Economic Diplomacy Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES

Küresel ticaretten yüksek pay elde etmek yalnızca kaliteli mal arz etmek ya da maliyet avantajına dayalı olarak ürün üretmekten ibaret değildir. Her ülkenin kendine has uluslararası ticaret yapısı ve bu yapıyı şekillendiren bileşenleri bulunmaktadır. Bu bileşenlerden birisi de tarihsel bağlardır. Tarihsel bağlar, kolonyal ya da bir imparatorluk geçmişine sahip olma yoluyla oluşmaktadır. Tarihsel bağlar kültürel, siyasi, hukuki ve dil bağları yaratarak ayrıca benzer kurumsal yapıların oluşmasına neden olarak günümüz ticaretini de etkileme gücüne sahiptirler. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun mirasçısı olarak Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, birçok ülkeyle tarihsel bağlara sahip bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Osmanlı mirasının Türkiye’nin uluslararası ticaretindeki etkisini analiz etmektir. Bunun için 182 ülkenin 2007-2023 dönemi verileri yıllık olarak kullanılmış ve panel yapısal çekim modeli ile analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun yönetiminde bulunmanın Türkiye ile taraf ülkenin ticaretini artırıcı etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir.

2025, Journal of Indian Studies

Pakistan and Nepal established diplomatic relations in 1960. The Economic and Industrial cooperation was obliged in 1960s which further expanded into liberal bilateral trade regimes from 1970 to 1990s. New fields of cooperation and bilateral engagements in education, socio-cultural and defense were proposed in early 2000s. However, the relations did not exceed from narrow strip due inconsistency in political dialogues between the stakeholder of the two nations. Opportunities of trade CPEC for the two nations is also part of this study. This research finds a prospects of bilateral engagements between Islamabad and Kathmandu in a detailed way. It has also found the potential for cooperation in many new areas. The study concludes that steady dialogue, negotiations, MOUs, agreements, regional engagements and obligation of bilateral, regional and international treaties is a way forward to strengthen the relations between two SAARC countries.

2025, SECURITY NEGOTIATION SKILLS

This Security Negotiation Skills Handbook provides a concise yet comprehensive guide to the essential skills, strategies, and techniques required for effective negotiation in security-related contexts.
It addresses the unique challenges security professionals face when managing conflicts, handling crises, or engaging with stakeholders in high-stakes environments. The handbook covers key areas including risk communication, cultural sensitivity, conflict resolution, emotional intelligence, and ethical decision-making. Practical case studies and real-world scenarios are incorporated to enhance understanding and application.
Designed for law enforcement officers, private security personnel, military operatives, and corporate security managers, this handbook serves as a vital tool for improving negotiation outcomes, fostering cooperation, and ensuring safety in complex operational settings.

2025, Journal of Contemporary Studies

Pakistan’s paradigm shift in foreign policy to geo-economics, necessitatesthat Islamabad look for opportunities within and outside the region to utilise its geographic and economic potential. This new policy shift makes the African region a key area of significance for Pakistan, owing to the huge trade and market potential of the region. The adoption of ‘Look Africa Policy’ by Pakistan is a key step. This paper aims to explore the options and opportunities for Pakistan in the African region. It analyses these opportunities and associated challenges in the light of economic diplomacy framework. The paper argues that Pakistan requires active diplomaticengagement at public and private levels both, to boost trade and economic relationship with African region for the mutual economic benefit.

2025

This research conducts a comparative content analysis of two leading Englishlanguage newspapers, The Kathmandu Post and Rising Nepal, to examine the media framing of China's cultural and educational diplomacy in Nepal. This study employs a frame analysis methodology alongside a qualitative content analysis approach to systematically examine thirty news items published from 2021 to early 2025. Key themes were coded and examined based on frequency and contextual framing, including cultural interaction, Chinese language promotion, Confucius Institute coverage, education diplomacy, and geopolitical alignment. Rising Nepal demonstrates a clear state-centric editorial stance, frequently articulating a supportive tone that emphasizes bilateral collaboration, strategic partnership, and mutual growth, thereby highlighting a significant contrast in representational patterns. This research argues that these contrasting frames signify underlying ideological and geopolitical affiliations, rather than merely editorial choices. This research contributes to the expanding body of literature on soft power, media and culture diplomacy, and the geopolitics of influence in South Asia by integrating media framing theory with qualitative analysis.

2025, ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ -ΚΖ΄ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ ΣΕΙΡΑ-ΤΕΛΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ- EΠΙΒΛΕΠΩΝ ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΗΣ: ΑΝΔΡΕΑΣ ΠΑΠΑΣΤΑΜΟΥ

