Embedded System Design Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

Cyber-Physical Systems require distributed architectures to support safety critical real-time control. Hermann Kopetz' Time-Triggered Architecture (TTA) has been proposed as both an architecture and a comprehensive paradigm for systems architecture, for such systems. TTA offers the programmer a logical discrete time compliant with synchronous programming, together with timing bounds. A clock synchronization protocol is required, unless the local clocks used themselves provide the recquired accuracy. To relax the strict requirements on synchronization imposed by TTA, Loosely Time-Triggered Architectures (LTTA) have been proposed. In LTTA, computation and communication units are all triggered by autonomous, unsynchronized, clocks. Communication media act as shared memories between writers and readers and communication is non blocking. This is at the price of communication artifacts (such as duplication or loss of data), which must be compensated for by using some "LTTA protocol". In this paper we pursue our previous work by providing a unified presentation of the two variants of LTTA (token-and time-based), with simplified analyses. We compare these two variants regarding performance and robustness and we provide ways to combine them. This report was prepared for a lecture in Gérard Berry's seminar series at the Collège de France, March 5, 2014; it is a corrected version of , which appeared at Emsoft'2010. It is dedicated to our close friend Paul Caspi who died in April 2012.

2025, ACM Transactions in Embedded Computing Systems

Loosely Time-Triggered Architectures (LTTAs) are a proposal for constructing distributed embedded control systems. They build on the quasi-periodic architecture, where computing units execute nearly periodically, by adding a thin layer of middleware that facilitates the implementation of synchronous applications. In this paper, we show how the deployment of a synchronous application on a quasi-periodic architecture can be modeled using a synchronous formalism. Then we detail two protocols, Back-Pressure LTTA, reminiscent of elastic circuits, and Time-Based LTTA, based on waiting. Compared to previous work, we present controller models that can be compiled for execution, a simplified version of the Time-Based protocol and optimizations for systems using broadcast communication. We also compare the LTTA approach with architectures based on clock synchronization.

2025, Design, Automation, and Test in Europe

Cyber-Physical Systems require distributed architectures to support safety critical real-time control. Kopetz' Time-Triggered Architectures (TTA) have been proposed as both an architecture and a comprehensive paradigm for systems architecture, for such systems. To relax the strict requirements on synchronization imposed by TTA, Loosely Time-Triggered Architectures (LTTA) have been recently proposed. In LTTA, computation and communication units at all triggered by autonomous, non synchronized, clocks. Communication media act as shared memories between writers and readers and communication is non blocking. In this paper we review the different variants of LTTA and discuss their principles and usage. 1

2025, Future Aeronautical Communications

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the vastly researched, used and implemented transport protocol from the bouquet of standardized protocols we have. Since its first introduction, TCP has experienced tremendous revolutions specifically regarding the way it should control congestion . Many TCP flavors exist, one can control its sending rate according to link bandwidth estimation like in the Westwood variant , while another tunes its congestion window (cwnd) based on the round-trip time (RTT) evaluation such as TCP Vegas , just to name few examples. However, all of these TCP versions assume a bulk transfer of data and thus they are optimized upon this type of traffic. On the other hand, Air Traffic Management (ATM) data traffic has other characteristics than file transfer. Messages generated from aeronautical services are triggered by events in the aeronautical environment. Further, these messages have bursty inter-arrival times, which can go up to several minutes, relatively small size mostly in the order of few hundreds of bytes and a maximum delay (a maximum of few seconds) that they have to be delivered within. As can be realized, a TCP source may experience some inactive periods due to the burstiness of the traffic. However, in , it is recommended that to control and avoid congestion, TCP should use slow start mechanism when restarting a transmission after a ratherly long idle period. The NEWSKY project recommends to design a transport protocol for avionics which is based on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) but with reliability measures. Taking these suggestions into account, the Reliable User Datagram Protocol (RUDP) ) is an interesting option. However, it has features from TCP, which are not desirable for the ATM context, like connection initiation and shutdown, congestion control and byte streaming mechanism, which according to the authors of (NEWSKY, 2009) and (Muhammad & Berioli, 2010) reduce the performance of a transport protocol when transferring small files. Therefore, RUDP could be a highly qualified candidate to transport aeronautical traffic in case it is carefully re-designed and adjusted to consider the properties of an ATM traffic over highly asymmetrical links. Furthermore, in the context of checking the validity of TCP to transfer messages of ATM services, questions related to the performance of the protocol will be addressed. For example, the relation between the cwnd of TCP, aeronautical messages and congestion control. The Seamless Aeronautical Networking through integration of Data links, Radios and Antennas (SANDRA) (SANDRA, 2011) concept consists of the integration of complex and disparate communication media into a lean and coherent architecture. SANDRA as a project 4 www.intechopen.com 2 Future Aeronautical Communications is divided into several sub projects (SPs). This work belongs to the one dealing with seamless networking specifically for the transport layer protocols and performance task. Transport layer protocols should be assessed with respect to their suitability for aeronautical communication and their impact on the system availability and reliability. Finally, an optimization for these protocols in order to be used in avionics context should be provided. The work in this chapter is organized as follows. In the next Section, an overview about the aeronautical services is presented. In Section 3, the system architecture design in which the protocol will be operating is discussed. Section 4 explains some properties and illustrates few drawbacks of using TCP in avionics from theoretical and technical perspectives. The RUDP is further investigated in Section 5 where adjustment recommendations are given. In Section 6, detailed analysis of the ATM traffic pattern is shown and suggestions on system design are provided. Finally, a conclusion is drawn in Section 7.

