Flood Mitigation Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Climate change is projected to have impacts on increased temperature as well as frequent and intense rainfalls in the Northeast region of the United States. Integrated green infrastructure planning with both structural and non-structural stormwater management practices has emerged as a critical climate change adaptation strategy. Under the uncertainty of climate change impacts on long-term flooding hazards, this paper employed SWAT hydrological modeling for an empirical study examining the effectiveness of using detention area for long-term (45 years) flooding hazards mitigation under 36 climate change scenarios. Results from regression analysis illustrated detentions were most effective when temperature increased no more than 2˚C. Moreover, regression model results indicated that a range of 12 to 18% and 0 to 9% of drainage subbasin area would be required for detention area to achieve zero and baseline level of Hazard Index hazard mitigation policy goals respectively. Under current limitation of adaptive land uses and availability of large lands for detention in the urbanized watershed, this paper suggested that innovations in employing detention techniques in currently built urban areas on impervious and non-natural pervious areas play an important role in integrated green infrastructure network in urban stormwater management systems for mitigating climate-induced environmental hazards.

- by and +1
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- Climate Change, Green Infrastructure, Flood Mitigation, Risk Assessment & Risk Management

- by Chusit Apirumanekul
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- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics, Remote Sensing

Following severe flooding in 2007, a decision was taken in 2012 to explore nature-based solutions in 250-km2 river catchment in the southern Cotswolds in the United Kingdom. The project involves working with landowners to create in channel, riparian, field, and woodland structures aimed at attenuating high flows or increasing infiltration rates to reduce flood risk. After 3 years, it is clear that the threshold for effectiveness requires the implementation of measures throughout large areas of the upstream catchment. Early results suggest that social, as well as natural, capital has been enhanced through the project. What is clear is the beneficial role of working with multiple stakeholders to implement natural flood management on a catchment wide scale. In this sense, the project has adopted a comanagement approach that brings together the knowledge of hydrologists, ecologists, farmers, woodland owners, and the local community to implement locally agreed solutions within a broader project framework. This paper will outline the initial findings and the governance structure within a theoretical framework of comanagement and suggest how this type of framework is suitable for a range of nature-based solutions across Europe. However, the challenge remains in capturing the multiple benefits that such projects offer as these are often missed through conventional approaches such as cost–benefit analysis. The paper concludes by presented along with a potential way forward for a proof of concept for nature-based solutions.

- by Lucy Clarke and +1
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- Flood Mitigation, Natural Flood Risk Management, Nature-based solutions
- by Rozi Abdullah
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- Civil Engineering, Hydrology, Hydraulics, Flood Risk Management

Some initiatives that are intended to mitigate extreme flood events do not fully consider the impact of less catastrophic but more commonly occurring wind-induced damage, which is a significant issue particularly in regions that are prone to hurricanes. The policies of the US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) encourage homeowners to implement permanent static elevation to increase their flood resilience. However, substantial elevation can increase a structure's vulnerability to wind. In effect, by protecting against a rare but catastrophic flood occurrence, these houses are made considerably more vulnerable to less severe but more regularly occurring wind events and thus face an increased likelihood of wind damage. This study introduces amphibious construction as an innovative retrofit flood mitigation and climate change adaptation strategy. It also evaluates the increased vulnerability to wind damage that accompanies permanent static elevation (PSE), to which amphibious retrofit construction is an alternative. The results of our investigation suggest that amphibious construction could provide a beneficial alternative solution to mitigating hurricane damage, as it is a strategy that can reduce vulnerability to flood damage without increasing vulnerability to wind damage.

- by Elizabeth English and +1
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- Flood Risk Management, Community Resilience, Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster risk management

The economic and social impacts of natural disasters are increasing throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. Essential economic and social developments are repeatedly experiencing setbacks due to the effects of large scale, or series of smaller scale natural disasters, such as floods, hurricanes and typhoons, and earthquakes. This is despite the increased knowledge about these events and better technology to mitigate their effects. More effort appears to have been devoted to research into the effects of flooding of domestic properties, despite the fact that businesses provide the basis for economic stability and growth (Tierney, 1995) (Dahlhamer and Tierney, 1998, Webb et al., 2000, Rodriguez et al., 2006).
Direct effects of flooding on business premises can range from mild to catastrophic. Where buildings are penetrated by flood water there is likely to be significant damage and commercial/industrial processes could be compromised. Particular concerns include loss of essential equipment (expedient replacement of which can frequently be impossible), loss of data, loss of operations in the period to remediation, and significantly the effect of failure to meet contracts or the needs of clients. This latter issue often resulting in long term lost business opportunities as clients engage alternative suppliers. Very often therefore the immediate cost of physical damage to business infrastructure (buildings, plant, machines and systems) can be small in relation to the broader damage sustained as a result of lost turn-over. Businesses can be made more resilient to indirect or direct flood damage (including through the use of flood protection measures or back-up utility systems), but economic appraisal of such measures can be difficult as there is little data or established methodology.
The focus of this chapter is on identifying the vulnerabilities that lead to damage to commercial and industrial activities and on using this information to examine what is needed to improve resilience to flooding events in the business sector. In detail, observed direct and indirect damages are analysed according to a forensic approach. Particular care is put on analysing indirect damage, as well as damage to infrastructure, as it is often the case that business activities suffer damages because of the disruption of essential services.
This chapter will aid an understanding of:
• the nature of forensic analysis when applied to flood events
• the data required for forensic analysis
• example of forensic analysis of flood event through and example of the procedure
• business vulnerability to natural disasters
• the use of forensic analysis for business continuity measures

