Drip / trickle irrigation Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, 1st International Conference on Transformative Applied Research

The main water resource of Chunnakam, Sri Lanka is the groundwater supply of the Chunnakam aquifer, which is used for all drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. However, due to the fuel smell of water, which has been continuously observed in the agro wells near the Chunnakam Power Station (CPS), many researches have been conducted and have witnessed that the wells near the CPS are contaminated and not suitable for usage. This has occurred mainly due to the improper waste discharge of the CPS. This study analyzes the variation of contamination levels of the groundwater in Chunnakam area with the distance to the CPS, concerning time, and according to the type of wells, and further the risk analysis of environmental, economic, and social impact of this contamination. By analyzing the data collected by previous researches, it was observed that, the oil and grease contamination levels decreased with the increase of the distance from CPS, while limiting the contaminated wells within a 1.5 km radius with CPS. The 73% of contaminated wells, in which the oil and grease concentration is more than the standard value of 1.0 mg/l, in 2013/14 has been reduced to 4% in 2016/17, expressing the decreasing pattern of oil and grease contamination level with time. Further, according to the analysis, the type of well does not affect the contamination level significantly. While the Lead, Chromium, and Arsenic concentrations of the groundwater in Chunnakam area are at safe levels, the nitrate-nitrogen concentration and aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts are higher than the standard values making the water not suitable for usage. Moreover, all these contaminations have created environmental, economic, and social impacts among the residents of Chunnakam area.

2025, نموذج جامعة عمر المختار لتقدير احتياجات المائية للري

الخلاصة : أعد نموذج حاسوبي لحساب الاحتياجات المائية للري باستخدام برنامج فيجوال بيسك 6، وبرمجة قواعد البيانات والذي سمي نموذج جامعة عمر المختار لتقدير الاحتياجات المائية model.1.0.0) (Omu-ET، وقد أعد هذا النموذج لغرض حساب البخر نتح المرجعي اعتمادا على معادلة بنمان مونتيث ، حساب معامل المحصول المفرد طبقا للمنهجية الواردة في ورقة الري والصرف 56 FAO، حساب الأمطار الفعالة باستخدام طريقة منظمة الأغذية والزراعة وحساب احتياجات الغسيل. يتميز النموذج بحساب معاملات المحصول على خلاف اغلب النماذج الاخرى المشابهة ، ويتيح هذا النموذج للمستخدم امكانية اختيار التركيبة المحصولية ونسب المحاصيل وتواريخ الزراعة والمساحات المروية وأنظمة الري المستخدمة ، ونوع وخصائص التربة. إضافة إلى أن هذا النموذج يستخدم لحساب الاحتياجات المائية للري ، يمكن الاستفادة منه في الدراسات والأبحاث فعلى سبيل المثال دراسة تأثير نوع التربة على معاملات المحصول، أو أثر تغير التركيبة المحصولية على التوازن المائي واحتياجات التخزين الموسمي مما يتيح امكانية استخدامه لتخطيط المشاريع الزراعية . لغرض التحقق من نتائج النموذج أجريت مقارنة للنموذج مع عدد من النماذج العالمية المستخدمة على نطاق واسع ، حيث أجريت المقارنة على بيانات مناخية ولعدة محطات ساحلية وصحراوية لفترة إحدى وعشرين عاما واخذ متوسط النتائج بالإضافة إلى استعمال متوسطات البيانات المناخية لهذه الفترة للحصول على النتائج الشهرية. بينت نتائج التحليل الإحصائي عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين نموذج جامعة عمر المختار والنماذج الأخرى لجميع سنوات المقارنة ولجميع المحطات، ومن ذلك يمكن الحكم بأن نموذج عمر المختار يعتبر احد النماذج التي يمكن استخدامها لحساب الاحتياجات المائية للري مع درجة عالية من الطمأنينة لنتائجه وهو يضاهي النماذج العالمية المعدة لهذا الغرض .
الكلمات الدالة : نموذج جامعة عمر المختار، الاحتياجات المائية للري ، معادلة فاو – 56 بنمان مونتيث، معامل المحصول المفرد.

2025, European Scholar Journal (ESJ)

A field experiment was conducted at the site of Karma Ali / located between latitude 30-500N and longitude 47-740E in sedimentary soil of fine clay mixed, calcareous, hyberthermic typic torrifluvent (Al-Atab, 2008) during the spring agricultural season 2021-2022. With the aim of the effect of on-site rotation of irrigation levels using double field drip lines, the distance between the drippers and the degree of soil smoothing on some physical properties of the soil and the growth of maize (Zea mays L.). It included the site rotation factor for the irrigation level with four rotations: 0-100%, 33-100-100%, 100-66%, and 100-100% calculated on the basis of the American evapotranspiration basin class A. The second factor is the factor of the distance between the drippers 25, 30 and 35 cm distributed alternately on two parallel field pipes for each experimental unit of 12 meters. as a fixed length of the field tube in the experimental unit, and the experiment coefficients were distributed with three replicates, Sectoral design was used complete randomness (R.C.B.D), The experimental units were cultivated with a crop of yellow corn in a valley on both sides of the drippers, as drip irrigation is carried out according to the alternations, in addition to the washing requirements of 20%. Soil samples were taken at two depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm and at three horizontal distances of 0, 15 and 30 cm from the drip source at the beginning and end of the season for the purpose of studying some of the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Plant characteristics were also measured, including plant height and wet and dry weight. The results obtained were summarized by my agencies: 1-The site rotation treatments 0-100%, 33-100%, and 66-100% contributed to the rationalization of irrigation water by 50%, 34%, and 17%, compared to the 100-100% rotation treatment. 2-The results showed that the saturated water conductivity values increased and the bulk density decreased significantly when the site rotation treatment of the irrigation level was 100-100% compared to the site rotation treatments of 0-100%, 100-33% and 100-66%.

