Forensic Facial Identification Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, The Anatomical Record

2024

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a relatively common craniofacial malformation involving bony and soft-tissue disruptions of the nasolabial and dentoalveolar regions. The combination of CL/P and subsequent craniofacial surgeries to close the cleft and improve appearance of the cutaneous upper lip and nose can cause scarring and muscle pull, possibly resulting in soft-tissue depth asymmetries across the face. We tested the hypothesis that tissue depths in children with unilateral CL/P exhibit differences in symmetry across the sides of the face. Twenty-eight tissue depths were measured on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of unilateral CL/P children (n = 55), aged 7-17 yrs., using Dolphin software (v 11.5). Significant differences in tissue depth symmetry were found around the cutaneous upper lip and nose in unilateral CL/P patients. Introduction Human faces exhibit a wide range of variation in facial form and appearance due to various factors including envi...

2024, PloS one

The study of facial growth is explored in many fields of science, including anatomy, genetics, and forensics. In the field of forensics, it acts as a valuable tool for combating child pornography. The present research proposes a new method, based on relative measurements and fixed references of the human face-specifically considering measurements of the diameter of the iris (iris ratio)-for the analysis of facial growth in association with age in children and sub-adults. The experimental sample consisted of digital photographs of 1000 Brazilian subjects, aged between 6 and 22 years, distributed equally by sex and divided into five specific age groups (6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 year olds ± one month). The software package SAFF-2D® (Forensic Facial Analysis System, Brazilian Federal Police, Brazil) was used for positioning 11 landmarks on the images. Ten measurements were calculated and used as fixed references to evaluate the growth of the other measurements for each age group, as well t...

2024, Science & Justice

(H). While 13 C isotope abundance in body tissue is a reflection of dietary intake, 2 H isotope abundance values recorded by the human body through food and drink ultimately reflect averaged isotopic composition of regional precipitation. Analysis of 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, and 18 O isotopic composition in tissue such as hair, nails, bone, and teeth enables us to reconstruct a time-resolved isotopic 'profile' that may not necessarily permit direct identification of a victim but in conjunction with forensic anthropological information will provide sufficient forensic intelligence to construct a profile for intelligence lead identification stating based on provenance and immutable anatomical markers. In addition, law enforcement agencies and immigration control only have limited means at their disposal to establish the actual country of origin of a person or to check on the veracity of statements made by a terrorist or terrorist suspect about geographical origin and recent geographical movement. A technique that would help to determine recent life history of people detained either on suspicion of terrorism or of having gained entry to the UK illegally would be a very valuable tool. Data from several criminal investigations are presented to illustrate potential and limitation of stable isotope analysis of human tissue in aid of victim identification and detection of recent geographic movement.

2024, International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research

In this research we have proposed IOT based advanced Online examination using Raspberry pi for Alarm system and border security. With the event of recent education, considering the defect of current online exam system, a replacement projection of online exam system primarily based on Raspberry pi IOT is projected, and also the key implementation techniques and ways also are represented. Internet of Things (IOT) has provided a promising chance to make powerful Examination systems and applications by leverage the growing omnipresence of wireless, RFID mobile and detector devices. a large vary of IOT applications are developed in recent years. In a shot to grasp the event of IOT in on-line examination, here we tend to propose this analysis of IOT, IOT key facultative technologies, major IOT applications in on-line examination and identifies analysis trends and challenges. Here we tend to introduce all the examiner details square measure holds on within the server. Then if somebody need...