- by Martin Dolan and +1
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- Flood Risk Management, Disaster Studies, Disaster risk management, Business Continuity Planning

Nowadays, floods events occur throughout the world and cause many negative impacts including agricultural production, loss of lives and property damage. In Rwanda agricultural activity, occupy around 90% of all economic activities and... more

- by Georgios Deligiannakis
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- Psychology, Earth Sciences, Hydrology, Flood Risk Management

Primer manual de mitigación de riesgos y desastres para Puerto Rico, desarrollado gracias al Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños de Hunter College (CUNY) y el Instituto de Desarrollo Empresarial y Acción Comunitaria (IdeaComún). Define mitigación de riesgos; vincula los cursos de acción (COAs) del Informe de Recuperación del Gobernador con el área de mitigación; describe los tres programas que financian la mitigación aplicables a la recuperación de Puerto Rico: Mitigación bajo el Programa Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Relief (CDBG-DR) de HUD; Mitigación 406 bajo el Programa de Public Assistance (PA) de FEMA; y el Hazard Mitigation Grants Program (HMGP/404) de FEMA; explica la importancia de los planes de mitigación municipales; y provee una guía y recursos de apoyo para el acceso inicial a los fondos HMGP mediante cartas de intención, entre otros.

Low elevation coastal areas are vulnerable to the effects of sea level rise and to an increase in the frequency and severity of storm surge events due to climate change. Coastal urban areas are at risk because coastal flooding causes extensive damage to energy and transportation infrastructure, disruptions to the delivery of services, devastating tolls on the public's health and, occasionally, significant loss of life. Although scientists widely stress the compelling need to mitigate and adapt to climate change, public awareness lags behind. Because WebGIS maps (web-based geographic information systems) quickly convey strong messages, condense complex information, engage people in issues of environmental change, and motivate personal actions, this paper focusses on searching the ideal flood assessment WebGIS method to encourage people to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Surveys demonstrated that 3D visualisations have an enormous added value because they are more vivid and therefore more understandable and make it easier to imagine the consequences of a flood than 2D visualisations. In this research, the WebGIS will be created using Ol3-Cesium and open layers to visualise a flood event by dynamic layers in a 2D/3D environment.

- by Samuel Van Ackere and +2
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- Flood Risk Management, Flood Mitigation, Landscape Visualization, open source, WEBGIS

Directives and policies increasingly call for more integrated management of land and water. Frameworks such as integrated catchment management may address these calls, and yet their implementation requires decisions to be taken under conditions of extreme complexity and uncertainty. This paper establishes a basis for managing flood hazards through an integrated community based management protocol. It documents and assesses adoption/adaptation methodologies and past indigenous knowledge for coping with floods and droughts. Through earlier SWAT catchment analysis components of the Nile Basin Capacity Building Network (NBCBN) research, results from mapping and zoning of flooding and drought events have been obtained. It is apparent in Nzoia catchment that the areas under forest cover decreased markedly between 1970's and 1986 from 1811.33 Km2 to 936.82 Km2. In contrast, the area under agricultural use is seen to have decreased over the years from 8433.85 Km2 in 1970's to 6542.35 Km2 in 1980's and to 5460.88 Km2 in 2000's. A risk assessment methodology and management plans for hazard prone communities have also been derived. Impacts of floods and drought on the livelihood of the resident were also outlined. The report concludes with a summary of mitigation and intervention strategies for the basins. The significant technical challenges confronted in such an exercise may be overshadowed by the institutional challenges, including the fundamental question as to whether organisations are truly committed. However, the reward for overcoming such challenges is the opportunity to achieve genuine improvements in the social, economic and environmental quality of our catchments.

