Economical Growth Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

In this study we endeavored to model Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate as a function of general government net lending and borrowing, current account balance, inflation rate, and unemployment rate for four developed countries in the world-United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and France. We have controlled the purchasing power parity GDP in international dollar in our model specification. Our attention in this paper is to show the causal effect of general government net lending and borrowing and current account balance on GDP growth rate for the four countries for a 40-year period, 1980-2020. In this panel data analysis, we find that general government net lending and borrowing is having a positive effect when government lends more to the other sector of the economy and nonresidents and borrow less from the same. We also find that the current account balance has a nonsignificant negative effect on GDP growth rate in fixed effect model. Although, this effect sign and magnitude is almost identical to fixed effect model, however, it is significant in the random effect model.

- by
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- Macroeconomics, Public Health, Economical Growth

This study investigates the relationship between exports, foreign direct investments (FDI) and economic growth in five Eurozone countries (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Italy) using panel data for the period 1970 to 2011. The panel data causality results revealed that there is bidirectional causality between exports and economic development, while there is no causality between economic growth and FDI nor between FDI and exports.

- by pavlos stamatiou
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- Economics, Macroeconomics, International Trade, Applied Econometrics

Economic growth is one of the most important issues in economics. Initially, physical factors such as labor and capital were considered for explaining economic growth; however, institutional factors such as economic freedom have also been taken into consideration over the past decades. Today, most economists, including institutionalists, focus on economic freedom. In this regard, this study aims to examine the impact of economic freedom on economic growth in two major economic regions of the world, i.e. Middle East and European Union, using an unbalanced panel data model over the period 2000-2017. This paper uses the GLS method to estimate the model. The results show that economic freedom has a positive impact on the economic growth in the Middle East and the European Union, but this effect is higher in the Middle East than the European Union. This finding reflects the important role of economic freedom in creating an appropriate space and context for promoting economic growth. Thus, Middle Eastern countries especially Iran should pay attention to economic freedom in order to achieve favorable and sustainable economic growth

Performance evaluations are a critical tool in evaluating tourism development of countries where the tourism industry provides a significant share of the GDP. One of the measures used in performance evaluation of the financial decision-making units is economic efficiency. This study aims at measuring tourism-related technical efficiency performance of six European countries: Spain, Greece, Turkey, France, Italy, and Portugal. Tourism revenue and visitor numbers are referenced as output variables. Within the model, the natural and sociocultural index and substructure index were formed. Data envelopment analysis was applied for these datasets. Considering tourism revenues, Spain, Italy and Greece managed to use their natural and cultural resources efficiently. In contrast to these countries, inefficiency level scores were measured for Turkey, Portugal and France. In the model based upon the number of visitors, all other countries apart from Turkey and Portugal achieved the most efficient score. As for substructure index, the score of decreasing returns to scale for the countries of Italy and Spain in terms of tourist numbers is noteworthy. The implementation of efficient tourism policies and strategies hold great importance in terms of tourism efficiency. Even though Portugal and Turkey are rich in both natural and cultural assets, low scores seem to stem from failure to realize their potentials. Strategies should be developed to diversify tourist products. This study differs from other studies in the literature with regard to the composition of the wide input components.

- by Aytuğ Arslan
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- Economics, Development Economics, Tourism Studies, Tourism Planning and Policy

The government of India characterizes a startup as an element under seven years youthful with a yearly turnover of under 250 million rupees and settled in India. The Startup India driven by the country's Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion helps construct a positive, powerful biological system in the nation, transforming business thoughts into a reality for a prospering startup climate. States and associations domains the nation over presented startup arrangements following the public authority's drive. In the case of traditional and older companies in India, there is a sudden urge for these companies to adapt to the changing market environment to tackle this situation in a good manner. In this paper, we reviewed the various studies done on the economic growth of the Indian startups and older companies in India in the last decade. From this, it was clear that there is a sudden emergence of individual entrepreneurship among the youngsters of India. This indicates that the startup culture in India is booming in this period which can play a vital role in the emerging Indian economy and also in the global markets.

- by IJRASET Publication
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- Business, Startups, Economical Growth

In this paper, we examine the interaction between oil exports' revenues and long-run economic growth in Algeria over the period 1979-2013. Advanced econometric procedures including the cointegration VARX (VAR with exogenous variables) model, over-identifying restrictions, bootstrapping, persistent profiles and Generalized Impulse Response Function are utilized in the empirical analysis. The results show a strong and positive association between oil revenue and long-run economic growth, but negative linkages between the volatility of oil revenues and growth in Algeria. Our impulse response analysis also provides evidence that a positive shock in oil revenues increases the level of real output, and appreciates the real exchange rate.

