Energy Management System Research Papers (original) (raw)

Energy performance indicators (EnPIs) are necessary for an organization to know the way and amount of energy consumed to manage the energy efficiently. An EnPI represents a quantitative measure of the energy performance, expressed as a simple metric, ratio or complex model. In this paper, three methods to express the EnPI are examined for a refinery in Alexandria, Egypt, to show the cons and pros of each indicator. The three EnPIs used are: 1) annual energy saving in kWh (measured as the difference between tahe consumption of the base year and the consumption of the reporting year); 2) specific energy consumption (SEC) in kWh/ton and, 3) cumulative summation (CUSUM) or the difference between the actual consumption in the reporting year and the expected consumption (based on a regression model derived from the data of the energy baseline). The cons and pros of each EnPI will be highlighted along with practical considerations when implementing these indicators in real life. It is recommended that energy intensive organizations can use the three metrics altogether, to have an accurate measure for its energy performance that can allow the organization to plan and track its energy efficiency targets.

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- Energy efficiency, Energy Management System

The concept of the energy management system, developed in this work, is to determine the optimal combination of energy from several generation sources and to schedule their commitment, while optimizing the cost of purchased energy, power losses and voltage drops. In order to achieve these objectives, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was modified and applied to an IEEE 33-bus test network containing 10 photovoltaic power plants and 4 battery energy storage systems placed at optimal points in the network. To evaluate the system performance, the resolution was performed under several test conditions. Optimal Pareto solutions were classified using three decision-making methods, namely analytic hierarchy process (AHP), technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and entropy-TOPSIS. The simulation results obtained by NSGA-II and classified using entropy-TOPSIS showed a significant and considerable reduction in terms of purchased energy cost, power losses and voltage drops while successfully meeting all constraints. In addition, the diversity of the results proved once again the robustness and effectiveness of the algorithm. A graphical interface was also developed to display all the decisions made by the algorithm, and all other information such as the states of power systems, voltage profiles, alarms, and history.

In this paper, a MATLAB Simulink model for Toyota Prius 2004 hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is presented. The model is based on MATLAB Simulink HEV model and we covered some of differences between this model and real vehicle and obtain an... more

- by Ahmad Radan
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- Power Electronics, Mathematical Model, Dynamic Response, Energy Management System

Vehicles (PHEVs) and Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) brings up many technical problems that needs to be addressed and reassured on. There is also a need for in-depth study on PHEVs in term of Smart Grid environment. In this paper, we introduced the existing testbed of a Large-scale PHEV charging infrastructure developed by FREEDM/ATEC center to achieve the optimal power allocation. Then we applied Monte Carlo method to simulate the myriad real-world scenarios at a municipal parking deck. Case studies were performed to analyze the system performance of intelligent charging algorithms for a large amount of PHEVs using Monte Carlo simulation. Accordingly, the simulation results characterized the optimization performance in terms of the optimal electricity consumption and the PHEV battery Stateof-Charge at plug-out.

- by Wencong Su
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- Monte Carlo Simulation, Smart Grid, Monte Carlo Methods, Energy Management

At Drexel University, instrumentation and measurement of the Reconfigurable Distribution Automation and Control Laboratory include hardware and software instruments which together form an automated measurement and control system. This system contains special features that were included to enable meter placement and network reconfiguration studies. This paper presents an outline of the measurement and control system for the general laboratory and then focuses on the capabilities purposely added for the meter placement and network reconfiguration studies.

- by Yang Xiaoguang
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- Distributed Computing, Power Systems, Digital Signal Processing, Automatic Control

Wireless personal area network and wireless sensor networks are rapidly gaining popularity, and the IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Working Group has defined no less than different standards so as to cater to the requirements of different applications. The ubiquitous home network has gained widespread attentions due to its seamless integration into everyday life. This innovative system transparently unifies various home appliances, smart sensors and energy technologies. The smart energy market requires two types of ZigBee networks for device control and energy management. Today, organizations use IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee to effectively deliver solutions for a variety of areas including consumer electronic device control, energy management and efficiency, home and commercial building automation as well as industrial plant management.