- by Simeon Dulo
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- Agronomy, Climate Change, Hydrology, Climatology

Human CO2 emissions may drive the Earth into a next greenhouse state. They can be mitigated by accelerating weathering of natural rock under the uptake of CO2. We disprove the paradigm that olivine weathering in nature would be a slow process, and show that it is not needed to mill olivine to very fine, 10 μm-size grains in order to arrive at a complete dissolution within 1-2 y. In high-energy shallow marine environments olivine grains and reaction products on the grain surfaces, that otherwise would greatly retard the reaction, are abraded so that the chemical reaction is much accelerated. When kept in motion even large olivine grains rubbing and bumping against each other quickly produce fine clay- and silt-sized olivine particles that show a fast chemical reaction. Spreading of olivine in the world’s 2% most energetic shelf seas can compensate a year’s global CO2 emissions and counteract ocean acidification against a price well below that of carbon credits.

- by Poppe L de Boer
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- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics, Remote Sensing

This paper investigates the river flowrate at two branches of bifurcated river. The mathemat ical model fro m the literature is formu lated based on mo mentum principle and mass continuity to cope with river flo wrate at different bifurcation angles. The hydraulic variables, geometric properties of trapezoidal cross-sectional river and other physical characteristics of bifu rcated river are provided, which may be assumed to be given beforehand for practical applications. An examp le of river bifurcation problem is given by UTM Centre fo r Industrial and Applied Mathematics (UTM-CIAM), Universit i Teknologi Malaysia. Maple software is used to implement the proposed model equation and generate the results. The amount of bifurcated river flowrate with different bifurcation angles is determined, resulting in a reasonable discussion. It is shown that for specific bifurcation angles, the river flowrates after the b ifurcated junction are less than the critical flowrate. Finally, the results of applied problem indicate that the right-angled river bifurcat ion would be preferable to mitigate flood.

India in the recent years have faced an array of severe disasters leaving its footprint on lives, livelihood and on the wellbeing of the ecosystem services. In the aftermath of a disaster, millions of people are on the move to the urban areas to improve their life and livelihood or better their direct living environment. While disaster recovery planning considers building back better in principle in the disaster affected area, but fails to acknowledge increasing stress on the ecosystem services on a distant location not directly impacted by a disaster. This chapter studies the disaster induced rural to urban mobility and its impact on the urban ecology in the last few decades in India. Based on the findings, the chapter lists out various stressors that impact urban ecosystem service in the long term.

- by lalatendu kesari das and +2
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- Political Sociology, Political Ecology, Disaster Management, Risk and Vulnerability - Natural Hazards
- by Sandipan Ghosh
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- Geography, Environmental Geography, Regional Geography, Physical Geography

Global warming mitigation calculations require consistent procedures for handling time in order to compare 'permanent' gains from energy-sector mitigation options with 'impermanent' gains from many forest-sector options. A critical part of carbon accounting methodologies such as those based on 'ton-years' (the product of the number of tons of carbon times the number of years that each ton is held out of the atmosphere) is definition of a time horizon, or the time period over which carbon impacts and benefits are considered. Here a case is made for using a time horizon of 100 years. This choice avoids distortions created by much longer time horizons that would lead to decisions inconsistent with societal behavior in other spheres; it also avoids a rapid increase in the implied value of time if horizons shorter than 100 years are used. Selection of a time horizon affects decisions on financial mechanisms and carbon credit. Simple adaptations can allow a time horizon to be specified and used to calculate mitigation benefits and at the same time reserve a given percentage of weight in decision making for generations beyond the end of the time horizon. The choice of a time horizon will heavily influence whether mitigation options such as avoided deforestation are considered viable.

- by Philip M Fearnside
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- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics, Remote Sensing
- by Ashik Iqbal
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- Environmental Engineering, Hydrodynamics (Physics), Hydrology, Flood Risk Management

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides convincing evidence of global warming as a result of increased greenhouse gas production. There has been a greater occurrence of extreme climate events in recent decades. We need to ensure that our buildings and infrastructure can cope with such events and possibly more extreme events in the future. A good grounding in unsaturated soil mechanics will be necessary to understand future changes involving the drying and desiccation of soils that will occur in dry seasons and the wetting and infiltration processes that prevail during wet seasons. To predict the impacts of climate change will require the use of robust numerical modelling of climate/soil interactions that can be used to model the effects of future climate regimes. To achieve this we need high quality field observations involving climate/soil interaction that can be used to validate the models. This paper reports on a study in the UK to acquire such data.

