Formaldehyde Production Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry

On-line monitoring of key chemicals in an industrial production plant ensures economic operation, guarantees the desired product quality, and provides additional in-depth information on the involved chemical processes. For that purpose, rapid, rugged, and flexible measurement systems at reasonable cost are required. Here, we present the application of a flexible mid-IR filtometer for industrial gas sensing. The developed prototype consists of a modulated thermal infrared source, a temperature-controlled gas cell for absorption measurement and an integrated device consisting of a Fabry-Pérot interferometer and a pyroelectric mid-IR detector. The prototype was calibrated in the research laboratory at TU Wien for measuring methanol and methyl formate in the concentration ranges from 660 to 4390 and 747 to 4610 ppmV. Subsequently, the prototype was transferred and installed at the project partner Metadynea Austria GmbH and linked to their Process Control System via a dedicated micro-con...

2024, Elahe abdollahi

Formalin is a chemical compound found in both gas and aqueous solution forms. It belongs to the aldehyde family and its main component is formaldehyde, a colorless and flammable liquid with a very strong odor. This compound is produced by the oxidation of methanol with air. Formalin is used as a disinfectant, preservative, and stabilizer and is widely used in various industries.

2024, Chemical Engineering Research and Design

Wettability alteration to gas wetness is proposed to Sarkhun rock. • The treatment is consisted of an anionic fluoro-surfactant with an optimized solvent. • The effect of this method is evaluated by various tests. • Brine and condensate imbibition decrease after treatment. • The relative permeability increase by a factor of 1.7. During gas production from gas condensate reservoirs, as the bottom hole pressure drops below the dew point pressure, the liquids drop out and form condensate banking resulting

2023, Surface Science

Direct dehydrogenation of methanol to produce anhydrous formaldehyde is investigated using periodic density functional theory (DFT) and combining the microkinetic model to estimate rates and selectivities on stepped (211) surfaces under a desired reaction condition. Binding energies of reaction intermediates and transition state energies for each elementary reaction can be accurately scaled with CHO and OH binding energies as the only descriptors. Based on these two descriptors, a steady-state microkinetic model is constructed with a piecewise adsorbate-adsorbate interactions model that explicitly includes the effects of adsorbate coverage on the rates and selectivities as well as the volcano plots are obtained. Our results show that most of the stepped (211) pure-metallic surfaces such as Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ni, Fe, and Co are located in a region of low activity and selectivity towards CH 2 O production due to higher rate for CH 2 O dehydrogenation than CH 2 O desorption. The selectivities toward CH 2 O production on Zn, Cu, and Ag surfaces are located on the boundary between the high and low selectivity regions. To find suitable catalysts for anhydrous CH 2 O production, a large number of A 3 B-type transition metal alloys are screened based on their predicted rates and selectivities, as well as their estimated stabilities and prices. We finally propose several promising candidates for the dehydrogenation of CH 3 OH.

2023, Surface Science

2023, SPE Production & Facilities

Summary A field test was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of methanol as a solvent for removing condensate blockage. On the basis of laboratory results and a single-well numerical simulation, a field test was conducted on a gas well that suffered from gradual productivity decline caused by condensate banking in the Hatter's Pond field in Alabama. The well chosen for treatment was producing 250 MMscf/D of gas with 87 BOPD of condensate. After methanol treatment, both gas- and condensate-production rates increased by a factor of two over the first 4 months and by 50% thereafter.

2023, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology

The pressure drop around the well in the production from a gas condensate reservoir causes the formation of condensate in the area before it reaches the well and surface space. This condensate and occasionally water in the porous medium can block the well and create an additional pressure drop. Studies show that the chemical treatment of this area eliminates the problem by altering the reservoir rock wettability toward a moderate and strong gasphilicity. For this purpose, fluoropolymers-, fluorosurfactants-, and fluorochemicals-coated nanoparticles can be used. In this work, we have studied two types of fluoride gas namely R134A and R404A, which are widely used in refrigeration industry as refrigerant gases, perfumery, and industrial detergents. The basis of this study was the aging of rock samples in thin sections and plugs in these two gases at different pressures above the critical pressures of them at 70 °C at different times and then conducting the contact angle experiments by ...