- by Jae-Hyun Lim
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- Wireless Sensor Networks, Control system, Energy Management, Everyday Life

The term wide area measurement system (WAMS) implies a system including new digital metering devices (e.g., phasor measurement unit) together with communication system which is designed for monitoring, operating, and controlling power systems. Generally, a WAMS process includes three main functions: data acquisition, data transmitting, and data processing performed by measurement devices, communication systems, and energy management systems, respectively. While these three functions are seriously interdependent, most researches carried out on this topic investigate these functions independently. In this paper, meters placement and their required communication infrastructure for state estimation program are co-optimized simultaneously. To perform this, these two planning issues are jointly formulated in a single genetic algorithm (GA) problem. Then, three IEEE test networks without any conventional measurements and communications are used to investigate the advantages of considering dependability of optimization of these two sections. The results confirm that the proposed method is advantageous over the techniques optimizing each section independently. The results indicate that while the total number of measurement devices for system observability may increase (and therefore, the observability is improved), the total cost for the plan is reduced. Index Terms-Communication link placement, meter placement, power system communication infrastructure, state estimation, wide area measurement system. I. INTRODUCTION W IDE AREA measurement system (WAMS) is a term introduced to the power system literature, recently. This term implicitly implies a system including new digital metering devices (e.g., phasor measurement unit) together with communication system which is designed to monitor, operate and control power systems in wide geographic area [1]. In general, a WAMS process includes three different interconnected functions [2]: data acquisition, data transmitting, and data processing. Measurement devices and communication systems together with energy management systems perform these functions.

- by Mohammad Shahraeini
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- Power Systems, Genetic Algorithms, Power System, Communication systems

This document presents a comprehensive list of all the requirements of standard ISO 50001:2011 in a categorized and summarized manner. The purpose is to facilitate a clear and simplified understanding among implementing organizations, auditors and consultants about the total coverage/content of this EnMS standard, in the form of a simplified checklist that can be easily used to review, assess and/or audit an ISO 50001:2011 compliant EnMS.

- by Francisco Galiana
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- Environmental Economics, Biomedical Engineering, Power Systems, Power System

In this paper, a dynamic model for Toyota Prius 2004 hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is presented. The model is based on MATLAB Simulink HEV model which is modified in such a way that dynamic response of model can be verified by experimental results given in DOE reports for Toyota Prius 2004. The newly developed model can help the designers to

- by maziar parizade
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- Power Electronics, Mathematical Model, Dynamic Response, Energy Management System

This paper focuses on control strategies of Microgrid which consists of wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, batteries and super-capacitors with Hybrid DC and AC Buses. In grid-connected operation, voltage of DC bus is kept steady by inverter and voltage and frequency of AC bus are the same with utility grid. Energy Management System controls hybrid storage system to release or absorb power with the strategies according to grid condition, state of charge of batteries and super-capacitor, electricity price and so on. In islanded operation, voltage of DC bus is controlled by storage system and amplitude and frequency of AC-Bus voltage are regulated by parallel inverters with voltage-frequency or droop control strategy. In this paper, different control strategies in grid-connected and islanded operation are described which can keep power balanced and AC/DC bus stable. Simulation and experimental results are shown to verify the proposed control method.

- by zhixue zheng
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- Energy Management, Wind turbine, Electricity prices, Storage system

Energy saving is one of the main challenge in our day to day life. Energy saving can be done only when the energy consumed by the load is monitored. Once monitored, suitable control methods can be adopted to operate the load in the optimized way to save energy. Even though there are lot of technologies and solutions available to effectively monitor and save energy consumption of load in house or industry, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology is proposed to monitor and minimize energy consumption of load. The proposal is to design an Internet of Things (IoT) based Energy Management System in which data is collected from smart energy meter using GPRS network and displayed on web page. The proposed system is suitable for data collection and control the load in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. In this survey we have analyzed several other energy management systems and compared the limitations and learned about how to establish the IoT architecture.

- by GJESR Journal
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- Embedded Systems, GPRS, Energy Management System, IOT

The current study presents an intelligent decision support model using rule sets based on a typical building energy management system. In addition, the model's impact on the energy consumption and indoor quality of a typical office building in Greece is presented. The model can control how the building operational data deviates from the settings as well as carry out diagnosis of internal conditions and optimize building's energy operation. In this context, the integrated ''decision support model'' can contribute to the management of the daily energy operations of a typical building, related to the energy consumption, by incorporating the following requirements in the best possible way: (a) the guarantee of the desirable levels of living quality in all building's rooms and (b) the necessity for energy savings. r

- by H. Doukas
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- Architecture, Methodology, System Management, Energy Consumption

In a stand-alone renewables energy system (SRES), maintaining the balance of power between supply and demand with minimum cost in homes connected to these systems present one of the most important challenges to consider. In SRES, a large capacity of batteries is usually used to store the energy and reuse it when the absence or insufficient power supply to maintain energy balance. However, the batteries are costly, as well as a large amount of power lost during the charging and discharging process, represent big issues that should be avoided. One of the most important tools to redress these issues is the scheduling strategy for household appliances. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO) is proposed to schedule the household appliances in the off-grid hybrid energy system (PV, Wind turbine, batteries, and diesel generator) with the objective of saving energy and reduce the energy consumption cost (i.e. energy of diesel) by maximizing the using the power of renewable energy sources and minimizing using the power of batteries. The scheduling algorithm is based on the data forecast of one day ahead of renewable energy and the daily load power consumption profile, a case study of meteorological data in the south of Spain are selected and tested for the simulation. Two scenarios of scheduling strategy are presented and compared with the scenario without scheduling of appliances. The simulation results show that the optimization of cost reached to 50% with 0.472 kWh of energy saved in scheduling with user preferences and can be reached up to 64% with 0.811 kWh of energy saved in case of optimal scheduling which considered the optimal for saving energy.