From the first "Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Routes" Cultural Route in 1987 to the 10th Annual Advisory Forum on "Resilient and Sustainable Cultural Routes" in 2021, the Council of Europe's Cultural Routes have highlighted a dynamic system of history, culture, values and local economy, unique in Europe, with sustainable development as a common axis: one more tool at the service of cultural and economic diplomacy with positive impacts spreading across the whole spectrum of the European economy. The study, carried out mainly through a literature survey, initially focusing on the conceptual background, then identifying good practices from Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe and examining the possibilities offered by Culture in general and Cultural Routes in particular for the Sustainable Development of Greece, comes up with proposals in the context of Greece's economic diplomacy for the development potential of the Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe that cross Greece as well as the creation of new Cultural Routes within the framework of the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea Macro-Regional Strategy, with the aim not only to diversify the tourism product, but also to develop commercial, science and "green" diplomacy and to attract investments in relation to the Council of Europe's Cultural Routes./ Από την πρώτη Πολιτιστική Διαδρομή “Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Routes” , το 1987, μέχρι το 10o ετήσιο Συμβουλευτικό Φόρουμ για τις «Ανθεκτικές και Βιώσιμες Πολιτιστικές Διαδρομές», το 2021, οι Πολιτιστικές Διαδρομές του Συμβουλίου της Ευρώπης αναδεικνύουν ένα δυναμικό σύστημα ιστορίας, πολιτισμού, αξιών και τοπικής οικονομίας, μοναδικό στην Ευρώπη, με κοινό άξονα τη βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη: ακόμα ένα μέσον στην υπηρεσία όχι μόνο της πολιτιστικής αλλά και της οικονομικής διπλωματίας με θετικά αποτελέσματα που διαχέονται σε όλο το φάσμα της ευρωπαϊκής οικονομίας. Η μελέτη που πραγματοποιήθηκε κυρίως με βιβλιογραφική έρευνα, αρχικά εστιάζοντας στο εννοιολογικό υπόβαθρο, εντοπίζοντας στη συνέχεια καλές πρακτικές από πολιτιστικές διαδρομές του Συμβουλίου της Ευρώπης και εξετάζοντας τις δυνατότητες που προσφέρει ο Πολιτισμός γενικότερα και οι Πολιτιστικές διαδρομές ειδικότερα για τη βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη της Ελλάδας, καταλήγει κυρίως σε προτάσεις στα πλαίσια της οικονομικής διπλωματίας της Ελλάδας για τις δυνατότητες ανάπτυξης των Πολιτιστικών Διαδρομών του Συμβουλίου της Ευρώπης που διασχίζουν την Ελλάδα και τη δημιουργία νέων Πολιτιστικών Διαδρομών στα πλαίσια και της Μακρο-περιφερειακής Στρατηγικής της Αδριατικής Θάλασσας και του Ιονίου Πελάγους, με στόχο όχι μόνο την διαφοροποίηση του τουριστικού προϊόντος, αλλά και την ανάπτυξη της εμπορικής, επιστημονικής και «πράσινης» διπλωματίας καθώς και την προσέλκυση επενδύσεων σε σχέση με τις Πολιτιστικές Διαδρομές του Συμβουλίου της Ευρώπης.

2025

This thesis applies game theory to analyze the strategic dynamics of the US-China trade war, one of the most consequential economic confrontations of the 21st century. By utilizing models such as the Prisoner's Dilemma and its repeated form, the study explores why rational actors may escalate conflicts that result in mutual losses and under what conditions cooperation can emerge. A qualitative payoff structure demonstrates how trust, time horizons, and enforcement mechanisms influence strategic behavior. The research highlights the role of the discount factor in sustaining cooperative equilibria and examines real-world events-such as the Phase One deal-through the lens of game theory. While the models are simplifications, they provide critical insights into the incentives, dilemmas, and potential resolutions in trade conflicts. The findings have broader relevance for policymakers navigating international economic relations in an era marked by geopolitical tensions and economic nationalism.

2025, ECONOMIC AND TRADE DIPLOMACY AND ITS CHALLENGES. THE EARLY STAGES OF THE ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN ALBANIA

Economic diplomacy is an essential and valued facet of foreign policy. States widely use it to achieve their objectives. This research provides an in-depth analysis of economic diplomacy during the Albanian state's early years, viewed through the lens of diplomatic and international studies. The diplomatic corps and missions of the time played a significant and unique role in its practice. The cooperation between central institutions, diplomatic bodies, and the participation of the business sector produced the first outcomes indicative of effective economic diplomacy. Joint chambers of commerce, international tourism and the display of domestic products at international fairs were all early steps of economic diplomacy. The extensive archival sources from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs related to diplomatic activities for product promotion underscore the significance assigned by the state to various forms of economic diplomacy.

2025, AIB Insights

This editorial article introduces the new AIB Insights Editorial Team of John Mezias and William Newburry along with the special issue of AIB Insights focused on Trade and Economic Diplomacy.

