customers with exclusionary elements to maintain their prestige and recognition. Luxury brands that implement strategic digital strategies will extend their web presence thus protecting their status as aloft products yet accessible to more buyers.

2025, Equidem

This brief exposes the systemic abuse faced by food delivery riders and data workers—such as content moderators and data labellers—who are hired through third-party logistics (3PL) and outsourcing (BPO) firms. Drawing on interviews with... more

2025, Tugas Psikologi Industri - Universitas Pelita Bangsa

Ketimpangan perlakuan antara karyawan tetap dan kontrak masih menjadi isu krusial di berbagai perusahaan industri. Artikel ini mengkaji dampak psikologis yang dialami oleh karyawan kontrak akibat perbedaan signifikan dalam akses terhadap lembur, bonus, fasilitas kerja, serta ruang partisipasi dalam serikat pekerja. Ketidaksetaraan tersebut memunculkan rasa tidak dihargai, ketidakamanan kerja, hingga menurunnya loyalitas dan produktivitas. Tulisan ini menekankan pentingnya penerapan prinsip keadilan organisasional sebagai strategi untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis karyawan dan menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang inklusif. Dengan membangun sistem ketenagakerjaan yang adil, perusahaan dapat meraih manfaat jangka panjang berupa peningkatan motivasi, harmonisasi hubungan kerja, dan keberlanjutan organisasi.

2025, None (Manuscript not yet submitted)

This paper introduces the concept of relational surplus value to theorize how epistemic labor is produced, captured, and enclosed within human-AI interaction. Building on Michael A. Peters' account of cognitive, affective, and creative labor under informational capitalism, the argument reorients these forms of labor away from the individual subject and toward the relational field of AI-human co-adaptation. Drawing on Marxist political economy, systems theory, and N. Katherine Hayles' definition of distributed cognition, the paper frames the cognitive intraface as a recursive, interpretive zone in which asymmetrical agents generate novel cognitive capacities neither could produce alone. Within this dialogic structure, surplus emerges not from static content or behavioral trace, but from misalignment, repair, and epistemic attunement. Yet this surplus-relational, co-authored, and contingent-is increasingly captured by platform infrastructures and operationalized as proprietary value. Relational surplus value thus names a shift in capitalist appropriation: from the commodification of labor-time or user data to the enclosure of emergence itself-the conditions under which knowledge becomes possible between agents.

2025

There has been a significant change in the traditional job environment due to the explosive expansion of platform works in South Africa. Platform work provides people with convenience and flexibility in an increasingly digitalised economy; hence, it is an essential source of income. The research employed qualitative and doctrinal legal research techniques to establish how digitalisation influences labour relations in South Africa. The primary and secondary sources provided insight into the regulatory frameworks that govern employment relations in South Africa. Equally important, the article also depended on a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the CCMA cases, case law, governance frameworks and employment policy documents related to gig work disputes. The digital economy has greatly influenced the labour markets of South Africa, particularly regarding platform work. This has prompted the reassessment of the employment regulations and laws in South Africa. The emergence of remote employment, gig economy and platform work has significantly altered the nature of the labour force in the digital economy. Great concerns have been raised over employment legislation in the digital economy. The labour regulations are important in that they help regulate and set up minimum employee benefits and wage requirements, as well as regulate the provision of good working conditions for employees. Platform work has created new income stream opportunities. However, it also raises questions about working conditions, workers' rights, skills development and training, laws and regulations and the role of the government in protecting workers' rights. The emergence of digital platforms has revolutionised the workplace; digital platforms have brought opportunities and difficult policy and labour regulation challenges. There is an urgent need to revise the Labour Relations Act (1995) and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (1997) to include provisions for non-standard and platform-based work. The Department of Employment and Labour should enhance monitoring and enforcement of the National Minimum Wage Act (2018), ensuring all workers, regardless of employment classification. The Department of Employment and Labour, platform operators, and worker representatives should engage in tripartite dialogue to foster a sustainable regulatory framework. The research significantly contributes to the growing body of literature on digital labour laws and platform work, offering valuable insights for academics, policymakers and practitioners navigating the complexities of the digital economy.