Demand side management (DSM) is one of the important functions in a smart grid that allows customers to make informed decisions regarding their energy consumption. It helps the energy providers reduce the peak load demand and reshape the load profile. This results in increased sustainability of the smart grid, as well as reduced over all operational cost and carbon emission levels. Most of the existing demand side management strategies used in traditional energy management system is with specific techniques and algorithms. In addition, the existing strategies handle only a limited number of controllable loads of limited types. DSM techniques are based on improvement of the load factor and load curve, whereas lowering the expenses.

- by Lavanya Attari
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- Wireless Sensor Networks, Control system, Energy Management, Everyday Life

Fuzzy logic is used to define a new quantity called the battery working state (BWS), which is based on both battery terminal voltage and state of charge (SOC), to overcome the problem of battery over-discharge and associated damage resulting from inaccurate estimates of the SOC. The BWS is used by a fuzzy logic energy-management system of a plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to make a decision on the power split between the battery and the engine, based on the BWS and vehicle power demand, while controlling the engine to work in its fuel economic region. The fuzzy logic management system was tested in real time using an HEV simulation test bench with a real battery in the loop. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed fuzzy logic energy-management system under different driving conditions and battery SOCs. The results indicate that the fuzzy logic energy-management system using the BWS was effective in ensuring that the engine operates in the vicinity of its maximum fuel efficiency region while preventing the battery from over-discharging. S. G. Li received the B.S. degree in vehicle engineering from Chang'an University, Xi'an, China, and the Ph.D. degree in energy/battery management of electric vehicles, majoring in vehicle engineering, from the Beijing Institute of Technology,

- by Frank Walsh
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- Engineering, Technology, Fuzzy Logic, Energy Management

A highly efficient energy management system for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), using neural networks (NN), was developed and tested. The system minimizes the energy requirement of the vehicle and can work with different primary power sources like fuel-cells, microturbines, zinc-air batteries or other supply with poor ability to recover energy from regenerative braking, or with scarce power capacity for fast acceleration. The experimental HEV uses lead-acid batteries, an ultracapacitor bank, and a brushless dc motor with a nominal power of 32 kW, and a peak power of 53 kW. The control system, based on a DSP, measures and stores the following parameters: primary source voltage, car speed, instantaneous currents in both terminals (primary source and ultracapacitor), and actual voltage of the ultracapacitor. The increase in range with ultracapacitors has been around 5.3 % in city tests, compared when only lead acid batteries are used, but when optimal control with NN is used, this figure increases to 8.9 %. The car used for this experiment is a Chevrolet LUV truck, similar in shape and size to a Chevrolet S-10, which was converted to an electric vehicle at the Universidad Católica de Chile. Numerous experimental tests under different conditions are compared and discussed.

- by Jorge Moreno
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- Engineering, Optimal Control, Neural Networks, Neural Network

Tokovi snaga, stabilnost pri malim poremecajima, tranzijenta analiza (stabilnost pri velikim poremecajima), naponska stabilnost.

ph: (865) 576-8401 fax: (865) 576-5728 email: reports@adonis.osti.gov Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 ph: (800) 553-6847 fax:... more

- by Srinivas Katipamula
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- Operations Management, Energy Conservation, Quality of life, Control system

Air conditioning intelligent control neural networks energy management a b s t r a c t Whilst air conditioning systems increase thermal comfortableness in vehicles, they also raise the energy consumption of vehicles. Achieving thermal comfort in an energy-efficient way is a difficult task requiring good coordination between engine and the air conditioning system. This paper presents a coordinated energy management system to reduce the energy consumption of the vehicle air conditioning system while maintaining the thermal comfortableness. The system coordinates and manages the operation of evaporator, blower, and fresh air and recirculation gates to provide the desired comfort temperature and indoor air quality, under the various ambient and vehicle conditions, the energy consumption can then be optimized. Three simulations of the developed coordinated energy management system are performed to demonstrate its energy saving capacity.