2025

This study examines the impact of short-term debt on the financial performance of manufacturing companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange over an eight-year period (2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022)(2023). Using a combination of descriptive and causal research designs, the study utilizes secondary data from audited financial statements to investigate the relationship between short-term debt and firm performance, measured through Return on Assets (ROA). The findings reveal a significant but negative correlation between short-term debt and ROA, indicating that higher reliance on short-term financing may adversely affect profitability. Conversely, firm size demonstrates a positive but weak association with performance. Regression analysis confirms that short-term debt and firm size account for 9.9% of the variations in financial performance, highlighting the limited but impactful role of short-term debt in the capital structure. The study shows the need for manufacturing firms to optimize their financing strategies by prioritizing internal funds before resorting to external short-term debt. Recommendations include exploring alternative investment options, diversifying funding sources, and conducting similar studies across other sectors to validate these findings. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on capital structure management in developing economies, providing insights for policymakers, investors, and corporate managers.

2025

The experiment was conducted during 2018 in the greenhouse of the Horticulture Department of the Ministry of Production and Economic Resources, Kassala State, Kassala, to evaluate the effect of fertigation methods on hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system under greenhouse conditions. Drip irrigation system including fertigation units was installed. Four types of fertigators viz: ordinary closed tank, venturi, centrifugal pump and new method (simple way) were tested for efficiency and uniformity of drip irrigation system compared to drip irrigation without fertigation as standard method. Each type of fertigation was tested for 30 minutes. Treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the highest values of field emission uniformity and absolute emission uniformity were recorded under centrifugal pump, the new method compared to venturi and closed tank. The best values of uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity were recorded under new method and centrifugal pump compared to venturi and closed tank. The highest value of application efficiency was recorded under new method while the lowest under closed tank.

2025

Irrigation frequency is one of the most important factors in the management of water in the agriculture sector to sustain crop productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Additionally, fertilizers have to be adequately applied. An experiment was carried out under a rain shelter from July to December 2012 in Malaysia to determine the effects of irrigation frequency and fertilizer sources on the growth and yield of sweet corn planted on a limed sandy clay, Ultisol, using a drip-irrigation system. This experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with four drip-irrigation frequencies (daily, once every 2 days, once every 3 days and once every 4 days) and four sources of fertilizers (NPK, goat manure, poultry manure and control). The drip irrigation was the main plot, while fertilizers were the subplot factors. The results of the study indicated that total dry matter and yield components increased with the increase in drip-irrigation frequency with values of 44% and 32% respectively. The highest growth parameters and shoot dry weight were recorded from daily irrigation intervals with goat manure, while the highest yield components were obtained from daily irrigation frequency with NPK fertilizer and poultry manure. In the light of these results, therefore, for optimum biomass of corn, high irrigation frequency with goat and poultry manure is the most viable option while yield was greatly favoured by a high irrigation frequency with NPK.

2025, جغرافية البحار والمحيطات

يضم الكتاب ثلاثة عشر فصلاً ويعرض تعريف علم البحار والمحيطات ونشأة المحيطات وأهم التغيرات فى مناسيبها وتوزيع اليابس والماء والخصائص العامه للمحيطات وتضاريس القاع وخصائص المياه وحركتها كما يقدم دراسه للرواسب البحريه وعوامل تشكيل السواحل... more

2025, مجلة العلوم الانسانية / جامعة بابل

يُمثل مُطلح (ما بعد الاستعمار) إحدى اهم نِقاط التحول في آداب ما بعد الحداثة والدراسات الثقافية لما يحمِلهُ هذا المصطلح في طياتهِ مِن خِطابٍ مُضادٍ لــ(الكولونيالية) واستثمار ثقافة المُستعمِر لتقويض المركزية الغربية؛ والبحث في العديد مِن... more

2024

The use of Internet has increased dramatically in recent years. Although there is no standardized definition of Internet addiction, there is acknowledgement among researchers that this phenomenon does exist. In this study, we identify various similarities and differences among people in the Balkan and South-Eastern European countries about Internet addiction. There are many factors such as cultural differences, gender differences, psychosocial variables, computer attitudes and time. We present the experience from studies concerning Internet addiction in all over the world. A specific research with the use of Young's 20-scale was also conducted in five Balkan and South-Eastern European countries (Republic of Moldova, Romania, Republic of Bulgaria, Hellenic Republic, Republic of Cyprus). The findings are interesting. Although there is a need for Interest using, there are also cases where the addiction, dependence and abuse is apparent.

2024

, and the land was divided according to the design of randomized complete blocks (RCBD) with three replications. The factor of the distances between the rows was distributed on the main panels and the factor of the varieties on the secondary panels, and the results indicated that by increasing the distance between the rows, the average of the studied traits increased, as the distance exceeded 30) cm in leaf area, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, total yield (kg/ha), protein percentage in seeds (%), and distance (70) cm in number of pods per plant. Leafy and Aquadulus 2 for the number of pods per plant and the total yield (kg/ha), Chabla Single for the number of seeds per pod, Leodotono for the weight of 100 seeds, and the local variety for the percentage of protein in seeds (%), and the overlap between the varieties was P and the distances were significant, as the interaction between Aquadulus cultivar at distance D2 had the highest leaf area and the cultivar Leodotino at distance D3 in the number of pods per plant and the interaction between the cultivar Chabla Individual at the distance D1 was the highest in the trait of the number of seeds in the pod and the interaction between the cultivar Yildiz at the distance D2 the highest average weight of 100 Seed and the interaction between the cultivar Chabla Farida at the distance D2 in the trait of the total yield (kg/ha), and the interaction between the cultivar Leodutunu and the distance D3 was the highest in this trait in the percentage of protein in the seeds.