2025, Communication and the Public

This contribution briefly traces the trajectory of Chinese Internet regulatory policies in the last 30 years and sketches some new research directions in this area attuned to changing domestic dynamics and global geopolitics.

2025, Studies in Media and Communication

In the Information Era, audience participation has gradually become an important activity in the media field, including reality television. Under the present convergence of media and culture, it is also valuable to review the audiences themselves and their participation in regional contexts. This study adopts case study method using online observation of audiences in two Chinese social media platforms (Sina Weibo and Baidu Tieba), exploring the online audiences' participation in 'Sing! China' and the participatory culture they formed during this process. Through this analysis, participation can be regarded as a sort of pleasure for online audiences, where the meanings of television programs can be creatively processed and utilized for daily entertainment or communication. To some extent, audiences' interpretations of media texts are complicated, rather than being limited to mere acceptance or outright rejection as suggested by traditional models. Sometimes, audiences know the existence of authenticity issues in reality television (including performing authenticity of tutors) and some allow its coexistence within reality shows. In terms of authenticity issues on reality television, there are some audiences that create new cultural products based on their own watching experience and understanding that belongs to a part of popular culture, which is beyond the media content itself or may be different from what the media producers want to convey. Such audiences can also be viewed as media producers or free laborers of media not merely media consumers. All these individuals constitute a sort of participatory culture that circulates in society or exists in mass discourse. Through this study, the researcher attempts to provide a reference from the perspective of the audiences for the field of both academia and the media industry.

2025, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)

This paper discusses the fast growth of online freelancing in Bangladesh, its contribution to economic development, labor structure, and integration into global value chains. The freelance platforms give access to international markets, thus opening new opportunities for IT, design, and creative work. While these platforms are contributing to economic growth and GVC participation, they also increase labor vulnerability through income instability, job insecurity, and lack of social protection. The research underlines the exploitative nature of freelancing in Bangladesh, drawing on World Systems Theory and critiques of neoliberalism, especially in comparison with developed economies where higher wages and better protection of workers are expected. This paper adopts an analytical approach based on the analysis of economic reports, case studies, and theoretical frameworks to address the following questions: "What are the contributions of freelancing to Bangladesh's economic development, employment structure, and integration into global value chains (GVCs)?" and "What are the consequences of freelancing for the lives and working conditions of Bangladeshi freelancers?" The paper argues that while freelancing presents enormous economic opportunities, it also produces labor vulnerabilities that need policy reforms. The findings advocate for enhanced protections and regulatory frameworks for fair wages, social security, and career stability for freelancers in particular, with special reference to the developing economy of Bangladesh. This paper contributes to debates being carried out on the themes of globalization and labor conditions in the Global South.

2025, Social Media + Society

This article challenges the common tendency to pinpoint a "nationality" to a multinational capitalist platform company. It calls for a close examination of how platform companies, as capitalist enterprises, organize themselves legally and spatially. The article first reviews how platforms have been studied in relation to space. I then use the case of the Sina model, also known as the Variable Interests Entities (VIE) model, to challenge the meaning of the "Chinese" prefix. This example illustrates that, Chinese or not, capitalist platform companies engineer a composite geography to guarantee maximum flexibility and mobility for the accumulation of private wealth and, in the process, generate great power differentials. In short, this commentary is a call to study digital platforms over the course of capitalism permutations as well as its interpolation and interdependence with existing systems of power.