2024, PLOS ONE

Forensic facial reconstruction aims to assemble and provide the appearance of a face over a skull, in order to lead to recognition of that individual, making possible the application of primary identification methods. The scientific literature presents facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) tables for reference from a range of different geographic regions. However, the consensus on its importance or on how to use specific population data related to FSTT is not unanimous. Brazil is formed by geographic regions with diverse populations, which are reflected in facial features. This paper aimed to measure and compare FSTT of distinct Brazilian samples to ascertain the need for specific data sets for different regions. A specific protocol for cone beam computed tomography was used to standardize measurement, and it was applied in a sample of 101 subjects. The FSTT measurements of a Brazilian population from the Midwest Region was compared to a previous sample from Southeast, which was collected using the same protocol. High compatibility was observed when comparing the averages of FSTT among samples of these two different geographic regions. Regarding age groups, notable differences on the medium and inferior face were observed in females. Minor variances found are unlikely to affect the practice of forensic facial reconstruction. Facial features, such as eyes, lips, nose, and skin may also be relevant in the differentiation of people from these two areas in Brazil. Therefore, concerning the Southeast and Midwest Brazilian regions, the need to apply different data sets is unnecessary.

2024, Forensic Science International

Introduction: Human forensic facial soft tissue reconstructions are used when post-mortem deterioration makes identification difficult by usual means. The aim is to trigger recognition of the in vivo countenance of the individual by a friend or family member. A further use is in the field of archaeology. There are a number of different methods that can be applied to complete the facial reconstruction, ranging from two dimensional drawings, three dimensional clay models and now, with the advances of three dimensional technology, three dimensional computerised modelling. Studies carried out to assess the accuracy of facial reconstructions have produced variable results over the years. Advances in three dimensional imaging techniques in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, particularly cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), now provides an opportunity to utilise the data of live subjects and assess the accuracy of the three dimensional computerised facial reconstruction technique. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a computer modelled facial reconstruction technique using CBCT data from live subjects. Materials and methods: This retrospective pilot study was carried out at the Glasgow Dental Hospital Orthodontic Department and the Centre of Anatomy and Human Identification, Dundee University School of Life Sciences. Ten patients (5 male and 5 female; mean age 23 years) with mild skeletal discrepancies with pre-surgical cone beam CT data (CBCT) were included in this study. The actual and forensic reconstruction soft tissues were analysed using 3D software to look at differences between landmarks, linear and angular measurements and surface meshes. Results and conclusion: There were no statistical differences for 18 out of the 23 linear and 7 out of 8 angular measurements between the reconstruction and the target (p < 0.05). The use of Procrustes superimposition has highlighted potential problems with soft tissue depth and anatomical landmarks' position. Surface mesh analysis showed that this virtual sculpture technique can be objectively assessed using the distance between the meshes. This study found that the percentage of faces with less than AE2.5 mm error ranged from 56% to 90%. This may be improved if Procrustes superimposition could be applied to all the mesh points rather than specific landmarks.

2024, Legal Medicine

Background: A missing mandible is a common problem in facial identification cases requiring forensic facial approximation or reconstruction. The Sassouni and Sassouni-Plus methods which are currently used to predict the missing mandible from the cranium produce low levels of accuracy. Aims: This study proposes a new method for the estimation of the overall dimensions of the mandible based upon linear cranial measurements, the proposed method has the potential to be utilised in the facial reconstruction of a range of adult skulls with dentition. Sample and method: 21 measurements were taken from a sample of 90 skulls, 44 male, 43 female and three juvenile, originating from 9 different geographical areas. Ordinary least-squares regression, hierarchical cluster analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to investigate trends in the data and to produce equations for the estimation of condylar height, corpus length and anterior height. Conclusion: When tested the equations produced an overall mean error of 0.09 mm with a standard deviation of ± 4.84. The proposed method offers an improvement upon the currently used methods. It can be used to estimate the overall mandibular dimensions with a good level of accuracy.

2024, International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research

2024, IET Computer Vision

In this study, the authors study the performance of a novel active appearance model (AAM)-based fully automatic system for pose robust face recognition that allows faster fitting to a no frontal view and generation of virtual views. The system follows a multiresolution scheme, where the first level is used to initialise a generic AAM, pose angle is automatically estimated using eigenvector analysis, and then a pose-dependent AAM model is selected. Next level refines AAM model fitting and registration. Finally, a virtual frontal view is created before face matching. Recognition results over CMU PIE database show similar values compared with the performance achieved with manually landmarked faces. Compared with a classical view-based approach, this multiresolution scheme performs similarly but is sensibly faster.