- by Hamid Khayyam and +1
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- Mechanical Engineering, Indoor Air Quality, Intelligent Control, Energy Consumption

A microgrid is characterized by the integration of distributed energy resources and controllable loads in a power distribution network. Such integration introduces new, unique challenges to microgrid management that have never been exposed to traditional power systems. To accommodate these challenges, it is necessary to redesign a conventional Energy Management System (EMS) so that it can cope with intrinsic characteristics of microgrids. While many projects have shown excellent research outcomes, they have either tackled portions of the characteristics or validated their EMSs only via simulations. This paper proposes a Microgrid Platform (MP), an advanced EMS for efficient microgrid operations. We design the MP by taking into consideration all the functional requirements of a microgrid. EMS (i.e., optimization, forecast, human–machine interface, and data analysis) and (ii) engineering challenges (i.e., interoperability, extensibility, and flexibility). Moreover, a prototype system is developed and deployed in two smart grid testbeds: UCLA Smart Grid Energy Research Center and Korea Institute of Energy Research. We then conduct experiments to verify the feasibility of the MP design in real-world settings. Our testbeds and experiments Demonstrate that the MP is able to communicate with various energy devices and to perform an energy management task efficiently.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Energy Management System, Microgrids, Platform design, Iaeme Ijaret

This paper presents a fuel cell-battery powered hybrid system for transport applications, more specifically for a tramway. It uses a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) as primary energy source and a Ni-MH battery as secondary energy source, which serves as a supplement to the FC during the driving cycle. The hybrid system supplies the power consumption of the auxiliary services and the traction system, which is composed of four traction induction motor drives. The energy management system (EMS) of the hybrid tramway fixes the reference signals for: 1) the FC dc/dc boost converter in order to accurately distribute power between two electrical sources; 2) the electric motor drives; 3) energy dissipation in the braking chopper when required during regenerative braking. The proposed hybrid system is assessed for a real driving cycle. The results show the hybrid system capability to allow the tramway to properly follow the driving cycle.

- by Pablo García
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- Fuel Cell, Energy Management, Electric Motor, Power Consumption

ystem stability analysis results have been part of electric utilities' operating guidelines for more than a decade. Today, these guidelines are compiled from offline stability studies conducted jointly with other utilities and independently by each utility. The offline study results are adjusted for actual generation patterns derived from the offline studies also require extensive engineering analysis trying t o anticipate conditions which may never occur.

The multiple uncertainties in a microgrid, such as limited photovoltaic generations, ups and downs in the market price, and controlling different loads, are challenging points in managing campus energy with multiple microgrid systems and are a hot topic of research in the current era. Microgrids deployed at multiple campuses can be successfully operated with an exemplary energy management system (EMS) to address these challenges, offering several solutions to minimize the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, maintenance costs, and peak load demands of the microgrid infrastructure. This literature survey presents a comparative analysis of multiple campus microgrids’ energy management at different universities in different locations, and it also studies different approaches to managing their peak demand and achieving the maximum output power for campus microgrids. In this paper, the analysis is also focused on managing and addressing the uncertain nature of renewable energies, considering the storage technologies implemented on various campuses. A comparative analysis was also considered for the energy management of campus microgrids, which were investigated with multiple optimization techniques, simulation tools, and different types of energy storage technologies. Finally, the challenges for future research are highlighted, considering campus microgrids’ importance globally. Moreover, this paper is expected to open innovative paths in the future for new researchers working in the domain of campus microgrids.

- by Mohsin Jamil and +1
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- Renewable Energy, Renewable energy resources, Smart Grid, Energy Management System

This paper presents a new energy management system (EMS) for small hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), which utilizes energy from the combination of battery, fuel cell (FC) and super capacitors (SC). These alternative energy sources are excellent potential solution to the ever-rising price of petrol. The major focus of this paper is the energy management system, which consists of a strategy to coordinate the three different sources. This novel strategy for small HEV allowed the model to meet various load demand condition of an electric scooter or any three-wheeled vehicles. The model is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK and its performance is analyzed by using the European test drive cycle (ECE-47). The simulation model system includes three renewable energy sources, EMS, DC machine, vehicle speed and feedback control system. The comparison result shows that the model capable to perform the proposed driving cycle.

- by Azah Mohamed
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- Alternative Energy, Fuel Cell, Control system, Energy Management

An energy management system (EMS) is a dedicated computer that can be programmed to control all of a building's energy-related systems, including heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, interior lighting, exterior lighting, on-site power generation, and mechanized systems for shading devices, window actuators, and double facade elements. Recently a new module for simulating an EMS was added to the EnergyPlus whole-building energy simulation program. An essential part of the EMS module is the EnergyPlus Runtime Language (ERL), which is a simple programming language that is used to specify the EMS control algorithms. The new EMS controls and the flexibility of ERL allow EnergyPlus to simulate many novel control strategies that are not possible with the previous generation of building energy simulation programs. This paper surveys the standard controls in EnergyPlus, presents the new EMS features, describes the implementation of the module, and explores some of the possible applications for the new EMS capabilities in EnergyPlus.