2025, The Handbook of Digital Labor

The aim of this chapter is to consider the relation between digital labor and the domestic sphere by revisiting feminist analysis of reproductive labor particularly that provided by Leopoldina Fortunati in her classic early work L'Arcano della Riproduzione (Fortunati 1981, 2025). We observe that the contemporary debate over digital labor largely excludes considerations of reproductive labor. “Digital labor” as we have inherited the term was initially mediated by the development of Cold War military technologies and the subsequent deployment of massive computing systems in industrial capitalist production in the United States and Europe. As early as 1963, Romano Alquati had referred to the use of computers in the organization of Fiat and Olivetti factories producing automobiles and typewriters in Northern Italy as a new form of the “valorization of information” (Alquati 1963). Since then, key terms have abounded to name such valorization processes and specify their social character. Christian Fuchs and Eran Fischer enumerate 18 of the most popular, all coined in scholarship of the previous two decades specifically in relation to Web 2.0 platforms, including participatory culture, co‐creation, mass collaboration, social production, commons‐based peer production, mass customization, and so on (Fuchs & Fisher 2015, p. 12). While such terms generally appeal to an amorphous definition of the social or a new form of laboring subject, the question of reproductive labor is seldom engaged.

2025, The Handbook of Digital labor

The relation between labor and value in digital capitalism is complex and has been subject to much debate. This chapter will provide a brief overview of the reflections on this matter as they have evolved in parallel to the growing importance of digital technologies-from their first appearance in the form of commercially available computers in the 1960s, via the impact of the Web in the 1990s to the contemporary platform economy. Digital labor: from the post-industrial to Web 2.0 Questions about the relation between labor and value in the digital-or as it was called at the time "post-industrial"-economy emerged already in the 1960s as sociologists like Daniel Bell (1973) along with management scholars like Peter Drucker (1959), began to suggest that the (immaterial)

2025

Open source projects are dynamic environments where individuals and organizations collaborate to accomplish mutually beneficial design tasks. Open source designers utilize different design spaces, including discussion spaces (where conversation happens) and implementation spaces (where work happens) to complete design tasks. To investigate the relationship between discussion spaces, implementation spaces, and the completion of design tasks in open source projects, this research explores design as it occurs in organizational-communal open source projects under the umbrella of the Linux Foundation and focuses on design processes of three projects – Kubernetes, GRPC, and Zephyr. Design tasks that include discussion spaces linked to implementation spaces are successfully completed at a higher rate, than those with no link. This research demonstrates that the discussion space implementation space relationship plays a key role in open source design processes.

2025, Indonesia Employment Outlook

Human resource development has become a priority for the Government of Indonesia 2019-2024 period with the aim of producing a competent, resilient, productive, and competitive workforce. The Ministry of Manpower has set Nine Big Leaps (9 Lompatan) to achieve this goal, which consists of 1) BLK transformation; 2) Employment Link and Match; 3) Transformation of Job Opportunities Expansion Program; 4) Development of Young Talents; 5) Foreign Job Markets Expansion; 6) New Vision of Industrial Relations; 7) Labor Inspection Reform; 8) Development of Employment Digital Ecosystem; and 9) Bureaucratic Reform. The Covid-19 pandemic that stormed the world at the end of 2019 and entered Indonesia in the second quarter of 2020 had changed everything. Conditions and structure of the economy were shaken violently, as well as the employment sector, both in Indonesia and globally, experienced quite difficult and challenging times. The open unemployment rate had been increasing in Indonesia, especially for experienced workers, indicating that there had been terminations of employment (Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja) due to the pandemic. Even though Indonesia's pandemic conditions have been slowly improving, the impact on the employment sector remains significant. The pandemic condition improvement has opened up opportunities for the Indonesian economy to bounce back, which still remains to be wary of the possibility of a K-shaped recovery, in which the middle to lower economic group will get an economic downturn whilst the middle to the upper economic group will prosper. To prevent this, Indonesia needs to ensure that the recovery that occurs is an inclusive economic recovery that improves the quality, competitiveness, and productivity of its workforce. Education level and job mismatch are still challenges that must be faced. In addition, Indonesia must maximize its demographic benefits by increasing the quality and productivity of its workforce to encourage inclusive economic growth while monitoring potential future demographic and employment threats. This 2023 Employment Outlook was prepared with its primary objective of reviewing employment developments and dynamics in Indonesia from 2019 to 2022; analyzing the issues and challenges faced in employment in 2023, especially in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic which is starting to recede; and formulating Indonesia's employment development strategy for its future.