2025

2014 opened in Bangladesh with the elections, held on 5 th January amidst unprecedented political violence which led to the killing of 29 people. The 2014 elections were recorded as the most violent in Bangladesh's history. 1 Throughout 2014, the government of the re-elected Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina faced several challenges. Firstly, the political crisis, fuelled by an alliance of 18 political parties led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), threatened to trigger a wave of protests similar to those of 2013. In turn, political instability brought to the fore the risk of adverse fallout on the economic situation. Secondly, the trials for the 1971 war crimes started in 2010, reaching their highest momentum in 2013 and continuing in 2014, with varied reactions from national and international public opinion. Thirdly, Sheikh Hasina's government was charged with corruption and human rights abuses. In 2013, for the first time in Bangladesh's history, the incumbent prime minister gained a second mandate. 2 The large majority obtained by the Awami League allowed Sheikh Hasina to lead the country with a steadiness never experienced before, not even by Hasina's main rival, Khaleda Zia. A multifaceted and ambitious foreign policy has been a new factor, with stronger ties to India and promising relations with several countries, especially China, Japan and Russia. The 2014 elections represented a watershed in Bangladesh's politics. One year is not enough to evaluate the long-term effects of the elec-1 'Bangladesh has little to celebrate after the most violent election day in its history',

2025, Diplomacias e conexões internacionais: a América do Sul no longo século XIX

This study analyzes the emergence and consolidation of new intellectual and diplomatic networks that developed during the final decades of the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth century. It highlights the expansion of scientific and diplomatic exchanges throughout this period and examines their interrelation with state-led initiatives—particularly in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil—aimed at integrating into a transnational circuit associated with science and modernity. These efforts are interpreted within the broader framework of cultural diplomacy, through which these nations sought to assert their presence and legitimacy on the international stage.

2025

Produktivitas kopi Indonesia tergolong rendah dibandingkan negara penghasil kopi lainnya, bahkan sempat turun ke peringkat 37 dunia pada 2019. Hal ini menunjukkan kurang efisiennya pemanfaatan lahan perkebunan kopi. Untuk mengoptimalkan hasil, diperlukan perencanaan berbasis data masa lalu (forecasting). Praktikum dilakukan untuk mempelajari faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi produktivitas kopi, seperti luas lahan, kebijakan, gaya hidup, teknologi, dan kualitas SDM. Proyeksi menunjukkan peningkatan produksi, produktivitas, dan konsumsi, namun ekspor dan luas lahan menurun. Oleh karena itu, peningkatan produksi memerlukan manajemen kebun yang baik, termasuk pemupukan, varietas unggul, pengairan, pengendalian OPT, dan dukungan kelembagaan.

2025, Diplomacias e conexões internacionais A América do Sul no longo século XIX

Este capítulo analisa a fraude financeira na dívida subnacional brasileira a partir do caso do empréstimo de Alagoas em 1906, durante a Primeira República. Realizado no contexto da globalização financeira da Belle Époque, o episódio envolveu elites locais, bancos franceses e financistas anglo-brasileiros, em um ambiente marcado por baixa regulação e forte influência de redes sociais. Enviado a Paris para salvar a operação, o político José de Barros Wanderley de Mendonça desviou recursos, especulou com fundos públicos, vendeu títulos duplicados e levou uma vida luxuosa. A crise política em Alagoas levou à sua demissão, fuga, prisão e morte na França em 1928. O default do empréstimo gerou escândalo no Brasil e expôs os riscos da autonomia fiscal estadual. O caso revela como a combinação de regulação frágil, má conduta individual e redes informais facilitou práticas fraudulentas e ilustra a inserção de financistas latino-americanos em circuitos financeiros globais.

2025, إضاءات أولية حول إشكالية الدولة المدنية خمسة مداخل من بلدان المغرب الكبير - Preliminary Insights into the Civil State Question: Five Approaches from the Maghreb

يساهم هذا البحث في طرح إشكالية مدنية الدولة ببلدان المغرب الكبير، عبر خمسة مداخل مستخرجة من الجدل الذي يثيره المفهوم الحديث للدولة. ويتصل كل مدخل بمسار من مسارات البلدان الخمسة للمغرب الكبير: المغرب، تونس، الجزائر، ليبيا، وموريتانيا؛ إذ... more

2025, Collins Nweke

Recently I discovered a young man, in his early twenties, based in Owerri, Southeast Nigeria. A graphics designer by passion and later by training, he is the reason I and my Associates no longer use suppliers of graphics that we have retained here in Europe for many years. You'd think that my European suppliers will be mad at me for the decision. No, they are not. As a matter of fact, the Owerri young man has equally become a subcontractor to them. When they have excess assignment or when express delivery is required, they either call Owerri or my other supplier that I call my Igbuzo Homeboy. This examplifies the saying in circular economic theory that Businesses can Collaborate rather than Compete. This way, every player becomes a winner.

2025, Philosophie de la stratégie française

C’est au croisement des intérêts géopolitiques et des trajectoires historiques que se façonne une culture stratégique. La stratégie africaine de la France, forgée à travers une longue présence sur le continent, mérite d’être interrogée : quelles expériences l’ont façonnée ? Quelles logiques politiques et idéologiques la soutiennent ? Souvent évoquée, mais rarement déconstruite, cette stratégie reste ambivalente. Elle est visible à travers les interventions militaires, les accords de défense et les partenariats sécuritaires. Mais elle est peu questionnée dans ses fondements : héritages coloniaux, volonté d’influence, et adaptation aux crises contemporaines. La stratégie française en Afrique ne se réduit pas à un simple usage de moyens. Elle repose aussi sur une vision, des doctrines et des représentations, à la fois historiques et philosophiques. L’étudier, c’est donc comprendre un outil de puissance, mais aussi un récit politique façonné par des décennies d’expérience et de projection sur le continent.