- by Herman Amrullah
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- Energy Management System

This paper presents the arrangement, modeling and control of a hybrid system for a tramway. In order to supply the power consumption of the tramway (due to the auxiliary services and four traction induction motor drives), the hybrid system presents two power sources: 1) a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) as primary energy source; and 2) a Ni-MH battery as secondary energy source, which serves as a supplement to the FC for tramway acceleration or for energy recovery during braking. In addition, a braking chopper is required to absorb the regenerative energy produced by motors deceleration when it cannot be absorbed by the battery due to its limitations. Both FC and battery are coupled to a dc/dc power converter, which enables an active control of the two power sources. An energy management system (EMS) is responsible for: 1) the appropriate distribution of the power demanded by the tramway between the power sources; and 2) the braking chopper operation when required during regenerative braking. The simulation results show the hybrid system capability to allow the tramway to properly follow the driving cycle.

Purpose. Efficiency of hybrid ships power plants (SPP) combined propulsion complexes (CPC) by various criteria for energy management systems strategies. Methodology. Based on the classification system topologies SPP CPC for mechanical, electrical and hybrid types of motors schematic diagrams of management strategies for the criterion of minimum power consumption are defined. Changing the technical component of the traditional approach to building hybrid ships electric power systems (SEPS) SPP CPC the principle of modifying the structure of SEPS is applied with the integration of additional static alternative power source as dynamic reserve, which allowed to meet modern requirements for energy efficiency, levels of vibration, noise and degradation effects produced to SPP CPC, in all areas of the energy for the transfer of power from energy to propellers. Modeling of power transmission of energy to propellers in MatLab/Simulink is conducted, using blocks of optimization library and definition of identity markers. Results. Major advantages and disadvantages SPP CPC depending on the topology of energy distribution systems are determined. According to the chosen structure system electricity characteristics were obtained in the process of power transmission SPP CPC and power systems and their control strategies in terms of increased efficiency and eliminate these drawbacks. And finally, mathematical apparatus for research in terms of the development of methods for designing and managing SPP hybrid CPC to reduced fuel consumption, emissions into the environment and improving maintainability, flexibility and comfort level are improved. Originality. The methodology for improving SPP CPC implementation by developing methods of identification markers mutually influencing processes in SPP CPC and the development of implementing these methods of settlement and information systems. Practical value. The method enables iterative optimization parameters SPP CPC, it can be used as a means of intelligent design, which is the result of the application of improved performance SPP CPC. References 49, table 1, figures 12.

- by Vitalii Budashko
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- Marine Propulsion, Energy Management System, Control Strategy, SHIP POWER PLANT

Micro-grids have spread in many distribution systems worldwide. They offer safe and reliable operation for their consumers by managing the micro-grids' power generation and trading with the main grid. Furthermore, micro-grids can help in integrating and promoting for Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and reducing the environmental impacts of traditional centralized generation. This paper proposes a novel Energy Management System (EMS) in micro-grids using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique to solve the generation dispatch problem. A combined cost optimization scheme is investigated to minimize both operational cost and emission levels while satisfying the micro-grid's load demand. Furthermore, the proposed EMS is used to evaluate promoting RES implementation in micro-grids despite of their high capital cost using the combined economic emission dispatch problem. The proposed EMS was implemented using MatLab and tested on two case studies with and without RES-WindTurbine (WT). The obtained results from the proposed technique are compared with those calculated using two other Techniques; Lagrange and Gradient to evaluate the proposed method. The outcomes are evaluated and discussed. Finally, conclusions are reported.

- by Ayman Esmat
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- Renewable Energy, Microgrid, Energy Management System

Alarmingly low pulp prices in early 2009 left pulp and paper mills across North America desperate for any way to improve thin profit margins. One solution that continues to gain popularity among the industry is improved energy management systems for cogeneration systems, which use steam for two purposes -to provide heat for the pulping process and to generate electricity for sale to regional providers. This paper presents an energy optimization algorithm for use in a pulp and paper mill cogeneration system. The algorithm is applicable to a number of popular mill configurations, power sale contracts, and fuel purchasing scenarios. The method is also extended to address weather-dependent cooling limitations encountered by a mill cogeneration facility, in which case an iterative solution is proposed in order to maintain convexity of the optimization problem. Results are presented in the form of three case studies.