2024

Background: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) popularly known as 'The King of Vegetables', has emerged as fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat and maize. Indian vegetables basket is incomplete without potato as its, dry matter, edible energy and edible protein makes it nutritionally superior as well as staple food throughout the world. Methods: The experiment during 2016-2018 was laid out in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of bed size on the yield and size of the tuber under different irrigation methods. Result: Maximum yield was obtained in 60cm bed (narrow bed size) whereas in irrigation system drip produced maximum yield. All quality parameters did not influence due to sowing method and irrigation system but chip recovery was more in drip irrigation than furrow system. Maximum yield through interaction was found in drip irrigated 105 cm triple row bed. Around 45-50 per cent water was saved through drip irrigation as compared to furrow irrigation. However, maximum benefit cost ratio was obtained in furrow irrigated 60cm bed size.

2024

Stoyanova, A., Kostadinov, G. & Moteva, M. (2020) Influence of controlled water deficit at different levels of fertilization on the yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 26 (Suppl. 1), 9-18 The main objective of this study is to analyze the mutual influence of different irrigation regimes and fertilization rates on the greenhouse tomato yield and on the irrigation water use efficiency. Different irrigation schedulings have been studied in order to establich the impact of water deficit on the tomato productivity and quality. The study is achieved through an experiment with tomatoes in polyethylene unheated greenhouse during 2016-2018. An important role in the technology plays fertilization with different rates. The focus in this experiment is on the effect of a controlled water deficit achieved by reducing the irrigation depth at different levels of plant nutrition on the productivity of greenhouse tomatoes and water use efficiency. In studies interval of irrigation dep...

2024, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

Аbstrасt. Асutе lеukеmiаs, еnсоmраssing bоth асutе lymрhоblаstiс lеukеmiа (АLL) аnd асutе myеlоid lеukеmiа (АML), аrе аggrеssivе mаlignаnсiеs оf thе blооd аnd bоnе mаrrоw, рrеsеnting signifiсаnt mоrbidity аnd mоrtаlity. Аmоng thе myriаd соmрliсаtiоns аssосiаtеd with thеsе hеmаtоlоgiс саnсеrs, сеrеbrаl hеmоrrhаgе stаnds оut аs а раrtiсulаrly dirе соnsеquеnсе, оftеn hеrаlding а рооr рrоgnоsis. This рареr аims tо dissесt thе hаrbingеrs оf сеrеbrаl hеmоrrhаgе in раtiеnts with асutе lеukеmiаs, fосusing оn thе idеntifiсаtiоn оf risk fасtоrs, undеrlying mесhаnisms, аnd роtеntiаl рrеdiсtivе mаrkеrs. This study undеrsсоrеs thе сritiсаl nееd fоr hеightеnеd аwаrеnеss аnd рrоасtivе mаnаgеmеnt оf сеrеbrаl hеmоrrhаgе risk in асutе lеukеmiа раtiеnts. By аdvаnсing оur knоwlеdgе оf thе рrеdiсtоrs аnd mесhаnisms оf сеrеbrаl hеmоrrhаgе, wе саn еnhаnсе раtiеnt саrе аnd роtеntiаlly ехtеnd survivаl in this vulnеrаblе раtiеnt рорulаtiоn.

2024

Drip or Trickle irrigation system is designed to apply precise amount of water near the plant with a certain degree of uniformity. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, during March, 2018. The study was aimed to design and evaluate the hydraulic performance of drip emitters including: average discharge (Q avg ), discharge variation (Q var % ), coefficient uniformity (CU %), coefficient of manufacture variation (CV %), distribution uniformity (DU %), statistical uniformity (Us %), clogging (%) wetted diameter (cm) and wetted depth (cm). Three emitters type were used under drip irrigation system namely regular gauges (RG), high compensating pressure (HCP) and low compensating pressure (LCP). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that there were significant differences (P≤0.05) in all tested parameters except clogging, wetted diameter and wetted depth. Discharge variation (Q var % ) values were 12.71, 15.57 and 19.17 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively it consider quite good and found to be within the acceptable range. Results of coefficient of manufacture variation (CV %) were 10.9, 27.8 and 52.7 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively it consider within the unacceptable range except RG type it"s excellent. Statistical uniformity (Us %) values were 89.1, 72.2 and 45.7 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively it consider good, acceptable and unacceptable, respectively. Results of coefficient of coefficient uniformity (CU %) were 91.3, 77.7 and 56.7 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively it consider excellent, fair and unacceptable, respectively. Distribution uniformity (DU %) were 90.2, 67.9 and 36.5 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively it consider excellent, poor and poor, respectively. Thus the study recommended regular gauges (RG) type emitters under the heavy clay soil conditions of the Gezira State, Sudan.