- by chibi abderrahim
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- Oil and the Resource Curse, Economical Growth

This study sets out to go beyond the analysis of already recognised determinants of a nation's economic resilience by exploring possible cultural dimensions of economic resilience. The latest economic crisis in Europe is used as a context for testing the hypothesis that strong work ethic values enhance national economic resilience. For this purpose, a Cultural Values Index (CVI) incorporating four work ethic dimensions was constructed; with scores for 43 European countries being obtained from the 2008 European Values Study. The average annual ‘recovery growth’ manifested by the 43 countries over the 2008-2013 period was regressed using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method on the CVI and other required control variables. The results suggest that cultural values did indeed have a significant effect on countries’ economic resilience, implying that policymakers seeking to enhance their nation’s economic resilience need to look at both economic and cultural aspects of economic resilience.

- by Keith Tanti
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- Sociology, Cultural Studies, Economic Sociology, European Studies
- by Gamze Sart
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- Creative Writing, Critical Theory, Entrepreneurship, Finance

This dissertation is a systematised and thematic study of Friedrich List’s economic approach, showing: 1) The fundamental importance of immaterial production factors, and 2) How ‘mental capital’ binds a multitude of issues together into... more

This dissertation is a systematised and thematic study of Friedrich List’s economic approach, showing:

The fundamental importance of immaterial production factors, and
How ‘mental capital’ binds a multitude of issues together into a coherent system.
List’s system is simple in principle: ‘Spirit creates wealth’, and yet it is complex; the human spirit creates culture which creates wealth:
Mental capital creates innovation, constitutes and reshapes collaboration, which constitutes and reshapes nations and (defines and) creates wealth. Using List’s terminology:
The task of political economy is to contribute to individual and social progress: The goal is elevation of global civilisation by moral and material improvement.
Mental capital, individual and collective, is the prime source of wealth and constitutes the essence of;
The Confederation of Labour, which both constitutes and continuously reshapes the nation, both its civic institutions and the State.
The nation is the main vehicle for the individual person’s quest for freedom, happiness and wealth.
The ultimate confederation of Labour lies in global free trade, making the selfish colonial system as well as navies obsolete.
Ad 2) ‘Mental capital’ is the founding stone of List’s system. It alone can utilise the resources given by nature. List’s inspiration lies in contemporary German Idealism, and in a tradition with roots in Cameralist- and Renaissance statecraft, and the ancient Greeks.
Ad 3) Mental capital is the essence of the intergenerational ‘Confederation of Labour’: Knowledge, innovation, education, morality, trust, credit, social networks, traditions and institutions. Mental capital is fragile and needs to be wisely nurtured and protected against the gusts of the world markets, payment imbalance and economic crises. Physical capital move and perish less easily. According to List, this Confederation of Labour constitutes the nation as a market and as a national system of innovation and production, which reaches its furthermost potential in an urban-industrial civilisation or as List termed it: The Industrial System.
Ad 4) The Nation delivers collective services that an individual cannot – such as traditions, arts, freedom, security, and major investments. The nation resembles a large company, constituted by the Confederation of Labour.
It can only develop well through a carefully balanced development of all vital sections of agriculture, trade, and industry, and furthermore their efficient interconnection through state of the art institutions, standards, communications, and communication hubs: towns.
According to List, Adam Smith’s materialism led him to gross and fatal generalisations and to misunderstand the nature of capital. List claims that because intangible capital largely was ignored by the English Classical School, it therefore focused on increased division of labour through free trade; on increased accumulation of material capital through austerity and saving; and on curtailing population growth. Smith and the English Classical School largely ignored immaterial factors and therefore the roles of stability; - social cohesion; -co-operation; -civil society; - institutions; (such as the nation); and - economic regulation. Ironically, England was the nation that more than any had used every trick in the book of government intervention to promote industrialisation, and then prevent other nations from doing the same.

- by Paul Rutten and +1
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- Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Communication, Cultural Policy

Investment opportunities in the gemstones business in Nigeria
There are abundant and diverse Investment opportunities in the nascent colored gemstones industry in Nigeria and these include: mining, trading, brokering deals, and processing.
Mining: Mining of coloured gemstones is widespread in the nation and is mainly carried out by Artisans and Small scale Miners (ASM). The artisanal miners are informal mostly migratory and have served as ‘pathfinders’ discovering and temporarily mining many rich deposits of spectacular gemstones.
The government as part of the mining reform established the department of Artisanal and Small scale Miners to organise support and promote ASM. The general economic reforms have created an enabling investment climate with relatively cheap labour.
There are numerous viable opportunities for mining the rich and extensive near surface deposits of sapphire, ruby, emerald, aquamarine, tourmaline, and the rest, which are found in Nigeria and presently under-exploited. Investment in this sector allows foreign ownership or in partnership with local miners.
Trading: The guidelines and conditions for the establishment of private mineral buying centres (MBC) have been developed. Government is embarking on a drive for the registration of MBC nationwide which will provide opportunity for trading companies to establish gem buying centres in any part of Nigeria.
Processing: Since Nigeria is not ‘a consuming nation of gemstones’ much of the gemstone production is being exported rough. Only an insignificant portion is processed locally hence there are great opportunities for tumbling, beading, faceting, carving, and jewellery making in the country.