2024, Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences

The repeatability of facial soft tissue thickness measurements at 10 standard anatomical landmarks was evaluated using lateral X-ray images obtained from 50 adult subjects. The intra-and inter-observer error rates were calculated after four practitioners took measurements using Denta Pacs 8.1 software. The results indicated high inter-and intra-observer repeatability, suggesting X-ray images can be used to measure facial soft tissue thicknesses for the purpose of craniofacial reconstruction and superimposition.

2023, Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences

Aim: This study carried out cranial measurements (in mm) [Zygion-Zygion (Zy-Zy); Zygion-Glabella-right side (Zy-Ga-right); Zygion-Glabella-left side (Zy-Ga-left); Zygion-Glabella-mean (Zy-Ga-mean); Rhinion-Anterior Nasal Spine (Rhi-ANS); Nasal Width (Na Wid); Nasion-Anterior Nasal Spine (Na-ANS); Glabella-Anterior Nasal Spine (Ga-ANS); Glabella-Prosthion (Ga-Pr)], to verify whether they are dimorphic. Methods: We used skulls from the Eduardo Daruge Laboratory of Forensic Physical Anthropometry, which did not present growth abnormalities and belonged to the age range of 18 to 100 years. Linear measurements were performed by digital caliper, properly calibrated. Inter and intra-calibrator calibration was performed by obtaining as result the value of 0.98 (considered excellent). Results: We found that all measures carried out are dimorphic, and we were able to create a logistic regression model (logit: Sex = −33.6 + (0.15 × Zy-Zy) + (0.21 × Rhi-ANS) + (0.16 × Na-ANS)) to estimation the...

2023, The European Journal of Orthodontics

Background/Objectives: To collect the reference values for facial asymmetry in adults using landmark and surface-based three-dimensional analyses and to compare their diagnostic abilities. Materials and Methods: Laser scans were taken from 85 British Caucasians, 29 males (23.9 ± 5.7 years, range 19-44) and 56 females (28.1 ± 9.5 years, range 19-54), students and staff of the Cardiff Dental Hospital, and three orthodontic patients with marked facial asymmetry. An asymmetry index (AI) was measured for 14 landmarks. The surface-to-surface average distance between the best-fit registered original and mirror scans (AD om) was measured for the whole face and six regions. Non-parametric descriptive statistics was used to obtain the reference values, and Mann-Whitney U-test was used for gender comparison. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Patients' values were compared to the reference values by calculating the corresponding percentiles. Results: The lowest AI was found for 'pronasale' in males [median 0.1 (interquartile range 0.0-0.3) mm] and the highest for 'cheilion' [3.5 (2.4-5.0) mm] in females. The AD om for the whole face was 0.7 (0.5-0.9) mm in males and 0.6 (0.5-0.7) mm in females and regionally between 0.4 (0.3-0.6) mm and 0.8 (0.4-1.2) mm. In orthodontic patients, AI did not always reveal asymmetry in a particular coordinate plane, and surface-based analysis was favourable in regions underrepresented by landmarks. Conclusions: Facial asymmetry can be accurately quantified using landmark-and surface-based approaches. The latter offers a more comprehensive analysis of the face. Prior to the commencement of any treatment, medical and dental history should be taken, clinical examination performed, facial and dental photographs collected, and study models analysed (Cheong and Lo, 2011). In some cases, face bow registrations and radiography may be needed. It is also important to determine the extent of facial soft tissue asymmetry, which directly affects a patient's expectations from the treatment and, if uncorrected, dissatisfaction with the treatment outcome (Masuoka et al., 2005). In order to avoid relying on the clinician's sense of balance and patient's sense of imbalance (Bishara et al., 1994), a normal range of facial asymmetry needs to be determined in a given population. To this end, clinicians