2024

Tomatoes rank first among rainy season vegetables produced for cash within the Lake Victoria Crescent Agro-Ecological zone of Uganda. Vegetable farmers are shifting to dry season production to improve market prices. The challenge to the tomato growers is how to manage irrigation for maximum yields. A 3-year field experiment was carried out on medium soils to determine the most appropriate irrigation schedule for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production under drip irrigation in the zone. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replicates was adapted for experimental design. A tomato variety MT56 was studied for three seasons under three treatments (T1= daily, T2=2 day T3= 5 day) irrigation intervals compared with rain fed crop (T0=control). Fifteen plants per treatment were used for monitoring stem elongation and estimating yield at harvest. FAO Cropwat 8.0 model was used for simulating the seasonal crop water requirements using a timing of 100% depletion of readily availabl...

2024

The placement depths subsurface drip laterals installed by developed machine are uniform as compared to manual installation, yet it may vary. To assess on the uniformity of installation, the placement depth with respect to the soil surface has been accessed and analysed for recently developed tractor operated subsurface drip lateral laying machine. A field experiment was laid at the ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India. Two types of drip laterals, pipe and drip tape, both of 16 mm diameter, were installed while each of them were placed at two depths of 15 and 20 cm by using the subsurface drip lateral laying machine. Each lateral and placement depths were thus considered as treatments which were replicated three times. Each lateral was considered as one treatment. A week after laying of experiment, the soil around the lateral pipe has carefully been dug without disturbing the lateral pipe and the depth from the surface was recorded by vertically placing ...

2024

The experiment was conducted in a private orchard at Tayba Alhasnab area, Khartoum, Sudan, during 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the influence of fertigation regimes on yield and yield components of foster grapefruit under Khartoum State conditions. Four treatments viz 50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of urea recommended dose were applied by fertigation. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replicates and each plot encompassed 2 trees. Results revealed that fertigation regimes had significant effects on number of fruits per tree and total yield. The highest yield and number of fruits per tree were obtained by 125% of urea recommended dose. The highest leaf nitrogen concentrations were obtained with 125% of urea recommended dose while the lowest was obtained for 50% of urea recommended dose in both years. Moreover, the highest partial factor productivity was obtained with 50% of urea recommended dose and the lowest with 125% of urea recommended dose.

2024, DergiPark (Istanbul University)

This study was carried out to investigate the relationships between yield and irrigation water applied at different growth stages and to determine the most critical stage(s) for maize (Zea mays L.) in a sub-humid environment. A rainfed (non-irrigated) treatment as the control, full irrigation (VFG) and 15 different irrigation treatments (V, F, G, VF, VG, FG, V 75 FG, V 50 FG, V 25 FG, VF 75 G, VF 50 G, VF 25 G, VFG 75 , VFG 50 and VFG 25 ) with full or limited (25, 50 and 75%) irrigation water, were applied to the hybrid Pioneer 31P41 (Pioneer Seed Company) planted on clay-loam soil, at three critical development stages: vegetative (V), flowering (F), and grain-filling (G) in the years of 2008 and 2009. The highest seasonal evapotranspiration (an average of 1133 mm) was measured in the VFG treatment. Limited irrigation applied at different growing stages had different effects on the yield-related characters examined. According to average of two years, the highest grain yield (20.52 t ha -1 ) and dry matter yield (33.78 t ha -1 ) were obtained from the VFG and VFG 75 treatments, respectively. Therefore, we confirm that VFG and VFG 75 irrigations are the best choice for maximum yield under the local conditions. The flowering and vegetative were also determined as the most sensitive stages to water deficit of maize.

2024

The objective of this research is to determine the kinetic of drying on sliced fruit with various pretreatments. The cabinet dryer with electric heater was used in this research. The drying temperatures were 50oC, 60oC, and 70oC. The sliced of pineapple, papaya, and snake fruit were used as samples. Pretreatment involved blanching, osmotic drying and add preservative material. The pretreatment of osmotic drying were conducted for reducing the initial moisture content of the fruit. The result showed that drying time of sliced fruit were about 10 to 24 hours. The osmotic drying has effect on reducing the drying rate. The drying rates at constant period for 50oC, 60oC, and 70 oC of papaya, pineapple and snake fruit were 40.72, 50.75, and 74.43%/h; 28.89, 33.99, and 45.90%/h; 23.97, 31.22, and 42.85%/h respectively. Therefore the activation energies of pineapple, papaya, and snake fruit were 6.6-47.2 kJ/mole, 20.3-45.9 kJ/mole, and 23.9-56.4 kJ/mole. The optimal condition for drying fru...

2024, European geosciences union general assembly

While studying emitter discharge variability of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) in the laboratory, the authors found out a possible self-regulation effect of non-compensating emitter discharge. This is due to the interaction between... more

2024, European geosciences union general assembly

In pressure irrigation-water distribution networks, applied water volume is usually controlled opening a valve during a calculated time interval, and assuming constant flow rate. In general, pressure regulating devices for controlling the discharged flow rate by irrigation units are needed due to the variability of pressure conditions. A pressure regulating valve PRV is the commonly used pressure regulating device in a hydrant, which, also, executes the open and close function. A hydrant feeds several irrigation units, requiring a wide range in flow rate. In addition, some flow meters are also available, one as a component of the hydrant and the rest are placed downstream. Every land owner has one flow meter for each group of field plots downstream the hydrant. Ideal PRV performance would maintain a constant downstream pressure. However, the true performance depends on both upstream pressure and the discharged flow rate. Theoretical flow rates values have been introduced into a validated in laboratory PRV performance model coupled with an irrigation district waterworks. Variations on flow rate are simulated by taking into account the consequences of variations on climate conditions and also decisions in irrigation operation, such us duration and frequency application. The model comprises continuity, dynamic and energy equations of the components of both the PRV and the water distribution network. In this work the estimation of water balance terms during the irrigation events in an irrigation campaign has been carried on. The effect of demand concentration peaks has been assessed.