2022, Fire Safety Journal

A series of experimental small-scale fire tests using a cone calorimeter were conducted. The objective of the tests was to provide a comparative assessment of particle and volatile organic compound emissions from the combustion of 10 commonly used types of building and furnishing materials relative to radiata pine, a dominant construction material. The materials tested included wood-based products (particle board, particle board with melamine surface finishes, medium-density fibreboard, painted pine), wool/ nylon carpet, polyester insulation, two types of polyurethane (PUR) foams, high density polystyrene with cladding material and plasterboard. Tests were run at two irradiance levels, 25 kW m À 2 and 50 kW m À 2 under well-ventilated conditions. Samples were collected for analysis of gravimetric mass, particulate organic and elemental carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbonyls and volatile organic compounds along with continuous measurements of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2) and fine particles (PM 2.5). Under the tested conditions of flaming combustion of 11 materials, the highest pollutant concentrations per mass of specimen burnt resulted from the combustion of polyester insulation, polystyrene with cladding material, PUR foam and a wool/nylon carpet. Among wood-based materials, medium-density fibreboard and particle board with melamine surface ranked highest in emissions, with pine ranking lowest. However, wood-based products make up the majority of mass in building structures so that emissions from wood-based products may contribute more significantly to total emissions and hence to exposures than emissions from the polymeric materials.

2022

Measurements of formaldehyde emission from wooden boards, insulation and paints were performed as a part of a project aiming to identify major sources of formaldehyde among construction and finishing products in Danish residential buildings. The methodology of measuring followed standard DS/EN 717-1:2004. The concentrations differed widely between tested materials. The initial concentration ranged from below 0.01 mg/m to 0.115 mg/m 3 and it dropped below 0.01 mg/m 3 for 7 out of 12 the investigated materials at the end of the measuring period, while for the remaining 5 materials it did not change noticeably. All measured concentrations were below Danish requirements, however performed calculations of formaldehyde concentration in a room finished with investigated materials suggest that indoor concentrations above 0.1 mg/m 3 recommended by WHO are well-founded, and concentrations as high as 0.5 mg/m can be expected.

2022, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology

2022, Petroleum Science

The pressure drop during production in the near-wellbore zone of gas condensate reservoirs causes condensate formation in this area. Condensate blockage in this area causes an additional pressure drop that weakens the effective parameters of production, such as permeability. Reservoir rock wettability alteration to gas-wet through chemical treatment is one of the solutions to produce these condensates and eliminate condensate blockage in the area. In this study, an anionic fluorinated surfactant was synthesized and used for chemical treatment and carbonate rock wettability alteration. The synthesized surfactant was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Then, using surface tension tests, its critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined. Contact angle experiments on chemically treated sections with surfactant solutions and spontaneous imbibition were performed to investigate the wettability alteration. Surfactant adsorption on ...

2022, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

Wettability alteration in carbonate reservoirs is the main objective of surfactant flooding. While studies confirm that a magnetic field changes the properties of solutions and water, its application for increasing the effectiveness of surfactant solutions for wettability alteration purposes has not been investigated. In this paper, therefore, the wettability alteration of carbonate rocks is investigated via applying a magnetic field on water and surfactant solutions. Based on experimental measurements conducted and results obtained in this study, the magnetic fieldtreated water, the so-called magnetized water, reduced the contact angle more than the double distilled water after 30 minutes of contact time. The effect of salinity on the affinity of magnetized water was also investigated for 0.2 wt% NaCl, and similar results were observed. Wettability alteration was also examined by magnetized water as a solvent of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) surfactant solutions. At surfactant concentrations above the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC), magnetized water as the solvent decreased not only the contact angle remarkably after long contact time (64.5% reduction at 0.245 wt %) but also the surfactant concentration required for the same amount of reduction. The same behavior was also observed for the 0.25 wt% of surfactant solutions (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate). The effect of the magnetic field treatment on SDS surfactant solutions was also studied. The impact of one-hour magnetic field treatment on surfactant solutions was negligible. However, the treatment of that on immersed rocks in surfactant solutions resulted in the reduction of contact angle, even more than magnetized water as the solvent.