- by Domenico Gallipoli
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- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics, Remote Sensing

Flooding is a recurring phenomenon in Kumasi which has caused damage to properties and financial loss over the years. The risk of flooding is projected to increase due to the annual rise in rainfall and conversion of floodplains to settlement. Many kinds of research have been made to assess the risk of flood and map out the vulnerable zones using diverse methodologies. This gives the idea of flood prediction, mitigation, and prevention. To achieve the objective of flood risk assessment in Kumasi, the GIS modeling approach was used to produce a flood risk map with the help of Quantum GIS software. In this research, a digital elevation model which is important data for hydrological modeling was obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Four hydrological factors which include digital elevation, slope, proximity to the river, and topographic wetness index were derived from the depressionless DEM of the study area. The hydrological factors were further reclassified and overlaid to produce the flood risk map. The flood risk map showed five risk zones – very high, high, moderate, low, and very low zones in the study area. The results showed that 30% of the study area lies within the very high and high-risk zones. These areas are considered very highly susceptible to flooding. However, only 2% of the very high and high population density areas fall within the high susceptible flood zones. This is because most of the highly susceptible flood zones fall in the southern and north-eastern parts of the study area. These areas cover the very low and low population density regions. Moreover, floods will be likely to occur during the rainy season. To further demonstrate and visualize the risk of flood in the high susceptible zones, a flood simulation method was adopted. With the aid of Quantum GIS geoalgoritms and a digital elevation model, a resampled DEM was used to produce a flood simulation map showing the areas at risk in a given flood depth along the Susan river at Atonsu-Junction in Kumasi. This was further overlaid on a georeferenced google earth image of the area to aid visualize the affected areas. The flood simulation map showed that areas that have experienced extensive flooding fall within the predicted flood depths. The research has proved that the application of GIS for hydrological modeling and flood risk simulation is important for the assessment of flood risk.

- by gideon nkrumah
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- Remote Sensing, Flood Risk Management, Flood Mitigation, Quantum GIS, open source

In Flood Control 2015, technology is used as a means to enable people to better assess and respond to risky situations. From manager to citizen, people make decisions depending upon the circumstances at hand. If there is more certainty about the current situation, and if pertaining information is purposefully provided, the adverse consequences of flooding can be limited. By making smart use of the most advanced information and technology available, Flood Control 2015 makes it possible to take informed action. As illustration of the applicability and need of the Flood Control 2015 advances, ample use was made of these innovations not only within the Netherlands, but also in Indonesia and the US. Improved flood forecasting systems or real-time monitoring of flood defences are not objectives in themselves. A characteristic feature of the Flood Consortium 2015 is that it develops knowledge and tools that are suitable for use in day-to-day practice of several professional disciplines, not only for those responsible for operational water management but also for decision-makers on different levels, crisis managers, communication advisors, news agencies and the emergency services. All of the aforementioned benefit from the yields of this program. Let us not forget about the communities within the areas at risk who will now be better equipped to help themselves and their neighbours by using this improved information and means of communication.

- by Sharon Cundill and +2
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- Flood Risk Management, Flood Mitigation, Flood Forecasting, Flood modelling

Starting from the importance of innovative solutions for improving the needs of different practitioners as flood risk managers, the purpose of this review was to describe and analyze, evaluates, and prioritizes the various available different innovative solutions that have sufficient potential to be useful and used by practitioners. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the DAREnet knowledge base (an integral feature of the DAREnet online community platform) which identified critical challenges for flood management and the relevant field or source of innovation, as well as the current scientific literature in the field of disaster studies. A fourth stage selection procedure identified candidate original or review papers and evaluated the degree to which papers met predetermined requirements for inclusion extracted from prior systematic reviews. Included in the study were over 100 studies that met the requirements for predetermined inclusion. The findings of this review showed that there is a huge untapped potential for innovative solutions in the field of prevention, preparedness, civil protection, communication, cooperation, etc. The findings of this review contribute to a growing body of knowledge regarding innovative solutions for flood risk management useful for practitioners. Keywords: disasters, floods, risk management, innovative solutions, DAREnet.

Vietnam is vulnerable to multiple hazards, particularly in the central region. Flood damage statistics show that this part of the country is impacted by both unfavourable terrain, and human interference leading to environmental damage. Such damage is often a result of poorly planned and managed forestry and hydropower plants. This paper examines the key vulnerabilities present in Vietnam while investigating the key problems in the development of hydropower in Vietnam; environmental impacts, design and construction of dams and the operation of dams.