- by Guy Dumont
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- Engineering, Economics, Energy Management, Optimization Problem

ieee power & energy magazine 41 E E v E ry day l i f E r E l i E s h E av i ly on t h E reliable operation and intelligent management of critical infrastructures, such as electric power systems, telecommunication networks, and water distribution networks. designing, monitoring and controlling such systems is becoming increasingly more challenging as a consequence of the steady growth of their size, complexity, level of uncertainty, unpredictable behavior, and interactions. these critical infrastructures are susceptible to natural disasters, frequent failures, and malicious attacks. at the epicenter of the well-being and prosperity of society lie the electric power systems. the secure and reliable operation of modern power systems is an increasingly challenging task due to the ever-increasing demand for electricity, the growing number of interconnections, penetration of variable renewable energy sources, and deregulated energy market conditions. Power companies in different parts of the world are therefore feeling the need for a real-time wide area monitoring, protection, and control (WaMPaC) system. synchronized measurement technology (sMt) has the potential of becoming the backbone of this system. the major advantages of using sMt are that 1) the measurements from widely dispersed locations can

- by Elias Kyriakides and +1
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- Power System, renewable Energy sources, Energy Markets, Real Time

The introduction of micro CHP - that is, the simultaneous production of heat and power in an individual building based on small energy conversion units (e. g. Stirling or reciprocating engine, fuel cells) - is of increasing interest: Large-scale introduction of micro CHP would radically change the electricity system. This paper investigates the driving forces behind and barriers to micro CHP market diffusion in an interdisciplinary perspective. Life Cycle Assessments prove that micro CHP systems are superior in reducing GHG emissions and resource demand compared to average energy supply, and even efficient and state-of-the art separate production of electricity in power plants and heat in condensing boilers. Micro CHP might help to increase the security of electricity grids and create opportunities for new and smaller market players, and might in this way pave the way to an electricity supply system with less market concentration. However, under current conditions, micro CHP also ha...

- by Barbara Praetorius and +1
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- Renewable Energy, Life Cycle Assessment, Energy Conversion, Fuel Cell

Development of smart grid technology provides an opportunity to various consumers in context for scheduling their energy utilization pattern by themselves. The main aim of this whole exercise is to minimize energy utilization and reduce the peak to average ratio (PAR) of power. The two way flow of information between electric utilities and consumers in smart grid opened new areas of applications. The main component is this management system is energy management controller (EMC), which collects demand response (DR) i.e. real time energy price from various appliances through the home gateway (HG). An optimum energy scheduling pattern is achieved by EMC through the utilization of DR information. This optimum energy schedule is provided to various appliances via HG. The rooftop photovoltaic system used as local generation micro grid in the home and can be integrated to the national grid. Under such energy management scheme, whenever solar generation is more than the home appliances energy demand, extra power is supplied back to the grid. Consequently, different appliances in consumer premises run in the most efficient way in terms of money. Therefore this work provides the comprehensive review of different smart home appliances optimization techniques, which are based on mathematical and heuristic one.

- by Dr. Baseem Khan
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- Computer Science, Energy Management, Energy Management System
- by Mourad Bouacheria
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- Sustainable Development, Energy Management, ISO 50001, Energy Management System

Sensitivities of an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) solution to small changes in bus loads, flow limits, bus voltage limits and other OPF constraints are becoming increasingly important to the utility industry. Many of these sensitivities are not produced by most of existing OPF algorithms. In the paper, a least squares based algorithm is proposed that is suitable for post-0PF sensitivity calculations. The algorithm provides acceptable sensitivities of optimal solutions under the consideration of all important operational and security constraints. The optimal solutions need not be exact. This is especially important for real-time applications where only approximate, but close to the true optimum, solutions are available. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in a production grade computer software and is sufficiently general to be used by other electric power utilities. It is intended to be used as part of the OPF calculations in the new EMS of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Test results on a 1700 bus system are presented.

- by Alex Papalexopoulos
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- Production, Linear Programming, Control Systems, Power Generation

Energy of the solar bicycle is supplied by the battery, which is connected to the solar panels. The energy management of the solar bicycle is very important in order to optimize the limited energy available from the battery. HP48G calculator is used to handle the energy management of the solar bicycle due to its portability and computer-like capabilities. This paper describes how the HP48G calculator is used to prepare the solar bicycle team from the Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia (UNITEN) entering the Malaysia International Solar Cycle Challenge 1999. It covers the experiments carried out in the lab, and the test runs on the solar bicycle and the supporting vehicle that accompanies the bicycle during the race. It gives the details on how various data are collected, analyzed and tabulated by the HP48G calculator. With its powerful matrix based computation, and fine graphics display, HP48G could handily analyze the data, and display the results. The interface used to link the calculator and the sensors which measure the voltage and current is Portable Lab Data Logger 100 (PLDL100). The database built from the readings collected during the experiments and trial runs, serve as a basis for the overall energy management of the solar bicycle.