2021, Molecules

Condensate accumulation in the vicinity of the gas well is known to curtail hydrocarbon production by up to 80%. Numerous approaches are being employed to mitigate condensate damage and improve gas productivity. Chemical treatment, gas recycling, and hydraulic fracturing are the most effective techniques for combatting the condensate bank. However, the gas injection technique showed temporary condensate recovery and limited improvement in gas productivity. Hydraulic fracturing is considered to be an expensive approach for treating condensate banking problems. In this study, a newly synthesized gemini surfactant (GS) was developed to prevent the formation of condensate blockage in the gas condensate reservoirs. Flushing the near-wellbore area with GS will change the rock wettability and thereby reduce the capillary forces holding the condensate due to the strong adsorption capacity of GS on the rock surface. In this study, several measurements were conducted to assess the performance...

2021, 9th International Wettability …

This is a preprint of a paper intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, this preprint should not be cited or reproduced without permission of the author. This document was prepared... more

2021, Catalysts

Formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) often co-exist in urban environments at levels that are hazardous to health. There is a demand for a solution to the problem of their combined removal. In this paper, we investigate catalysts, adsorbents and composites for their removal efficiency (RE) toward HCHO and NO2, in the context of creating a pollution control device (PCD). Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry and cavity ring-down spectrometry are used to measure HCHO, and chemiluminescence and absorbance-based monitors for NO2. Commercially available and lab-synthesized materials are tested under relevant conditions. None of the commercial adsorbents are effective for HCHO removal, whereas two metal oxide-based catalysts are highly effective, with REs of 81 ± 4% and 82 ± 1%, an improvement on previous materials tested under similar conditions. The best performing material for combined removal is a novel composite consisting of a noble metal catalyst supported on a metal ...

2021, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology

2021

تهیه و جمع آوری شده از معتبرترین منابع پتروفیزیک و مکانیک سنگ و سیال.مناسب دانشجویان مهندسی نفت

2019

Two analytical methods were used to measure the formaldehyde content (perforator extraction method and gas analysis method) on a particle board sample made from urea formaldehyde resin. The perforator extraction method has a higher... more

2016, Talanta

A simple, rapid and highly sensitive method for the determination of trace amounts of formaldehyde in air by using flow injection analysis (FIA) system coupled with a three-hole chromatomembrane cell (CMC) was investigated by using a spectrophotometer and a fluorometer. The CMC was applied to on-line collection/concentration of trace amounts of formaldehyde in air into water as an absorbing solution; formaldehyde in the air was found to be quantitatively transferred into the absorbing solution in CMC. The solution, containing absorbed formaldehyde, was introduced into the carrier stream of the FIA system. The amount of formaldehyde in an absorbing solution was measured spectrophotometrically and fluorometrically after the reaction with a mixed reagent of acetylacetone and ammonium acetate at pH 5.6-5.8. The amount of formaldehyde in the absorbing solution, measured by the proposed system, could be converted to the concentration of formaldehyde in the air sample. A calibration graph prepared by a series of standard formaldehyde aqueous solutions was adopted. The formaldehyde in indoor air, determined as exampled by the proposed spectrophotometric FIA, was found to be 5.14 ± 0.08 ppbv for 20 ml of the air sample at the air flow rate of 6 ml min −1 , and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 1.56%. The limit of detections (LODs) of HCHO in an absorbing solution was 2 × 10 −8 M (0.6 ppb) and 8 × 10 −9 M (0.2 ppb), respectively, by the spectrophotometric and the fluorometric FIA, and the LODs of HCHO in air sample of 40 ml were 0.05 and 0.03 ppbv, respectively. The interferences from foreign species were examined; tolerable concentrations of other aldehydes were more than 50-fold of formaldehyde (1 × 10 −6 M).