2023, Science & Justice

In forensic investigations of disasters, it could be necessary to carry out a reconstruction of all movements made by people and cars just before, during, and after a big incident. The goal is to find not only perpetrators, but victims and eyewitnesses as well. Methods and technology are presented that are based on the widespread availability of video footage from CCTV systems and phone cams, and intelligence such as cell phone traffic data. Analysis of all video data is based on the concept of events on a time line and the use of 2-D maps, aerial photography, and 3-D city and terrain models. All methods and technology will be demonstrated with case data from capital crimes. The presented was carried out within the framework of a 3-year project. A brief overview is given of other results such as automated procedures for the analysis and technology for fast 3-D modelling from imagery.

2023, Mathematics

This research presented a mathematical-based approach to the computational reconstruction of the human nose through images with anthropometric characteristics. The nasal baselines, which were generated from facial aesthetic subunits combined with the facial landmarks, were reconstructed using interpolation and Mesh adaptive direct search algorithms to generate points that would serve as the support for the layer-by-layer reconstruction. The approach is proposed as the basis for nasal reconstruction in aesthetics or forensics rather than focusing on the applications of image processing or deep learning. A mathematical model for the computational reconstruction was built, and then volunteers were the subjects of nasal reconstruction experiments. The validations based on the area errors—which are based on four samples and eight sub-regions with different values depending on the regions C1, C2, and C3 and nasal shapes of the volunteers—were measured to prove the results of the mathemati...

2023, Detekční kódy v zabezpečovací technice

This habilitation thesis is focused on the use of detection codes in railway signalling technology. It is a summary of experience author during more than ten years of work in this field in research and development of AŽD Praha s.r.o. The... more

This habilitation thesis is focused on the use of detection codes in railway signalling technology. It is a summary of experience
author during more than ten years of work in this field in research and development of AŽD Praha s.r.o. The work focuses on some aspects of the use of linear detection codes in safety-critical applications.

2023, Journal of forensic sciences

This study using three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of children determined relationships between nasal skeletal and soft tissue measurements and assessed the association with sex, age, and skeletal maturation stage. Following reliability studies, skeletal and soft tissue parameters were measured on coded CBCTs of 73 children (28M:45F;6-13 yoa). Pearson and Mantel correlations were used to analyze associations between skeletal and soft tissues. Partial Mantel correlations were used to study the associations between skeletal and soft tissue, adjusting for sex, age, and skeletal maturation. Linear regression analyses were used to predict soft tissues sizes. Logistic regression was used to study the relationships between soft and skeletal tissue symmetry. Except for nasal aperture width and interalar width, skeletal landmarks best predicted corresponding soft tissue landmarks. Significant positive associations existed between skeletal and soft tissues after ad...

2023, Digital Investigation

Facial landmarks are employed in many research areas such as facial recognition, craniofacial identification, age and sex estimation among the most important. In the forensic field, the focus is on the analysis of a particular set of... more

2023, International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research

2023, Applied Sciences

The use of 3D anthropometric data of children’s heads and faces has great potential in the development of protective gear and medical products that need to provide a close fit in order to function well. Given the lack of detailed data of this kind, the aim of this study is to map the size and shape variation of Dutch children’s heads and faces and investigate possible implications for the design of a ventilation mask. In this study, a dataset of heads and faces of 303 Dutch children aged six months to seven years consisting of traditional measurements and 3D scans were analysed. A principal component analysis (PCA) of facial measurements was performed to map the variation of the children’s face shapes. The first principal component describes the overall size, whilst the second principal component captures the more width related variation of the face. After establishing a homology between the 3D scanned face shapes, a second principal component analysis was done on the point coordina...