- by Jason von Meding and +1
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- Flood Risk Management, Disaster Studies, Disaster risk management, Flood Mitigation

In emergency hours the mass media plays a key role by highlighting miseries of the people and provide clues to the officials to address the needs of the people. It has been observed that reliable and timely information from the mass media assists natural disaster affected people to overcome from fear and fatalism during and after emergency situations. The state of Uttarakhand in 2013 hit by a deadly flash flood and has taken lives of thousands of people. The government and non-government agencies since then working on disaster mitigation. Under this study, media persons (n=60) from four districts of Uttarakhand were interviewed. The analysis of the collected data suggests that smooth and reliable communication among various stakeholders of society and disaster management circle through mass media and its newer forms can play a significant role in disaster mitigation and preparation activities.

- by Asif khan and +1
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- Community Resilience, Flood Mitigation, Natural Disasters, Disaster Mitigation

It is now well known that the world community must share the risks and hazards deriving from climate change and, more generally, from the environment. The fact that just a few months ago, at the end of summer 2019, the European Bank for reconstruction and development (EBRD), issued the first World's first dedicated climate resilience bond confirms the thesis according to which financial, social and economic instruments are always most necessary for the development of society and to avoid that natural hazards can, as occurred in the past, cause extremely heavy damages with negative repercussions on every single area of a community. Starting from the characteristics of resilience bonds and reinsurance, the paper seeks to highlight the potential advantages that would derive from a systematic application of recursive contractual instruments (smart contracts). The authors focused on the study of the projection of financial and quantitative data of resilience and catastrophe bonds on ...

Floods are among the most destructive natural disasters, which are highly complex to model. The research on the advancement of flood prediction models contributed to risk reduction, policy suggestion, minimization of the loss of human life, and reduction the property damage associated with floods. To mimic the complex mathematical expressions of physical processes of floods, during the past two decades, machine learning (ML) methods contributed highly in the advancement of prediction systems providing better performance and cost-effective solutions. Due to the vast benefits and potential of ML, its popularity dramatically increased among hydrologists. Researchers through introducing novel ML methods and hybridizing of the existing ones aim at discovering more accurate and efficient prediction models. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the state of the art of ML models in flood prediction and to give insight into the most suitable models. In this paper, the literat...

- by K.W. Chau
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- Flood Risk Management, Flood Mitigation, Flood Forecasting, Flood modelling

Abstrak Punca kejadian banjir di sesebuah lembangan saliran adalah disebabkan oleh ketidakupayaan alur sungai untuk menampung pertambahan input luahan yang berterusan pada satu-satu masa. Kejadian seperti ini terhasil apabila berlaku perubahan guna tanah akibat peningkatan kegiatan pembangunan yang pesat di sesuatu kawasan. Lembangan Sungai Menggatal adalah antara lembangan sungai yang tidak terlepas daripada proses perubahan guna tanah. Aktiviti pembangunan di lembangan tersebut giat dijalankan sejak tahun 2000 hingga kini. Implikasi daripada kegiatan ini boleh mengakibatkan berlakunya peningkatan fenomena banjir kilat. Hal ini disebabkan aktiviti pembangunan telah mengakibatkan perubahan ciri-ciri guna tanah yang secara tidak langsung telah mengganggu sistem hidrologi lembangan tersebut. Oleh itu, dua objektif kajian telah disasarkan, iaitu mengenal pasti kesan aktiviti pembangunan terhadap kejadian banjir di Lembangan Sungai Menggatal dan mengenal pasti langkah mitigasi yang telah dilaksanakan berdasarkan tempoh masa penggunaannya. Bagi mencapai objektif yang telah ditetapkan, beberapa jenis kaedah kajian telah digunakan. Kaedah tersebut merangkumi kerja lapangan, pemerhatian, kaedah tinjauan, analisis GIS dan analisis rational method. Hasil analisis GIS menunjukkan wujudnya perubahan jenis guna tanah hutan kepada jenis guna tanah bukan hutan seperti guna tanah bandar dan kawasan terbuka. Dapatan ini adalah berdasarkan kajian perbandingan dalam tempoh sepuluh tahun (1998 – 2008). Didapati perubahan tersebut telah menyebabkan berlakunya peningkatan pada tepu bina lembangan, penyahutanan, hakisan dan pemendapan. Selain itu, hasil kajian yang diperoleh daripada kaedah tinjauan mendapati terdapat sembilan jenis kaedah mitigasi banjir telah dijalankan. Lima daripadanya adalah pengurusan oleh kerajaan, sementara selebihnya adalah daripada penduduk kampung. Kata kunci: Pembangunan, perubahan guna tanah, mitigasi banjir, banjir.

