Environmental externalities Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Journal of economics and sustainable development

Wastewater reuse has been identified to alleviate freshwater scarcity, improve crop yield and sustain the environment. This study analysed and modeled wastewater reuse externalities in the context of African agriculture. Data were retrieved from FAO-AQUASTAT (2015). Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were performed to analyse the potentials of wastewater and determine the relationship between the environmental implications of treated effluent respectively. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Stochastic frontier cost functions were modeled for estimating the economic/environmental trade-offs of wastewater reuse and costs of wastewater treatment. The descriptive results indicated that Northern Africa, which is the most vulnerable region, has the greatest potentials of wastewater reuse. The quantity of effluent from treatment plants was inversely proportional to the treatment capacity between Northern and Southern Africa. Correlation analysis results show that "area of la...

2025, Fusion Engineering and Design

All the damages that are not reflected in the market price are called external costs. The external costs of fusion were elaborated with the ExternE methodology. The external costs are in the range of a few mEuro/kWh depending on the plant model. The external costs are in general not dominated by the impacts due to radioactive emissions and releases. All stages of the life cycle contribute significantly to the external cost value. The external costs of fusion are in the same range as the external costs of photovoltaics and wind energy.

2025

Neus ANDREU, Macià BLÁQUEZ, Sofia LÓPEZ, Llorenç MAS, Jaume MATEU, Felip MORRELL, Ivan MURRAY, Glòria TRUYOLS Departament de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de les illes Balears. Centre d'Investigació i Tecnologies Turístique de les illes Balears mblazquez@uib.es, fmorell@cittib.caib.es EL QUART BOOM? TENDÈNCIES DE CONSUM DE RECURSOS NATURALS A LES ILLES BALEARS RESUM La dialèctica entre el desenvolupament econòmic, l'especialització turística

2025, Sustainability 10(2)

Providing travel-related fuel and environmental information to transport users is becoming increasingly relevant. However, the impact of providing such information on users' travel behavior is yet to be determined. This research examined the perceptions and preferences related to the fuel consumption costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) social costs, and health-related air pollution costs, and the influence such information could have on travel behavior. Examining the case of Montreal transport users, the authors conducted a survey in which the respondents were asked general and stated preference questions. The respondents were found to be unaware of the energy and environmental footprints of their travel. Approximately 85% of the respondents were not able to estimate GHG social costs and health-related air pollution costs across different modes. The respondents generally overestimated these costs and they interestingly reported higher environmental costs for public transport (metro) compared to cars. They also preferred to receive such information in monetary units, and they were more comfortable in receiving the information through mobile applications over other tools/means. The research also found that fuel and environmental information influence respondents' travel decisions especially their route choices. Finally, the respondents would be willing to pay an average of 7 Canadian dollars/month in exchange for obtaining the information.

2025, 2002 International Congress, August 28-31, 2002, Zaragoza, Spain

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) intervenes in most agricultural systems that provide positive environmental externalities using both direct payments and agrienvironmental schemes. In this context, the objective of this paper is to compare the efficiency of the current intervention system versus intervening using agri-environmental payments as a sole instrument. The cereal steppes agroecosystem of Tierra de Campos (Valladolid, Spain) has been selected to develop this comparison. A farm survey and a Positive Mathematical Programming Model have been combined to provide results of both alternative instruments. The farm survey was used to ask the farmers their payments demands to participate in the alternative instrument, supplying also qualitative information about how it is perceived by farmers. The payments demanded were simulated in the model to get environmental and economic indicators for both instruments. Instruments were evaluated using a cost-effectiveness approach were total public expenditure was conserved constant for both. The main conclusion of this research is that policy intervention effectiveness could be potentially increased using an agri-environmental scheme as the unique intervention instrument. Considering this finding, results transferability to other agricultural systems and policy consequences in the context of the CAP are finally discussed.