2024, European geosciences union general assembly

2024

Аbstrасt. Thе аrtiсlе рrеsеnts thе rеsults оf сhооsing tirеs fоr driving whееls оf соttоn-grоwing rоw-сrор trасtоrs during intеr-rоw сultivаtiоn. Thе trасk surfасеs оf tirеs 15.5-38, 16.9R38, 420/85R38 аnd 18.4R38 аrе соmраrеd оn а rigid bаsе. Thе trасk surfасеs fоr hаrd bаsе аnd mаximum рrеssurе оf tirеs оn sоil, sоil dеnsity аnd tirе trеаd dерth wеrе dеtеrminеd in еxреrimеntаl studiеs. Whеn сhооsing tirеs, thеir аvеrаgе qаv аnd mаximum qmаx рrеssurеs оn sоil wеrе dеtеrminеd. In ordеr to rеduсе сomрaсtion imрaсt of thе traсtor's undеrсarriagеs on soil, imрaсt forсе of thе tirе intеrnal рrеssurе and vеrtiсal load on soil arе dеtеrminеd. Whеn using with largеr рrofilе width of tirеs working bеtwееn rows lеads to сrushing of sееdlings, and thе smallеr рrofilе lеads to an inсrеasе in сomрaсtion еffесt on soil. By сhoosing thе right tirеs and substantiating thеir рaramеtеrs, thе bеnеfiсial living organisms that inсrеasе soil fеrtility arе not allowеd to diе. Thе traсtor еquiрреd with 18.4R38 tirеs was usеd with a widе width agriсultural maсhinеry in сotton fiеld. As a rеsult, thе numbеr of fiеld сrossings of thе aggrеgatе rеduсеd by 1.87 timеs, soil сomрaсtion is рrеvеntеd, and fuеl сonsumрtion rеduсеd by 25%.

2024, Journal of Life Sciences & Biomedicine

The research conducted at Genetics Resources Institute focused on the cultivation of determinate tomato varieties in the irrigating conditions of the Absheron Region. In this area, tomato growers encounter challenges related to water scarcity and mismanagement, which significantly impact their income and the local ecosystem. Given the vital role of water in tomato cultivation, the study investigated the impact of irrigation on the quality of determinate tomatoes intended for processing. The experiment, conducted between 2017 and 2018 in Absheron's experimental fields, involved treating different determinate tomato varieties with various irrigation regimes, which varied based on water quantity and the interval between irrigations. Eight standard varieties with varying stem lengths were selected from the gene pool of determinate tomatoes for the experiment. The primary objectives were to analyze the morphological and biological traits of these varieties and identify potential donors with economically beneficial characteristics for future tomato breeding efforts. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the optimal irrigation schedule for determinate tomato varieties to strike a balance between yield and water usage efficiency. Two experiments were carried out, each monitoring variables related to determinate tomato production, including plant height, stem diameter, fruits per plant and overall yield. The findings indicated that the quantity of water applied had a more significant impact on fruit quality and production than the frequency of irrigation.

2024, International Journal of Research

An interactive computer enabled software namely IRRIPRO was used in order to design and plan viable drip irrigation systems. This software is proficient enough in planning network layout, hydraulic designing and above all simulations to obtain results. This software can also provide requisite cost estimation of new as well as existing drip irrigation. IRRIPRO has the diverse quality to calculate and design many other hydraulic parameters. It is a helping tool for water resource engineers in designing, testing, analyzing any other alternative design on precision and economical parameters.

2024, Irrigation and Drainage

RésuméLe déficit de maintenance est un problème récurrent dans la plupart des grands périmètres irrigués. Cela concerne donc également l'Office du Niger, au Mali. Pour traiter cette question, une approche participative a été utilisée pendant deux ans au niveau d'une maille hydraulique comprenant un canal secondaire et des canaux tertiaires, avec les agriculteurs de deux villages. Les agriculteurs ont été largement impliqués dans la co‐construction de solutions et leur mise en œuvre. Cette approche a nécessité de nombreuses rencontres et des discussions avec les acteurs à travers deux forums: une Communauté de Pratique (CoP) au niveau local, et un forum des acteurs (LPA) pour les niveaux régional et national.Cette approche a permis une amélioration significative de la maintenance des canaux et l'efficience de l'eau d'irrigation. Selon les agriculteurs, ‘bien que l'approche soit très contraignante, car non conforme à nos habitudes de réunion et de partage de co...

2024, Agriculture

The development of irrigation schedules based on water balance implies a study of daily plant water requirements. A properly selected irrigation method is also of most importance. The objective of this study was to find out how surface drip irrigation (SDI) and shallow subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI), as well as different ET-based irrigation scheduling for maize (reference evapotranspiration (ETo), pan evaporation (Eo), and local climatic coefficients (lc)), affect grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield response factor (Ky) of maize. The field experiments were conducted in Vojvodina, a northern part of the Republic of Serbia, on the calcareous gleyic chernozem soil, using a complete block design in three replicates in 2019–2021. The water balance method was used for irrigation scheduling. The nonirrigated treatment was used as a control. The yield in irrigation conditions was statistically higher as compared with the nonirrigated control variant. Concerning the tested ...