2025, Ekonomìčnij analìz

В умовах сучасного глобального розвитку та формування нового світового економічного порядку Україна стикається з рядом цивілізаційних викликів у сфері економічної дипломатії, особливо при взаємодії з країнами Близького Сходу та Північної Африки (БСПА). Ця проблематика набуває своєї актуальності з огляду на глобальні трансформації та зсуви у геополітичній площині, зростання впливу економічних та культурних чинників в даних регіонах. Розглянуто питання економічної дипломатії, із врахуванням значної різноманітності цивілізаційних факторів у взаємодії з партнерами з Близького Сходу та Північної Африки, яка має свою специфіку поширення традицій на бізнес процеси, релігійних переконань та культурних особливостей, які стають домінантами при формування економічних відносин. В контексті змін у світовій політиці та економіці, Україні важливо усвідомити ці виклики та адаптувати економічну дипломатію до нових умов. Співпраця з країнами Близького Сходу та Північної Африки вимагає розуміння та врахування не лише економічних аспектів, але й комунікаційних правил для успішного розвитку відносин. У статті розглянуто ключові аспекти цивілізаційних викликів, які виникають у контексті економічної дипломатії України в країнах Близького Сходу та Північної Африки, та запропоновано стратегії подолання цих викликів для досягнення взаємовигідного партнерства і стійкого економічного зростання.

2025, ANIS MARCELLA

TUGAS KULIAH

2025

Kebijakan Presiden Trump memang tampak sangat egois bahkan terkesan dilakukan secara “brutal”. Namun, penulis menduga bahwa kebijakan tersebut merupakan langkah “cerdas” untuk meraih kembali kepentingan ekonomi US melalui gertakan “kocok ulang” yang nantinya akan diselesaikan melalui negosiasi secara lebih elegan. Momentum ini seyogya dapat dimanfaatkan sebaik-baiknya oleh WTO untuk melakukan berbagai reformasi dalam ketentuan-ketentuan tatanan perdagangan global.

2025, CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF THE TURKMAN BAIR BUDJAK AND KIRKUK

The vast majority of Turkmen living in Syria live in the Bair-Budjak region. Here, the Bair region includes the villages of Isabekli, Meydanjig, Karadzha, Chamurlu, Bostanjig, Mollamahmudlu, Ubaidiya, Karamanly, Turkmanly, Chalkamanly, Ali, Almali and others. The villages of Darvishkhan, Karaahmed, Goydag, Kabir, Garapinar, Ashagi Garamanly, Yuhari Garamanly, Saldyran, Isapinar, Chinarly, Gurudzha, Gyzindzha, Agjabair, Burj-Islam and others belong to Budjak district. Turkman living in the Bair-Budzhak region are mainly engaged in growing tobacco and wheat.
Kirkuk, one of the largest cities in Iraq, has the majority of Turkman population. Turkman were in the majority in 21 of the last 26 registered districts of the city of Kirkuk. Of these, Gorya, Ahmed-aga, Shatyrly (4/5 Turkmans, 1/5 Assyrians and Armenians), Sary Kakhya (4/5 Turkmans, 1/5 Assyrians), Mahatta, Almaz (1/3 Turkmans, 1/3 Kurds and 1/3 Assyrian), Beyler, Arafa (1/2 Turkman, 1/2 Assyrian), Baghdad Road, Tisin, Yengi Tisin, Hamzalilar, Gala, Musalla (4/5 Turkman, 1/5 Arab), Chai, Piryadi, Ovchu, Bulag (4/5 Turkman, 1/5 Kurdish), Chukhur, Ahir Huseyn (4/5 Turkman, 1/5 Kurdish), Kasabhana, Rahim Ova (3/4 Turkman, 1/4 Kurdish, Assyrian and Armenian) etc. surroundings are regions inhabited by Turkmans.
The Turkmans of Bair Buchak and Kirkuk have rich folklore and traditions. Their ethnographic traditions, belief system and many of the rituals they perform are common to the Azerbaijanis. Despite the influence of different cultures, the customs of each of them are more similar than common.

2025, Dzieje Najnowsze

Niespełnione nadzieje polityki traktatowej. Upadek systemu wersalskiego z polskiej perspektywy Dyplomacja według określenia francuskiego to: "sztuka osiągnięcia tego, co jest możliwe" (L'art du possible) 1 A b s t r a k t: Celem opracowania jest ponowne spojrzenie na główne założenia europejskiej i polskiej polityki zagranicznej w powersalskiej Europie. Analizując wybrane pakty i układy, głównie z polskiej perspektywy, autor odpowiada na pytanie, dlaczego po dwudziestu latach od podpisania pokoju w Paryżu w 1919 r. nie udało się zapobiec kolejnemu konfl iktowi o zasięgu światowym. S ł o w a k l u c z o w e: polska polityka zagraniczna, historia dyplomacji, powersalska Europa, stosunki międzynarodowe, pakty i układy A b s t r a c t: The article aims to shed new light on the main objectives of European and Polish foreign policy in post-Versailles Europe. In his analysis, the author focuses on the chosen pacts and treaties and shows the Polish perspective. It makes it possible to answer the question: Why did the Paris Peace Treaty of 1919 fail to prevent another global confl ict? K e y w o r d s: Polish foreign policy, history of diplomacy, post-Versailles Europe, international relations, pacts and treaties 1