- by Nordin Sakke (PhD)
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- Flood Mitigation, Floods
- by Mike Muller
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- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics, Remote Sensing

Flood risk can be expressed as the concurrence of the flood hazard' s characteristics (its "dangerousness") and the vulnerability of the potentially affected human communities. For decades, Flood Risk Management' s (FRM) prevailing approach has been focused almost entirely on reducing the dangerousness of flood events, mainly by means of infrastructures such as dikes, levees and embankments, among others. The limitations of an engineering-focused approach became apparent, along with the recognition of the importance of reducing individual and collective vulnerability. This vulnerability is directly related to specific Social Capacities (SCs) that exist or are lacking in communities affected by floods. The change of focus concerning FRM in Europe has been accompanied by a paradigm shift towards shared responsibility between government and citizens, with the latter required to be prepared to face unavoidable flood events. In this vein, the European Floods Directive (FD) 1 encourages stakeholders' and citizens' involvement in FRM through public participation. Beyond the "top down" public participation demanded by the FD, the European funded CAPFLO project has explored "bottom up" approaches to develop SCs for FRM. These practical guidelines are the result of such investigation and aim to encourage and support communities to design and implement their own participatory SC building process, in order to reduce their flood vulnerability. The guidelines offer stakeholders and public authority officials a conceptual framework and practical information (including a "step-by-step guide") to improve their local FRM by means of public involvement in SC building. Throughout this document, the learnings from practical experience are presented with QR links that bring the reader closer to more detailed information, and all background information and results of the research that was used to develop these guidelines can be found on the CAPFLO website: www.capflo.net.

- by Marc Parés and +1
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- Flood Risk Management, Community Resilience, Resilience, Flood Mitigation

Workshop booklet for participants at the 2018 Floodplain Management Australia National Conference. The learning outcomes of the workshop were to:
• understand the potential use of community engagement in the floodplain management process
• practise a range of community engagement methods suitable to the floodplain management process
• design a community engagement plan
• communicate flood information in non-technical terms for a community audience

- by sabina porfido
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- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics, Hydrogeology

A term papert on Flood Risk Management in Ghana: A Case Study in Accra

Mumbai city having an area of 437 sq km with a population of 12 million came to a complete halt due to the unprecedented rainfall of 944 mm during the 24 hours starting on 26 th July 2005; with 380 mm falling in just 3 hours between 14:30 to 17:30 and hourly rainfall exceeding 190 mm/hr. The severity of flood was such that it took 447 lives in Mumbai alone. The financial cost of flood was unprecedented and affected the entire commercial, trading, and industrial activity for 3 days. The present study uses the HEC-HMS 3.4 (Hydrologic Engineering Centre's-Hydrologic Modeling System) and HEC-RAS 4.0 (Hydrologic Engineering Centre's-River Analysis System). The flow and water surface depth have been simulated for various flood scenarios using the model HEC-HMS 3.4 and HEC-RAS 4.0 respectively for rainfall intensities varying from 25 mm/hr to 200 mm/hr in increment of 25 mm/hr. Runoff and water surface depth at a key location of Mithi River have been obtained for various combination of overflow of lakes. The simulation result shows maximum peak increases by 25% when both lakes are overflowing. The water depth also increases by 10% in case of both lakes are overflowing. Sensitivity analysis shows 3% increase in peak runoff and 25% decrease in time to peak for each 5% increase in percentage of impervious area. Accordingly this study can be used in flood forecasting for various rainfall scenarios, sustainable development and flood management plans of Mithi River catchment. The Fig 5 shows the distribution of land use cover map of the Mithi River catchment.

Cultural heritage has always been exposed to the risks and threats of natural disasters. Whereas preventive mitigation strategies are predominantly aimed at protecting the population and its material assets, their practical measures have side effects: they pose new risks or may even do harm to the environment and to the often fragile structures and landscapes which constitute our built heritage.
Now, however, the intangible values of cultural heritage are being increasingly recognized by cities and regions, though, defying quantification, they cannot be easily weighed against material values or against the cost of mitigation projects (Quarantelli 2003). In a nationwide comparative study conflicts and compromises
between safety and authenticity, protection and preservation, have been addressed and practical approaches discussed (Lieske, Schmidt and Will 2012). This study is outlined in the following.