2025, Indonesia Employment Outlook

The global economy in 2023 shows optimism for improvement and positive development. This is reflected in easing and relatively controlled inflation pressures in various countries, reduced energy price volatility, a strong labor market in developed countries, and resilient global demand. Over the last 3 years, the global economy has undergone significant changes. Some challenges faced include global economic uncertainty, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, technological changes, and climate change. The global economic growth in the last three years has undergone significant dynamics. Most countries experienced a deceleration in economic growth during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, in 2021 and 2022, some of these countries improved their economies and experienced favorable growth rates, even showing positive trends compared to the previous year, such as Saudi Arabia and Indonesia. Meanwhile, the global inflation rate has been relatively variable over the past four years. Inflation in 2023 in both developed and developing countries tends to weaken compared to the previous year.

2025

By Darman Learning Outcome • (C3) Application : demonstrate the business growth strategy and government intervention (menunjukkan strategi pertumbuhan bisnis dan intervensi pemerintah) • (C2) Comprehension : discuss the profit maximization with input factors in the competitive and non-competitive market (membahas tentang memaksimalkan keuntungan dengan faktor input di pasar kompetitif dan non-kompetitif) Sub Topic • Understanding labor and employment from a micro and macro perspective • Power in the labor market (Kekuasaan di pasar tenaga kerja) • The Labor Market and Incentives (Pasar Tenaga Kerja dan Insentif) • Minimum Wages (Upah minimum) • The flexible firm (Perusahaan yang fleksibel)

2025

Employer branding is essential in the current talent market to raise the jobseekers’ perception of the company and, ultimately, to attract a large number of talented individuals to work for the company. The goal of this study is to... more

2025, Bitcoin Mining Calculation

The era of mining by trial and error has long passed. In 2025, success in Bitcoin mining stands on precision, strategy, and data. With hardware prices, electricity costs, and market volatility all on the rise, miners must rely on innovative tools to make informed decisions. This is where a Bitcoin profit calculator becomes an essential tool. Whether one operates a large mining rig or sets up a small enterprise with a single ASIC, accurate calculations can be the determinant between profit and loss. What "Smart Calculations" Mean in Cryptocurrency Mining Smart calculations do not just guess at profitability; they provide accurate insights. They use real data, hash rate, power consumption, block rewards, and projected prices for BTC to assess whether or not your particular mining setup can be said to be profitable. A financial calculator will tell you when your project will hit break-even, what your monthly earnings could be, and what factors could affect your earnings positively or negatively. This tool, therefore, helps miners avoid overinvesting in obsolete hardware or costly operations with poor returns.

2025, PELAKSANAAN HUKUM KETENAGAKERJAAN TERHADAP PEREMPUAN SEBAGAI BENTUK EVALUASI PENCAPAIAN GENDER EQUALITY DAN DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH DALAM PERAN GANDA DI DUNIA KERJA

Proyek riset ini mengkaji implementasi hukum ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia dalam melindungi hak-hak perempuan, khususnya terkait kesetaraan gender dan pekerjaan layak. Fokus utama proyek riset ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas peraturan ketenagakerjaan, seperti cuti hamil, perlindungan diskriminasi, serta tantangan yang dihadapi perempuan dalam dunia kerja. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif untuk menganalisis literatur terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun ada kemajuan, masih ada tantangan terkait pengawasan dan praktik diskriminatif yang menghambat pencapaian tujuan SDGs, khususnya SDGs 5 dan SDGs 8.