2025

2025, Production and Operations Management

this university in Applied Economic Sciences, specialisation quantitative economics. His Ph.D. research is on the modelling of uninterrupted traffic flows, using advanced queueing networks and insights from production management. Ruth Creten graduated at UFSIA, the University of Antwerp as a Commercial Engineer orientation production management-logistics. She worked at the university as a research assistant on a project to assess the environmental impact of traffic. Currently, she works at OM Partners , a solution provider for Advanced Planning and Scheduling of supply, manufacturing and distribution.

2025

Motivated by the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, we study the effects of capital income tax cuts in a framework where firms make investment decisions to maximize their market value and households are subject to uninsurable labor income risk. We find that the effects of capital gains tax cuts are qualitatively similar to those found in the absence of household heterogeneity. However, dividend tax cuts surprisingly lead to a reduction in aggregate investment. This is because they increase the market value of the existing capital. In equilibrium, households then require a higher return to hold this additional wealth, leading to a lower capital stock. This also implies that dividend tax cuts are welfare reducing in the long run, not only because of the traditional reasons of redistribution from poor to rich, but also because of a fall in long run aggregate output and consumption. Taking into account the transition mitigates the losses but the JGTRRA tax cuts still lead to a welfare reduction equivalent to a 0.5% drop in consumption. In line with empirical evidence, the model also predicts substantial increases in dividends and stock prices following the tax cuts.

2025

Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.

2025, Env. Éner. infr.,

Pour répondre à cette question nous allons procéder en trois temps. Nous constaterons tout d'abord que la compliance propose un ordre nouveau au service des enjeux environnementaux (I). Dans un second temps nous verrons que ce renouveau est le bienvenu au regard du désordre parfois constaté de ce droit, notamment à l'international (II). Enfin nous nous interrogerons sur l'efficacité de la remise en bon ordre par les acteurs économiques (III). I. L'ordre nouveau L'ordre nouveau mis en place par la compliance environnementale est caractérisé par la poursuite de buts colossaux (A) mis en oeuvre grâce à une méthode originale (B). A. Les buts colossaux Le « But Monumental » de la compliance est le souci de l'être humain 1. En matière environnementale, cet objectif se déploie de deux manières ; par la protection planétaire de l'environnement et du climat (1) et la dignité de la personne humaine (2). 1. La protection de l'environnement et du climat

2025, Journal of Business Ethics

2025, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

I develop an innovative environmental new growth model driven by researchers striving for monopoly profits. Skilled labour is allocated between production vintages and two forms of research, ordinary and environmentally oriented. The intermediate sector includes fixed costs and decreasing returns, limiting the number of vintages used. I solve for planner's, laissez-faire, and regulator's solutions, and examine welfare implications and the various distortions in the model (monopoly power, knowledge spillovers, business stealing, environmental externalities). A regulator may wish: (i) to encourage environmentally oriented research; (ii) to concentrate production labour on recent (cleaner) vintages; (iii) to switch labour from production to research. An environmental sales tax may under some circumstances achieve all three-such taxes not only give incentives to reduce pollution, but also shift profits from old vintages to new, thus raising incentives to come up with newer (cleaner) vintages. An environmental tax may even lead to an increase in the rate of production growth.

2025

Management of New Zealand marine fisheries is widely regarded as innovative and effective. However a nationwide survey in 2000 revealed that New Zealanders judge the state of New Zealand's marine fisheries to be adequate to good, and management of the marine fisheries is only adequate. On those two criteria marine fisheries obtained the lowest ratings amongst thirteen areas of the natural environment. In this paper we report results from a 2002 nationwide survey which repeats the 2000 questions and probes further to determine which features of marine fisheries and their management lead to their comparatively low scores. Findings are consistent between the two surveys. There are clear differences in perception on the basis of ethnicity and this has a range of policy implications for fisheries and other policy managers.