- by Emmanuel Igonor
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- Marketing, Economic Geology, Innovation statistics, Making money online

Compound interest is in the center of both economic growth and personal finance, but treated as independent topics in most economics textbooks. This educational note first defines economic growth and the main factors behind it. Then, figures and tables are applied to show the power of compounding growth (inflation and purchasing power adjusted) for select countries over the last centuries. Right after, growth future value calculation practice problems follow. After mastering four distinct variants of the compound interest formula, the paper’s focus moves to students and personal finance. The earlier formulas are now used to highlight the significance of long-term investing in one’s financial future. Though economic growth and personal finance are not commonly taught together, this paper shows that these topics can complement each and that students can gain additional insights into how compound interest is meaningful to their own lives.

- by Dr. Tomi Ovaska
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- Personal Finance, Economics Education, Compounding, Economical Growth
- by hoda zobeiri
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- Monetary Economics, Economical Growth

This paper applies a multiplier model analysis to the 2009/10 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Uganda to investigate the impact of private and public investments on the nation’s economic growth. We uncover a positive impact of general investments on growth, albeit with varying degrees of sectoral intensity. Infrastructural investments have the highest income multiplier effect on growth, followed by investments in the industrial and services sectors. We also uncover excess capacity in both the agricultural sector and the labor market; further, that the returns to capital from each unit of investment more than
double the returns to labor. These results are robust to time series application for the period Q3-1997 to Q3-2015, where a stationary, long-run relationship between economic growth, public and private sector investment, and exports and imports of goods and services is found. This period also marks a strong unidirectional causality running from both public and private investments to GDP growth. Capital is increasingly driving growth, but at the expense of the agriculture sector and the labor market. It appears that for growth to be all inclusive, capital utilization needs to be complemented by strategies to absorb
any excess capacity in agriculture and the labor market. One way to address this is for government to use policy to steer the productive system toward the adoption of capital-led, labor-intensive technologies, in tandem with scaling up public infrastructural investment.

- by Wilson Asiimwe
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- Public sector, Labor Market, Multiplier, Investment Model

Regional policy is a set of measures at the disposal of public institutions needed to regulate economic activity in a regional area. Regional policy is part of structural category. Structural measures are indispensable for medium and long growth. Through theoretical and descriptive analysis, we present some general elements of EU regional policy as a model for Siret-Prut-Nistru Euroregion. The Euroregion Siret-Prut-Nistru is comprised of a EU Member State and one non member, making difficult the harmonization of economic policy. However, the EU model can be valid for Siret-Prut-Nistru Euroregion Policy.

- by alina haller
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- Economic History, Economics, Development Economics, International Economics

The paper empirically examines the dynamic interaction between Islamic banking development, capital market, trade activities, inflation and economic growth in Indonesia using battery of time series techniques. The study documents a long-run equilibrium between Islamic banking, capital market, trade activities, inflation and economic growth. Granger causality test reveals that there is a bidirectional causality between Islamic banking-growth in Indonesia, the finding accords with “the feedback hypothesis” or bidirectional causality view”. Based on the VDCs, the study discovers that the variations in the economic growth rely much very much on its own innovation. The finding also shows that Islamic banking financing innovation significantly explains the variation in economic growth. To further promote contributions of Islamic banking to economic growth, the authority should provide friendly policies to accelerate its development in the country.

- by Ali Rama
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- Economical Growth

Over the years, Africa has been noted for its socio-economic turmoil, and one of the
decisive factors responsible for its dwindling economic fortune has been the lack of
industrialization or de-industrialization experienced in the region. Africa is not
lacking in both human and natural resources required for the attainment of socioeconomic
greatness; however, the lack of will-power and necessary policies to spur
industrial growth have been evident. Although, Africa had recorded economic growth
indicators decades ago, but the lack of its industrial prowess to sustain such has had
a debilitating effect on its economy. This has made it imperative to acknowledge the
policy-gaps in the industrialization question and explore the factors responsible for
the lull in its industrial growth. Western scholarship holds that corruption and rent
seeking hurts Africa’s quest for industrialization, but I contend with ascribing the
same understanding to the two concepts and argue that rent seeking is required to
drive the industrial agenda of African states. Through the case study of Dangote’s
investment in the Cement industry in Africa, and unstructured interview of key
players in the industrialization project, the article examines the place of rent-seeking
in Africa’s industrial growth. Rents is essential in developing economies to spur the
development of infant industries; thus, the implementation of ‘conditional’ rentsfriendly
policy remains the answer towards achieving industrial growth and
development in Africa.