- by Thomas Will
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- Cultural Heritage, Flood Mitigation, Urban Waterfronts

This research represents about the mitigation measures of flood and drought for Ayeyarwady Basin. The objective of this study is to propose the mitigation effect of flood and drought in Ayeyarwady Basin. In this study, flood vulnerable areas for Ayeyarwady Basin are assessed by using Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model, GIS and Remote Sensing technique. Landuse classification map (2014 year) is extracted from Google Earth Engine based on land satellite LANDSAT-7 data and then Curve Number (CN) grid map is developed. Landuse classification in year 2014, the closed forest is found as about 48.9% and deciduous forest is about 26.3% of Ayeyarwady Basin. After delineating the flood plain area in HEC-RAS, the flood map for Ayeyarwady basin is developed by using Arc-GIS. The flood area by using 2014 landuse classification is 10414.18 km 2 and the flooded regions are part of Mandalay, Sagaing, Monywa, Pakokku, Magway, Yaynanchaung and Thayet. According to the landuse classification in 2000 year, closed forest is 62.8% and deciduous forest is 28.05%. The flooded area is about 7081.03 km 2. According to these scenarios, it is found that flooded area can be reduced about 32% due to forestation. For the spatial characterization of drought, Spatial interpolation (Spline) method in Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to generate drought severity maps. According to the drought severity map and severity values, Aunglan, Magway and Nyaungoo are the most severity regions and which are considered as pilot regions in this study. Two scenarios of rainwater harvesting are proposed to mitigate the drought severity area. In the first scenario, rainwater is collected from the roof top and stored in the storage tank. The average maximum monthly collected rainwater per house hold for three types of roofing area are 4.423 m 3 , 13.539 m 3 and 27.214 m 3 respectively. The second scenario is to recharge the rainwater volume directly over the different types of landuse area and soil group. As a result, the recharge volume for Aunglan, Magway and Nyaungoo regions are 530.85 Mm 3 /year, 219.312 Mm 3 /year and 224.863 Mm 3 /year respectively. Finally, these scenarios are proposed to mitigate the effect of flood and drought in Ayeyarwady Basin.

- by Minn Ko Ko Kyaw
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- Drought, Rainwater Harvesting, Flood Mitigation, Groundwater recharge

Tulisan ini berusaha mengupas tentang perubahan daya dukung sumber daya air Kota
Surakarta yang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan bentuk dan struktur Kota Surakarta setelah
mengalami berbagai peristiwa sejarah dari masa ke masa. Metode penelitian dilakukan
dengan pendekatan studi pustaka yang berasal dari penelitan, riset akademisi tentang Kota
Surakarta, dan beberapa sumber sejarah(babad Sala, peta lama, catatan sejarah
perkotaan). Temuan utama dari studi pengaruh perkembangan kota terhadap daya dukung
sumber daya air Kota Surakarta tahun 1500-2017 adalah adanya fenomena urban sprawl
pada perkembangan Kota Surakarta yang berpengaruh terhadap penurunan daya dukung
sumber daya air Kota Surakarta. Parameter daya dukung sumber daya air dari keterbatasan
data yang ada adalah jaringan drainase. Perkembangan Kota Surakarta yang mengarah
pada urban sprawl sebenarnya sudah terjadi sejak awal tahun 1755-1945 yang dipicu oleh
adanya Keraton Kasunanan dan masuknya pegaruh kolonialisme Hindia-Belanda. Urban
sprawl semakin terlihat ketika masa pembangunan pasca kemerdekaan yang dimana
pembangunan Kota Surakarta mengacu kepada pemerintah pusat. Adanya fenomena
tersebut nampaknya tidak disadari oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat Kota Surakarta,
sehingga pada kurun waktu tahun 2000-2017 bencana banjir semakin sering terjadi.
Peningkatan interval banjir Kota Surakarta dewasa ini merupakan salah satu akibat dan
penanda turunnya daya dukung sumber daya air Kota Surakarta. Pada dasarnya banjir
merupakan salah satu masalah Kota Surakarta dalam hal daya dukung lingkungan,
khususnya daya dukung sumber daya air. Pada akhirnya akumulasi permasalahan kota
tersebut menjadikan Kota Surakarta pada masa mendatang akan semmakinn memasuki
masa ke arah decline, sehingga perlu dicarikan grand-design perkotaan yang sustainable.

- by Pratomo Aji
- •
- Urban History, Urban Planning, Flood Mitigation, Urban And Regional Planning

Urban flooding is an inevitable problem for many cities around the world. In the present paper, modelling approaches and principles for analyses of urban flooding are outlined. The paper shows how urban flooding can be simulated by onedimensional hydrodynamic modelling incorporating the interaction between (i) the buried pipe system, (ii) the streets (with open channel flow) and (iii) the areas flooded with stagnant water. The modelling approach is generic in the sense that it handles both urban flooding with and without flood water entry into houses. In order to visualize flood extent and impact, the modelling results are presented in the form of flood inundation maps produced in GIS. In this paper, only flooding from local rainfall is considered together with the impact in terms of flood extent, flood depth and flood duration. Finally, the paper discusses the data requirement for verification of urban flood models together with an outline of a simple cost function for estimation of the cost of the flood damages.