2023, PloS one

2022

Práce se zabývá problematikou identifikace osob na základě obličeje. Cílem je vytvořit kompletní řešení identifikace pro účely autentizace za pomoci levného senzoru Microsoft Kinect v2. Práce obsahuje souhrn nejpoužívanějších algoritmů k popisu dat obsahujících lidský obličej a jejich porovnání. Další částí je PC program obsluhující zmiňovaný senzor pro sběr obličejových dat, jejich ukládání, extrakce popisných bodů a jejich porovnávání. Výstupem programu je procentuální shoda skenovaného obličeje s obličeji v databáziThis thesis focuses on the person identification based on faces. The aim is to create a working solution of person identification for the authentication purposes utilizing the Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor. It contains a summary of the most used algorithms for facial data description and their comparison. Thesis also proposes a PC program that controls the sensor and collects the facial data, saves them, manages keypoint detection and their comparison.

2022

Facial analysis permits many investigations some of the most important of which are craniofacial identification, facial recognition, and age and sex estimation. In forensics, photoanthropometry describes the study of facial growth and allows the identification of patterns in facial skull development by using a group of cephalometric landmarks to estimate anthropological information. Previous works presented, as indirect applications, the use of photo-anthropometric measurements to estimate anthropological information such as age and sex. In several areas, automation of manual procedures has achieved advantages over and similar measurement confidence as a forensic expert. This manuscript presents an approach using photo-anthropometric indexes, generated from frontal faces cephalometric landmarks, to create an artificial neural network classifier that allows the estimation of anthropological information, in this specific case age and sex. The work is focused on four tasks: i) sex estimation over ages from 5 to 22 years old, evaluating the interference of age on sex estimation; ii) age estimation from photo-anthropometric indexes for four age intervals (1 year, 2 years, 4 years and 5 years); iii) age group estimation for thresholds of over 14 and over 18 years old; and; iv) the provision of a new data set, available for academic purposes only, with a large and complete set of facial photo-anthropometric points marked and checked by forensic experts, measured from over 18,000 faces of individuals from Brazil over the last 4 years. The proposed classifier obtained significant results, using this new data set, for the sex estimation of individuals over 14 years old, achieving accuracy values greater than 0.85 by the F1 measure. For age estimation, the accuracy results are 0.72 for measure with an age interval of 5 years. For the age group estimation, the measures of accuracy are greater than 0.93 and 0.83 for thresholds of 14 and 18 years, respectively.

2022

negative factors that may affect the forensic anthropologist/forensic facial examination expert's conclusion. Ten forensic experts from different forensic laboratories and universities participated in this research. The experts were asked to compare the query CCTV images, which were of varied quality, with the target images. The results suggest that a high error rate and low-level assessment are provided by low quality CCTV images, whereas morphological and anthropometric analysis can be performed more accurately and correctly with the high level of assessment provided by moderate/reasonable quality CCTV images. To use morphological and anthropometric methods efficiently and take maximum advantage of the use of security cameras in forensic facial identification, it is suggested to set a CCTV recording standard for high quality recordings.

2022, Turkish Journal of Biology

2022, Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences

Background Growth and development of craniofacial structures are of importance since their anthropometry is useful in maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, orthodontics and forensic medicine. Surgeons consider the specific facial structures of such patients to help obtain accurate results. Ghana is however less-endowed with data regarding facial anthropometry for the aforementioned applications. Therefore, the study aimed to bring out the differences between the facial measurements of the male and female participants in order to generate baseline data for Ghanaians, taking into consideration the Bonos and Ewes living in the Bono region of Ghana. Twenty-four anthropometric facial measurements were taken from a total of 291 healthy individuals (152 Bonos and 139 Ewes), aged 18–60 years using Shahe Vernier callipers. Results The study revealed Bono males had significantly longer faces than that of the Bono females (upper face height 2 and total face height). For maxillary height, man...