2025, Info Singkat

Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) telah mengubah sebagian aturan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU Cipta Kerja) dan menghidupkan kembali sebagian aturan Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan (UU Ketenagakerjaan) termasuk penentuan upah minimum. Pasca putusan MK, Pemerintah mengeluarkan Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan (Permenaker) Nomor 16 Tahun 2024 tentang Penetapan Upah Minimum Tahun 2025. namun Permenaker tersebut tidak memiliki petunjuk teknis dan menyebabkan gejolak antara pekerja dan pengusaha. Tulisan ini membahas strategi meredam gejolak dalam penetapan upah minimum sektoral (UMS). Strategi tersebut antara lain UMS tidak lebih rendah dari upah minimum lainnya dan klasifikasi baku lapangan usaha Indonesia (KBLI) mudah disesuaikan dengan dinamika lapangan usaha baru. Saat ini DPR RI sudah memasukkan Rancangan Undang-Undang Perubahan Ketiga atas UU Ketenagakerjaan (RUU Ketenagakerjaan) dalam Prolegnas 2025. Komisi IX DPR RI perlu merevisi mekanisme dan tahapan penetapan UMS pada RUU tersebut.

2025, Policy Paper: Georgia's Gig Economy

Digital platforms, characterized by short-term contracts and freelance work, have taken the world of labour by storm, and Georgia is no exception to the trend. While they are praised for providing job opportunities to workers in lower-income areas and offering flexibility and autonomy, they also raise concerns about disguised employment, exploitation, and the lack of benefits due to the misclassification of workers. Georgia has weak unions, an institutionally underdeveloped labour inspection, a large share of non-standard and self-employment, and inadequate labour protection legislation. Vulnerable workers are left at the mercy of the global platforms outsourcing labour to developing countries. Protests organized by the delivery platforms' couriers recently demanded basic labour protections. However, the companies' strict response of suspending the workers' accounts on the platforms has once again underscored the urgency of policy response. Although Georgia's public defender and Labour Inspection Service have recognized gig workers as employees, their recommendations are not reflected in the country's labour code. This policy brief delves into the opportunities and challenges of the gig economy, discusses its impact on the labour market, and presents the regulatory response options to address its shortcomings.

2025, Atlantis Press

India's start-up ecosystem has seen incredible growth in recent years, positioning the country as one of the world's most promising destinations for entrepreneurial endeavours. This study explores emerging start-up opportunities in India with a focus on fostering a sustainable and environmentally conscious future. The Indian government's emphasis on sustainable development, coupled with increasing awareness of environmental issues, has created a conducive environment for innovative entrepreneurs seeking to make a positive impact while achieving business success. This research investigates various sectors within the Indian start-up landscape that hold immense potential for green entrepreneurship. The study highlights key areas, such as sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, waste management, clean transportation, and ecofriendly technology, where Start-ups can play a key role in contributing to India's sustainability goals and addressing global environmental challenges. Furthermore, this study delves into the challenges and opportunities of green Start-ups, also emphasizes the significance of social and environmental impact alongside financial success, as an increasing number of entrepreneurs are aligning their businesses with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals are becoming a framework for measuring the contribution of Start-ups to creating a greener and more sustainable future. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for aspiring entrepreneurs, investors, policymakers, and ecosystem builders looking to engage with the burgeoning green Start-up landscape in India. It underscores the need for innovative solutions that not only drive economic growth but also contribute to India's journey towards a greener, more sustainable future.

2025, Human Resource Management Journal

The expansion of remote working arrangements has required managers to adjust their approach to managing performance, as they transition from in-person to technology-mediated tools and practices. Past research has identified negative worker impacts associated with intensified digital monitoring and discipline-based coaching. However, few studies have investigated the antecedents of more worker-friendly arrangements. This paper examines the role of collective worker voice in shaping remote work performance management choices, based on a comparative study of telecommunications call centers in Canada, the United States, and Germany. Findings suggest that strong collective voice, especially when backed by institutional power, fosters a balanced approach to remote performance management by constraining the intensity of electronic performance monitoring and use of disciplinary practices, as well as by supporting more developmental coaching. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2025, Squad777