2016, The Analyst

Formaldehyde was sampled with the use of a standard miniature glass fibre filter coated with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH). The formaldehyde hydrazone formed [i.e., the adduct of formaldehyde (HCHO) and MBTH] was desorbed from the filter with water and then oxidised by an iron(III) chloride-sulfamic acid solution to form a blue cationic dye in acidic medium which was subsequently determined by visible absorption at 628 nm. The recovery of HCHO as the cationic dye from MBTH-coated filters is 87-102% in the range 0.065-2.9 mg of HCHO. This corresponds to 4.3-193.3 mg m 23 in a 15 L air sample. The collection efficiency of the MBTH-coated filter is higher than 90%. When the filter sampling system is used in active mode, air can be sampled at a rate of up to 1 L min 21 , affording an overall sensitivity of about 3 mg m 23 , corresponding to about 2 ppb v/v HCHO at 1 atm and 273 K. The method was successfully applied to the determination of HCHO in samples of indoor and outdoor air with satisfactory results. † Visiting scholar on leave from the

2016, Environmental Health Perspectives

We evaluated the airway irritation of isoprene, isoprene/ozone, and isoprene/ozone/nitrogen dioxide mixtures using a mouse bioassay, from which we calculated sensory irritation, bronchial constriction, and pulmonary irritation. We observed significant sensory irritation (approximately 50% reduction of mean respiratory rate) by dynamically exposing the mice, over 30 min, to mixtures of isoprene and O 3 or isoprene, O 3 , and NO 2 . The starting concentrations were approximately 4 ppm O 3 and 500 ppm isoprene (+ approximately 4 ppm NO 2 ). The reaction mixtures after approximately 30 sec contained < 0.2 ppm O 3 . Addition of the effects of the residual reactants and the identified stable irritant products (formaldehyde, formic acid, acetic acid, methacrolein, and methylvinyl ketone) could explain only partially the observed sensory irritation. This suggests that one or more strong airway irritants were formed. It is thus possible that oxidation reactions of common unsaturated compounds may be relevant for indoor air quality. Key word: airway irritation, indoor air chemistry, isoprene, mouse irritation bioassay, nitrogen dioxide, ozone. Environ Health Perspect 109:937-941 (2001). [Online 24 August 2001] http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/109p937-941wilkins/abstract.html

2016, Analytica Chimica Acta

Methods for determination of H 2 S and SO 2 in gas phase have been developed. The methods are based on absorption of the gases in scrubbing solutions and subsequent sequential injection analysis (SIA) determination of the absorbed gases. The reagents used in the SIA measurements, pararosaniline for SO 2 and nitroprusside for H 2 S, are very specific for the analytes. Absorbance of the reaction products is measured at 558 nm. The methods have been developed for determination of SO 2 in the range 1.6-8.0 g/m 3 and H 2 S in the range 5-15 g/m 3 . The relative standard deviation of the determinations is less than 2.5% (n = 10). The methods developed are intended for on-line monitoring of H 2 S and SO 2 in gas generated when heating coal at coke production.

2016

Measurements of formaldehyde emission from wooden boards, insulation and paints were performed as a part of a project aiming to identify major sources of formaldehyde among construction and finishing products in Danish residential buildings. The methodology of measuring followed standard DS/EN 717-1:2004. The concentrations differed widely between tested materials. The initial concentration ranged from below 0.01 mg/m 3 to 0.115 mg/m 3 and it dropped below 0.01 mg/m 3 for 7 out of 12 the investigated materials at the end of the measuring period, while for the remaining 5 materials it did not change noticeably. All measured concentrations were below Danish requirements, however performed calculations of formaldehyde concentration in a room finished with investigated materials suggest that indoor concentrations above 0.1 mg/m 3 recommended by WHO are well-founded, and concentrations as high as 0.5 mg/m 3 can be expected.