2025, 'Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment'. Conference Proceedings. OCEANS '95 MTS/IEEE

Modular sensors of pressure, temperature, and conductivity with frequency outputs can be simultaneously sampled with counters. Power for the counters is inconsequential and there is no serious limit for counting period. Many sensors can be sampled simultaneously by simply adding counters. This is an old technique but complex sensing packages with low power, modular, frequency output sensors make it an attractive one. The number of stages of the counter, the stability of the sample interval, and the clocking of the serial shift register that moves the count to the logger are important considerations. Sample clock instabilities or timing errors must be detected and corrected and lost high order bits due to overscaling of the counters must be restored. With these considerations, modular frequency output sensors can be added to an underwater system for an incremental cost of one electrical penetration per sensor.

2025, Teletraffic Science and Engineering

The Dierentiated Services architecture has been proposed to oer quality of service in the Internet. Most works on Diserv (DS) handles QoS guarantees in a per node basis, which assumes that assuring QoS in a single node also leads to the desired QoS in the entire DS domain. Nevertheless, this is not always true. This paper proposes a framework that oers QoS in a DS domain using Policy-based Management and fuzzy logic techniques. The QoS controller recongures all DS nodes according to ingress trac and domain policies. Policy Based Management is used in this framework to provide QoS in DS domain, controlling heterogeneous equipments of dierent manufacturers. The performance and functionalities of a prototype are shown by simulation of a voice over IP application.

2025, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review

This paper considers the support of real-time applications in an Integrated Services Packet Network (ISPN). We first review the characteristics of real-time applications. We observe that, contrary to the popular view that real-time applications necessarily require a fixed delay bound, some real-time applications are more flexible and can adapt to current network conditions. We then propose an ISPN architecture that supports two distinct kinds of real-time service: guaranteed service, which is the traditional form of real-time service discussed in most of the literature and involves pre-computed worst-case delay bounds, and predicted service which uses the measure performance of the network in computing delay bounds. We then propose a packet scheduling mechanism that can support both of these real-time services as well as accommodate datagram traffic. We also discuss two other aspects of an overall ISPN architecture: the service interface and the admission control criteria.

2025, Proceedings 1997 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems

scheme for improving H7TF'CP performance when transmitting through ATM networks. In selective packet retransmission, we utilize the property of humank perception tolerance for errors to detennine whether to retransmit a corrupted TCP segment or not. For lossable data, such as imagt.. when error occurs because of cell lost, it will not be retransmitted. The simulations show that, f o r the same buffer size and traffics load, seleclive packet retransmission results in higher throughput than PPD, EPD, and plain TCP over ATM.

2025, Computer Communications

An integrated service internet running real-time and multimedia applications is rapidly becoming a reality. Meanwhile, ATM technology is appearing in the marketplace. It is an important problem to integrate ATM networks into this integrated service internet. One of the approaches, classical IP over ATM, is now widely deployed, effectively solving the problem of internetworking and interoperability. A key remaining issue is to provide quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for internet traffic running through ATM subnets. This paper describes a priority scheme, named User Priority, for providing an IP integrated service with QoS over ATM switched virtual circuits (SVCs) to obtain better performance of packet delivery. The User Priority is defined as a three-bit field which uses a type of service (TOS) field in the IP datagram header. This yields eight different service classes with a value of 7 for the highest priority and 0 for the lowest priority. Class 6 and 7 services are for real-time traffic and have their own VCs. Packets with Classes 0 through 5 are sent an aggregate VC. This method is different from the IP over ATM scheme where only one VC is set up between two communicating IP hosts. Thus, packets can be treated differently according to their priorities such that they can enjoy the various QoS guarantees provided by ATM networks. It is backward-compatible with existing IP implementations. These newer options need only to be implemented on the end systems that want to take advantage of them.