2025, أكادير بناء الأفروبوليس الحديثة

يتناول هذا المقال تطور أسلوب البروتاليزم (Brutalisme) في المغرب باعتباره أحد أبرز تعبيرات العمارة الحديثة في فترة ما بعد الاستقلال، مع التركيز على تجربة إعادة إعمار مدينة أكادير بعد زلزال عام 1960. يبدأ المقال باستعراض الجذور الفكرية... more

2025, Publicio : Jurnal Ilmiah Politik, Kebijakan dan Sosial

Tulisan ini merupakan kajian Perdagangan Bilateral yang memberikan analisis Kerjasama dua negara dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan dan mencapai kepentingan nasionalnya. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada ekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Indonesia ke Italia tahun 2011-2015. Crude Palm Oil merupakan hasil olahan daging buah kelapa sawit sebagai minyak nabati yang dibutuhkan sebagai bahan industri dan konsumsi rumah tangga. Dimana Indonesia sebagai produsen minyak sawit terbesar dunia menyumbang 51% kebutuhan minyak sawit dunia dan melakukan ekspor ke berbagai negara termasuk Italia. Tulisan ini menggunakan perspektif liberalisme yang ditulis oleh Adam Smith. Perumusan seluruh argumentasi, fakta, dan kerangka teoritis penelitian ini berpedoman pada metode eksplanasi kualitatif. Teknik dalam penelitian ini melalui studi pustaka. Data diperoleh dan dikumpulkan dari buku-buku jurnal, tesis terakhir dan kemudian dari internet yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia dan Italia memiliki hubungan yang baik dalam segala hal terutama di bidang perdagangan. Tujuan kerjasama Indonesia dengan Italia adalah untuk mempromosikan produk kelapa sawit Indonesia ke Italia. Indonesia selalu menghadapi peningkatan ekspor CPO ke Italia setiap tahunnya, dan ketergantungan Italia terhadap CPO Indonesia untuk industri biofuel dan makanan.

2025, Publicio: Jurnal Ilmiah Politik, Kebijakan dan Sosial

2025

Resumo: o objetivo do texto é realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a dívida pública brasileira, sobretudo, a externa contratada no período do Império e da Primeira República (1822-1930). O levantamento identificou uma ampla discussão que abarca desde os primeiros estudos realizados em fins do século XIX, denominados de "clássicos", até as contribuições contemporâneas do tema. Os clássicos, como Carreira (1889) e Bouças (1955), possuem um caráter compilatório em comum e, ainda hoje, são utilizados como fontes de pesquisa por outros autores. Já as novas interpretações têm desafiado consensos estabelecidos ao longo da historiografia, com a utilização de diferentes abordagens e fontes para compreender o assunto. Apesar da ampla gama de trabalhos existentes, a análise da dívida pública pré-1930 merece ser retomada pelas perspectivas latino-americanas em História Econômica, a partir da contestação de consensos historiográficos estabelecidos, mas também da atenção crítica às novas produções sobre a matéria. Palavras-chave: dívida externa; dívida pública; levantamento bibliográfico; Primeira República; Império no Brasil.

2025, International Political Economy Studies

The limitation of resources has made increasing the productivity of all factors of production the most important strategy for countries seeking to achieve continuous and stable economic growth. In recent years, economic diplomacy has emerged as a crucial tool for implementing industrial policies, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of economic activities, and boosting the productivity of all factors. This study aims to investigate the impact of the components of economic diplomacy—namely, facilitating foreign trade, attracting foreign capital, acquiring foreign technology, enhancing national branding, and attracting foreign tourists—on the productivity of total factors in two groups of selected developing and developed countries during the period from 2011 to 2020. Utilizing the generalized method of moments, the results indicate that the components of facilitating foreign trade, attracting foreign capital, and obtaining foreign technology positively affect the productivity of total factors in both groups of selected countries, albeit with varying estimated coefficients. However, while the influence of national branding and foreign tourist attraction on total factor productivity is also positive, it lacks statistical significance in both groups.

2025, International Political Economy Studies

The BRICS group primarily operates within an economic discourse, but it also seeks to steer the world toward a multipolar system and involve various countries, particularly emerging powers, in international decision-making processes. This aligns with the interests and strategies of Iran in the international system. The key question, then, is how Iran can optimally leverage this convergence (problem). What are the modern foreign policy approaches of Iran, particularly in terms of economic diplomacy, to overcome challenges and lift international sanctions? It seems that one of Iran's foreign policy approaches to improving its economic situation under international sanctions is to propose and pursue its membership in BRICS, a membership that will come with challenges, consequences, and opportunities for Iran (research question and hypothesis). This research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical method based on library research. The aim is to explore the capacities and potential of BRICS and Iran’s potential membership in it (methodology and objective). The findings indicated that balancing the commitments Iran undertakes in the process of joining BRICS with the benefits it gains, especially under sanction conditions, is essential. The most significant geoeconomic advantage of Iran's membership lies in accessing financial resources through BRICS' Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) and the New Development Bank.