2025, American Society of Mechanical Engineers

This paper discusses experiences and recommendations of six practicing thermal performance engineers with regards improving and maintaining the thermal efficiency of power plants. It discusses the authors' perceived decline over the past decade for qualified staff, and capital projects involving efficiency improvements, instrumentation and testing/monitoring projects. Such observations extend to North America and Western Europe. This paper attempts to coalesce years of observations and hands-on experience in the field into summaries useful for prudent action. It also presents several recommendations aimed at improving the consciousness towards performance engineering, which has the potential of substantially reducing emissions per electrical output, and increasing the mostly forgotten thermal efficiencies of power plants (heat rate).

2025

Klí£ová slova: zlomkový kalkulus £asové ²kály zlomková diferen£ní rovnice Riemann•v-Liouville•v diferen£ní operátor stabilita asymptotické chování diskrétní Mittag-Leerova funkce Volterrova diferen£ní rovnice Laplaceova transformace The... more

2025, Le Courrier De L Environnement De L Inra

Courrier de l'environnement de l 'INRA n°29, décembre 1996 statistiquement la moitié des individus soumis à l'espérience) moyenne (en ingestion pour le rat mâle) des 31 matières actives utilisées en protection des cultures : 295 mg/kg (minimum : 3 mg/kg ; maximum : 2 140 mg/kg). Le parathion, à la DL50 record de 1 mg/kg, est maintenant interdit d'emploi. phosmet Cet insecticide organo-phosphoré, d'origine américaine (Stauffer) agit par contact, ingestion et inhalation sur un grand nombre d'insectes dont il inhibe la cholinestérase. La DL50 pour le rat par ingestion n'est pas très « inquiétante »: 230 mg/kg, soit à peine moins que la cyperméthrine (251 mg/kg), et proche de la moyenne des organo-phosphorés (ci-dessus). Produit autorisé sur les végétaux : Imidan (Cyanamid Agro). Teneur maximale en résidus : kiwis, 10 mg/kg ; fruits à pépins, 2 mg/kg.

2025, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

This study analyzes the options for meeting power demand in the Brazilianpower sector through the year 2015. Three policy cases are constructedto test economic and environmental policy measures against a baseline:advanced technologies scenario, environmental control scenario and carbon(C) elimination scenario. Least-cost modeling simulated these scenarios throughchanges in emissions fees and caps, costs for advanced technologies,demand side efficiency, and clean energy

2025, Extreme Events in Finance

We review in this paper several statistical methods, specically tailored for Markov processes with a view towards their extremal behavior. Precisely, this paper proposes some statistical inference tools for extremal events from a regeneration theory angle.Indeed, Harris Markov chains may be decomposed into independent regeneration cycles, namely data segments between consecutive regeneration times τ 1 , τ 2 , . . . (i.e. random times at which the chain forgets its past). Working on this approach, the methodology proposed in this paper boils down to split up the observed sample path into regeneration data blocks (or into data blocks drawn from a distribution approximating the regeneration cycle's distribution, in the general case when regeneration times cannot be observed). Then, the analysis boils down to examining the sequence of maxima over the resulting data segments, as if they were i.i.d. We focus on the estimation of the extremal dependence index and the tail index. We illustrate the method on two examples taken from the insurance and nance literature, ruin models and times series exhibiting smooth threshold and/or strong conditional heteroscedasticity. An illustration of the estimation methods to the CAC40 shows the potential of regenerative tools for real data applications.

2024, European Business Review

Purpose– Over the last few decades, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has received a large amount of attention in research and in practice. As a response to the growing awareness of and concern about social and environmental issues, an increasing number of companies are proactively publishing their CSR-related principles and activities. The overall research question of this study is derived from legitimacy theory and is aimed at elucidating the relationship between industry sector and CSR communication. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– The empirical examination encompasses a sample that includes the annual reports of all German DAX-30 companies from 1998 to 2009. First, based on a content analysis, categories of CSR-related communication are defined. Second, these categories are used in a quantitative analysis with a longitudinal perspective to evaluate the hypothesis that companies in controversial industries communicate their CSR more intense...