2025, Global Journal of Research in Engineering

Digital signal processing techniques have gained steadily in importance over the past
few years in many areas of science and engineering and have transformed the character of
instrumentation used in laboratory and plant. This is particularly marked in acoustics, which has
both benefited from the developments in signal processing and provided significant stimulus for
these developments. As a result acoustical techniques are now used in a very wide range of
applications and acoustics is one area in which digital signal processing is exploited to its limits.
For example, the development of fast algorithms for computing Fourier transforms and the
associated developments in hardware have led to remarkable advances in the use of spectral
analysis as a means of investigating the nature and characteristics of acoustic sources. Speech
research has benefited considerably in this respect, and, in a rather more technological
application, spectral analysis of machinery noise provides information about changes in machine
condition which may indicate imminent failure. More recently the observation that human and
animal muscles emit low intensity noise suggests that spectral analysis of this noise may yield
information about muscle structure and performance.

2025, Proceedings 1998 Design and Automation Conference. 35th DAC. (Cat. No.98CH36175)

A number of techniques and software t o ols for embedded system design have been recently proposed. However, the current practice in the designer community is heavily based o n manual techniques and on past experience r ather than on a rigorous approach to design. To advance the state of the art it is important to address a number of relevant design problems and solve them to demonstrate the power of the new approaches. We chose an industrial example in automotive electronics to validate our design methodology: an existing commercially available Engine Control Unit. We discuss in detail the speci cation, the implementation philosophy, and the architectural trade-o analysis. We analyze the results obtained with our approach and compare them with the existing design underlining the advantages o ered by a systematic approach to embedded system design in terms of performance and design time.

2025, Design Automation for Embedded Systems

A number of techniques and software tools for embedded system design have been recently proposed. However, the current practice in the designer community is heavily based on manual techniques and on past experience rather than on a rigorous approach to design. To advance the state of the art it is important to address a number of relevant design problems and solve them to demonstrate the power of the new approaches. We chose an industrial example in automotive electronics to validate our design methodology: an existing commercially available Engine Control Unit. We discuss in detail the specification, the implementation philosophy, and the architectural trade-off analysis. We analyze the results obtained with our approach and compare them with the existing design underlining the advantages offered by a systematic approach to embedded system design in terms of performance and design time.

2025, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

Waste collection system driven by Artificial Intelligence and Robotics is sine qua non to having a smart city. Unlike the traditional waste collection systems which have been largely ineffective due to lack of technological advancement and increasing growing population, the proposed system provides more efficiency and timeliness in waste collection and disposal, giving room for less lacuna for waste bin overflows. The Bin is based on the concept of mechatronics, which empowers it with sensors, and robotic control systems that is capable of detecting the status of the waste bin, and automatically moves it to the disposal center whenever it is filled up. The mechatronic waste bin consist of rover wheels which allows the bin to move around uneven roads and terrains, each wheel has a DC motor, Digital servo, RC Transmitter, a sensor camera, a PCB, and an Arduino mega board. The sensor monitors the bin and gives an alarm signal to the controller. If the bin is filled up, it covers itself automatically, and moves to a nearby dump with the aid of the Dc motors.

2025

Intelligence and Robotics is sine qua non to having a smart city. Unlike the traditional waste collection systems which have been largely ineffective due to lack of technological advancement and increasing growing population, the proposed system provides more efficiency and timeliness in waste collection and disposal, giving room for less lacuna for waste bin overflows. The Bin is based on the concept of mechatronics, which empowers it with sensors, and robotic control systems that is capable of detecting the status of the waste bin, and automatically moves it to the disposal center whenever it is filled up. The mechatronic waste bin consist of rover wheels which allows the bin to move around uneven roads and terrains, each wheel has a DC motor, Digital servo, RC Transmitter, a sensor camera, a PCB, and an Arduino mega board. The sensor monitors the bin and gives an alarm signal to the controller. If the bin is filled up, it covers itself automatically, and moves to a nearby dump with the aid of the Dc motors.