2022, International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research

Foreseeing understudies' review has risen as a noteworthy zone of examination in training because of the craving to distinguish the fundamental factors that impact scholastic execution. Due to constrained accomplishment in foreseeing the Grade Point Average (GPA), the greater part of the earlier research has concentrated on anticipating grades in a particular arrangement of classes dependent on understudies' earlier exhibitions. The issues related with information driven models of GPA expectation are additionally opened up by a little example measure and a generally vast dimensionality of perceptions in an analysis. In this paper, we use the best in class machine learning systems to develop and approve a prescient model of GPA exclusively dependent on an arrangement of self-administrative learning practices decided in a moderately little example analyze. At last, the objective of level expectation in comparative examinations is to utilize the built models for the outline of ...

2022, Anthropological Review

Introduction: According to criminal codes of most Western countries, possessing, producing and disseminating of fictional paedopornography is a crime. In light of these laws, the shotacon/lolicon (popular and widely available Japanese animations or comic books showing minors in a sexual context) seems to deserve special mention. There have been several convictions for violations of these laws, however, the methodology of a depicted person’s age estimation is still unestablished. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of anthropometrical prediction of age to the analysis of characters animated in the Japanese style. Material and methods: The metric (distance between facial landmarks) and non-metric (type of chin shape) features of 173 animated characters’ faces were obtained. Material was collected from 90 most popular Japanese anime series. Measurements were conducted in ImageJ software. The correlations of age and standardized measurements: en-ex, en-en, eye height, pu...

2022

This thesis describes a new method for localising anthropometric landmark points on 3D face scans. The points are localised by fitting a sparse shape model to a set of candidate landmarks. The candidates are found using a feature detector that is designed using a data driven methodology, this approach also informs the choice of landmarks for the shape model. The fitting procedure is developed to be robust to missing landmark data and spurious candidates. The feature detector and landmark choice is determined by the performance of different local surface descriptions on the face. A number of criteria are defined for a good landmark point and good feature detector. These inform a framework for measuring the performance of various surface descriptions and the choice of parameter values in the surface description generation. Two types of surface description are tested: curvature and spin images. These descriptions, in many ways, represent many aspects of the two most common approaches to local surface description. Using the data driven design process for surface description and landmark choice, a feature detector is developed using spin images. As spin images are a rich surface description, we are able to perform detection and candidate landmark labelling in a single step. A feature detector is developed based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). This is compared to a simpler detector used in the landmark and surface description selection process. A sparse shape model is constructed using ground truth landmark data. This sparse shape model contains only the landmark point locations and relative positional variation. To localise landmarks, this model is fitted to the candidate landmarks using a RANSAC style algorithm and a novel model fitting algorithm. The results of landmark localisation show that the shape model approach is beneficial over template alignment approaches. Even with heavily contaminated candidate data, we are able to achieve good localisation for most landmarks.

2022, Research, Society and Development

Photoanthropometry quantify the facial proportions of an individual facilitating the comparison of facial patterns for human identification. The coordinates and vertical distances in pixels of the photoanthropometric landmarks on images of the same individual in frontal and profile views were analyzed and compared. A total of 116 pairs of photographs of Brazilian individuals were evaluated. The photographs were adjusted in size and rotation, and marked in the software Two-dimensional Forensic Facial Analysis System. For each face, 16 landmarks were considered: glabella (g), nasion (n), ectocanthion (ec), pronasale (prn), subnasale (sn), alare (al), cheilion (ch), upper lip (ls), lower lip (li), stomion (sto), labiomental (lm), gnathion (gn), superaurale (sa), subaurale (sba), postaurale (pa) and upper ear lobe (slb); the x- and y-coordinates of each landmark were obtained. Twenty-seven vertical distances between the points were proposed, which were measured by subtracting the values...