- by Pallavi Singh Yadav
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- Economic Growth, Financial Analysis, Financial Crisis, Turnover
- by Rita Li
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- Economic Growth, Sustainable Development, Sustainable Urban Environments, Urban Studies

A Regeneração foi a denominação dada ao período da história da Monarquia Constitucional Portuguesa compreendido entre 1851 e 1868, que teve origem no golpe militar orientado pelo Duque de Saldanha, João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun (1790-1876). Este golpe, perpretado essencialmente contra o Cabralismo, inaugurou um período de estabilidade política e de consenso nacional, durante o qual se procederam a diversas reformas políticas, em especial relativas à Carta Constitucional, bem como económicas, numa clara aposta de uma política de obras públicas que permitisse o crescimento económico, a par do desenvolvimento europeu que então se verificava.

- by Pedro Urbano
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- History, Economic History, Economics, Development Economics
- by Gamze Sart
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- Creative Writing, Teaching and Learning, Education, Intellectual Property
- by Antonio Santamaria
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- Economic History, Statistics, Cuban Studies, Economic Growth

Billur GÜNER**
Özet
Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin büyüme potansiyelinin sürdürülebilirliği iktisat biliminin önemli araştırma sorularındandır. Kişi başına düşen milli gelir bakımından orta gelir grubundaki ülkelerin bu seviyeyi aşamayıp, yüksek gelirli ülkeler grubuna geçememesi Orta Gelir Tuzağı (OGT) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Türkiye 1955-2005 yıllarında düşük orta-gelir grubu ülkeleri arasında, 2005 yılından itibaren ise yüksek-orta gelir grubu ülkeleri arasında yer almaktadır. Türkiye orta gelir grubunda yer alan ülkeler arasında bu gelir grubunda en uzun süre kalan üç ülkeden biridir ve OGT’ye yakalanma olasılığı iktisatçılar arasında tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, OGT kavramı, Türkiye’nin OGT’ye düşme olasılığı ve Türkiye’nin yüksek gelir grubu ülkeleri arasında yer almasının mümkün olup olmadığı tartışılmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekonomik Büyüme, Ekonomik Kalkınma, Teknolojik Gelişim
Jel Sınıflaması: O4,O1,O3
THE MIDDLE INCOME TRAP: AN ASSESSMENT OF TURKEY
Abstract
Economic growth potential of developing countries and its sustainability is one of the important research areas of economics. The middle income countries’ challenge to reach the high income countries is called Middle Income Trap (MIT). Turkey was among low-middle income countries group between the years of 1955-2005 and since 2005 Turkey belongs to the high-middle income countries group. Turkey is one of the longest remaining countries in the middle income group and whether Turkey fell into Middle Income Trap or not has been subject to discussion among economists. In this study, by explaining the MIT, the contingency of Turkey’s falling into Middle Income Trap (MIT) will be analyzed and the possibility of Turkey’s reaching to the high-income countries group will be discussed.
Keywords: Economic Growth, Economic Development, Technological Development
JEL Classification: O4,O1,O3

- by Sinan Alçın and +1
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- Development Economics, Technoeconomics, Economical Growth

In the era of the 21st century, the best higher education institutions have more than one role. Not only do they educate and train students but they also create new ideas and knowledge for the short-term contemporary issues as well as long-term complex problems. In the strategic goals, five aspects are critical in higher education: the democratization of knowledge and access, the contestability of the market and funding, the research technologies, the global mobility and the integration with the industry. Universities should have strategic plans including strategic goals. In this study, the strategic models and plans of the public (5) and private (5) universities are analysed from the five different aspects. In order to deeply understand the dynamics at these universities, the phenomenological interpretive analysis is preferred. University leaders
and managerial departments should consider market needs and do strategic plan accordingly. Hence, they should develop the strategic thinking capacity of both their academic staff and researchers for short and long terms need of the industry. Results have shown that most universities have wrong perception regarding the strategic model and plan. Neither private nor public universities possess enough knowledge on the subject.
Keywords: Higher education, university and industry partnership, strategic model and planning, higher education management, financing of higher education.

- by Gamze Sart
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- Creative Writing, Entrepreneurship, Information Technology, Economics

The Seventeen Contradictions is an x-ray of tensions, trends and tendencies in capital and capitalism that empowers us to look forward. Taking the still ongoing 2008 economic crisis as a starting point, Harvey investigates how the capitalist economy that produces such crises is embedded in contradictions. Seventeen of these are discussed throughout the book.

- by Ståle Holgersen
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- Economic History, Economic Sociology, Social Movements, Urban Geography

This paper econometrically examined the impact of manufacturing sector on economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2015 using ordinary least square method. Based on the major findings, it was concluded that a significant positive relationship existsbetween manufacturing output and economic growth in Nigeria. However, the most profound of the hazards faced in manufacturing sector are physical hazard, chemical hazard, and psychosocial hazard as revealed by the mean score result. It is therefore pertinent to suggest that employers should improve the dissemination of information to workers on safety matters toremind them of the importance of the safety measures for achieving a safe workplace. The government should intensify effort at improving physical infrastructure notably inpower supply and make it more accessible to manufacturers toreduce self-supply of electricity which brings huge operating cost.