2024

Predicted market value {£ millions)of the Galloway fishery under alternative abatement scenarios Comparison of predicted fish population status in Loch Narroch as reconstructed by MAGIC with historical information on fish decline Central estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the market value of the Galloway fishery under 60% and 90% abatement scenarios Central estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the market value of the Galloway fishery under the 90% abatement scenario assuming perfect correlation and no correlation between values for H Predicted area of acidified salmon fisheries in Scotland 1.3 Structure of the Thesis The thesis is divided into eleven chapters. Chapter 2 describes the evolution of abatement policy for S O 2 , while Chapter 3 examines the role of economics in abatement policy and the difficulties of developing benefit values for environmental recovery. Prospects for recovery in the s e m i natural environment based on the most recent scientific research are outlined in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 describes the economic benefits that can be e.xpected to arise from abatement and reviews appropriate valuation methods. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 describe the design, implementation and results of the Contingent Valuation exercise to value the non-market benefits of recovery. Chapters 9 and 10 describe the development and application of a model which links long term predicted changes in water chemistry and fish populations to the market value of the rod and line salmon fishery. The thesis concludes with a general discussion of the research and its principal conclusions (Chapter 11). CHAPTER 2 THE EVOLUTION OF ABATEMENT POLICY FOR SULPHUR DIOXIDE POLLUTION 2.1 * The USA also did not sign the agreement, preferring to establish its own legislation on emission levels.

2024

We extend the result of the environmental tax under imperfect competition being below the Pigouvian level to an economy with a polluting monopolist facing a green competitive fringe, where two substitutable varieties are supplied to heterogeneous buyers. The optimal tax is shown to account for four e¤ects: standard Pigouvian marginal damage, monopoly subsidy, matching e¤ect and business-switching effect. The last two e¤ects however, are shown to split the market in a socially desirable way when the regulator is "empathic". If he is "non-empathic", the optimal tax is even smaller. Moreover, taxing only buyers and not the polluting …rm leads to internalization buyers' externality in addition to the environmental one.

2024

We introduce a new technique for computing the explicit dependence of the result of the numerical integration of a conservation law with respect to one or more parameters. The method is intrusive, but it relies on an automatic dierentiation algorithm, therefore it requires minimal modications of the code used for the plain numerical integration. We present an example of application to the study of the shock tube, that is Euler's system of equations with discontinuous initial conditions.

2024, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

We study competition between hydro and thermal electricity generators that face uncertainty over demand and water flows where the hydro generator is constrained by water flows and the thermal generator by capacity. We compute the Feedback equilibrium for the infinite horizon game and show that there can be strategic withholding of water by the hydro generator. When water inflow is relatively low, however, the hydro generator may use more water than efficient as it faces an inefficiently low shadow price of water in this case. The inefficiency of the market outcome is tempered by the capacity constraints: for a large range of possible thermal production capacities and water flow levels, welfare loss under the duopoly market structure is much less than would occur in the absence of water and capacity constraints.

2024

Environmental tax reform can be used in a fundamental transformation towards a green economy. Green tax may reduce the energy consumption and pollution emissions, as well as other economic benefits. This study mainly focused on the effects of green taxes on labor demand in Iranian industry sector during 1980 – 2015. Regarding the double dividend hypothesis, green taxes may improve the employment by substitution between labor and energy. Using CES production function, the elasticity of substitution between labor and energy is estimated 0.48 percent for industry sector. Then, the effect of green taxes on labor demand is investigated subject to government’s fixed budget constraint and labor demand function. The results show that green tax will have positive effects on employment in the industry. During the transfer of the labor tax system to the green tax system, the environment and employment may improve, without additional cost to the government and producer.