2025

Makalah ini membincangkan dan menganalisis skim kawalan kesesakan yang berbeza untuk rangkaian-rangkaian aktif dan mencadangkan rangkaian baru. Skim yang dicadangkan mengenai satu keseimbangan antara bilangan kesilapan yang dipertimbangkan dan masa menunggu sebelum mengambil tindakan. Skim yang dilaksanakan bertindak ke atas konsep "Choke packet", iaitu sumber tersebut diarahkan untuk mengurangkan kadar transmisi. Pengurangan kadar transmisi yang munasabah dikekalkan pada sumber tersebut sambi! nod perantaraan dalam pelantar jaringan aktif bertindak sebagai ganti biasanya nod matlamat bertindak. Skim yang dicadangkan disimulasi menggunakan OPNET dan keputusan simulasi dilaporkan. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa teknik pelindapan sumber dilaksanakan dalam nod perantaraan jaringan aktif mengurangkan kesesakan secara drastik dan memperbaiki keseluruhan prestasi jaringan.

2025

This document constitutes the MARTES project deliverable D1.1 "Current limitations of best practices". The objective is to analyze the limitations of selected relevant methodology approaches in order to focus the MARTES research work on profound methodological issues, and to learn from the experiences and solutions experimented in the best practices. Each of the contributors to the deliverable has analyzed one or more approaches either based on their knowledge of using the methodology or on careful studies of published papers and documents. Chapter 1 summarizes the expected features and properties of the MARTES methodology. Chapter 2 describes the analysis results of 10 relevant approaches. Chapter 3 describes approaches and needs of participating companies. Chapter 4 deals with approaches that university and research partners have used. Chapter 5 presents a summary of observations. ITEA 04006 Current limitations of best practices Deliverable ID: 1.1

2025

Repetitive tasks in production li-ne can be executed using robotic manipul-ators, pick and place robots, and automon-ous robots. Object sorting is one such task that is used to remove unwanted materials from production line with regard to remov-ing defective end products. In certain indu-stries, the transfer and sorting of heavy m-aterials is carried out manually and if the t-ransfer process is of a repetitive, the opera-tors fatigue is more. For such tasks, a pick and place robot will improve productivity and efficiency. The pick and place robotic arm is a mechatronics system that disting-uishes black from white objects and after picking them, places them in selected loc-ations. Detection is achieved through the use of two pair’s infrared sensors one for detecting the color of the object (black or white) and other pair for signaling the gripper mechanism to

2025, Abdullah majid ghafil

Human body motions can have a significant impact on on-body electromagnetic (EM) wave propagations and affect wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. To help understand the body motion effects, an arm-swinging phantom model of the human upper body is developed in both measurement and simulation. The phantom model performance is compared to human volunteer results and shows similar time-varying behaviors. Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are increasingly being used for real-time monitoring of physiological signals in patients. The ESP-WROOM-32 module is a popular Wi-Fi and Bluetooth module that can be used for developing WBAN systems. This paper presents a design and implementation of a WBAN system using the ESP-WROOM-32 module. The system includes various physiological sensors, power source, antennas, display, and software for data processing. The ESP-WROOM-32 module provides built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, making it an efficient and reliable choice for developing WBAN systems. The paper also discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of ESP-WROOM-32-based WBAN systems. The proposed system can be used for remote monitoring of patients in healthcare settings, sports performance monitoring, and other applications. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of using the ESP-WROOM-32 module for developing efficient and reliable WBAN systems.

2025, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

The design of embedded real-time systems requires skills from multiple specific disciplines, including, but not limited to, control, computer science, and electronics. This often involves experts from differing backgrounds, who do not recognize that they address similar, if not identical, issues from complementary angles. Design methodologies are lacking in rigor and discipline so that demonstrating correctness of an embedded design, if at all possible, is a very expensive proposition that may delay significantly the introduction of a critical product. While the economic importance of embedded systems is widely acknowledged, academia has not paid enough attention to the education of a community of high-quality embedded system designers, an obvious difficulty being the need of interdisciplinarity in a period where specialization has been the target of most education systems. This paper presents the reflections that took place in the European Network of Excellence Artist leading us to...