- by amir hashim
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- Data Analysis, Energy Management, Energy Management System, Data Logger

Indeed, in the recent years, important efforts in applying energy management processes have been focused on the building sector, which demonstrates the increasing energy intensity and energy consumption indexes. The role of the building energy management systems (BEMS) is known and significant in this respect, for the management of the daily energy operations of a typical building. Effective energy management however requires the use of tools and methodologies that support the strategic decision making process of selecting energy saving measures, which are viable and environmental friendly. The aim of this paper is the presentation of an innovative intelligent decision support model for the identification of the need for intervention and further evaluation of energy saving measures in a typical existing building, based on the systematic incorporation of BEMS data (loads, demands and user requirements). The operation of the model is supportive to the decision makers authorized with the energy-efficient performance of the building and responsible for its management (energy auditors and building administration). In addition, the corresponding computerized decision support system and the appraisal of its pilot application to a typical existing office building in Athens, Greece, are presented and discussed.

- by H. Doukas
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- Architecture, Modeling, IT Management, Energy Consumption

Nowadays, the necessity for the reservation of comfortable living conditions as well as energy efficiency in the buildings sector is more and more emerging. Towards this direction, an expert model for the intelligent monitoring of the energy efficiency in conventional buildings has been developed. A description of this model will be the aim of this paper. The general philosophy of the model is based on the principles of the "Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS)". The innovation lies on the usage of an appropriate experienced decision support unit, which supplements the main components of BEMS, making a diagnosis of the internal conditions for each situation. Through the "experience", the unit decides about the necessary interventions, giving thus the suitable commands to the devices' activators. The model was applied to an office building of a Greek company with satisfactory results.

- by H. Doukas
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- Decision Support, Energy Management System, Energy efficient, Office Building

Nowadays, it becomes the head of concern for many modern power girds and energy management systems to derive an optimal operational planning with regard to energy costs minimization, pollutant emissions reduction and better utilization of renewable resources of energy such as wind and solar. Considering all the above objectives in a unified problem provides the desired optimal solution. In this paper, a Fuzzy Self Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (FSAPSO) algorithm is proposed and implemented to dispatch the generations in a typical micro-grid considering economy and emission as competitive objectives. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear constraint multi-objective optimization problem with different equality and inequality constraints to minimize the total operating cost of the micro-grid considering environmental issues at the same time. The superior performance of the proposed algorithm is shown in comparison with those of other evolutionary optimization methods such as conventional PSO and genetic algorithm (GA) and its efficiency is verified over the test cases consequently.

This paper presents an optimization of grid energy using a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system for DC microgrids including distributed energy resources and residential building. The proposed system is mainly focused on distributed energy resources (DERs) for source side management (SSM) and demand side management (DSM). A SSM agent performs cheaper (less emission) source selection based on the microgrid demand. The real time scheduling updates the power settings of DERs and generates the electricity prices of the microgrid, whereas a DSM agent performs load shifting in real time, based on microgrid prices, level of stored energy in the appliance, and latest start time. The incorporation of SCADA provides the common communication for all components of the microgrid to interconnect with the control room via wireless smart sensors to update the power setting. Furthermore, the use of SSM maximizes the use of DERs and optimizes the power exchange between utility and the microgrid subjected to the system and DER constraints. The simulation results show a reduction in the peak demand and electricity bill of the building. Moreover, the obtained results show that the size of the energy storage and the power losses with the adaptive load are small as compared to the non-adaptive load. Published by AIP Publishing. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984619]

Phantom Loads" cause energy waste in homes and the built environment as a whole. Consumers spend more than $3 billion a year on "Phantom Load" in the United States alone. The goal of this paper is to conserve energy by increasing consumer awareness on their energy usage and reducing and /or eliminating phantom loads in the built environment. A further goal is to improve upon existing power distribution systems in the built environment with limited hardware additions to increase energy conservation. This paper investigates remote identification of load types and the locations along the electrical circuitry where they (load) are being consumed. The load type and status (on, off, standby) are determined both remotely and in a non-intrusive manner using Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Methods. Time/Frequency Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is also being investigated to remotely locate energy consumption nodes along the electrical circuitry.