- by ijsshe Editor
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- Hazards (Geography), Nigeria, Manufacturing Sector, Economical Growth

We revisit the reality that endless economic growth on a nite planet is unsustainable, especially if society has exceeded ecological limits. This paper examines various aspects of society’s endless growth predicament. It reviews the idea that there are ‘limits to growth’; it then considers the ‘endless growth mantra’ within society. The paper then considers the ‘decoupling’ strategy and its merits, and argues that it is, at best, a partial solution to the problem. The key social problem of denial of our predicament is considered, along with the contribution of anthropocentric modernism as a worldview that aids and abets that denial. Finally, the paper outlines some potential solutions to our growth predicament.

- by Helen Kopnina
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- Economics, Development Economics, Financial Economics, Green Economics

One of the main targets of the book is to present a “new and alternative” theory of growth. Though the “new and alternative” theory contains many familiar features, it also can be distinguished from existing theories in several aspects... more

- by Hasan Gürak
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- Economics, Development Economics, Political Economy, Development Studies

Enerji, bireysel ve toplumsal düzeyde gereksinim duyulan hemen hemen bütün mal ve hizmetlerin üretiminde kullanılan en temel ve vazgeçilmez bir girdidir. Zira üretim yapısını belirleyen araç gereçler, yaygın olarak enerji ile tamamlayıcılık ilişkisi içerisindedir. Bu bağlamda, enerji alanında yaşanılan her gelişme, %70'lerin üzerinde bir dışa bağımlılığı olan Türkiye'nin mevcut kaynaklarının ne durumda olduğunu, ne düzeyde doğru değerlendirildiğini ve olası sıkıntılı dönemlere ne ölçüde hazırlıklı olduğunu değerlendirmeyi gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, enerji kaynakları sınırlı olan ve enerji ihtiyacını büyük ölçüde ithal enerji girdileriyle karşılayan Türkiye'nin enerjideki bugünkü durumu incelenerek ülkemizin ileriye dönük plan, program ve politikalarına katkı sağlamak adına enerji projeksiyonu oluşturulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Çalışmada, Türkiye'de sürdürülebilir büyümenin önündeki en önemli kısıtlardan biri olarak görülen enerji açığının gelişimi, dokuz yıllık (2012-2020) bir öngörü dönemini kapsayan enerji üretim ve tüketim tahminleriyle ortaya konulmakta ve elde edilen bulgular neticesinde çözüm yolları önerilmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda, Türkiye'nin mevcut ve öngörülen tarihlerde tamamlanması planlanan tesislerin enerji üretim hedefleri ile enerji üretimi; yapay zekâ uygulamasının bir türü olan yapay sinir ağları tekniği ile de enerji talebi tahmin edilmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, önümüzdeki dokuz yıllık süreçte Türkiye'nin enerji tüketimindeki ithal girdilerin payının azalacağı; diğer bir değişle, enerji talebinin yerli üretimle karşılanma oranının giderek artacağı beklenmektedir.

Anii 1990 au adus în prim planul atenţiei aşa numitele pieţe emergente, ţări care s-au reorientat, şi-au schimbat modelul de dezvoltare şi parcurg o perioadă de tranziţie la economia de piaţă. Perioada de emergenţă, diferită temporar şi structural de la o
economie la alta, are sinonimii pentru grupul de pieţe în curs de dezvoltare al căror obiectiv este industrializarea. Principalul punct de interes al statelor emergente constă în reducerea decalajului de dezvoltare economico-socială faţă de economiile
industrializate ale lumii.
Teritoriile emergente sunt vaste: Asia de Est şi Sud, Europa de Est, America Latină, Africa şi lumea musulmană, dintre care se detaşează grupul BRICS (Brazilia, Rusia, India, China şi Africa de Sud). În perioada pre-criză, mulţi au pariat pe succesul economic al statelor emergente. Ratele de creştere economică înregistrate au uimit întreaga lume. Creşterea economică, cu două cifre, a Chinei a împins-o în vârful ierarhiilor previzionate pentru deceniile viitoare. Întregul secol XXI a fost rezervat, de
fapt, statelor emergente, în frunte cu grupul BRICS, mizându-se pe rocada între hard
power şi soft power.
Criza financiară a finalului de an 2007 a deturnat oarecum previziunile, speculative sau judicios demonstrate prin metode moderne de cercetare în domeniul economic, precum cele matematice, statistice şi econometrice. Anticipările raţionale ar
trebui, pentru a-şi demonstra valabilitatea, să fie omnisciente, transparente şi optimale.
În realitate, nu fac altceva decât să speculeze, în cel mai fericit caz să demonstreze, lucruri de mult ştiute şi probate. În marea majoritate a cazurilor, anticipările raţionale
direcţionează premeditat anumite informaţii către public sau grupuri de interese pentru a influenţa situaţii şi decizii, informaţii cu rol mai mult manipulativ decât bine
intenţionat, de multe ori fără un fundament ideologic solid. Dezinformarea premeditată
– sau, mai corect, informarea intenţionat greşită – şi optimismul exagerat al susţinătorilor globalizării au dus, în anii 1990, la emergenţa unor idei false şi periculoase, precum cea a caducităţii ciclicităţii sau ideea sfârşitului crizelor odată cu
cea din '29-'33.
Cupiditatea (setea de bani câştigaţi uşor) şi inovaţiile financiare sunt doar o parte dintre cauzele primei crize a secolului XXI. O criză financiară izolată, americană, s-a extins cu rapiditate în întreaga lume şi a devenit mondială. La jumătatea celui de al
doilea deceniu al acestui secol, criza este, statistic, depăşită mai peste tot în lume. Cu toate acestea, riscurile rămân ridicate şi, din nefericire, se externalizează economicului şi socialului.