2025

Using NodeMCU ESP8266, a device called Heart Pulse and Temperature of the Body Monitoring can measure both heartbeat and body temperature. On the LCD that is attached to the sensor, the measurements in BPM (Beats Per Minute) will be shown. Along with BPM values, the body temperate will be shown on the serial monitor. With the advancement of technology, this project makes use of the NodeMCU ESP8266 can digitally detect both heart rate and body temperature. The key bene t of using NodeMCU ESP8266 is that it can affect the environment by driving electric motors, light bulbs, and other actuators while also detecting itself by gathering data from a variety of sensors. The board's microcontroller is programmed using the NodeMCU ESP8266 programming language. Body temperature is measured using the LM35. Body temperature is a crucial parameter for assessing and diagnosing human health. A heartbeat sensor was used to calculate the heart rate. One can test their mean arterial pressure (MAP) using this program and the Android will display their accurate body temperature. The device may measure physiological parameters, including heart rate.

2025, ACM Transactions in Embedded Computing Systems

In embedded system design, the quality of the input model has a direct bearing on the effectiveness of the system exploration and synthesis tools. Given a well-written system model, tools today are effective in generating working implementations. However, readily available C reference code is not conducive for immediate system synthesis as it lacks needed features for automatic analysis and synthesis. Among others, the lack of proper structure and the presence of intractable pointers in the reference code are factors that seriously hamper the effectiveness of system design tools. To overcome these deficiencies, we aim to automate the conversion of flat C code into a wellstructured system model by applying automated source code transformations. We present a set of computer-aided recoding operations that enable the system designer to mitigate pointer problems and quickly create the necessary structural hierarchy so that the design model becomes easily analyzable and synthesizable. Utilizing the designer's knowledge, our interactive recoding transformations aid the designer in efficiently creating well-structured system models for rapid design space exploration and successful synthesis. Our estimated and measured experimental results show significant productivity gains through a substantial reduction of the model creation time.

2025, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

The objective of this paper is to design a new generation of affordable sophisticated data acquisition and processing (DAQP) systems. Because of the proposed system hardware reconfigurability, it can be used to meet the need of many real-world applications while keeping the cost of a device low. The hardware implementation of the different processing functions of the device allows for high-speed processing without the need of expensive general-purpose processors, as is the case of computer-based or microcontroller-based data acquisitions (DAQs). The target technology of implementing the proposed design is the system on chip via field-programmable gate array (SoC-FPGA). A four-channel DAQP was designed, developed, and tested in the Embedded Systems Design Laboratory, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville. Various modules of the conceptual design are implemented and verified. Performance evaluation and cost comparisons are provided. The comparison showed that the results of the proposed instrument are comparable to existing technologies at a fraction of the cost.

2025

Abstract Healthcare emergencies require fast, reliable, and efficient monitoring systems to ensure timely medical intervention. The Emergency Health Monitoring System presented in this work is an IoT-based solution that enables remote,... more

2025

The aim of this project is to perform the best method by modeling this metrics based on prediction techniques in order to reduce the time required to explore the large design space of multiprocessors chips, running a variety of applications. The idea is to create a model using only a subset of the applications and then predict performance, avoiding full simulation.
Afterwards, to implement the principles of Robust Design technology. This implies insensivity to factors that produce variability in the results of the system and introducing noise, such a manner that performance of the system remains acceptable regardless of the probability of faulty in some application running inside the chip.

2025

We present a study on the reliability improvement factor (RIF) to quantify the reliability of the various fault tolerant mechanisms at the system level. First, we find the system level failure rate using co-simulation models and statistical fault injection (StFi). We built co-simulation targets using SystemC simulation models of baseline single-core ARM7, dual-modular and triple-modular redundant ARM7 processors and Mibench embedded benchmark SW. Since the number of experiments in StFi is large, we utilized simulation kernel-modified simulated fault injection tool. Next, we calculated the RIF using the failure probability functions of the co-simulation targets. In this way, we were able to compare the reliability improvement of the fault tolerant mechanism at the system level. Keywords; statistical fault injection, reliability improvement factor, fault-tolerant processor, fault-tolerant mechanism

2025

Deploying advanced automated testing techniques, such as model-based testing, relies upon the development of rigorous models. Our extensive experience in trying to develop and deploy model-based testing within a large industrial setting has led us to the conclusion that developing requirement models is essential for good model-based testing practice. However, not only are requirements speciflcations generally incomplete, but it is also di-cult to get system architects and designers to produce requirements with the rigor needed for automation. Hence, incentives are needed that tend towards the development of rigorous requirement models. To this end, we introduce the Mint tool that enables and helps automate the early detection of errors during require- ments development and appraisal. The paper describes and discusses at length the semantic interpretation of scenario- based requirements and the various types of pathologies that can be detected. We also introduce a UML 2.0 proflle for...