- by Hosen Hasna
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- Energy Conservation, Built Environment, Energy Consumption, Time-Frequency Analysis

This paper reports on the performance and workload of pilots participating in a human-in-the-loop simulation of interval management operations during a continuous descent approach (CDA) into Louisville International Airport (SDF). The experiment examined variations in pilot roles and responsibilities in an implementation of interval management automation. The roles and responsibility manipulation showed that whether pilots were instructed to follow speed guidance strictly, or to exercise their own judgment, had no effect on workload and only a small effect on interval management performance. However, requiring the pilots to manually enter speeds into the autopilot, rather than having the automation automatically update the autopilot, frequently led to poorer energy management, and higher spacing interval errors at the final approach fix, even in the conditions where pilots were instructed to strictly follow speed guidance. This finding was traced to poorer compliance with the automated speed guidance, lack of awareness of this poor compliance, and insufficient awareness of the energy state of the aircraft. These results suggest that some form of energy guidance may be needed to augment interval management. To do this, recommendations were made for integrating the spacing interval management automation with near-term or far-term energy management systems. Workload measurement showed that, when pilots were required to maneuver to avoid en route weather, the manual conditions resulted in an increase in workload, although the overall level would still be considered low under normal circumstances.

- by nhut ho
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- Air traffic control, Energy Management System

Energy management System sizing a b s t r a c t Addressing the mismatch between the intermittent solar irradiation and the time-varying load demand, the optimal energy management principle with its corresponding control scheme for... more

- by keliang zhou
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- Engineering, Hydrogen, Power System, Energy Management

Saving electricity in industries and building is major concern today. Hence, Energy Management System remained preferred area for researchers recently. EMS not only saves electricity, but also monitors and records the electrical consumption data. It also helps diagnose electric machine health, energyefficiency and their reliability against failures. The paper reports the work carried out at PG dissertation level and presents the detailed design and implementation of industrial grade EMS. Sensors and MODBUS-compliant modules are wired to form an RS-485 network at field level, which is connected to a PC based main controller. The proposed system online monitors and records the data of energy consumption, and helps to enhance energy efficiency of the system. Offline data based diagnosis helps to plan preventive actions to save electricity and further optimize overall system. Remote access is also availed through intranet/internet. Various functionalities of the proposed system have been validated through laboratory implementation.

- by S. Gaglio
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- Decision Making, Energy Management, Multi Agent System, Global Optimization

Industry utilizes very complex systems, consisting of equipment and their human interface, which are organized to meet the production needs of the business. Effective and sustainable energy efficiency programs in an industrial setting require a systems approach to optimize the integrated whole while meeting primary business requirements. Companies that treat energy as a manageable resource and integrate their energy program

- by Deann Desai and +3
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- International organizations, Emerging Economies, Capacity Building, Energy Management

This paper describes a modular artificial neural network (ANN) based hourly load forecaster which has already been implemented at 20 electric utilities across the US and is being used on-line by several of them. The behavior of the load and its correlation with parameters affecting it (e.g. weather variables) are decomposed into three distinct trends of weekly, daily, and hourly. Each trend is modeled by a separate module containing several multi-layer feed-forward ANNs trained by the back-propagation learning rule. The forecasts produced by each module are then combined by adaptive filters to arrive at the final forecast. During the forecasting phase, the parameters of the ANNs within each module are adaptively changed in response to the system's latest forecast accuracy. The performance of the forecaster has been tested on data from these 20 utilities with excellent results. The on-line performance of the system has also been quite satisfactory and superior to other forecasting packages used by the utilities. Moreover, the forecaster is robust, easy to use, and produces accurate results in the case of rapid weather changes. 0885-8950/95/$04.00 0 1995 IEEE

- by Alireza Khotanzad and +1
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- Back Propagation, Neural Network, Economic Forecasting, Artificial Neural Networks

The project HOTRES aimed at the systematic implementation of conditions for future massive applications of the renewable energies in the tourism industry. Under the umbrella of this project five renewable energy technologies were promoted (solar thermal, solar passive, solar PV, biomass 1364-0321/$ -see front matter q and geothermal energy) in parallel in five EU regions (East Attica, Sicily, Alpes-Maritimes, Andalusia and Madeira) by the corresponding agencies and promotion centers following an extensive and intensive work program be composed of six elaboration phases. The purpose of this article is to esteem the results achieved in the technical-economic field of the relevant extensive technical support project in 200 hotels as well as to validate the strategic methodology applied for the promotion of the renewable energy technologies (RETs) through the technical assistance of the hotel SMEs. Finally, by proving the liability and economic viability of RET applications in hotels, the largest European hotel installation with solar thermal is presented within technical and economic details. q

- by Theocharis Tsoutsos
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- Engineering, Project Management, Renewable Energy, Methodology