2024, Applied Water Science

Due to the water crisis, wastewater utilization is an effective way to meet the water needs of plants and also reduce environmental pollution. In order to know the effect of treated and magnetic wastewater on Manning roughness coefficient, a study was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks with three irrigation treatments with "wastewater outlet", "magnetic effluent" and "normal water" in four replications. Statistical analysis on the relative changes of the roughness coefficient in the design did not show a significant difference. At the same time, a decreasing trend was observed during the irrigation season in the roughness coefficient, which was expected due to the smoothing of the flow path and the effect of organic matter of the effluent on the bed. The magnetic field was not affected by the magnetism. Manning roughness values with more irrigation with effluent and magnetic effluent, in most cases had a decreasing trend, but due to the use of water, an increasing trend was observed in them. However, the increase in normal water treatment could not be analyzed according to the information of this project. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatments of the project.

2024, IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance

This study examines the capital structure and firm performance evidence from Nigeria. The study employed a sample size of 100 non-financial firms of listed Nigerian companies in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) for a period of 2010 to 2014. The annual financial statements have been examined using a panel data approach to analyse the empirical study. However, Tobin's Q and ROA are used as a proxy for the firm performance. It was found out that assets turnover and, tangible have a positive and significant relationship with Tobin's Q. Also, risk maintains negative and significant relations with Tobin's. Moreover, the age of a firm has negative and significant with ROA and Sales growth maintains positive and significant with ROA. Nonetheless, the finding of this study would go a long way to enhance the literature on capital structure and also the imperative for the non-financial companies in Nigeria in taking capital structure decisions as it is based on the most recent data cover the period of recession of 2008-2009 as being an adverse effect of recession on the Nigerian nonfinancial companies.

2024, Archives of Agriculture Sciences Journal

The overall objective of this work was to study the irrigation scheduling effects on the productivity of irrigated wheat in relation to mineral organic nitrogen fertilization, including initial testing of the DSSAT v4.7.0.0 model. In order that, a field experiment was conducted under Upper Egypt conditions in El-Mattana Agricultural Research Station, Luxor governorate, Egypt. The data of irrigation scheduling ((I1) 1.2, (I2) 1.0 and (I3) 0.8 pan evaporation coefficient) and mineral organic nitrogen fertilization program ((F1) 75 kg N fed-1 as compost, (F2) 75%N as compost + 25% N as mineral, (F3) 50% N as compost + 50% N as mineral (F4) 25%N as compost + 75% N as mineral and (F5) 75 kg N feddan-1 as urea) (feddan = 4200 m² = 0.420 hectares = 1.037 acres) during the two studied seasons 2016/17 and 2017/18, were used for model calibration and validation. Model evaluation results showed a closer relationship between CERES-DSSAT and observed wheat grain yield at both seasons. The values of relative root mean square error (RRMSE), coefficient of residual mass (CRM) and index of agreement (d-stat) were 6.6, 9.6 and 0.90 in the 1 st and 3.9, 1.7 and 0.92 in the 2 nd season, respectively. So, it could be concluded that the model works well under Upper Egypt condition, thus, studying the impacts of different management and climate change can be applied.

2024, Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology

Water management is a critical aspect for the successful cultivation of pomegranate. In arid and semi-arid regions of India, water is a scarce resource and its efficient use has to be prioritized. Regular water supply through a drip irrigation system is essential for sustainable production of pomegranate. Water applied in appropriate irrigation scheduling can influence productivity and fruit quality. In this paper, a critical review of several research studies pertaining to water management in pomegranate has been highlighted.

2024, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology-Transactions of Civil Engineering

In this article the affiliation details of Corresponding Author 'Rahgozar Mohammad Ali' were incorrectly given as.

2024

This study evaluates crop and water productivity of drip and furrow irrigation systems for off-season vegetables under plastic tunnels on farmer's fields. Drip and furrow irrigation systems were tested on capsicum, cucumber and hot papers in this study. A permanent tunnel of 60 × 3 × 2 m was erected. Each crop was planted on 0.8 × 0.4 m raised beds under drip and furrow irrigation systems. Water productivity was calculated as the ratio of total yield to total water consumed by the crop. Data collected for three off-season vegetables revealed that each crop consumed less water under drip irrigation as compared to the furrow irrigation system. Among crops, hot peppers consumed the least amount of water irrespective of irrigation systems in comparison to furrow irrigation system. In addition, the percent use of all inputs under drip irrigation was reduced: water by 30%-45%, fertilizers by 22%-30% and pesticides by 15%-20% (because of reduced temperature and humidity) for different crops. In comparison to furrow irrigation, yield under drip irrigation was increased by 20%-30% and net farm income by 19%-41% for different crops. Average water productivity (kg/m 3) was increased by 141% for capsicum, 165% for cucumber and 109% for hot papers under drip irrigation system compared to the furrow irrigation system. In conclusion, drip irrigation technology is effective in improving crop growth and water productivity, and reducing water scarcity while considerably reducing fertilizer and pesticide use. These results advocate for drip irrigation as an ideal technology to address the issue of freshwater resource scarcity in Pakistan.