2025, Network on Chip …

Hierarchical Agent Architecture for Scalable NoC Design with Online Monitoring Services Alexander Wei Yin, Liang Guang, Pasi Liljeberg, Pekka Rantala, Ethiopia Nigussie, Jouni Isoaho, Hannu Tenhunen Department of Information Technology,... more

2025, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education

This paper outlines experiences in bringing up a course with significant sensing and actuating capabilities, on top of the already existing infrastructure support for training embedded wireless system design. The role of the suitable development platform, design kits and the lab experiments is outlined, and the expected outcomes are highlighted. We emphasize the role of scaffolding principle, which now does not only apply to the single course, but also to our overall experience in developing such courses.

2025, International Journal for Scientific Research and Development

This paper describes waveform generator using a microcontroller 8051. The waveforms are used to analyze any electronics system. Different types of waveforms are generated with the help of system like saw tooth, sine wave, triangular wave and square wave. Here, we can generate waveform with minimal use of electronics components. The system provides good accuracy because of programmable device like microcontroller 8051. The waveforms are digitally-controlled to achieve the required wave shape. The single chip microcomputer of waveform generator offers the reprogrammable, simplified hardware, decreased power consumption and high efficiency system. The system is implemented in Proteus software. Proteus and Keil software are used for simulation.

2025, International Journal for Scientific Research and Development

2024, 2012 5th European DSP Education and Research Conference (EDERC)

2024

Since 1965, with Moore's law statement, industry is continually aggregating complex services into their products, enhancing people's life quality with decreasing prices. Despite the advances towards hardware integration, current electronic products are relying even more on software to offer distinguished functionalities to users. Hence, the embedded system industry is facing a paradigm shift from its old fashioned hardware driven development to a strong software based one, exposing to the embedded systems domain unforeseen software design challenges. Indeed, this domain must devise its own and very specialized software engineering techniques, in order to achieve sustainable market growth with quality in the scheduled time. Embedded software is distinct from the standard one, fundamentally in the sense that its development is driven by physical properties such as memory footprint and energy consumption. Furthermore, embedded systems are developed within a very tight time-to-market window, pushing design and development practices to their limit. In this chapter, we discuss the use of software specifications at higher abstraction levels and the need to provide tools for software automation, because reliability

2024, Proceedings 13th International Symposium on System Synthesis

Design visualization is an important part of the system design process. In practice, systems are often visualized using a combination of structural and functional entities. In this paper, we describe an approach that helps to capture the structural aspects of a design at a high level of abstraction and enables the system designer to enter designs "schematically" using predefined structural and functional entities conforming to UML notation. The corresponding tool, YAML (Yet Another UML front end) provides support for modeling objects and a range of object relationships that are crucial to real-life embedded system designs. A YAML design entry can then be automatically translated into synthesizable C++ code for simulation and hardware synthesis.

2024

This paper presents a generic shaper/flow controller, which can efficiently schedule traffic streams in networks using statistical multiplexing. The component can operate for a large number of traffic streams of various profiles and Quality of Service. The controller uses a calendar for scheduling and has a low cost VLSI implementation. Performance measures in this work for 70-90% communication link utilization show the jitter (system impact) under various operating conditions.

2024, International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing

Embedded systems interaction with environment inherently complicates understanding of requirements and their correct implementation. However, product uncertainty is highest during early stages of development. Design verification is an essential step in the development of any system, especially for Embedded System. This paper introduces a novel adaptive design methodology, which incorporates step-wise prototyping and verification. With each adaptive step product-realization level is enhanced while decreasing the level of product uncertainty, thereby reducing the overall costs. The backbone of this framework is the development of Domain Specific Operational (DOP) Model and the associated Verification Instrumentation for Test and Evaluation, developed based on the DOP model. Together they generate functionally valid test-sequence for carrying out prototype evaluation. With the help of a case study 'Multimode Detection Subsystem' the application of this method is sketched. The design methodologies can be compared by defining and computing a generic performance criterion like Average design-cycle Risk. For the case study, by computing Average design-cycle Risk, it is shown that the adaptive method reduces the product development risk for a small increase in the total design cycle time.

