European Foreign and Security Policy Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

Ein grundlegendes Prinzip des gewaltfreien Denkens besteht darin, dass in einer militärischen Pattsituation ein Frieden nur durch Kompromisse erreicht werden kann, die keine der Konfliktparteien demütigen. Anders gesagt: Es muss sowohl der Ukraine als auch Russland ein ehrenvoller Ausweg ermöglicht werden. Die Priorität besteht darin, das sinnlose Blutvergießen zu beenden. In einer Zeit, in der man uns glauben machen will, dass Waffen das letzte Wort haben, glauben wir weiterhin an Vernunft und Diplomatie.

2025, STUDIA I ANALIZY NAUK O POLITYCE

Russia’s invasion on Ukraine in 2022 has undeniably escalated security threats in the region, marked by heightened geopolitical tensions and increased militarization. However, the war has also catalyzed a strengthening of security frameworks and cooperation in Europe. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation’s (NATO) commitment to the region has intensified, and the European Union (EU) has taken significant strides towards a more cohesive defense strategy. This dual effect of the war presents a complex scenario where immediate risks are coupled with long-term strategic enhancements. The EU finds itself at a crossroads, grappling with the immediate need to support Ukraine while also contem plating the long-term ramifications of the conflict on its enlargement policies and neighborhood relations. How can peace in Europe be preserved in the face of an unpredictable, nuclear-armed state? Moreover, what are the implications for European security should Ukraine loses its independence or Russia experiences a systemic collapse? Europe appears regrettably unprepared for the resurgence of 19th-century power dynamics and realpolitik, exemplified by Russia’s aggressive actions.

2025, IEEE

This paper examines the accelerated institutional innovation of the European Union in security and defence following Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the growing transatlantic uncertainty with the new Trump presidency. It analyses how the EU has made use of the flexibility of the Lisbon Treaty to introduce new instruments, without formal changes to the Treaty, employing a 'layered' approach to address urgent shortfalls in defence capabilities and industry by using policies distinct from the Common Security and Defence Policy. The study highlights the changes aimed at moving from fragmented national policies towards more integrated ones, to enhance the competitiveness of the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base, with increased joint procurement and crossborder cooperation. Governance remains a matter of debate, as Member States must balance national sovereignty with a possible trend towards greater coordination and oversight at Union level. The realignment of cohesion and research policies represents a 'conversion' towards defence objectives, redirecting efforts related to dual-use technologies. The document concludes by identifying avenues for future research, such as the effectiveness of hybrid governance, the potential maturity of Member States to accept greater multilateral oversight, and the future of EU-NATO coordination.

2025, International affairs

The relevance of establishing intercultural communication, especially between Uzbekistan and Germany, is the key topic of this article. The article analyzes the significance of successful interaction between different cultures for ensuring harmonious relations at the international level. The importance of respecting cultural differences, broadening one's horizons and being able to communicate effectively in a multicultural environment is discussed. In the context of relations between Uzbekistan and Germany, special attention is paid to the possibilities of improving mutual understanding and cooperation through intercultural dialogues. The authors of the article analyze methods and strategies that promote positive relations between representatives of different cultures and countries. How critical successful intercultural communication is to international cooperation and conflict resolution is discussed in this study. The results of the work may be useful for understanding and promoting positive interactions between Uzbekistan and Germany, as well as for developing common standards and practices that promote successful intercultural communication.

2025, redefinición de agendas y actores en el actual (des)orden internacional

2025, Romanian Journal of European Affairs

The purposes of this article are a) to offer some highlights on the various concepts conflated under the term "world order" (post WWII world order, liberal order, global order), thus underlining its context-specific character; b) to place the discussion in the current context of the Transatlantic Divide and c) to examine EU's embrace of the current narrative of a universalistic, unhistorical liberal order and the consequences of such embrace for the amplification of the Transatlantic Divide and of the internal East-West one. The choice to focus on the challenges to the world order from within the Transatlantic world and from its most prominent members is motivated by the fact that, to our understanding, this development is age-defining. The fact that China would challenge the world order that was established by its main competitor – US – in order to serve its own interests is less spectacular than the fact that the dismantling of the US-led world order appears to be le...

2025, 2022 Challenges of the Common Security and Defence Policy ECDS 2nd Summer University Book

This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the European Security and Defence College (ESDC) and can under no circumstances be regarded... more

2025

The relevance of establishing intercultural communication, especially between Uzbekistan and Germany, is the key topic of this article. The article analyzes the significance of successful interaction between different cultures for ensuring harmonious relations at the international level. The importance of respecting cultural differences, broadening one's horizons and being able to communicate effectively in a multicultural environment is discussed. In How critical successful intercultural communication is to international cooperation and conflict resolution is discussed in this study. The results of the work may be useful for understanding and promoting positive interactions between Uzbekistan and Germany, as well as for developing common standards and practices that promote successful intercultural communication.

2025

EU restrictive measures in response to the Russian full-scale war against Ukraine were enacted in record time, despite the fact that EU sanctions decision-making is known to be lengthy and bureaucratic. How could the EU so swiftly adopt restrictions that severely disrupted its economic ties with its fifth largest trade partner? The speed of the EU's response is due, among other things, to the unusually proactive stance taken by the European Commission. In the context of post-invasion sanctions against Russia, often extended to Belarus, the Commission exercised unprecedented power to shape sanctions proposals, build compromises in the Council of the EU and develop the EU sanctions toolbox. The present contribution explores the procedural arrangement at the core of the EU sanctions decision-making that enabled the Commission to step into this intergovernmental field. On the basis of data collected via interviews and publicly available sources, the article demonstrates that there is a growing gap between the conventional way of sanctions law-making and real power dynamics within the EU institutional framework. The 'crisis trigger' makes the EU move beyond intergovernmentalism in its sanctions policy.

2025

what was followed by maternity leave. Despite the resulting obligations she was able to follow what was going on in the project, she wrote her texts and prepared them for publication. The absence of Dr. M. Grącik--Zajaczkowski was effectively covered by her and my colleague from the Institute: Dr. Joanna Stryjek. Dr. J. Stryjek in the time of run of the project became a deputy dean in WSE. The additional administration obligations haven't prevented her from the responsibilities deriving from the realisation of the project. After return of Dr. Małgorzata Zajaczkowski to her duties, she has done it with double energy load, what can be explained by the fact that she is mother of two energetic girls. Dr. J. Stryjek has offered her support, what means that she was strongly feeling responsibility of the success of the project. We need to remember that working together, undivided, we can do much more and reach much more complicated goals then playing as individuals. This concerns the specific project we have just finished but is not limited to it. It also concerns the work of our Institute, our Collegium, as well as our University -Warsaw School of Economics. This finding goes much further it embraces cooperation between scientific and academic centres as well as the whole country. The last sentence is a wider reflection, which goes beyond the edge of our research project. Cooperation is important especially in a politically divided country or even wider: a number of divides which all of us face in the world political and economic relations.

2025

Η σύγχρονη Ελλάδα αντιμετωπίζει μια από τις σοβαρότερες απειλές για το μέλλον της: τη σταθερή μείωση του πληθυσμού. Το δημογραφικό πρόβλημα δεν είναι απλώς ζήτημα αριθμών, αλλά θεμελιώδης παράγοντας επιβίωσης του έθνους, οικονομικής βιωσιμότητας και κοινωνικής συνοχής.
Η επιλογή του θέματος του παρόντος δοκιμίου εδράζεται στην ανάγκη μιας σφαιρικής κατανόησης του πραγματικού κόστους της ανατροφής παιδιού σήμερα, σε μια χώρα όπου οι αριθμοί γεννήσεων μειώνονται συνεχώς, και η τεκνογονία εξελίσσεται σε πολυτέλεια για λίγους. Πέρα από το προσωπικό βίωμα και την ηθική του γονεϊκού ρόλου, υπάρχει ένα οικονομικό και κοινωνικό κόστος που επιβαρύνει πρωτίστως την οικογένεια, αλλά και τη συλλογική κοινότητα μέσω της δημόσιας εκπαίδευσης και των κοινωνικών παροχών. Η ανάγκη κατανόησης αυτού του κόστους είναι κρίσιμη, διότι διαμορφώνει το κοινωνικό περιβάλλον μέσα στο οποίο οι νέοι παίρνουν αποφάσεις για το αν και πότε θα τεκνοποιήσουν. Οι αποφάσεις αυτές δεν λαμβάνονται στο κενό, αλλά μέσα σε ένα σύστημα κινήτρων, φόρων, ελλείψεων και ανασφάλειας.
Το δοκίμιο ξεκινά με την εξέταση της δομής του ελληνικού συνταξιοδοτικού συστήματος. Αναλύεται πώς η αναδιανεμητική φύση του καθιστά την τεκνογονία όχι μόνο ηθικό καθήκον αλλά και θεμέλιο για τη διατήρηση της βιωσιμότητάς του. Η ανάλυση βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι κάθε εργαζόμενος σήμερα στηρίζει οικονομικά τους σημερινούς συνταξιούχους. Άρα, όσοι επιλέγουν να μην τεκνοποιήσουν επωφελούνται έμμεσα από την τεκνογονία των άλλων, χωρίς να συμβάλλουν αναλογικά στο σύστημα. Έπειτα, το δοκίμιο εστιάζει στο πραγματικό κόστος ανατροφής ενός παιδιού, όπως αυτό προκύπτει από δικαστικές αποφάσεις διατροφών, την εμπειρική τεκμηρίωση και τις μέσες τιμές της ελληνικής αγοράς. Αναλύεται ο επιμερισμός κόστους ανάμεσα στην οικογένεια και στο κράτος. Η πρώτη καλύπτει τις καθημερινές ανάγκες (διατροφή, στέγαση, ρουχισμός, εκπαίδευση), ενώ η κοινωνία επενδύει σε υποδομές παιδείας, υγείας και διοικητικής μέριμνας.

2025, The Common Security and Defence Policy – New developments and challenges – ESDC autumn university book 2021

A much-debated question is about the EU’s international role. However, this question can lead to misconceived answers since it ignores the conditions that shape the EU’s appearance in the international environment. Assuming that strategic culture is one of the essential elements of an actor’s stance vis-a-vis international evolutions and security concerns, this article attempts to examine whether the existing institutional arrangements at the EU level compose a fertile ground for facilitating the emergence of a comprehensive EU strategic culture. As the argument goes, such a strategic culture can reveal the future role of the EU in the international environment. Thereby, the article suggests that the relevant question shall be transposed from the outcome, meaning the EU’s international presence, to its roots, meaning the strategic culture. For this purpose, the article adopts a neofunctional approach to track the EU Global Strategy (EUGS), the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) and the European Defence Fund (EDF). In particular, these institutional arrangements are examined through conceptual analysis, supported by quantitative methods where appropriate, to identify critical elements for a spillover effect that could pave the way for a comprehensive strategic culture. In doing so, the article tests the central hypothesis that if supranational aspects prevail in the arrangements under consideration, then an emerging strategic culture has already been on the rails. Ultimately, it is argued that significant prerequisites exist and make the emergence of a comprehensive strategic culture, bolstered with supranational aspects, likely, although not certain.

2025

Los libros de CLACSO pueden descargarse libremente en formato digital o adquirirse en versión impresa desde cualquier lugar del mundo ingresando a libreria.clacso.org Prefigurar el futuro. Dinámicas extractivistas y energéticas en clave latinoamericana (Buenos Aires: CLACSO, mayo de 2025). ISBN 978-631-308-030-4 CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 La responsabilidad por las opiniones expresadas en los libros, artículos, estudios y otras colaboraciones incumbe exclusivamente a los autores firmantes, y su publicación no necesariamente refleja los puntos de vista de la Secretaría Ejecutiva de CLACSO.

2025, La Descarbonización Justa De Las Ciudades: Un Análisis De La Misión Europea y Su Implementación en España

The European Union (EU) has established an ambitious mission to accelerate progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement (2015) and the European Green Deal (2020): at least a hundred European cities will
achieve climate neutrality by 2030. Although the EU has provided tools for cities to integrate environmental and economic aspects into the design and implementation of the mission locally, this article argues that the social dimension of the transition has not been given enough attention. The authors draw conclusions from their observation of the Spanish context, the analysis of local strategies, and formal and informal interviews with municipal representatives. The article delves into the
concept of social justice in the context of the transition towards climate neutrality, emphasising the imperative to integrate this approach from the
outset. It ensures that the diagnosis of pre-existing inequalities, citizen participation, and the evaluation of incentives and co-benefits contribute to the design, implementation and evaluation of climate policies. Close collaboration between municipal departments and administrative levels is paramount to ensure policy coherence and efficacy. In conclusion, the article urges a reassessment of existing mechanisms to promote a socially just and inclusive transition, advocating for a holistic approach that integrates environmental, economic and social dimensions.

2025, Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 327-340

Purpose-This paper critically examines the recent legislative initiative of the European Union (EU)-the new Directive 2024/1260 on asset recovery and confiscation. It focuses particularly on the provisions that revamp Asset Recovery Offices (AROs) as part of the EU's anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) strategy. The paper explores why the reform of AROs was considered necessary, highlights the key objectives, rules, and principles governing AROs, and discusses the challenges and opportunities that arise as AROs are strengthened. Design/methodology/approach-This paper draws on reports, legislation, legal scholarship and other open-source data on the EU legislative initiative to enhance the role and effectiveness of AROs in AML/CFT. Findings-The new Directive 2024/1260 on asset recovery and confiscation establishes a comprehensive framework for AROs, aimed at improving their effectiveness and cooperation. If organizational challenges are properly addressed, AROs will greatly strengthen the EU's capabilities in the field of AML/CFT. Originality/value-This study is the first to explore the new roles and powers of AROs under Directive 2024/1260 on asset recovery and confiscation, providing a critical analysis of how the Directive addresses longstanding inefficiencies in asset recovery. It examines the harmonization of AROs' powers, enhanced mechanisms for cross-border cooperation, and improved access to data resources. The study assesses the challenges and opportunities related to AROs operation, offering insights into the Directive's transformative potential for combating crime within the EU.

2025, Progressive Yearbook 2025

2024 has been an election year in the EU, which is the usual opportunity for EU citizens to discuss and, to some extent, determine the political future of further EU integration. This time, the June elections were followed by particularly intense debates on the economic future of
Europe. To frame the policy debates leading up to the establishment of the new European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen and Mario Draghi presented the report “The future of European competitiveness”. Draghi was not alone in thinking about the future of the EU economy. We should, in particular, pay attention to the reports authored by Enrico Letta
and the expert group chaired by the LSE professor Andrés Rodriguez-Pose. The combined lessons of these reports should not only lead to action that aims to improve the EU’s business model but also to further boost the social dimension of the EU. Here, we outline these connections in the light of EU policy evolution and in the broader context of transatlantic
political developments and globalised economic warfare.

2025, ΕΜΜΑΝΟΥΗΛ ΜΟΥΡΤΖΑΚΗΣ

2025

Investigación descriptiva sobre la Política Exterior de Estados Unidos, a partir de la administración Biden a la administración Trump, destacando sus principales elementos, semejanzas y diferencias, así como el impacto que ha tenido para... more

2025, Informe Iberoamérica 2025. IV Cumbre UE-CELAC en Colombia: retos y promesas

Este capítulo, que abre el informe Iberoamérica 2025 de la Fundación Alternativas, aborda la situación y perspectivas de las relaciones entre la Unión Europea y América Latina y el Caribe ante el cambio de ciclo político que supone, por un lado, la llegada de Trump a la presidencia de EEUU, y, por otro, las nuevas coaliciones, autoridades y prioridades políticas presentes en las instituciones de la Unión Europea. Concluimos que Trump representa, para ambas regiones, un imperativo de autonomía, seguridad y resiliencia aún más perentorio que en el pasado, pero las dificultades que se plantean ante la Cumbre UE-CELAC en Colombia en 2025 revelan las limitaciones y obstáculos que existen para que ambas partes puedan afrontar conjuntamente esos imperativos.

2025

4 The Lisbon Treaty and CSDP: Is the EU Closer to a European Army?

2025

Donald Trump'ın "ABD artık dünyanın jandarması değil" çıkışları ve NATO'ya yönelik ödemeler üzerinden kurduğu baskı, yalnızca Washington'da değil, tüm dünya başkentlerinde yankı uyandırıyor. Son yıllarda Avrupa'da yapılan kamuoyu anketleri, NATO'ya olan güvenin azaldığını ve Avrupalıların "kendi güvenliklerini kendi başlarına sağlama" fikrine giderek daha sıcak baktığını gösteriyor. Bu durum, yalnızca ittifaklar sistemini değil, ABD'nin 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrası kurduğu güvenlik mimarisini de sorgulayan bir dönüşüme işaret ediyor. Ancak bu tartışmalar aslında yeni değil. ABD'nin küresel güvenlik rolünü üstlenip üstlenmeyeceği, Amerikan siyasetinde kuruluşundan beri süregelen bir ikilem olageldi: izolasyon mu, angajman mı? ABD'nin ilk başkanı George Washington'un 1796'daki veda konuşmasında genç cumhuriyete verdiği en net öğüt, "kalıcı ittifaklardan kaçınmak" olmuştu. Amerika, iki okyanusla çevrili kıtasal güvenliğin sağladığı mesafe avantajıyla 19. yüzyıl boyunca bu tavsiyeye sadık kaldı. Ne var ki, 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısı, bu duruşun sürdürülemez olduğunu gösterdi. İki dünya savaşı, art arda yaşanan krizler ve totaliter rejimlerin yükselişi, Washington'u savaşlara katılmanın ötesinde, kalıcı bir güvenlik düzeni kurmaya yöneltti. Oluşturulan sistemin dayanak noktası ise yalnızca askerî güç değildi; ekonomi, diplomasi ve ideolojik çerçeve de bu mimarinin ayrılmaz parçalarıydı. Sistem içeriden sorgulanıyor, dışarıdan zorlanıyor. Avrupa güvensiz, Asya daha iddialı. ABD ise içe dönük reflekslerle dış dünyaya ne kadar sorumluluk alacağına yeniden karar vermeye çalışıyor. Trump'ın agresif yalnızlaşma çağrıları ve Avrupa'daki "Amerika'ya bağımlı olmadan savunma" tartışmaları, bizi şu temel soruya yeniden götürüyor: ABD dünyayı korumaya gönüllü müydü? Yoksa çağrıldığı için mi sahneye çıktı? Ve bugün tekrar çağrılsa, geri döner mi? Bu yazı, George Washington'un vasiyetinden NATO'nun doğuşuna, Kore Savaşı'ndan küresel komutanlık sistemine ve bugünkü izolasyon tartışmalarına kadar uzanan geniş bir güvenlik serüvenini analiz ediyor. Savaş dönemleri kadar barış içinde kurulan yapıları da inceleyerek şu gerçeği hatırlatıyor: ABD'nin küresel güvenlikte oynadığı rol, yalnızca tehditlere karşı alınmış bir pozisyon değil; aynı zamanda dünyada kuralların kim tarafından belirleneceğine dair bir güç tercihidir.

2025, SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL

This paper examines the enduring security challenges in the Great Lakes Region of Africa through the lens of realist theory. By analyzing the interplay of power, interests, and state behaviour at the individual, national, and international levels, the study sheds light on the factors contributing to the region's persistent instability. The paper argues that the pursuit of self-interest by leaders, the competition among states, and the influence of external powers have exacerbated tensions and fueled conflict. Despite various peace initiatives and international interventions, the region remains vulnerable to renewed cycles of violence. A more comprehensive understanding of the region's security dynamics requires a nuanced analysis incorporating realist and non-realist perspectives.

2025

This paper introduces a new model for measuring the strength of friendship between countries, called CFP (Countries Friendship Power). Unlike existing indices that measure aspects like peace or diplomatic relations, CFP offers a comprehensive metric based on multiple factors such as economic ties, political and military alliances, cultural influence, voting behavior in international organizations, and historical and social connections. The paper explores the methodology behind calculating CFP and discusses potential applications for foreign policy, international economics, and strategic planning. This new approach aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of global cooperation and can be utilized by policymakers, international organizations, and academic researchers in analyzing global relations.

2025

Czech-Russian relations pose quite a controversial topic in the Czech political debate. They may even be characterized by a long-term obsession with Russia on the part of the Czechs. Russia is often represented negatively in the Czech political debate and even as a threat to national security. Here a gradual shift may be observed from seeing Russia as a Soviet-type danger to seeing it as the 'new Russia' -a rising power which still has strong interests in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. In recent years a second shift is observable -that from viewing Russia as a military threat to viewing it as a colleague in matters of economy and energy. This second shift is quite important because Russia is also often portrayed positively in the Czech political debate. More specifi cally, it is portrayed as an opportunity, particularly as an economic opportunity. The so-called positive discourse about today's Russia in the Czech political debate is also often accompanied with relatively little attention being devoted to the other post-Soviet countries, even though the potential in this respect is quite great (for instance, in the case of Ukraine). The Czech political debate about Russia and Czech-Russian relations is characterized by a strong political polarization, especially in recent years, when the topic was strongly infl uenced by the controversial problems of the anti-ballistic missile defence system and by the increased attention paid to potential security threats connected with Russian economic interests in strategic areas (energy) or projects. In the political sense the right is close to the fi rst type of discourse of Russia. Russia is seen by them as a potentially dangerous and rather unstable country that has to be contained. Trade with Russia is often seen as an unfortunate necessity that we have to live with (especially in connection with the import of Russian energy resources). This type of discourse was typical for some of the representatives of Topolánek's cabinet, although the main right-wing party in the ČR, the ODS, is not completely unifi ed on this interpretation of the 'Russian threat'. On the other hand the left sees Russia in an oddly optimistic way. It sees Russia as a great opportunity and as a partner in dialogue. No fear of the energy and economic dependence is present in this type of discourse. The

2025, John Lukacs Analyses on Global Affairs

The initial measures and statements of Donald Trump’s presidency signal the emergence of a new American foreign policy, which stands in stark contrast to previous administrations, particularly the Biden administration. This analysis... more

2025, International Journal

Growing polarization among the US electorate has in recent years attracted considerable attention from academic and non-academic observers. This paper examines some of the ways in which polarization affects US foreign and security policy in the post-Trump era. In particular, the paper offers an account of why bipartisan agreement over the so-called "rise of China" has prevailed in the face of powerful trends towards increased polarization, while domestic opinions over US aid to Ukraine have become much more contested. Drawing on a constructivist understanding of foreign policy as performative of a certain vision of the domestic self, this paper shows how US aid to Ukraine has become entangled with competing visions of the US, while domestic opinions of China have remained stable. While such a constructivist understanding does not necessarily challenge rationalist accounts, it is helpful in unravelling the link between national identity, domestic polarization, and foreign policy. Keywords polarization, US foreign policy, US domestic politics, rise of China, Ukraine

2025

Aos meus Pais pelos valores, apoio e incentivo que sempre me transmitiram; À minha esposa, Rosarinho, pelo estimulo e compreensão; Ao meu filho, João Vasco, e à minha filha, Carminho, pelo tempo que os privei da minha companhia.

2025

The problem of ‘transnational organised crime’ has become a prominent issue in international affairs over the past two decades. Official constructions of the problem identify threats to public safety resulting from the greater mobility of people and goods across national borders and the exploitation of this mobility by ‘organised crime groups’ (OCGs). In turn, this has led to the generation of a new genre of policy-oriented learning, the ‘threat assessment’, which informs and legitimises the cross-border co-ordination of preventive interventions against such groups. This article considers arguments over the conceptual and methodological value of these threat assessments and their central preoccupation with criminal actors. An alternative approach is advanced, concerned with the ‘scripts’ involved in the commissioning of serious crimes and their facilitating conditions or ‘scenes’. This approach can also identify future ‘scenarios’, providing less certain but more satisficing grounds...

2025, Forthcoming as chapter in Polycentric Federalism and World Orders, New Ideas for Classical Liberal & Libertarian Foreign Policy, Palgrave Studies in International Relations, ed. by Brandon Christensen.

Since its inception, the design of a European Union (EU) has been inspired by federalist ideas. Nevertheless, the EU today, although it has federalist characteristics, is neither a federation nor a confederation. It is best described in... more

2025, The EU Delegation Sarajevo as an Organisational Proxy of the EU's Administrative Co-governance

This article argues that by using the European Union Delegation (EUD) in Sarajevo as an organisational proxy, the EU creates tools allowing it to participate in the enhancement of external administrative co-governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inspired by the organisation theory approach, this article conceives of the EUD Sarajevo as a hybrid organisation. Such organisations are defined as a product of a combination of two sovereign organisations pursuing a common interest. They recombine multiple institutional logics, stimulate institutional change and spark innovative practices. The conceptualisation of the EUD Sarajevo as a hybrid organisation offers analytical insight for understanding the EU's role in the society of states and allows us to theorise more concretely about the impact that a non-state actor has on the transformation of the institutions of diplomacy and sovereignty, which are foundational institutions of the international system of states.

2025, Revista Espanola De Salud Publica

Los autores declaran que no existe ningún conflicto de interés.

2025, Journal of Development and Social Sciences

This research examines the complex dynamics of proxy wars and militancy driven by the geopolitical rivalries between France and Russia in Africa. Focusing on conflict zones such as the Central African Republic, Mali, and Libya, it explores how these powers use local armed groups to secure strategic interests and access to resources. The study highlights the historical context of African nations as former colonies, particularly noting how dependent policy agreements with France maintain neocolonial ties. Through a comparative analysis of French and Russian military and political strategies, the research reveals significant impacts on regional stability and governance. It also addresses the humanitarian toll, including displacement and human rights abuses, and the economic damage from resource exploitation. The study underscores the greed of both nations for Africa's natural wealth, exacerbating conflicts and impeding development. Furthermore, the research evaluates international responses, focusing on the roles of the United Nations and the African Union in conflict mediation and peacekeeping. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these geopolitical maneuvers, the study aims to shed light on the broader implications for African security and development. It offers strategic policy recommendations to mitigate conflict, enhance stability, and promote sustainable peace, guiding policymakers, scholars, and international bodies in addressing the challenges posed by Franco-Russian rivalries.

2025, La Nueva España

Some ideas on the EU plans to Re-Arm the European contries and the Spain position.

2025, The Palgrave Handbook of EU-Latin American Relations

This chapter examines the changes in EU development policies through this double process, geopolitical and geo-economic, and their effects on the partnership with Latin America and the Caribbean and its governance. The partnership, previously governed by the rules of the liberal order, conformed to the hegemonic pattern of regionalized globalization of the last decade of the twentieth century. The partnership is now being redefined through a logic of strategic autonomy and friendship-building, with preferential links between like-minded and reliable partners. This chapter examines these changes, considering the asymmetries of this relationship, which places the EU in a dominant position. It also analyzes Latin American responses and the tensions and readjustments that this geo-economic and development policy shift implies for the governance of bi-regional relations. These tensions are evident in the role of the EU as a regulatory power, in the adaptation of the association agreements and their trade component, and in the implementation of new EU investment programs designed to promote green policies, such as the Global Gateway initiative. These include maintaining open and rule-based economies, decarbonization and the ecological transition, and the industrial policy, social cohesion, and economic resilience strategies of the new green deals.

2025

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current economic and political situation of the European Union (EU), in the given changing international landscape. The paper contains two parts. In the first part, the analysis is focused on the current problems the EU is facing now with the war between Russia and Ukraine, and the fights in Israel. Also, it is analyzed the position of the EU with respect to the USA. The most important issue is the economic gap between the Western countries and the East-South countries. That generates many frustrations in poor countries' populations. A second significant issue is the decreasing demography of Europe. The second part of the paper focuses on the possible solutions the leaders of the EU may consider in order to align it to the initial vision of the EU founders.

2025, International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)

This study examined the Effects of Conflict on Humanitarian Services in South Sudan (2013-2020). The study was prompted by the persistent conflict in the country that has made it difficult for the humanitarian agencies to fully meet the expectations of the needy. The study aimed to evaluate the financial effects of conflict on humanitarian assistance in South Sudan; the role of the political actors both state and non-state actors in conflict on humanitarian Assistance in South Sudan; the reasons humanitarian workers are targeted when offering humanitarian services and the way forward in providing humanitarian services in hard-hit areas like South Sudan. The study employed a Cross-sectional survey design on a sample of 300 respondents who were selected using simple random sampling from humanitarian agency employees and humanitarian receivers. Questionnaires were designed and administered to the respondents and interviews were conducted with the top management of the humanitarian agency. The findings of the study revealed Financing the humanitarian budget has become a problem because of conflict in South Sudan, and the negative effects of conflict are also there. The study further revealed that Humanitarian organizations are Faced with the challenge of Political objectives increasingly pursued on the ground in South Sudan. The study also revealed that the reason for targeting humanitarian workers is because of efforts to dominate populations and territories and delegitimize the government in power in South Sudan finally the study revealed that there is a need for Innovative and sustainable ways of meeting people's needs in South Sudan. The study recommended among others that; The humanitarian agencies should find some new ways of financing their various humanitarian budget without depending match on donors. Humanitarian agencies should practice the principles of neutrality, to have a proper operational environment. The humanitarian agencies and their workers should practice the principles of neutrality, to be targeted during their operation period. The humanitarian agencies should adopt the new innovative and sustainable means of addressing the effect of conflict on humanitarian assistance.

2025

Implications of Developments in Ukraine onto Europe and Turkey..

2025, DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)

In the last ten years, an exceptional and diverse series of impacting events-international terrorism, violent conflict situations, war, environmental and natural crises, coups, assassinations and international disputes and challengeshave unfolded. As higher expectations of international bodies in responding to emerging challenges within the international system continue to surface, the shifting structures of actors that deal with those challenges can be readily observed. With the global conflict map undergoing strident change, the focus of strategic analysts is shifting to the global role of the European Union (EU). The EU is seen, more than ever, as a viable and legitimate player that can appropriately respond to existing and anticipated crises in a coherent and coordinated manner, particularly with the application of military force. This article addresses the shifting power structures of the EU as it becomes oriented toward a more unique role that utilizes a 'soft-hard' power duality, and current challenges to EU security. It addresses the emerging role of the EU as an international player and examines several cases of EU intervention in distant theatres of operation..

2025, Croatian International Relations Review

12 Art. 5, EEAS Decision. 13 "Staff in delegations shall comprise EEAS staff and, where appropriate for the implementation of the Union budget and Union policies other than those under the remit of the EEAS, commission staff" EEAS... more

2025, IA Policy Brief Series

2025, Specific Frame of Russo-Armenian Relationships

The 2020 Autumn War between Armenia and Azerbaijan has brought to light a series of doctrinal truths. Among them, the most important one is that a state, to wit Armenia, can`t be sovereign if it does not control its territorial and human resources. Such a failed sovereignty in turn is due to the fact that Armenia has been exposed to the expansion of pagan oligarchic clans for almost 30 years, thus being virtually swayed by the destructive antinational formations with no strict religio-political identity in place. This pattern of a stray culture has ineluctably brought Armenia to its logical climax: the inverted conquest by local tribal clans (Babasyan T., 2018) for the purposes of a subsequent trade-off with the adversary, i.e. Azerbaijan. The Armenian defeat is certainly conducive to the regional integration, for all the great powerhouses, inclusive of Russia, are interested in the united Transcaucasian region. As regards Armenia`s political mission in this integration, it is beyond any doubt that of a sacrifice. And that`s for good reason: with no due holistic concept of the raison d`etat (Ephesians 3:14-16) the state forfeits its sovereignty and yields it to another more relevant etatist organization.

2025, De Oekraïense-Amerikaanse relatie en de geschonden beloftes -Is de Verenigde Staten nog wel te vertrouwen?

In maart 2025 kondigde de Trump-administratie aan alle militaire hulp aan Oekraïne op te schorten na een gespannen ontmoeting tussen Trump en Zelensky. Begin maart vonden er besprekingen plaats in Jeddah, Saudi-Arabië, waar Oekraïne instemde met een 30-daagse wapenstilstand. Dit leidde tot het opheffen van beperkingen op militaire hulp door de VS, wat een positieve stap was richting herstel van de bilaterale betrekkingen. De ontmoeting tussen Trump en Zelensky leidde tot gemengde reacties wereldwijd en binnen de VS zelf. De situatie roept vragen op over de betrouwbaarheid van de VS als bondgenoot, gezien hun eerdere schendingen van het Boedapest Memorandum en de opschorting van militaire hulp aan Oekraïne. Oekraïne en andere landen moeten beseffen dat Amerikaanse veiligheidsgaranties en diplomatieke beloften niet altijd betrouwbaar zijn.