- by Chusit Apirumanekul
- •
- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geophysics, Remote Sensing

The Kosi River which is one of the largest tributaries of the river Ganges is infamous for floods, thus causes huge losses in terms of both life and property. India, after Bangladesh, is the second in the world in loss due to floods, thus accounting for one-fifth of the deaths due to floods, globally. The Kosi River is considered as the sorrow of Bihar. It is one of the two major tributaries of the river Ganges(the other river being Gandak) draining the plains of north Bihar. Despite a long history of flood control management in the basin for more than 5 decades, this River continues to bring a lot of misery through extensive flooding. Meandering is another bizarre behaviour of this river which have shifted laterally about 112 km westward in the last 250 years. Due to this, the river which previously flowed near Purnea in the 18th century is now flowing to the west of Saharsa. The meandering behaviour of the Kosi River has wasted an area of about 1,295 Sq. Km of land in Nepal and about 7,770 Sq. Km of land in Bihar, resulting in sand deposition. This wasted land was considered as the garden of Bihar and it was renowned for its rice-field and orchards. In the course of shifting it has wiped out many towns and villages inflicting heavy losses of human, cattle life and property. The present paper presents an overview of the behaviour of River Kosi and its shifting pattern in its total reach with a focus on the structural and non-structural works carried out in this connection so far.

- by Mohd Danish
- •
- Water resources, Flood Mitigation

The city of Vadodara, India is prone to frequent floods and the most severe floods were received in 1994, 1996, 2005 and 2014 in the recent past. The city has an area of 159 km² and a population of 1.6 million according to the 2010–11 census. Vadodara receives an average rainfall of 1020 mm. Vadodara sits on the banks of the River Vishwamitri, fed by the Ajwa Reservoir. The width of the river decreases as it flows through the city and is subjected to the drainage of the city's sewage and effluents from nearby industries. Alterations of its banks and human encroachment have reduced its width further. A large number of wetlands have been reclaimed and construction has been carried out over them. The number of slums has also increased by a great extent from 192 slums in 1972 to 397 in 2013. The stormwater drainage network in the city is also inadequate. The study aims at highlighting the role of change in land use pattern, unplanned development, depletion of water bodies and building of slums along the river banks in causing frequent and severe floods in the city using GIS. The annual rainfall data of the city was obtained and subjected to graphical and statistical operations which revealed that heavy rainfall is not the only factor causing floods in the city. The low lying zones were identified and the direction of the flow of rainwater was determined using an elevation map. This also gave the reasons for severe waterlogging in some areas of the city. The historic LANDSAT images of the city from 1991 to 2014 were obtained from the USGS Global Visualization (GloVis) Viewer. The images were analysed under different band combinations using the Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS 3.4). The results show the continuous increase in the urban sprawl, increase in construction throughout the city, especially in the Western parts and increase in the density of buildings. The area of the existing water bodies is also decreasing due to dumping of wastes and construction along the banks. The presence of slums has increased by a great extent throughout the city, especially along the banks of Vishwamitri river reducing the width of the river and causing frequent floods. Unplanned construction has been carried out in the low lying zones, obstructing the flow of water into the sinks to cause water logging in these areas.

- by Ajinkya Deshpande and +1
- •
- Remote Sensing, Hydrology, Flood Risk Management, Rivers
- by Biswajeet Pradhan
- •
- Flood Risk Management, Korean Studies, Flood Mitigation, Logistic Regression
- by Kiss Andrea
- •
- Geography, Human Geography, Urban Geography, Environmental Geography

This is conceptual note on the design of roof elements, truss and purlins for Basement + Ground + 4 Apartment Building in the city of Debre Berhan, North Shewa, the Amhara region of Ethiopia. It sheds light on the structural concepts, computations as well as analysis and design of components of roof against wind loads & other major forces under consideration.

River flooding causes several human and financial casualties. It is necessary to perform research studies and implement subsequent actions consistent with the nature of the river. In order to reduce flood damage, floodplain zoning maps and river cross-sectional boundaries are important to nonstructural measures in planning and optimizing utilization of the areas around the river. Due to the complex behavior of the rivers during floods, computer modeling is the most efficient tool with the least possible cost to study and simulate the behavior of the rivers. In this study, one-dimensional model Hydrologic Engineering Centers—River Analysis System and two-dimensional model CCHE2D were used to simulate the flood zoning in the Sungai Maka district in Kelantan state, Malaysia. The results of these two models in most sections approximately match. Most differences in the results were in the shape of the river.

- by Mohammad Heydari
- •
- Flood Risk Management, Malaysia, Flood Mitigation, Flood Forecasting
- by Sk Nafiz Rahaman
- •
- Flood Risk Management, Flood Mitigation, Floods, Flood Disaster