- by alina haller
- •
- Economics, Development Economics, International Economics, Development Studies

Education in Nigeria is devoid of the element crucial to averting the surging rate of unemployment in the country, therefore the breeding of psychological dependence on direct access to money. Entrepreneurial development through education will advance the economy of the nation; much credence should be given to it and ingrained with focus on profitable personal development. Unemployment prevails in the country, hence, the growth of violence, poverty and segregation amongst citizens, because the educational system itself fails to empower the ones passing through it.
This research work, therefore examines the strategies of entrepreneurial education carried out in two of the universities pioneering it; Federal University of Technology, Akure, and Covenant University Ota, the former being a public university and the latter a private university. The objectives of the study were to appraise if educational styles arouse interest of students in the industries of their discipline; to explore the effectiveness of entrepreneurial development strategy in education in universities that implements it; to see if the current university educational system stimulates entrepreneurial creativity in its students
The methodology adopted was a mixed analysis of quantitative and qualitative parameters based on the survey design which relied on primary and secondary sources of gathering data, through the use of questionnaires and interview instruments. Three hundred (300) questionnaires were administered, and two hundred and fifty four (254) were returned. The study adopted quota and simple random sampling technique. The data was analyzed and presented using tables and percentages.
The findings of this research portrays a huge disparity between the perception and conceptualization of entrepreneurship in the graduates of each university used in the study, this further highlights the significant impact of the system of teaching entrepreneurship within the two universities. The study shows that entrepreneurial education should be taught with field oriented and practical approaches. It was discovered that graduates from Covenant University are more apt to creating value, and are more self driven and willing to use opportunities available to them whether or not they have an employment.
The study recommends that there should be a working partnership, bridging the gap between the higher institutions and the industry. Lecturers should have field experience to aid communication and teaching of the courses and Universities should work toward becoming entrepreneurial hubs for students and young entrepreneurs. The government should also focus more on the youth age group for entrepreneurship development in the country amongst other things critical to the development of the nation.

- by Steve Araba
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- Innovation statistics, Higher Education, Youth, Entreprenuership

Building collapse occurs when a building falls down or falls in suddenly, often breaking apart. It is common to hear of building collapse as an everyday issue in Nigeria with its attendant loss of lives and properties. The paper aims at finding out if collapsed buildings can threaten sustainable development of the built environment in Nigeria. Relevant data was collected from the Lagos State Physical Planning and Development Authority, Federal Office of Statistics’ and Central Bank of Nigeria’s Annual Reports. The data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that the types of buildings which are either on two, three or four floors. The results also suggested that there is a significant negative relationship between the number of building collapse and the G.D.P (Building and Construction). The paper advocated the enactment and enforcement of building codes in all the states of Nigeria.

Simandan D (2009) Industrialization, In R Kitchin & N Thrift, (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography , Oxford: Elsevier, volume 5, pp. 419-425.
ABSTRACT: This article (1) defines industrialisation and indicates ways in which it can be measured, (2) highlights the importance of the timing of industrialisation and the inherent limits to the proper scientific explanation of this phenomenon, (3) disentangles the often confused conceptual relation between industrialisation and capitalism, (4) explicates the causal links between industrialisation and modernisation, (5) undertakes a brief assessment of the relative costs and benefits of industrialisation, and (6) discloses the defining contours of scholarship on industrialisation in Anglo-American human geography and illustrates it with a recent attempt to integrate the field with the help of a master metaphor called ‘recursive cartographies’. Its portrayal of economic reality as interplay of legacies, rhythms, and events conveys the usefulness of spatial thinking in industrialisation research.