2024

Producer support estimate (PSE) Cash value of transfers to energy producers Includes different types of support Data intensive. Does not capture market price support measures Consumer support estimate (CSE) Cash value of transfers to energy consumers General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) Cash value of transfers that support general services Program-specific approach (PSA)/ Program-aggregation Estimates cash transfers associated with various government programs; aggregates programs into overall support level Captures transfers regardless of their influence on prices Sensitive to the program selection. Requires highly disaggregated data Price-gap approach (PGA) Compares actual end-user prices with reference prices, defined as those prices that would prevail in undistorted markets in the absence of subsidies Relatively low data requirements; useful for international comparisons Ignores support that does not influence end-user price; sensitive to reference price estimates 2.2. Energy subsidies estimation approaches 5

2024

Payments for Ecological Services (PES) has rapidly emerged around the world as a key environmental governance approach. This paper is concerned with Agricultural Environmental Schemes (AES) as a pa ...

2024, 3r Congrés d'Economia i Empresa de Catalunya - Full papers

La justícia és un dels pilars de l'estat del benestar i les seves actuacions tenen un gran impacte en termes econòmics. Per tant, és important avaluar les inversions en aquest àmbit per tal de posar en relleu la seva viabilitat. Aquesta ponència mostra els resultats d'una anàlisi cost-benefici aplicat al projecte de nova oficina judicial impulsat pel Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya. La Nova Oficina Judicial (NOJ) ha estat un dels eixos centrals de l'actuació en l'àmbit de la justícia a Catalunya en els darrers a n y s. E s t r a c t a d'implantar el nou model d'oficina judicial i fiscal, i desenvolupar les noves tecnologies de comunicació i gestió de la informació a l'àmbit de la Administració de justícia. Es posa en relleu l'abast de l'impacte que pot tenir la millora de l'eficiència a la justícia. S'explica la metodologia, els resultats obtinguts i la necessitat d'aplicar tècniques d'avaluació econòmica per tal d'avaluar l'impacte tant en els comptes de l'administració com en la societat en el seu conjunt.

2024

Aquesta ponència mostra els resultats d’una anàlisi cost-benefici aplicat al projecte de nova oficina judicial impulsat pel Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya. La Nova Oficina Judicial (NOJ) ha estat un dels eixos centrals de l’actuació en l’àmbit de la justícia a Catalunya en els darrers anys. Es tracta d’implantar el nou model d’oficina judicial i fiscal, i desenvolupar les noves tecnologies de comunicació i gestió de la informació a l’àmbit de la Administració de justícia.

2024, Inventio La Genesis De La Cultura Universitaria En Morelos

2024, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

2024, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena

This article is concerned with the internal dynamics of a conceptual model proposed by Maasch and Saltzman [J. Geophys. Res., 95, D2 (1990) 1955-1963] to explain central features of the glacial cycles observed in the climate record of the Pleistocene Epoch. It is shown that, in most parameter regimes, the long-term system dynamics occur on certain intrinsic two-dimensional invariant manifolds in the three-dimensional state space. These invariant manifolds are slow manifolds when the characteristic time scales for the total global ice mass and the volume of North Atlantic Deep Water are wellseparated, and they are center manifolds when the characteristic time scales for the total global ice mass and the volume of North Atlantic Deep Water are comparable. In both cases, the reduced dynamics on these manifolds are governed by Bogdanov-Takens singularities, and the bifurcation curves associated to these singularities organize the parameter regions in which the model exhibits glacial cycles.

2024, Discovery

This study investigated the interplay between the MacArthur Subjective Socioeconomic Status (SSS), Ryff's Psychological Well-Being (PWB), and Technical Efficiency (TE) among small-scale broiler farmers in Southwest Nigeria. Using a multistage procedure, 323 respondents were randomly selected. The analysis revealed significant relationships between variables, with broilers per production cycle and feed intake positively impacting output. Temperature volatility had a negative effect on output due to increased stress in broilers. Age and cooperative membership were key factors influencing TE. The study also examined how subjective SES and PWB influenced innovative practices and risk-taking, ultimately enhancing TE. The incorporation of Ryff's PWB highlighted the positive impact of psychological well-being on TE through autonomy, personal growth, and purpose. Context-specific strategies and inclusive assessments are recommended to optimize technical efficiency in broiler farming, focusing on psychological well-being and subjective perceptions.