2024

High efficiency irrigation offers efficient use of water, labor and other resources and allows the vegetable industry to grow in future. Field studies were conducted for two consecutive years in district Toba Tek Singh to investigate the comparative water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and economics of sweet peppers under drip and furrow irrigation methods. Treatments comprised of T1= irrigation with drip method + 100% fertilizer of recommended dose; T2 = irrigation with drip method + 50% fertilizer of T1; T3= irrigation with furrow method + 100% fertilizer of recommended dose with conventional method and T4 = irrigation with furrow method + 50% fertilizer of T3. Results indicated that yield and yield components were significantly improved under drip irrigation compared to conventional irrigation method. Sweet pepper yield was increased by 60% in drip irrigation system over furrow irrigation method. The resource use efficiency analysis showed that drip irrigation exhibited 47% more relative water use efficiency, 59% higher water productivity and 54.5% more fertilizer use efficiency over furrow irrigation. Overall, drip irrigation saved up to 53.5% volume of water applied to conventional irrigation method in sweet pepper production. The net income of sweet papers was increased by 66% with less water and less fertilizer by adopting high tech drip irrigation technology. Opportunities still exist to increase sweet paper output in the study area by increasing the level of above mentioned productive resources with proper irrigation scheduling. The study also suggested that drip irrigation system has a greater scope for the production of off-season vegetables grown under plastic tunnel especially in water scarce areas of Pakistan.

2024, Advances in Agriculture

Water shortage is a real problem in many parts of the world and finding alternative solutions such as the application of saline water in cropping systems is highly appreciated. Research on drip irrigation and soil salinity is still inadequate, and their effect on crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) is a huge challenge for small farmers. The present study was conducted in Malir, a semiarid region in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The purpose was to estimate the effects of two different qualities of irrigation water including fresh quality water (IT1 0.56 dS m−1) and saline groundwater (IT2 2.89 dS m−1) on WUE using drip irrigation technology in 2018–19. The experimental design was complete randomized block design (RCBD) with two treatments of irrigation: (1) freshwater (IT1) with 0.56 dS m−1 electrical conductivity and (2) saline water (IT2) with 2.89 dS m−1 electrical conductivity. The average biomass and crop yield under IT1 were 10.2 t.ha−1 and 7.4 t.ha−1, respectively, and...

2024, The 14th Annual Conference of Misr Society of Agricultural Engineering 24 (4)

The developed model 'Drip Chartist' by Ismail et al. (2006a) was verified and validated in field and by comparison to other related model "Hydrus 2D". Field validation resulted showed that the surface system without hydraulic barrier represents the real-condition by 94.99% (correlation coefficient of 0.9746) with under estimation of 0.157. While in the subsurface system with hydraulic barrier represents the realcondition by 81.96% (correlation coefficient of 0.9053) with under estimation of 0.021. Validation to Hydrus2D lead to almost coincidence in predicted ...

2024, SSRN Electronic Journal

A new and relatively precise method was developed for correct design of pressurized irrigation laterals installed on sloping land with constant diameter. This method is combination of analytical and optimization methods. By the method minimum and maximum pressure and range of its variations can be calculated. On base of this calculation optimal length of lateral is determined, so that the range of pressure variations is not more than its allowable value. Results of this research were presented as a Table in order to guide line of design. It showed that two types of pressure distributions for laterals installed on sloping land. The first type occur when the pressure is decreasing and then increasing and thus there is a point for relative minimum pressure on lateral. In this distribution, difference between elevations of two ends of lateral to energy loss ratio is less than 2.85211. If this ratio be more than 2.85211, the second type distribution. In this distribution the pressure is increasing and reaches to its maximum value at end of lateral.

2024

seasons to study the effect of raised beds on wheat yield and water productivity in saline soil under farmer's conditions. Each experiment represent one of the salinity levels under investigation which considered as low S0 (ECw of 0.50 dSm-1 and ECe of 2.5 dSm-1), medium S1 (ECw of 4.0 dSm-1 and ECe of 9.0 dSm-1) and high S2 (ECw of 7.8 dSm-1 and ECe of 12.3 dSm-1) of the location of study and combined analysis of variance between the three locations. A split plot design was used with four replicate. Three planting methods were tested in main plots, i.e., Tf (traditional flat planting method), F60 (furrow width 60 cm) and F120 (raised bed widths 120 cm) and four wheat cultivars in sub plots (Shandawel 1, Misr 1, Sakha 94 and Giza 171). The results revealed that the grain yield of the wheat cultivars under less salinity stress conditions (S0) were significantly higher than other salinity levels (S1 and S2). Also, the wheat cultivars showed some differences in salt tolerance. Data showed that concentrations of some of the metals were found above the threshold limits for irrigation water and grain wheat. Grains were found to accumulate Mn, Cr and Mo metals which were beyond recommended dietary limits under El-Hafir 1 and 2 compared with Talkha. The tolerance to salinity of different varieties under salinity conditions can be ordered as: Shandawel 1<Giza 171<Misr 1 <Sakha 94. The grain yield with F120 (raised bed widths 120 cm) was superior to the traditional planting method (Tf) by 7.3%, followed by F60 (furrow width 60 cm) which is seen to be slightly superior to Tf (traditional flat planting method), by 0.8%.The highest grain yield (6.93 ton/ha) was obtained with F120 (raised bed widths 120 cm) under S0 (ECw of 0.50 dSm-1 and ECe of 2.5 dSm-1) while the lowest yield (4.70 ton/ha) was obtained with the Tf (traditional flat planting method), under S2 (ECw of 7.8 dSm-1 and ECe of 12.3 dSm-1). The amount of irrigation water applied (Wa) was affected by salinity level and planting method. Therefore, the values of Wa were increased by 2.4 and 5.9% under S1 (ECw of 4.0 dSm-1 and ECe of 9.0 dSm-1) and S2 (ECw of 7.8 dSm-1 and ECe of 12.3 dSm-1), respectively over S0 (ECw of 0.50 dSm-1 and ECe of 2.5 dSm-1). Also, using furrows and raised bed saved water of about 5.3% and 12.2%, respectively comparing to the traditional flat method. Therefore, the highest value of water productivity (WP) was achieved with F 120 (raised bed widths 120 cm) under low salinity stress, while the lowest value was recorded with Tf (traditional flat planting method) under higher salinity stress. The application of gypsum alleviated the adverse effect of salinity stress on wheat crop.