- by Dragos Simandan
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- Industrial And Labor Relations, History, Modern History, Economic History
- by Montague Lord
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- Macroeconomics, International Macroeconomics, Applied Econometrics, Economic Growth

This study will explore the extent of nutritional poverty in Adama, Assela and Modjo towns using micro analytical anthropometrics indices like wasting,
stunting, underweight and vulnerability to malnutrition models. In the contemporary world income poverty level of individual is too shallow to explain the
overall welfare. These measures are different from traditional income/consumption measures of poverty because they capture wider dimension of
poverty and living standard. Growth status of children can clearly implicate the degree of short term exposure to risk and disturbances and long term
malnutrition. Moreover, the study will explore pushing factors behind nutritional poverty. Development of the country can only be taken to the peak as
long as we settle nutritional system to international standard level development of family that can ensure futuristic, thoughtful and innovative future
generation. Econometrics models like logistic and weighted feasible linear regression models have been used to estimate parameters and its correlates
in the three towns. Result of the model proves that about 55% of children in the three towns are vulnerable to malnutrition regardless of living standard of
their family. Children and family related assets, length of breast feed, food intake level, growth environment and education level are negatively affecting
vulnerability to malnutrition, wasting, stunting and underweight of children while fosterage, income inequality, birth order, family size are positively
influencing child poverty. It has been widely and deeply observed that children from these towns are highly vulnerable to nutritional poverty. Therefore,
food price inflation should be kept minimum to guarantee easy food access by all individuals living in the country to have mentally and physically
developed children

- by ALEMAYEHU E T H I O P I A DEREGE
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- Nutrition, Poverty, Child Development, Food Security

A well-developed and financially strong banking sector is the backbone of the economic development of any nation. Banks mobilize the savings of the public by accepting deposits and disburse credit according to socio-economic priorities of the country. Banks and financial institutions provide financial assistance in the form of advances to agricultural and industrial units, MSMEs and service sector, to run their businesses efficiently and to contribute in the economic development. It took almost 3-4 years for banks to come out of the 2008 financial crisis that happened in the world economy and still, banks are facing issues like non-performing assets, which not only reduced the profitability of banks but also affect their smooth operations and goodwill. A drastic increase in NPAs is happening in public sector banks of India. Public sector banks are ruling the banking sector in concern of net worth, which is 70 percent of the banking system of India. In the mid of September 2018 gross NPAs of SCBs crosses the limit of nine lakh crores out of which 90% NPAs were in the public sector banks. State Bank of India and Punjab National Bank are leading in that. Although, Reserve Bank of India and banks themselves have taken numerous steps to solve the NPAs problem but it is still alarming in the Indian economy.
The paper touches upon the meaning and definition of non-performing assets, types and classification of NPAs, causes of NPAs and impact of NPAs on turnover ratios of Punjab National Bank Limited. This paper would analyze the impact of NPAs on the turnover ratios of Punjab National Bank Limited.

- by Pallavi Singh Yadav
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- Economic Growth, Financial Analysis, Financial Crisis, Turnover

This paper analyses the causal relationship between institutional quality and economic growth to investigate whether institutional quality is the outcome or the cause of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. It uses annual panel data of 27 countries for the period spanning 1996 to 2014 by employing Pedroni panel co-integration, Wald panel causality, and the system GMM techniques. The co-integration test results show that there is a long-run relationship between institutional quality and economic growth. Also, the causality test results show a unidirectional causality from economic growth to institutional quality but not the other way round. Furthermore, the study found that institutional quality, trade openness, financial development, and debt positively affect economic growth. Also, economic growth and freedom are found to be important determinants of institutional quality. However, debt servicing and dependence on natural resources negatively affect economic growth and institutional quality respectively. It is, therefore, recommended that enhancement of institutional quality, openness, and financial development; while downsizing of debt servicing is crucial in achieving desired level economic growth in the region.

Over the last few years, environmental issues have entered into policy design, particularly development and growth policies. Natural resources are considered necessary production inputs and environmental quality is considered a welfare determinant. The integration of environmental issues into economic growth and development theories and empirics is currently widely analyzed in the literature. The effects of natural resources endowment on economic growth are mainly analyzed through the so-called Resource Curse Hypothesis (RCH) whereas the effects of economic growth on environmental quality are part of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Furthermore, recent contributions on RCH and EKC have shown the important role of institutions and human development dimensions in building a sustainable development path. In this paper, we attempt to analyze the causal relationships between economic growth, human development and sustainability combining the RCH and EKC models and adopting a human development perspective. Results confirm the importance of high institutional quality and investments for human capital accumulation in order to build a sustainable development path.