2025, International Political Economy Studies

Countries compete for the attention, attraction, and respect of investors, tourists, consumers, immigrants, media, and governments of other countries. Therefore, having a strong and positive brand for a nation is a relative and vital advantage, and countries need to know how people around the world see them. Imaging, enhancing the existing image, and creating a new and desirable image and mindset are the essence of national branding. Business interactions in the form of economic diplomacy is an efficient strategy for national branding, and this approach, as one of the pillars of modern diplomacy, can help to improve the brand and national image of countries by conquering regional and global markets in line with the growth of trade and exports. The main issue of this research is to analyze the role and position of economic and commercial diplomacy in the national branding of countries. In this regard, it is important to identify and use successful experiences in the field of national branding based on economic interactions. Countries like China, Turkey, and Qatar have benefited from the expansion of economic and trade relations to improve their brand and national image. By understanding the importance of national branding and the application of economic and commercial aspects of diplomacy, these countries have been able to present a powerful and popular image of themselves to the world in addition to strengthening their national power. In this regard, the main research question is how the selected countries (China, Turkey, and Qatar) have benefited from economic and commercial diplomacy to promote their national brand.

2025, International Political Economy Studies

Regional arrangements and the outcomes of economic convergence among countries are currently subjects of interest for both major powers and developing emerging industrial economies. The benefits arising from regionalism have necessitated developing countries to experience a new level of international relations under regional convergences. Regionalism in Iran's vicinity has had the weakest possible results compared to Europe, America and Southeast Asia. In this region, two long-standing regionalism institutions (ECO and the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council) and new ones (the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Union) have been formed during the first steps. The importance of regionalism in the realization of development goals has created this necessity for Iran to make decisions and choose with a pragmatic view on priorities and strategic results of cooperation with active blocks in the region. In this article, an attempt has been made to use the theoretical framework of "regionalism" and convergences under economic integration in response to the question that from the beginning of the formation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Union until now, during the years 2000 to 2019, the "homogeneity and congruence of macroeconomic indicators" and "convergence of intra- and extra-regional trade" has been achieved better in which of these two regional institutions?, this hypothesis is proposed that "despite the non-economic goals of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization compared to the purely economic goals of the Eurasian Economic Union, economic homogeneity and commercial convergence have been achieved better in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization than in the Eurasian Economic Union".

2025, DergiPark (Istanbul University)

1959 yılında tam üyelik başvurusu ile başlayan süreç 1963, tarihinde Ankara anlaşmasının yürürlüğe girmesiyle Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği ile olan ilişkisi resmiyet kazanmıştır. Ancak o tarihten bugüne kadar geçen süre de Türkiye Birliğe tam üye olamamıştır. Birliğin dışında olmasına rağmen Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri Türkiye'nin uluslararası ticaretinde önemli bir paya sahiptir. Çalışmada Türkiye ve Birliğe üye ülkeler arasındaki uluslararası ticaret ilişkisi çekim modelinden faydalanılarak test edilmiştir. Türkiye'nin Birlik ülkelerine gerçekleştirdiği ithalat ve ihracat değerlerinin bağımlı değişken olduğu iki farklı model oluşturulmuştur. Ülkelerin gelir seviyeleri ve birbirlerine olan uzaklıkları bağımsız değişken olarak kullanılmışlardır. Ayrıca 2008 yılında gerçekleşen finansal krizin Türkiye'nin dış ticareti üzerine olan etkilerini görebilmek için modele kukla değişken eklenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, oluşturulan her iki modelde de ülkelerin ekonomik büyüklükleri Türkiye'nin ihracat ve ithalatını pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Türkiye'nin ihracatı ve ithalatı üzerinde mesafe ile ekonomik kriz kukla değişkenleri negatif yönde etkiye sahiptir. Ayrıca Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin gelirlerindeki artışların Türkiye'nin hem ihracatı hem de ithalatı üzerindeki etkisinin daha yüksek oranda olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

2025, Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs

Objectives: Study the similarities and differences of small states of the Caribbean, joined in the Caribbean Community, and South Pacific states, in pursuing their common problems, deriving from their smallness and in most cases, their insular character, as well as geographical remoteness and economic vulnerability, with regards to diplomatic initiatives and action regarding the issue of recognition of either China or Taiwan. Theoretical Framework: A comparison of small island developing states (SIDS), a specific group of states, was done, with regards to China-Taiwan recognition issue. Our research falls into the category of exploration of challenges and opportunities in achieving social equity and justice within the SDG framework, and is particularly connected with SDGs 16 and 17. Method: Explore the various foreign policy strategies of small island states of the Caribbean and the South Pacific region, respectively, by consulting scientific papers, conference papers, press releases, foreign policy documents etc., all covering the problematics of China-Taiwan battle for recognition among the afore-mentioned states. Results and Discussion: Taiwan's strategy is comprised of providing developmental aid and thereby trying to avoid complete diplomatic isolation, with only 12 states recognizing it at present day, while in 2007 there were still 23. Research Implications: Study of the changes in these issues in the last two decades, particularly connected with the rising of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the economic pressure of China, which provokes the response in developmental help of Taiwan. Value: The paper gives a contemporary insight into the China-Taiwan diplomatic struggle for recognition, as a zero-sum game, in the two regions of the world where it is most present.