2024

my supervisor, from whose knowledge and experience I have gained immensely, for his constant guidance throughout the tenure of this project. Dr. Ha Yajun, for taking interest in my work, and for his invaluable input at the outset of this project. Cheah Yee Keng, an FYP student, who worked with me initially on the UML-SystemC translator until the allure of wealth (and the event of his graduation) drew him to a lifetime of drudgery. Sun Xiaoxin, fellow Master's student, for his many useful contributions to this project, and for an 'Ubuntu' linux CD (which I have yet to try out) he passed to me once, in a moment of evangelical zeal. Zhu Xiaoping, who has been my vital link to the DSA lab ever since I converted to part-time status. He has helped me with administrative issues, delivered messages to my supervisor, passed on CDs, thesis drafts etc. If I were him, I would ask to be paid. King Hock, the lab technician, for ensuring that I had computers that worked. Lastly, the two noisy girls in my lab, (I'm not sure what their names are), whose animated discussions of their private lives tremendously livened up my dull evenings at the DSA lab.

2024

The increasing demand for communication services, coupled with recent technological •advances in communication media and switching techniques, has resulted in a proliferation of new and expanded services. Currently, networks are needed which can transmit voice, data, and video services in an application-independent fashion. Unified approaches employ a single switching technique across the entire network bandwidth, thus, allowing services to be switched in an application-independent manner. This paper presents a taxonomy of integrated-service networks including a look at N-ISDN, while focusing on unified approaches to integrated-service networks. The two most promising unified approaches are burst and fast packet switching. Burst switching is a circuit switching-based approach which allocates channel bandwidth to a connection only during the transmission of "bursts" of information. Fast packet switching is a packet switching-based approach which can be characterized by very high transmission rates on network links and simple, hardwired protocols which match the rapid channel speed of the network. Both approaches are being proposed as possible implementations for integrated-service networks. We survey these two approaches, and also examine the key performance issues found in fast packet switching. We then present the results of a simulation study of a fast packet switching network.

2024

The advent of high speed, wide area ATM networks introduces a "backwards compatibility" dilemma. While emerging ATM networks must be capable of transporting future applications such as digital voice and video, many of the design choices made to optimize ATM for voice and video make the transport of traditional data traffic difficult. This paper will address some of these issues and propose possible solutions. This paper presents a promising method of providing connectionless service by building a virtual connectionless network on top of a public ATM network with a subset of the switches acting as con nectionless servers. This method provides low transfer delay and low cost to the user.

2024

Recently, contract based design has been proposed as an "orthogonal" approach that can be applied to all methodologies proposed so far to cope with the complexity of system design. Contract based design provides a rigorous scaffolding for verification, analysis and abstraction/refinement. Companion paper [11] proposes a unified treatment of the topic that can help in putting contract-based design in perspective. This paper complements [11] by further discussing methodological aspects of system design with contracts in perspective and presenting two application cases. The first application case illustrates the use of contracts in requirement engineering, an area of system design where formal methods were scarcely considered, yet are stringently needed. We focus in particular to the critical design step by which subcontracts are generated for suppliers from a set of different viewpoints (specified as contracts) on the global system. We also discuss important issues regarding certification in requirement engineering, such as consistency, compatibility, and completeness of requirements. The second example is developed in the context of the Autosar methodology now widely advocated in the automotive sector. We propose a contract framework to support schedulability analysis, a key step in Autosar methodology. Our aim differs from the many proposals for compositional schedulability analysis in that we aim at defining subcontracts for suppliers, not just performing the analysis by parts-we know from companion paper [11] that subcontracting to suppliers differs from a compositional analysis entirely performed by the OEM. We observe that the methodology advocated by Autosar is in contradiction with contract based design in that some recommended design steps cannot be refinements. We show how to circumvent this difficulty by precisely bounding the risk at system integration phase. Another feature of this application case is the combination of manual reasoning for local properties and use of the formal contract algebra to lift a collection of local checks to a system wide analysis.

2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science

In this paper we propose a framework of Assume / Guarantee contracts for schedulability analysis. Unlike previous work addressing compositional scheduling analysis, our objective is to provide support for the OEM / supplier subcontracting relation. The adaptation of Assume / Guarantee contracts to schedulability analysis requires some care, due to the handling of conflicts caused by shared resources. We illustrate our framework in the context of Autosar methodology now popular in the automotive industry sector.

2024, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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2024, Global journal of computer science and technology

Although health care is a vital problem, in recent years mobile communication has become a widespread part and parcel of everyday life even in the rural areas of developing countries. This paper proposed a model to include the mobile communication for monitoring vital signs of health such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature; blood glucose level and sends result as Short Message Service (SMS) for the physician so as to monitor their patients continuously. Cuffless pressure sensing transducer is taken into consideration to measure pressure pulse and then combined with oscillometric method to measure Blood Pressure (BP). Availability of different sensors and measurement techniques to determine heart rate is presented. Conventional glucometry in low cost electronics and body temperature measurement using electronic thermistor is also described here. Sensed parameters are processed and stored into an array in ARM7 processor and sent via GSM SIM300 Modem. This portable vital s...