2022, Science & Justice

2022, Turkish Journal of Biology

2022, PENENTUAN RAS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PENGUKURAN NON-METRIK DAN METRIK TENGKORAK

Indonesia merupakan negara yang sering dilanda bencana alam, kecelakaan dan kejahatan. Tidak jarang akan ditemukan jenazah yang sudah tidak terbentuk dan hanya tersisa tulang belulangnya saja. Sebagai ahli forensic tulang belulang yang ditemukan harus dapat diidentifikasi. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara menentukan ras dari pengukuran metrik dan non metrik pada tengkorak manusia. Penulisan ini disusun dengan metode literature review. Penentuan ras dapat diukur dengan menggunakan metode non-metrik seperti pengamatan bentuk rongga mata, rongga hidung, zygometic arches, langit-langit mulut, serta bentuk rahang dan dagu. Selain pengamatan non-metrik ada metode metrik yang digunakan untuk estimasi suatu ras melalui tengkorak manusia, yakni dengan mengukur Cephalic index dari tengkorak manusia.

2022

This study aims to discuss the limitations in the facial analysis of closed-circuit television (CCTV) images, including the use of morphological and anthropometric methods, and to analyze the level of effectiveness of CCTV images, taking into account any negative factors that may affect the forensic anthropologist/forensic facial examination expert’s conclusion. Ten forensic experts from different forensic laboratories and universities participated in this research. The experts were asked to compare the query CCTV images, which were of varied quality, with the target images. The results suggest that a high error rate and low-level assessment are provided by low quality CCTV images, whereas morphological and anthropometric analysis can be performed more accurately and correctly with the high level of assessment provided by moderate/reasonable quality CCTV images. To use morphological and anthropometric methods efficiently and take maximum advantage of the use of security cameras in f...

2022, PloS one

2022, Digital Investigation

2022, Biology

Global escalation of crime has necessitated the use of digital imagery to aid the identification of perpetrators. Forensic facial comparison (FFC) is increasingly employed, often relying on poor quality images. In the absence of standardized criteria, especially in terms of video recordings, verification of the methodology is needed. This paper addresses aspects of FFC, discussing relevant terminology, investigating the validity and reliability of the FISWG morphological feature list using a new South African database, and advising on standards for CCTV equipment. Suboptimal conditions, including poor resolution, unfavorable angle of incidence, color, and lighting, affected the accuracy of FFC. Morphological analysis of photographs, standard CCTV, and eye-level CCTV showed improved performance in a strict iteration analysis, but not when using analogue CCTV images. Therefore, both strict and lenient iterations should be conducted, but FFC must be abandoned when a strict iteration performs worse than a lenient one. This threshold ought to be applied to the specific CCTV equipment to determine its utility. Chance-corrected accuracy was the most representative measure of accuracy, as opposed to the commonly used hit rate. While the use of automated systems is increasing, trained human observer-based morphological analysis, using the FISWG feature list and an Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification (ACE-V) approach, should be the primary method of facial comparison.

2022

his study aims to discuss the limitations in the facial analysis of closed-circuit television (CCTV) images, including the use of morphological and anthropometric methods, and to analyze the level of effectiveness of CCTV images, taking into account any * Forensic Expert, Turkish Forensic Police Laboratory, Ankara, ozgur.bulut@gmail.com ** Prof. Dr., Ankara University, Department of Anthropology, ayla_sevim@yahoo.com PBD, 15 (1) 2013, ss.139-158. B

2021, Research, Society and Development

2021, PloS one

2021, The International Journal of Prosthodontics

To compare trueness and precision between conventional and digital facial measurements and to evaluate the accuracy of different superimposition techniques for facial scans. Materials and Methods: Twenty volunteers were recruited. Predetermined facial landmarks were marked with a black marker, and the interlandmark distances were measured manually with a conventional caliper and digitally with Geomagic software. Two consecutive facial scans were performed and then superimposed, using as best-fit reference the full face, the face without the eyes, and the bone-supported areas (eg, forehead and zygomatic areas) in order to assess root mean square (RMS) differences. Trueness and precision were evaluated and compared between the conventional and digital techniques. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis post hoc tests were used. The significance level was established as α = .05. Results: Trueness between conventional and digital measurements was 1,151.75 ± 1,265.52 μm (3.04% ± 4.82%), and precision was 322.31 ± 300.54 μm (0.93% ± 1.10%). Global mean RMS values for each superimposition technique were 334.15 ± 172.07 for the full face, 339.57 ± 173.13 for the face without the eyes, and 385.65 ± 182.29 for the bone-supported areas, with the latter presenting statistically significant differences compared to the other two. Conclusion: Although statistically significant differences were detected in facial measurements, they were below the clinically detectable threshold. Superimposition with the full face and the face without the eyes area presented smaller discrepancies than with the bone-supported areas, with higher discrepancies in the lower third of the face.