- by Salvatore Monni and +1
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- Economics, Development Economics, Human Development Theory, Development Studies

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis posits that ecological degradation as a result of different pollutants upsurges at the primary stages, but declines as the economy attains a particular level of economic growth, determined by considering the per capita income of that economy. This hypothesized association results in an inverted U-shaped curve. The hypothesis has become a critical area of concern amid scholars who study environmental guidelines hence drawing much enquiry attention for both established and developing economies. This study examines the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya using the time period of 1970–2015 relying on data from Energy Information Administration database and World Bank’s World Development Indicators database. The study utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to achieve the objective of this study. The study sought to address this challenge of climate change by examining the macroeconomic factors that are responsible in increasing environmental pollution and recommend appropriate policies for stable and sustainable economic growth and development in line with Kenya’s vision 2030. With the application of bounds test, the findings of this study confirmed the presence of a long run equilibrium relationship between the variables under study. Applying the Narayan and Narayan 2010 approach, the study determined that the short run coefficient 0.035 (p< 0.05) is weaker than the long run coefficient 0.207 (p < 0.05) confirming the absence of EKC in Kenya. This implies that there is no evidence of positive effect of economic activities on emissions in Kenya. This therefore means that EKC hypothesis is not significant for formulating policy in Kenya given its stumpy level of economic development. In terms of policy implication of these findings, intensifying economic activities in the country may not extremely result into carbon emissions. However, it should be noted that there will be no environmental paybacks from ill-using the environment in the name of economic growth. The study therefore recommends that in order to ensure sustainable development, Kenyan policymakers should make significant investments on appropriate environmental policies alongside economic development policies in order to achieve positive results regarding environmental quality along with the economic growth.

- by Oirc Journals
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- Statistics, Economical Growth

1. Abstract: Demonetization is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency. The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation and retired, often to be replaced with new notes or coins. Recently India has faced a similar situation. In the month of November 2016, PM Modi had banned the circulation of Rs.500 and Rs.1000 notes because of increase of crimes in illegal activities in India and replaced those old notes with new 500 and 2000 rupee notes. This created chaos in the country, every single citizen who had old 500 and 1000 notes were supposed to visit bank personally, show their ID cards and then get it changed with new one. People were supposed to stand in long queues in front of ATMs and Banks, irrespective of their status.

- by Sindhoora Sadananda and +1
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- Political Economy, Human Resources, Bussiness management, Economical Growth

A generation after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the world is once again on the edge of chaos. Demonstrations have broken out from Belgium to Brazil led by angry citizens demanding a greater say in their political and economic future, better education, healthcare and living standards. The bottom line of this outrage is the same; people are demanding their governments do more to improve their lives faster, something which policymakers are unable to deliver under conditions of anaemic growth. Rising income inequality and a stagnant economy are threats to both the developed and the developing world, and leaders can no longer afford to ignore this gathering storm. In Edge of Chaos, Dambisa Moyo sets out the new political and economic challenges facing the world, and the specific, radical solutions needed to resolve these issues and reignite global growth. Dambisa enumerates the four headwinds of demographics, inequality, commodity scarcity and technological innovation that are driving social and economic unrest, and argues for a fundamental retooling of democratic capitalism to address current problems and deliver better outcomes in the future. In the twenty-first century, a crisis in one country can quickly become our own, and fragile economies produce a fragile international community. Edge of Chaos is a warning for advanced and emerging nations alike: we must reverse the dramatic erosion in growth, or face the consequences of a fragmented and unstable global future.

- by T Lazarus Nyagumbo
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- Economical Growth
- by Poh Kam Wong
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- Entrepreneurship, Singapore, Technological Innovation, Economical Growth

The purpose of this paper is to offer a new theoretical framework in the field of development economics. This new theoretical framework has not yet been explored in development economics. Most economic theories seek to predict an outcome. The particularity of this theory that is being proposed in this paper, is not to predict a specific outcome about an economy. It is rather a methodology to explain an economic outcome. This new theory being introduced in the field of development economics is called the Public Choice Growth Model (PCGM), which is an economic theory that combines the principles of public choice theory and that of the Solow Growth Model. The goal of this theory though is to demonstrate that our model is the adequate model to be used in a developing country in order to determine long-term economic growth.

One of the negative effects of the high rate and pace of urbanisation in developing countries is the decay of urban centres. While this decay has eaten deep into the fabric of these settlements turning them into urban slums and ghettoes with poor infrastructure, the effects of the decay are multifarious. Despite the fact that the economy is the “life-wire” of urban centres, its untold downturn consequent upon urban decay is unimaginable because of the relationship that exists between environmental quality and economic growth. This calls for a proactive approach called urban renewal towards the creation of successful urban places. This paper, therefore, reviews urban renewal strategies and their implications on economic growth with a particular focus on Ondo State, Nigeria towards identifying the means of enhancing the sustainability of its economic proceeds. The study relied on secondary information sources and discovered that appropriate urban renewal strategies yields corresponding economic growth. The paper asserts that the urban renewal fit achieved in the state during the period 2009 to 2012 can be replicated in other states in Nigeria if similar political willpower is available. The paper recommends the participation of the public combined with appropriate strategies in urban renewal schemes for the best result and argues in conclusion that urban renewal is the only feasible solution to the current dwindling economic sector in Nigeria and other developing economies.

- by Hourakhsh A Nia
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- Urban Decay, Urban Living, Economical Growth, Renewal strategy
- by Hasan Gürak and +1
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- Economics, Development Economics, Development Studies, International Development