2024

2024, Water

A promising way of addressing the issue of growing water scarcity is through wider use of drip irrigation, which delivers water and fertilizer to crops in a slow, targeted manner, and has been shown to increase yields and water use efficiency. Yet, drip irrigation system adoption is low, primarily due to the high capital cost of the pressurized piping network and the pump, and operating energy cost. Lowering the water pressure needed for drip emitters to deliver water can reduce both capital and operating costs of drip systems. Here we present the results from field trials of new pressure-compensating online drip emitters that operate with a minimum compensating inlet pressure of 15 kPa (0.15 bar), in comparison to typical commercial emitters with minimum pressures of 50–100 kPa (0.5–1.0 bar). The field trials were carried out on nine farms in Morocco and Jordan over the course of one irrigation season with freshwater and treated wastewater. Low-pressure emitters are shown to reduce...

2024, American Journal of Plant Biology

Furrow length and water flow rate had a significant effect on crop yield, crop water use efficiency and irrigation performance indicators. Therefore, objective the study was to determine optimum combination of furrow length and flow rate to enhance irrigation efficiency. Field experiment was carried out at Kersa woreda, Jimma Zone, South Western part of Ethiopia, during cropping season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 for three consecutive years using Belete potato variety as a test crop. The treatment comprised three furrow length (50, 30 10 m) and three flow rates (0.45, 0.67, and 0.89l/s) laid out in split plot design with three replications where furrow length used as the main plot and flow rate as sub-plot. Results of over year analysis showed that tuber yield, biomass yield and tuber diameter significantly affected by different furrow length and flow rates. The highest and lowest tuber yield was obtained from L2Q1 (39.49 t/ha) and L3Q2 (29.09t/ha) respectively. The highest Biomass yield of 35.75 ton/ha was obtained from L2Q1 treatments whereas the lowest (20.34t/ha) recorded from L1Q3 treatment. Interaction of furrow length and flow rate does not affect water productivity, water application efficiency and deep percolation ratio. Similarly furrow length was not significant (p>0.05) on water productivity of potato. However flow rate influences water productivity significantly (p<0.05). The water productivity for both furrow length and flow rate ranges from 0.41 to 0.45 Kg/m 3. Both furrow length and flow rate had significant (p<0.05) impact on irrigation water application efficiency. The maximum water application efficiency was obtained from 30m furrow length (29%) and 0.67l/s flow rate (27%). Based on the current finding potato belete variety resulted in maximum yield at combination of 30m furrow length and 0.89l/s flow rate (L2Q1) using furrow irrigation.

2024, Photosynthetica

Measurement of leaf area is commonly used in many horticultural research experiments, but it is generally destructive, requiring leaves to be removed for measurement. Determining the individual leaf area (LA) of bedding plants like pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), dahlia (Dahlia pinnata), sweet William (Dianthus barbatus L.), geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum), petunia (Petunia × hybrida), and pansy (Viola wittrockiana) involves measurements of leaf parameters such as length (L) and width (W) or some combinations of these parameters. Two experiments were carried out during spring 2010 (on two pot marigold, four dahlia, three sweet William, four geranium, three petunia, and three pansy cultivars) and summer 2010 (on one cultivar per species) under greenhouse conditions to test whether a model could be developed to estimate LA of bedding plants across cultivars. Regression analysis of LA versus L and W revealed several models that could be used for estimating the area of individual bedding plants leaves. A linear model having LW as the independent variable provided the most accurate estimate (highest R 2 , smallest mean square error, and the smallest predicted residual error sum of squares) of LA in all bedding plants. Validation of the model having LW of leaves measured in the summer 2010 experiment coming from other cultivars of bedding plants showed that the correlation between calculated and measured bedding plants leaf areas was very high. Therefore, these allometric models could be considered simple and useful tools in many experimental comparisons without the use of any expensive instruments.

2024, Article

This study was performed to investigate the hydraulic performance and clogging ratio of drip irrigation with magnetized water. Magnetized water was created by transferring water through a permanent magnet connected to a feed pipeline. Two main treatments of magnetized and non-magnetized water, as well as three sub-treatments of irrigation water salts, including fresh water (219 ppm) and the addition of 1000 and 2000 ppm to irrigation water with three replications were applied under different operating pressure (75, 100, 125 and 150 kPa). At the beginning of the experiment, results show that hydraulic parameters were almost the same for both the magnetized and the non-magnetized water and for all salinity levels. At the end of working time, the hydraulic parameters were improved for the magnetized water under salinity levels compared to the non-magnetized water. Average emitter discharge increased with roughly 2.7% and 5.6%, coefficient of variation (Cv) decreased by 0.6 and 0.91%, emission uniformity (Eu) increased about 1 and 1.1% and variation of average flow rate (q avr) decreased by 21.3 and 29.4% when 1000 and 2000 ppm were used, respectively. Magnetized water had slight effect on clogging at non-saline water at the end of experiment. At 1000 and 2000 ppm salinity levels, the clogging ratio decreased by 1.97 and 2.45% at different pressure, respectively. The results show that magnetized water treatment could effectively relieve and delay the occurrence time of clogging.