2024

Voice in its inherent nature is variable. It is natural to use the VBR class for voice, and transmit voice in its bursty form. On an average, human voice has an speech activity factor of about 42%. This allows us to multiplex a lot of voice sources together. We study the degradation in voice quality under various scheduling policies for VBR voice. Our simulations showed that it is desirable to keep the total VBR-voice load to about 50 % of the total link capacity, in order to maintain good quality voice. The remaining link capacity could then be filled up by data. Source:

2024

for a large number of individuals. One important application, in this In this paper we focus on MPSoC architectures for human heart ECG respect, is the real-time remote and accurate analysis of human heart real-time monitoring and analysis. This is a very relevant bio-medical activity, which has always been a challenging problem for biomedical application, with a huge potential market, hence it is an ideal target engineers. Heart disorders like Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and for an application-specific SoC implementation. We investigate a stroke remain by far the leading cause of death in the world for both symmetric multi-processor architecture based on STMicroelectronics women and men of all ethnic backgrounds. In 2003, CVD alone is VLIW DSPs that process in real-time 12-lead ECG signals. This responsible for 29.2% of the total global deaths according to the architecture improves upon state-of-the-art SoC designs for ECG World Health Organization (WHO), and this percentage is increasing analysis in its ability to analyze the full 12 leads in real-time, even every year . More than 50% of these deaths can be saved with a with high sampling frequencies, and ability to detect heart reliable combination of cost-effective monitoring and accurate malfunction. We explore the design space by considering a number of analysis [1]. hardware and software architectural options. Heart activity is electrically recorded as a set of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals which can readily reveal a number of heart Categories and Subject Descriptors malfunctions [2][3][4]. The most reliable ECG analysis technique is Cat [Spegoriesal-Purpos e cand D rplationased Systems]: the 12-lead ECG, which requires the reading and analysis of twelve C.3 [Special-Purpose and Application-Based em s]: different signals sensed from the patient's body. The main challenge Microprocessor/microcomputer applications, Real-time and embedded arises from the high computational demand for processing huge systems amounts of ECG data in parallel, under stringent time constraints,

2024, Proceedings of the 38th conference on Design automation - DAC '01

This paper presents a new methodology for system-level power and performance analysis of wireless multimedia systems. More precisely, we introduce an analytical approach based on concurrent processes modeled as Stochastic Automata Networks (SANs) that can be effectively used to integrate power and performance metrics in system-level design. We show that 1) under various input traces and wireless channel conditions, the average-case behavior of a multimedia system consisting of a video encoder/decoder pair is characterized by very different probability distributions and power consumption values and 2) in order to identify the best trade-off between power and performance figures, one must take into consideration the entire environment (i.e., encoder, decoder, and channel) for which the system is being designed. Compared to using simulation, our analytical technique reduces the time needed to find the steady-state behavior by orders of magnitude, with some limited loss in accuracy compared to the exact solution. We illustrate the potential of our methodology using the MPEG-2 video as the driver application.

2024, 15th International Symposium on System Synthesis, 2002.

Fast distributed cosimulation is a challenging problem for the embedded system design. The main theme of this paper is to increase simulation speed by reducing the frequency of intersimulator communications, reducing the active duration of simulators and utilizing the parallelism of component simulators, which is accomplished by combining event-driven and datadriven simulation methods. The proposed technique is applicable when the simulated tasks follow dataflow execution semantics. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can boost the cosimulation speed significantly compared with the previous conservative approaches.

2024, 2009 7th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics

The work presented in this paper describes the concept of Domain Specific Views (DSVs) according to which the specification of the control behavior is provided to the control developer. The basic idea is to investigate different application fields, to try to find common rules and models in different fields, and finally to build around this an automatic or semi-automatic transformation into executable code. The original idea is defined in a bigger aim that is the definition of a model oriented to the so-called "automation component", used to standardize the design of an automation system. In the paper, the investigation is discussed for the discrete manufacturing and energy production fields, while in the main project (MEDEIA FP7-2007-211448) other fields are investigated and many languages and methodologies to develop control, diagnosis and simulation of automatic systems have been analyzed. I.