2025

Kepemimpinan merupakan faktor kunci dalam menentukan dan menilai keberhasilan suatu pemerintahan. Dalam artikel ini, membahas tentang 2 presiden yang memiliki gaya kepemimpinan yang berbeda yaitu Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) dengan pendekatan transaksional dan Joko Widodo (Jokowi) dengan pendekatan transformasional. SBY dikenal dengan kepempimpinan transaksional yang berfokus pada stabilitas, birokrasi dan konsensus politik. Pendekatannya yang terkesan hati hati dalam mengambil keputusan dan lebih mengutamakan keseimbangan kepentingan dari berbagai pihak melalui mekanisme formal. Disisi lain, Jokowi dengan karakteristik pemimpin transformasional yang mengutamakan perubahan cepat, inovasi dan pendekatan langsung ke masyarakat dengan gaya blusukan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan membandingkan gaya kepemimpinan kedua tokoh berdasarkan buku referensi yaitu "Leadership" oleh Peter G. Nothhouse dan "Transformasional and Transactional Leadership" oleh Bernard M. Bass.

2025, The House of Vasa and The House of Austria. Correspondence from the Years 1587 to 1668. Part II: The Times of Władysław IV, 1632–1648

The chapter analyzes the complex relationship between John Casimir Vasa and the Spanish monarchy before his accession to the throne in 1648. It highlights his attempts to gain Habsburg support, his ambitions for marriage and positions within the Spanish monarchy, and his failed expedition to become Viceroy of Portugal, which ended with his capture in France. The chapter also examines the role of Spanish diplomacy in protecting the Vasa princes, the Family Treaty with the Habsburgs, and Casimir’s shift towards France after his relationship with Spain broke down.

2025, Instytut Nowej Europy

On 19 and 20 October 2020, the 5th Summit of the Three Seas Initiative took place in Tallinn. The meeting includes a number of discussion panels devoted to mutual cooperation.
The event brings together the most important politicians of the member states, including presidents, prime ministers and heads of foreign affairs of the countries associated with the Initiative.
The Three Seas format is of great importance for today's European politics.

2025, China Leadership Monitor

Although Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin continue to deny they have an alliance, their partnership has deepened during the course of Russia’s full-scale war in Ukraine, as seen in the series of summits and more frequent and extensive bilateral military exercises. Chinese officials repeatedly claim their country takes an impartial position on the war in Ukraine. Still, evidence has been accumulating in recent months of China’s growing support for Russia as far as plausible deniability allows and with only a few red lines. Nevertheless, greater policy coordination has not followed from the closer Sino-Russian partnership. Despite their alignment on geopolitical issues and common concerns about regime security, China and Russia proceed from different worldviews and they continue to pursue different agendas in adjacent regions, such as the Indo-Pacific and the Arctic, as well as in their approach to the Global South, a newer arena for joint interactions.

2025

The paper presents the concepts of conceptualization of economic diplomacy, which is a form of state activities relations directed towards relations with other countries and international organizations aiming to increase exports and attracting foreign investments. Given that economic growth and development are the primary goal of the country in which is invested, as well as the countries of investors who are also acting in the direction of increasing their profits, in international economic relations economic diplomacy is becoming a key instrument in their achievement. Its role is particularly evident in countries that are going through the transition period and in countries where political representatives have a strong influence on economic decision-making. Through the application of scientific-research, analytical-synthetic and statistical data in the paper the consequence of the economy and the financial market of economically developed countries is emphasized, which resulted in ...

2025

2025, Human Research in Rehabilitation

The aim of this study is to improve the knowledge about the influence of the Republic of Turkey on the economic development of the Western Balkan countries in the period from 2003 to 2014. The analysis of the activities of the Republic of Turkey shows how much they contribute to the national product, that is, they had influence on the diversification of the economy, generate the income and sustainability of a part of the engaged population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Comparative data of the analyzed countries show that, with oscillatory movements, an increase in total investments of the Republic of Turkey was recorded in the period from 2003 to 2014. From the analyzed period, it is clear that Turkey is pursuing an active economic policy, whose primary objective is to improve economic relations with the Western Balkan countries.

2025, U.S. China Relation

This paper explores the broader implications of the ongoing U.S.-China trade conflict and its potential consequences for global economic governance and stability. As the economic decoupling between the world's two largest economies intensifies, traditional multilateral frameworks, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), face mounting challenges in adapting to a rapidly changing global order. The rise of regional trade blocs, the weakening of the dominance of the U.S. dollar, and the fragmentation of global supply chains signal a potential shift toward a multipolar economic landscape. Moreover, this paper highlights the growing risks of financial decoupling, the impact of trade wars on global industries, and the broader effects on global economic growth. Finally, it discusses potential pathways for de-escalation, the role of diplomacy, and the future of multilateral trade systems in fostering global economic stability.