2024

* Los autores agradecemos a David Mayer la invitación para escribir esta nota, y a Emma León Vega y dos lectores anónimos su cuidadosa lectura y atinados comentarios. Agradecemos también el financiamiento de CONACYT-SEMARNAT 2002-C01-0733 y del Programa Transdisciplinario en Investigación y Desarrollo para Facultades y Escuelas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, obtenido a través de su macroproyecto: "Manejo de Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Humano", SDEI-PTID-02. Agradecemos el apoyo constante de Patricia Dávila, coordinadora del macroproyecto.

2024, One Ecosystem

After years of experimentation, documents, meetings, consultations and negotiations, the SEEA EA re-ignited the debate on the monetary quantification of the value of nature. Now more than ever, there is a need for an original approach, able to align the SEEA EA to the principles of national accounting, to the relevant economic theory and to 'strong sustainability'. In this article, we outline a technically sound alternative to the currently dominant approach, namely "valuation" of ecosystem services (ESs). The basic idea is to recognise the specific meaning and usefulness of each of the numerous monetary estimates proposed for valuation, starting with those included in the SEEA EA, without forcing national accounting principles: we promote the transition from the narrow concept of "monetary value of ecosystem service" to the wider one of “monetary values connected to/dependent on ESs”. Nothing new in terms of evaluation techniques; only a simple, but rich...

2024, Inventio La Genesis De La Cultura Universitaria En Morelos

2024, Suomen maataloustieteellisen seuran tiedote

2024, B. Warf (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Human Geography,

This entry introduces the reader to the concept of externalities as well as
some recent advances concerning how we can conceptualize and
taxonomize externalities considering recent human challenges. The main
motivation is threefold: first, to guide readers into the nature and
conceptualization of externalities from a political economy perspective;
second, to indicate the relevance of establishing property rights and
diminishing transaction costs, which leads toward the market-versus state
debate over the governance of externalities; and third, and finally,
the entry shows some recent advances concerning how we can taxonomize
externalities—beyond the market-versus-state dichotomy—while
considering also recent human challenges such as pandemics, climate
change, and the depletion of global fisheries, to name a few of the most
pressing problems related to externalities.

2024, Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Applying the same assumptions used to resolve divergence issues in quantum field theory (QFT) without renormalization, this paper models redistribution of vacuum energy near a black hole (BH) singularity into dark energy (DE) and dark matter (DM) components such that the net energy of the cosmological vacuum is zero. Dark matter halo parameters, including a halo radius and density constant λ which depends on the BH mass m_bh and cosmological constant Λ, are determined. The halo radius for Sgr A* is 3.443 Mpc, and the theory predicts results consistent with local dark matter density measurements and Milky Way rotation curve data out to at least 100 kpc if M31* perturbations are included. Analytic expressions for mean galactic density and cosmological matter density parameters (MDP), Ω_Λ for DE and Ω_λ for DM, are derived for an ensemble of galaxies containing black holes: At the halo radius, Ω_Λ = Ω_λ; however, at the mean galactic separation, we obtain Ω_Λ = 0.685 and Ω_λ = 0.264 in agreement with Planck measurements. For a sufficiently small galactic/BH density, redistribution of vacuum energy by black holes results in an excess of dark energy in the intergalactic medium which drives the accelerated expansion of the universe. The DM-DE halo formula leads to a cyclic universe of black holes, where aeons are connected by a negative energy vacuum equilibration phase (VEP) which begins with a DM mass singularity at 26 Gyr. The VEP acts like a wormhole, where time regresses 26 Gyr so that the next BB begins at time zero in a low entropy state. This cyclic model of the universe yields (a) an expression relating the Hubble constant to the halo radius of an aeon – a result that favors the Planck value for the Hubble constant, and (b) analytic results that establish a causal connection between MDPs at the mass singularity of one aeon and those at the next aeon’s CMB.