2021

Background & Purpose Many studies of craniofacial malformations have employed 3D surface scans, and most often measurements of e.g. facial shape and asymmetry have been carried out based on manually placed landmarks. In one of our current projects on the 3-dimensional physiognomy of the face in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), subtle variations in dysmorphology need to be detected. As part of this study, the difference in landmarking precision between using a) colour texture (Fig. 1) and b) shaded surfaces (Fig. 2) was investigated. Null hypotheses 1. Precision of landmarking is not influenced by colour texture. 2. There is no systematic difference between landmarking positions with and without colour texture. Methods 18 facial landmarks were manually placed twice, by the same observer, in 30 subjects with JIA, and in two different landmarking tools; 1)"3DM-Dpatient®" (including surface colour texture, Fig. 1) and 2) Landmarker (grey shaded surfaces, Fig. 2). Intra-observer precision was calculated as statistics on distances between landmark positions between first and second landmarking rounds, for tool 1 and 2, respectively, using Dahlberg's formula, (Houston 1983

2021

Over the last several years a number of three-dimensional (3D) anthropometric studies have been performed using fast and contact free measurements by using 3D whole-body scanners. Several 3D scanners are available on the market with a potential for anthropometry; these devices are usually developed using laser or Moiré-fringing-based technologies. In the former a laser stripe is projected onto the body surface and images acquired by several cameras: in this way 3D points representing the body shape can be recovered by triangulation. Examples of this kind are the scanners developed by Cyberware, Hamamatsu, Vitronic or Human Solutions. In this work we evaluated a new 3D whole-body scanner using structured white light-the Breuckmann BodySCAN-for performance in anthropometric measurement. Twelve young adults (6 men and 6 women; age, 22,7±2,16 yrs; height, 168,2±7,38 cm; body mass 61,5±6,16 kg) underwent both manual and 3D anthropometry (25 measurements) wearing close-fitting underwear. Duplicate manual measurements taken by one experienced anthropometrist showed correlation coefficients r ranging 0.975-0.999; their means were significantly different in four out of 25 measurements by Student's t test. Duplicate digital measurements taken by one experienced anthropometrist and two naïve anthropometrists showed individual correlation coefficients r ranging 0.975-0.999 and means were significantly different in one out of 25 measurements. Most measurements taken by the experienced anthropometrist in the manual and digital mode showed significant correlation (intraclass correlation coefficient ranging 0.855-0.995, p<0.0001). It is concluded that the Breuckmann BodyScan is a reliable and effective tool for digital anthropometry.

2021, Perception & Psychophysics

Black and white Ss were given recognition training for black and white faces. One experiment asked black and white Ss to describe black or white faces verbally, to recognize faces from verbal descriptions, and to describe similarities and differences in triads of faces. While verbal training did affect verbal usage and verbal recognition performance, there was no indication, either before or after training, of verbal usage or performance patterns which parallel visual recognition performance. Black Ss yielded higher recognition scores for black faces than for white; white Ss yielded higher recognition scores for white faces than for black. The second experiment trained white Ss for recognition of black or white faces by feedback trials, using a four-alternative forced-choice procedure. The initial difference in performance for white and black faces rN > B) was not present after 100 training trials. Results are related to an earlier study of face recognition by Malpass and Kravitz (1969).

2021, International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research

2021

2021, PloS one