2025, Prata da Casa: os livros dos diplomatas

2533. Prata da Casa: os livros dos diplomatas, Hartford, 11 novembro 2013, 691 p. Compilação das resenhas mais importantes de livros de diplomatas e acadêmicos de livros da área, com Prefácio, Introdução, Índice Alfabético de Autores e... more

2025, Middle East Studies

Turkiye, as one of the powerful economies in the Middle East region, has a high level of economic relations with major economic powers such as the United States of America and China, the purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the economic relations between Turkiye and the United States and China and to compare the level of economic relations between Turkiye and Iran. United States and china. The research has been compiled and written with a qualitative analytical method and using library data and articles that have already been written in this field and the classification of economic statistics and their analysis and the comparison of economic statistics with each other, the findings indicate that in the last decade Turkiye's exports to the United States have been on the rise, and Turkiye's trade balance with the United States has been positive; But Turkiye has not been able to succeed in exporting to China, and Turkiye's imports from China to Turkiye during the last decade have been on average ten times of Turkiye's exports to China, and Turkiye's trade balance with China has been negative. The conclusion of the article is that China has managed to play a greater role in Turkish markets during the last decade and has been more successful than the United States in Turkish markets.

2025, Artikel Perang Dagang Baru

Kebijakan Presiden Amerika Serikat Donald Trump yang sangat mementingkan kepentingan domestik, akan menghadirkan awan gelap perdagangan global. Dengan menggunakan Undang-Undang Kekuatan Darurat Ekonomi Internasional sebagai landasan, Donald Trump memulai dengan menaikkan tarif impor barang dari tiga negara yaitu Kanada (10%), Mexico (25%), dan China dikenakan bea masuk tambahan sebesar 10% yang berlaku mulai 4 Februari 2025. Ketiga negara tersebut sudah mengambil ancang-ancang untuk membalas dengan menaikkan tarif impor. Kanada mengamcam dengan akan mengenakan tarif impor sebesar 25% untuk barang impor dari US, sementara Mexixo dan China secara resmi menyampaikan akan melakukan Tindakan balasan yang seimbang. Hal ini berarti perang dagang baru sudah dimulai kembali!

2025, Prager wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Mitteilungen / Prague Economic and Social History Papers, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 9–30

The study focuses on the career trajectory of the Czech historian Eduard Kubů. It outlines the professional development of one of the most important personalities of modern economic history in the Czech Republic today, with an emphasis on his contribution to scholarly discourse and his activities at the Institute of Economic and Social History at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University (Prague). The text aims to understand what personal dispositions Kubů possessed and to clarify their correlation with his methodological and interpretive preferences as well as his selection of research topics. Attention is paid to the circumstances that opened the way for Kubů to specialize in modern economic history, as well as the reasons why he became a defining figure in the field after 1989. His career path is presented through the example of selected research topics, namely economic diplomacy, the systemic development of the Czechoslovak economy, the phenomena of economic nationalism and “aryanization”, as well as the issues of agrarianism and business history.

2025, Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law

The article proposes that international trade is an indispensable instrument of foreign policy and DEİK's governmentalization is the epitome of this instrumentalization. The case is unique in that a state appropriates an NGO whose mission is international trade. The research enquires about the validity of the assumption of trade's indispensability for foreign policy and vice versa. An in-depth interview methodology is assumed to configure causality. The hypothesis argues, that if institutionalized international trade's indispensability for foreign policy is true, then this direct state intervention is suggestive of the degree of importance, that international trade and foreign policy have, vis-à-vis each other. This act of governmentalization, again by the unique way it was effectuated, the new status created, seems to render all underlying causes other than the significance given to institutionalized trade as an instrument of foreign policy and vice versa, rather marginal. The case is not only a de facto but also a de jure act of instrumentalization.

2025, Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

The Habsburg Empire was approved of temporary occupy Bosnia-Herzegovina on the Berliner Conference. Accordingly to the Article 25 of the Berliner Treaty and the agreement between Vienna and Istanbul on April 1879, Bosnia-Herzegovina was still under sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire. The Habsburgs executives maintained this provisional status in both provinces until 1908. Furthermore, Bosnia-Herzegovina was a common administrative district (in German, Reichsland) between Austria and Hungary. The Habsburg Empire finally declared the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina on 6 October 1908. Alois Lexa Aehrenthal, Common Foreign Minister of the Habsburg Empire, become the focus of researcher for this theme. But I point out that it was István Burián, the Common Finance Minister of the Habsburg Empire (1903–1912), who proposed the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina for the first time. Burián presented memoranda proposing the annexation to Emperor Franz Joseph in May 1907 and April 1908. But the revolution of the Young Turks was a decisive opportunity to annexation. Therefore we should not overestimate Burián’s role in the annexation attempt. But his memoranda not only stimulated leading circles of the Habsburg Empire to consider annexation but also helped matters develop more smoothly in Vienna after the revolution of the Young Turks. As Burián himself later wrote, we should regard him as the true proponent of annexation. However the analysis about an annexation law, that was founded on the Habsburg’s succession law (in German, Pragmatische Sanktion), proves that the decision-making process for imperial affairs through the common cabinet and the minister conference was very complicated and lacked a coordinating function. A full account of annexation reveals the pluralistic and inefficient policymaking of the Habsburg Empire under dual system.