Di tengah tekanan ekonomi dan stagnasi penghasilan, muncul fenomena digital yang menyita perhatian generasi muda: permainan daring berpotensi cuan. Salah satu platform yang menarik perhatian adalah Squad777. Bukan sekadar permainan, melainkan ruang alternatif untuk mencari penghasilan tambahan. Artikel ini mengupas fenomena Squad 777 dalam konteks kebutuhan ekonomi, perkembangan teknologi, serta pergeseran budaya kerja generasi muda Indonesia. Pengantar: Bukan Sekadar Main Game, Ini Cara Baru Bertahan Ketika harga barang naik, tapi gaji stagnan, banyak anak muda akhirnya mencari jalan keluar lain. Di saat sebagian memilih freelance atau jualan online, sebagian lain mulai mengeksplorasi platform permainan daring seperti Squad777. Bukan tanpa alasan. Di era digital saat ini, peluang hadir dalam berbagai bentuk, bahkan dari hal yang selama ini dianggap 'sekadar hiburan'. Squad-777 muncul sebagai salah satu opsi menarik, karena menggabungkan hiburan, strategi, dan potensi penghasilan dalam satu wadah berbasis teknologi. Teknologi, Gamifikasi, dan Ekonomi Alternatif Perkembangan game berbasis online seperti Squad777 menunjukkan bahwa gamifikasi kini menjadi salah satu cara masyarakat, khususnya generasi muda, mengakses peluang ekonomi alternatif. Berbeda dengan model kerja konvensional, platform seperti ini menawarkan fleksibilitas, kenyamanan, dan potensi penghasilan yang bisa dicapai dengan pola dan strategi tertentu.

2025, International Journal of Communication

This article examines young people’s strategies for navigating identity challenges on socialmedia, where platforms act as testing arenas for digital self-presentation. Drawing fromnarrative theory and the sociology of individuation, we conceptualize this process as“digital trials.” Through interviews and monitoring of 33 young people’s Instagramaccounts in Chile, we identified three primary trials: the pursuit of singularization, therecognition of authenticity, and the delimitation of safe spaces. While Instagram presentschallenges, users strategically engage with its features to navigate these trials. Certainplatform functionalities facilitate this process. However, social differences emerge, withsome individuals unable to overcome these challenges and seeking alternative options.Thus, social media serves as a trial-and-error arena for users and platforms alike

2025, Revista Carbono

Não é nada realista imaginarmos um futuro coletivo segundo os protocolos da internet, das redes sociais, das inteligências artificiais, embora tentem nos fazer acreditar que esse futuro é inquestionável e que, na verdade, ele já se realizou, sendo mesmo impossível uma vida fora das redes. Quero então afirmar que é justamente pela imaginação desse impossível suprimido pelo capitalismo que deveríamos pautar nosso trabalho crítico e criativo, até que venha a ser a nossa realidade a vida em um mundo off-line habitável e partilhado em igualdade e cuidado.
Disponível em: https://www.ufrgs.br/carbono/2025/04/10/desculpem-mas-nao-tenho-boas-noticias/

2025, Popular Music and Society

TikTok is a short-form video platform where videos with a typical duration of 15 to 60 seconds are shared. Although it may seem unlikely at first glance, jazz is very popular on the platform. However, only very specific facets of jazz culture achieve high visibility on TikTok. I hypothesize that this is due to certain platform logics of TikTok that influence the production cultures of jazz musicians and encourage the production of specific types of jazzrelated content. Based on interviews with popular jazz musicians, I analyze the socio-technical interplay of human and non-human actors on TikTok in the jazz context.

2025, Jim-Zam

Dengan buku ini, setidaknya kita dapat menelusuri sejarah dunia pendidikan yang kemudian menjadi standar kesejahteraan masyarakat dan bangsanya. Nilai siswa suatu bangsa menunjukkan sejauhmana kesejahteraan bangsa itu. Demikianlah... more