2024, Transportation Research Record

2024

After pointing out certain inadequacies and misunderstandings in the ordinary language used by physicists, and denouncing certain impossible mathematical relationships between discrete and continuous magnitudes, the emblematic Paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise is formally defined, and its immediate solution in discrete space and time is demonstrated, pointing the way that resolves all the paradoxes deduced from the continuums of densely ordered points and instants.

2024, SSRN Electronic Journal

Despite significant advances in understanding the biophysical and institutional causes of overfishing, we have yet to make progress in addressing the depletion of our global fisheries stock. Investigations of potential solutions tend to be too broad (mischaracterizing global fisheries as a singular commons problem to be addressed at the supranational level) or too narrow (focusing on improving management of small fisheries at the micro level). This article attempts to bridge the gap between our scientific understanding of our collective dilemmas and their pragmatic solutions. Building on insights from Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom, we frame the depletion of global fisheries as a nested set of diverse and interconnected collective action problems organized at different horizontal and vertical levels, where decisions and actions of one jurisdictional unit reinforce and amplify problems (and solutions) for other units. We examine features of the global fisheries system, such as nonstationarity, nestedness, and prohibitive transaction costs. Then, we explore some potential solutions. The success of our conservation goals depends on our ability to craft institutional rules at the lower levels that are adaptive to local conditions, address incentive misalignment issues, and allow for the transfer of positive externalities to adjacent and higher levels.

2024

The biological nature of agricultural production processes induce a higher degree of uncertainty surrounding the economic performance of farm enterprises. This has contributed to the development and acceptance of forms of public intervention aimed at reducing income variability that have no parallel in other sectors of the economy. In particular, subsidized crop insurance are a widely used tool. The impact of these programs on the decisions of production generates effects on input use, land use and thus, indirectly, environmental outcomes. The importance of this issue has grown in parallel with the growth in importance of the collective role of agriculture sector that has addressed the recent guidelines adopted by many developed countries. To examine the effects of public risk management programs on optimal nitrogen fertilizer use and land allocation to crops, this study carried out an empirical analysis by developing a mathematical programming model of a representative wheat-tomato farm in Apulia southern region of Italy. The model endogenizes nitrogen fertilizer rates and land allocation, as well as the insurance coverage levels, participation in insurance programs and the Environmental Payment (EP). This study utilized direct expected utility maximizing non-linear programming in combination with a simulation approach. Results show that with current crop insurance programs, the optimal nitrogen fertilizer rate slightly increases and the optimal acreage substantially increases for tomato whereas decrease for wheat. Assuming that the environmental negative effects of crop insurance are positively related to nitrogen fertilizer use, this type of public intervention implies negative environmental effects.

2024

Agriculture research knowledge and technology that transcends national borders has played a crucial role in enhancing developing country productivity growth over the past fifty years. Modern high yield varieties of rice, wheat and the other major staples are the often cited examples of successful application of global science to address the problems of hunger and poverty. While the initial research investments were made by two International Foundations— Ford and Rockefeller Foundations—a coalition of public and private donors called the CGIAR ensured that such global public good research investments were sustained over the long term. Global plant breeding efforts were successfully diffused at the national level in countries that invested in national agriculture research capacity and created the enabling environment for enhancing productivity growth—hence the Green Revolution. The comparative advantage of the CGIAR derives partly from the fact that private firms operating thorough ma...

2024

The research was conducted in natural forests producers Management Area «The Guasimas», in the municipality of Buey Arriba Granma province, in order to assess their state of degradation. 13 plots of 500 m2 were erected under a stratified sampling in which dasometric parameters (diameter and height) were determined, it worked with the indicators: behavior diameter classes and spatial analysis through geomatics techniques. The degradation of forest stands 7 and 10 is evidenced by the absence of economic trees in diameter classes better represented. Overharvesting, free grazing, selective exploitation of commercial tree species quality, logging, shifting cultivation, part of the culture of conuco as the main factors of degradation in the studied stands.

2024, Discussion Papers

The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute.