First Century Palestine Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

BOOK REVIEW Urban C. von Wahlde, The Gospel and Letters of John (3 vols.; Eerdmans Critical Commentary; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010). lii + 705 pp.; xvii + 929 pp.; xii + 441 pp. Pbk. US$180. For over twenty years, Urban von Wahlde has devoted much of his scholarly work to addressing the question of the source and compositional history of the Johannine Gospel and Letters. The publication of his massive three-volume commentary represents the pinnacle of this work. In view of the commentary's size, I am unable to take all, or even most, of the issues into consideration. Rather, I will focus on von Wahlde's primary contentions and offer several points of critique concerning the foundations of his approach to John's Gospel and Letters. The overarching theory that binds the commentary together is that the Gospel of John 'contains an account of the words and deeds of Jesus as preserved in, and understood by, the Johannine community', and so is 'not the work of a single individual but has gone through a series of three editions at the hands of three different individuals' (I, p. 1). For von Wahlde, the Gospel as it stands is essentially incoherent and lacks linguistic, ideological and theological unity; thus, his fundamental goal is to construct a model of redaction that adequately explains the inconsistencies and contradictions in the text, and that accurately tracks the historical and theological development of the Johannine community as a whole. In Volume 1 (Introduction, Analysis and Reference), which has five Parts, von Wahlde puts forth a very complex method that attempts to divide John's Gospel into three distinct editions (labeled 1E, 2E and 3E). According to von Wahlde, 1E was written c. 55-65 CE and was entirely composed of the basic narrative of Jesus' ministry, including the Passion Narrative and miracle stories. This edition is characterized by its use of broad terms for religious authorities such as 'Pharisees', 'chief priests' and 'rulers', and has an essentially low Christology that [JGRChJ 8 (2011-12) R132-R138]

2025

Just as there cannot have been a Wizard of Oz if there was no Land of Oz, so too there cannot have been a Jesus of Nazareth if there was no city of Nazareth at the time he and his ancestors should have been living there. In this lecture I present 35 arguments that, in my opinion, show that the present-day Palestinian city called Nazareth cannot have been the city in the Gospels and that the site was not inhabited from about 700 BCE until about 100 CE.

2025

2025 MONOGRAPH. By Author Robert P. Ottenhof. A Study of First-Century Palestine Using a Socio-Psychological Conflict Analysis Approach: A Peacebuilding Journey. Editor-in-Chief Dr Rey Ty.

2025

This paper reexamines the available historical data to correctly date the Gospels and return them to their proper place in the historical record. To do so requires abandoning mainstream scholarship's reliance on faulty conclusions derived from misinterpretations of what the Gospels represented. For the purposes of this study, the Gospels will be defined as political propaganda as determined by the absence of other classifications: they are not true histories, biographies, fictions or myths, though they contain some of those literary styles, along with allegories, metaphors, and embellishments. The primary sources for this study, in addition to the Gospels, are from the works of First Century writers Philo and Josephus and the Dead Sea Scrolls. These works, taken together, show a clear connection to a much earlier dating for the Gospels, one that transcends the later dating of current scholarship. In addition, in view of these combined sources, a dating of 38-41ce seems reasonable and is substantiated by the data and that a later dating of the Gospels is untenable. For the purposes of this study the term 'Gospel/s' will refer to the implied earliest or 'proto' forms of those works rather than the later canonical Gospels.

2025

Multilingual Jesus The Gospels are written in Greek, Koine Greek, the dialect that evolved from the conquests of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). Thus the words of Jesus are preserved in Greek. Writing in 1970, James Barr rejected the possibility that Jesus taught in Greek, saying that he is "following the opinion which has been held by the vast majority of competent scholars in the field" (p.9). The question in Barr's mind was the extent to which Jesus may have used Mishnaic (early Rabbinic) Hebrew alongside Aramaic. Writing 37 years after Barr, John Poirier thoroughly sifts the evidence and concludes:

2025

rom antiquity to the present day Yosef ben Matityahu, alias Titus Flavius Iosephus, has been undoubtedly the best source on the history of Judea in the Roman period and on the history of the Second Temple period in general. Without Josephus we would know little about the Jewish War and the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE; or indeed on Judean politics and society in the Roman period, on king Herod, but also on the intellectual traditions that formed Josephus' own sources. A Jewish priest of royal descent born in Jerusalem in 37 CE, a leader of the Jewish revolt against Rome, and thereafter, a friend of the Flavians, a Roman citizen, and a writer in Rome, Josephus is a multifaceted figure that is hard to confine under a single label. Was he a Roman historian? Was he an historian at all? Serious or critical engagement with his work has emerged since the 1970s. Previously, scholars regarded him as simple and careless compiler, or a mine where information could be extracted regardless of its context, audience, aims, literary form: that was the 'classical conception of Josephus'.

2024, coreykeating.com

The evidence is as yet inconclusive as to what language Jesus would have normally spoken to the Jewish crowds or to his disciples. However, for nearly the last century, "it has become practically a generally accepted tradition that the mother tongue of Jesus, the language he knew best and therefore usually spoke, was Aramaic." 1 This is mainly due to the conclusions of Dalman, 2 "who stated that, though Jesus may have known Hebrew, and probably spoke Greek, he certainly taught in Aramaic." 3 Some New Testament scholars have even gone as far as to say that "Jesus only spoke in Aramaic." 4 Based on more recent historical research and linguistic data, the purpose of this paper is to show that Jesus spoke Greek, had the linguistic ability to teach in Greek, and at times may indeed have taught in Greek. There may, in fact, exist instances recorded in the Gospels where Jesus conversed and possibly taught in Greek. After this fact is established, this paper will call for a more serious consideration of the implications of this possibility by New Testament scholars and highlight the need for more research in this area. This paper will focus on the Biblical text from both an historical and literary perspective. First of all, it will give a brief overview of what is known historically of the languages spoken in first-century Palestine. This will serve to establish the scope of Jesus' linguistic possibilities and then to determine what languages Jesus probably spoke. It will next give an analysis of the words of Jesus that are recorded in the Gospels, particularly the occurrences of Aramaic words in the Gospel of Mark, in order to further determine what languages Jesus spoke. Lastly, it will examine a particular case study from a Gospel pericope in which it seems most probable that we can ascertain the very Greek words that Jesus spoke.

2024, Jews and Christians in the First and Second Century: Mapping the Second Centuryturies Mapping the Second Century

This article presents Jewish and Christian household material culture of the second century CE and compares them within the parameters of the 'parting of the ways'. Not only were the material ways of Household Judaism and Christianity parted, but they were never even entwined. Jewish householders and Christian householders might have used the same objects, but those objects were neither Christian nor Jewish. However, in the Jewish home, household objects could become Jewish things. In the Christian household, objects remained objects. While it might be possible to map aspects of Jewish or Christian material culture, often it was not a question of shared territory or overlapping boundaries, but of different maps entirely.

2024, The New Classical Scholarship (NCS)

This paper comprises a numbered, chronological list of the Roman installed procurators of Judea, from 37 BCE until the Jewish Diaspora of 135 CE. What is different about this list is that making use of the new forensic methodology for ancient studies, we now have much more information regarding the identities of these procurators. Using this as an example, one should see how the new forensic methodology for ancient studies makes all the difference. Studying ancient history & texts correctly is more complex, but entirely worth it. This list represents the latest research and effectively supersedes (replaces) all prior lists. Though I highly recommend the use of the Loeb Classical Library edition of the classics, if a person were to buy these it could cost a considerable sum. So, if/when you wish to use those, you may do so by fining them at your local college or university library. If I cite Flavius Josephus, I usually key my material to the Whiston translation, as most can afford to buy a copy of it for home study purposes.

2024, The New Classical Scholarship (NCS)

2024

Finding a Central Thread in James 87 Finding a Central Thread in James B y D a v i D M. M o f f i t t the three studies of James reviewed here bring together in refreshing ways what many scholars hold asundersubstantive historical analysis, exegetical work, and constructive theological engagement. this holistic approach helps us to become doers of the word, not only better hearers of it. T he letter of James is often neglected in modern biblical and theological scholarship. Many scholars think this brief and unassuming epistle, with its assortment of general moral directives and only two passing references to Jesus, pales in comparison to the canonical contributions of such luminaries as Paul and John. Moreover, James's obviously Jewish perspectives on faith, works, and justification leave these scholars, particularly in the Protestant world, a bit cold. James appears to offer little of historical or distinctive Christological value. James may never command the kind of attention that the Johannine and Pauline literature do, but renewed interest in the Jewish roots of early Christianity and the diversity of opinion among early Christians has encouraged fresh reflection on this epistle, along with other outlying canonical and noncanonical texts. The three studies reviewed here

2024, INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC WORKSHOP ON RELIGIOUS TOURISM "Religion, Religious Heritage, and their Relationship with Tourism and Sustainability. Paphos

In the current study I suggest a different take on the landscape as text metaphor and broadens our awareness of the crucial importance of texts to construction of landscape. Taking the emerging Christian sacred landscape of Eastern Galilee as a point of departure, this paper explores the understudied aspects of text as landscape and presents the ways text serves as a guiding map to sacred landscape construction and how imaginative perceptions are spatialized into specific locations that are later transformed, highly developed and organized pilgrim destinations. I will suggest that the construction and the interpretations that became imbedded in the Christian landscapes and imageries of Eastern Galilee are outcomes of the ideological-cum-religious narratives.
As a result of temporal upheavals and frequent shifts in power in Palestine, these landscapes experienced transformations, and their significant religious structures turned into ruins. However, in the modern era, interest in these sites has been renewed and brought with it a surge of construction and touristic development, which correspond with the evangelical text and its theological meanings. Some of these sites are newly discovered and are still in their "charismatic" stage, that is, they have been rediscovered but have not yet undergone processes of routinization. These developments in sacred cum touristic sites brings to the fore the pertinent issue of authenticity and its ample impacts on development and hence sustainability of these sites.

2024

Historical, Literary, and Theological Contexts of the Gospels and Acts Certainly! The Gospels and Acts are crucial components of the New Testament, offering a narrative account of the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as the early days of the Christian church. Let's explore the historical, literary, and theological contexts of these books: The authorship of the Bible is traditionally understood as having both human and divine elements, and this concept is known as "dual authorship." It means that the Bible is considered to be the result of a collaboration between human authors who wrote in their own historical and cultural contexts and the divine authorship or inspiration provided by God. The importance of reading the Bible is multifaceted and holds significance for individuals, communities, and religious traditions. For Christians, the Bible is a foundational text that contains the teachings of Jesus Christ and the early Christian community. The Bible serves as the doctrinal basis for Christian theology, shaping beliefs about God, salvation, and the nature of humanity. Reading the Bible helps believers understand God's character, attributes, and plan for humanity.

2023, 'Atiqot

Extensive excavations over the last few decades in and around Jerusalem have yielded large quantities of cooking vessels, including instances of intentional cooking-pot deposits. Since not all concentrations of cooking pots can be grouped as a single phenomenon, this article aims at categorizing and defining the different categories of cooking-pot deposits in Early Roman Jerusalem to better understand each occurrence and to offer a refined interpretation thereof. This allows us to trace and evaluate different processes and behaviors prevalent in Jerusalem during the Early Roman period. It also sheds light on the dynamics of interaction between the local population, visitors and pilgrims in the ‘Temple City’ of Jerusalem during the late Second Temple period.

2023

“Since Sepphoris was built on a hill, it was visible for miles. This may be the city that Jesus spoke of when he said, "A city set on a hill cannot be hidden".”
James F. Strange.

2023, Luther W. New Jr. Theological College

The Johannine Jesus’ claim: “I am the way, and the truth and the life” presents Jesus as ‘the way’ as well as ‘the destiny’ of those who believe in him. Here one notices an intertwining of ‘the way’ and ‘the destiny’ of Jesus’ followers... more

2023, Encyclopedia of the Bible Online

2023

Article on Betsaida for the Archaeology and Cultural Background Study Bible by Editorial Safeliz.

2022, E n c y c l o p e d i a o f t h e B i b l e a n d I t s R e c e p t i o n

2022, PLOS ONE

Table 1: Spearman rank-order correlation of the static factors and the time of first documented presence of a Christian congregation.

2022, Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 vols)

It can no longer be necessary to make the case that Josephus is relevant for the study of the New Testament. Even lay readers of the Christian canon know that when specialists look outside it for illumination-concerning Herod the Great and his descendants, the Roman governors of Judea, the temple in Jerusalem, the Pharisees and Sadducees, the geography of Judea-Galilee, and much else-they rely heavily on Josephus' Judean War, Antiquities-Life, and Against Apion. Readers are accustomed to seeing "Josephus reports that. . ." before statements in New Testament Introductions and reference works. Th at scholars oft en turn to Josephus not so much from choice as from bitter necessity, as he might have put it (Life 27), in view of his presumed moral defi ciencies, 1 does not weaken the dependence itself. To be sure, a substantial library of other Jewish writings from the same period (say, 200 BCE to 200 CE) has survived, including the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, apocalyptic and wisdom literature, and the earliest rabbinic texts. But that material was composed almost entirely for Jews, 2 who did not need to be educated about the conditions in which they lived. Because Josephus, by contrast, undertook to write self-consciously historical narratives for non-Jews, his work is plainly of the fi rst importance for historians as for New Testament readers. Th e archaeology of fi rst-century Judea and Galilee constitutes an increasingly valuable resource for understanding the general environment. 3 But for specifi c human actions and intentions, which are the

2022, The Catholic Historical Review

The Church of the Annunciation is built on one of the most sacred places for the Catholic world. According to the New Testament, this is where the angel Gabriel announced to the Virgin Mary that she would bear the son of God (Luke 1:26-38). In 1969, an Italian architect, Giovanni Muzio, built the modern church on the site, and this monumental Christian symbol stimulates political struggles to the present day. This article analyzes the various tensions and decisions pertaining to the Church of the Annunciation, including attempts to thwart its construction and to limit its size, as well as the political interests that enabled the largest Franciscan church in the Middle East to be built.

2022, A Wandering Galilean: Essays in Honour of Seán Freyne

Every academic discipline has its scholars whose achievements leave a deep and lasting imprint. Such a character without doubt in the field of studies of ancient Galilee is Seán Freyne, emeritus professor at Trinity College Dublin, who spent several decades of his working life within the walls of this university. His retirement turned into an opportunity for his pupils and friends to dedicate a book in his honor. Some 28 scholars from Ireland, the United Kingdom, the USA, Canada, Israel, New Zealand, Norway and the Netherlands took part in its preparation. The articles featured in the collection are divided into three subject groups corresponding to Freyne's wide circle of academic interests. Thanks to their diverse range of topics, the book dedicated to him is a collection of extremely interesting articles worthy of the attention of historians, archaeologists and theologians involved in research not only of the past of Galilee (although the affairs of this land are tackled in the majority of the texts), but also the history of the other lands of Palestine and ancient Israel itself. The first group of texts is rather general in character, as expressed by its title: "The Jewish World." Most of these concern various subjects connected to religious issues analyzed from both a theological and a historic point of view. However, it is not only religious subjects that are represented here: Ph.S. Alexander, What Happened to the Jewish Priesthood after 70? (pp. 5-33); G. Bohak, Some "Mass Produced" Scorpion-Amulets from the Cairo Genizah (pp. 35-49); J.J. Collins, Josephus on the Essenes. The Sources of his Information (pp. 51-72); Ph.F. Esler, Judean Ethnic Identity in Josephus' Against Apion (pp. 73-91); A. Fitzpatrick-McKinley, What did Nehemiah do for Judaism? (pp. 93-119); C. Hezser, Ben-Hur and Ancient Jewish Slavery (pp. 121-139); J.S. McLaren, Corruption among the High Priesthood: a Matter of Perspective (pp. 141-157); J. Neusner, The Integrity of the Rabbinic Law of Purity (Misnah Teharot) (pp. 159-172); Z. Rodgers, Monarchy vs. Priesthood: Josephus, Justus of Tiberias, and Agrippa II (pp. 173-184). The next group of texts, its subject matter being the closest to Freyne's research interests, is entitled "The World of Galilee." The majority of the articles included in it concern various affairs concerning the archaeology of Galilee. The strong emphasis on archaeological matters in this part of the book is justified by the major role of this discipline in research on the past of this land, the importance of archaeological evidence for studies of the cultural and ethnic makeup of the inhabitants of Galilee and its historical fate. However, there is also room for articles on other aspects of research on Galilee:

2022

ΑΠΟ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΤΟΜΟ Σ. Δεσπότης και Α. Κονταλή, 1821 - Επανάσταση και Ανάσταση του Γένους. Αθήνα: Έννοια 2021.

2021, Gender and Second-Temple Judaism

Traversing the Boundaries of Gender: Rebekah's Usurpation of the Patriarchal Role in the Book of Jubilees 101 Chontel Syfox 6 The Reinforcement of Patriarchy and the (De)Construction of Gender Roles in Jubilees' Reception of the... more

2021

2021, Journal for the Study of Judaism

This article argues that women and domestic intrigue are prominent within the Herod narrative in Josephus’ Jewish War for a specific rhetorical reason. While the first half of the narrative presents the famous king in encomiastic terms, using him to illustrate Josephus’ contention that Jews generally were content to remain loyal to Rome, the second half of the account subtly presents a rather different thesis. Attention to domestic drama allowed Josephus to suggest that Herod was a man who was unable to control either his own emotions or his turbulent family, and so was unfit to rule. Ultimately for Josephus, the ideal constituency for Judaea is not monarchy (as represented by Herod) but the theocratic reign of priests.

2021, Biblical Interpretation

Arguing that Gustaf Dalman’s definition of βασιλεία as ‘kingly rule’ has severely limited possibilities in biblical scholarship for appreciation of the kingdom as space, this article interacts with key insights into the human relationship with sacred space in order to gain a deeper understanding of the significance of the kingdom of God. Rather than restricting meaning by limiting space to that which is physical and concrete, the discussion seeks to open up the meaning of the kingdom as a community space, connected to the divine, and spoken of as having a boundary and a specific point of entry; a space with both universal and particular aspects; and a space which draws on the expectation of a new world. All of these aspects of the kingdom illustrate the contours of a relationship among God-people-space that is performative and constantly in motion.

2021, A Critique of Yardenna Alexandre’s article, “The Settlement History of Nazareth”

In 2020 the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) published an extensive article in its journal 'Atiqot authored by one of its archaeologists, Dr. Yardenna Alexandre, a name familiar to readers of my books and to those interested in the archaeological history of Nazareth, Israel. The IAA article goes far beyond a standard excavation report and functions also as an updated history of Nazareth. I point out that many of the structural features that Alexandre claims were walls of a "house" do not exist in the material remains, and that claims to have found a large quantity of Hellenistic pottery shards at the Mary of Nazareth Center site are improbable and in some cases impossible. The archaeologist has nevertheless used these dubious ceramic claims to date the alleged dwelling to "the time of Jesus."

2021

The city of Bethlehem is just six miles south of Jerusalem where the birth of Jesus presumably occurred (Matthew 2:1, Luke 2:4). A city that was small enough that some non-biblical ancient records like the Tell el-Amarna letters and the Book of Mormon identified it simply as part of the land of Jerusalem. 1 In the Book of Micah 5:2 (where we find the prophecy of the Messiah's birth) the city is described as "little among the thousands of Judah". Micah also feels the need to

2021, Forum of Neapolis to AnNasr Plaza (Bab EsSaha) in Nablus, Palestine

Tracing of the Forum of the ancient Roman city of Neapolis, through AnNasr Plaza (Bab AsSaha) in Nablus, Palestine

2020, An Excellent Fortress for His Armies, a Refuge for the People” Egyptological, Archaeological, and Biblical Studies in Honor of James K. Hoffmeier

ABSTRACT The Flavian transfer of the revenues from the Jewish Temple Tax to the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter became an instrument of identity and oppression, particularly under Domitian. His aggressive enforcement of a Roman designated “Jewish Identity” put severe pressure on the nascent Christian Church. The accession of Nerva changed the dynamic and provided a new hope for the rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple. This paper will propose a new rationale for the fiscus judaicus and suggest how the impact of this tax is reflected in the late NT literature, particularly in Hebrews and the first letter of John.

2020

This is a translation of the Hebrew text of the Josippon concerning the martyrdom of Zekharyahu (Zacharias), who was put to death prior to the Jewish war against Rome and the destruction of Jerusalem. This text evinces many similarities to other extant and missing historical accounts regarding the period, notably including accounts of James the Just, who was the brother of Jesus.

2020, Bible and Spade

Everyone loves a good mystery! In the world of biblical archaeology there are many mysteries to solve, one being the location of the town of Bethsaida. Lost to history centuries ago, two sites are currently the leading candidates as the true location of this biblical town. This article will explore the evidence for the two leading candidates, et-Tell and el-Araj, to determine which site is the likely location.

2019

This study argues that Yeshua (Jesus) of Nazareth did not celebrate or endorse Hanukkah. His mission and message clashed with the anti-Gentile spirit undergirding this Jewish "independence day."

2018, Journal of Roman Archaeology

Eastern Upper Galilee in the Roman period evidently housed two ethnic groups in an often hostile relationship (cf. Jos., BJ 3.35-40): in the north, a pagan population belonging to the chora of Tyre, which would have included Qedesh, and in the south a Jewish population. The two ethnic-based territories, which exhibit clear differences in their material culture, were separated by the deep ravine of Naḥal Dishon (wadi Hindaj). Other than urban temples, pagan temples, usually dated to the 2nd and 3rd c. A.D., are limited to the area north of Naḥal Dishon, while synagogues, which continued to be erected into the late-antique period, lie to its south. Qedesh lies 35 km southeast of the large metropolis of Tyre (fig. 1) across a rough mountainous area which made communication somewhat difficult.

2018, Joan, Eahr Amelia. Re-Genesis Encyclopedia: Synthesis of the Spiritual Dark– Motherline, Integral Research, Labyrinth Learning, and Eco–Thealogy. Part I. Revised Edition II, 2018. CIIS Library Database. (RGS.)

The appearance of the Book of Wisdom of Solomon at the time of the birth of Christianity seems to be a hinge point of civilization: the old world with its concepts of goddesses as well as gods of female divine power as balance, is in transition. The terminus it will meet is a total monotheism aligned on male concepts, but its journey is in a terrain that still contains the deities that have been important to humans for many thousands of years (CDBL: 60-61).

2018

Brief text about the first followers of Jesus of Nazaret after his death. Index of the magazine. April, 2018.

2018

local affiliation present in the work and especial! y the Jewish-Greek polarity. In Isl-century

2018

The second volume of the new Schiirer (there will be one more), has all the distinction of the first, and is already proving itself equally invaluable. The same principles have been followed: once again, a new English translation has been made of the last German edition (I9OI-O9) of Emil Schiurer's famous textbook, Geschichte des jiidischen Vzolkes im Zeitalter 7esu Christi. The text has been updated where new discoveries or research has made this necessary. The footnotes have been considerably altered, and the bibliographies, while retaining older works which are still of value, have been substantially modernized. The translation is outstanding and for this the literary editor, Pamela Vermes, can claim credit. As for the process of editorial revision, such doubts as might have been felt about its wisdom or its logic (see G. W. Bowersock's review of Volume I in RS 65 (I975), I8o-5) have surely been defeated by the results: the recipe works extraordinarily well. In theory

2017

A Short Account of the History of Israel from Zerubbabel to the Eve of the Coming of Christ, with particular emphasis on the Jews' encounter with the Hellenistic world and culture.

2017

In the Textus Receptus of the Gospel of John there are a handful of apparent references to a location called Bethany. It is generally assumed that this is a village near or on the side of the Mount of Olives, east of Jerusalem. This essay argues that all of these references are specious, and that in Jesus’s time there was no more a community called Bethany than there was one called Nazareth. Here below the main references to “Bethany” are analyzed.

2016, Papers Presented at the IJS Conference, 21st-23rd June 2005

Abbreviations are given of periodicals, book series, encyclopaedias, dictionaries and corpora of non-literary primary sources (papyri, inscriptions and coins) cited by the contributors to this volume. Where the publication is a monograph or a set of volumes that is less widely known to Classicists, bibliographic details are provided. Where different abbreviations are used by contributors for the same publication these are shown below. Abbreviations employed, where the contributor has also provided the full bibliographic details in their paper, are omitted from this list. AA Archäologischer Anzeiger (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut) AAAH Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia Abh. DPV Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins ADAJ Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan AE L'Année épigraphique AJA American Journal of Archaeology (Archaeological Institute of America) AK Antike Kunst AMGR Annuaire du Musée gréco-romain (Alexandria) AncSoc Ancient Society (Louvain) AnnOrNap Annali: Rivista del Dipartimento di studi asiatici e del Dipartimento di studi e ricerche su Africa e paesi arabi, Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (ed. H. Temporini and W. Haase, Berlin: W. De Gruyter, 1972-) ANS American Numismatic Society AntAfr Antiquités africaines AntPl Antike Plastik ARS Ancient Roman Statutes, transl. etc. A