2016, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

Water floods are often very inefficient in naturally fractured carbonate oil reservoirs because many of these reservoirs are mixed-wet or oil-wet as well as extremely heterogeneous. Naturally fractured reservoirs are challenging targets for chemical flooding because they typically have a high permeability contrast between the fractures and the matrix with a low matrix permeability. Some of the world's largest oil reservoirs are fractured carbonates with a high reservoir temperature and a high salinity formation brine. Some of them also have low API gravity oils, which also increases the difficulty of recovering the oil. A surfactant formulation has been developed that shows promising results for such difficult reservoirs. Ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT) and good aqueous stability were achieved with this new carboxylate surfactant in a hard brine at a high reservoir temperature of 100 1C. Both static and dynamic imbibition experiments were conducted using a fractured carbonate core. 65.9% Oil recovery was obtained in fractured coreflood compared to 33.3% oil recovery in static imbibition test. The surfactant retention was low at 0.086 mg/g of rock. The oil recovery is excellent taking into account that the temperature and salinity conditions were harsh, the core was extremely vuggy and fractured, no mobility control was used, and only a small surfactant slug was injected. The coreflood results were interpreted using a mechanistic chemical reservoir simulator. It showed that both the mechanisms of IFT reduction and wettability alteration were important for oil recovery. Neither IFT reduction nor wettability alteration alone recovered oil as high as the combined contributions from both.

2015, Environmental Science and Pollution Research

A new sensitive technique for the quantification of formaldehyde (HCHO) and total aldehydes has been developed in order to monitor these compounds, which are known to be involved in air quality issues and to have health impacts. Our approach is based on a colorimetric method where aldehydes are initially stripped from the air into a scrubbing solution by means of a turning coil sampler tube and then derivatised with 3-methylbenzothiazolinone-2-hydrazone in acid media (pH=−0.5). Hence, colourless aldehydes are transformed into blue dyes that are detected by UV-visible spectroscopy at 630 nm. Liquid core waveguide LCW Teflon® AF-2400 tube was used as innovative optical cells providing a HCHO detection limit of 4 pptv for 100 cm optical path with a time resolution of 15 min. This instrument showed good correlation with commonly used techniques for aldehydes analysis such as DNPH derivatisation chromatographic techniques with off-line and on-line samplers, and DOAS techniques (with deviation below 6 %) for both indoor and outdoor conditions. This instrument is associated with simplicity and low cost, which is a prerequisite for indoor monitoring.

2015, Atmospheric Environment

2015

During gas production from gas condensate reservoirs, as the bottom hole pressure drops
below the dew point pressure, the liquids drop out and form condensate banking resulting in significant loss of gas and condensate productivity. A new method for stimulating gas condensate
wells, is changing the rock wettability in near well-bore regions by chemical
treatments. In this study, a new chemical treatment was developed to alter the wettability
of carbonate rocks from water-wet to intermediate gas-wet in order to enhance gas relative
permeability. The treatment involves the use of an anionic fluoro-surfactant mixture with
an optimized concentration and a solvent. Contact angle and spontaneous imbibition
experiments were run to measure the wettability alterations. Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and adsorption isotherms were also
performed to monitor the amounts of surfactant solutions which were adsorbed on the rock surface. The increase in gas relative permeability was quantified by comparing the
permeability before and after chemical treatments. The contact angles were increased and
water and oil imbibitions were reduced significantly after the treatments. Finally, core
flood tests revealed that the optimized treatment could enhance the gas relative
permeability by a factor of 1.7 which demonstrated the ability in wettability alteration at
reservoir conditions.

2015

Praktikum Proses Teknik Kimia Semester IV

2015

Volatolomic's analysis is the technique to analysis the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the metabolites. VOCs are released by cancerous cells can be one of the biodiagnostics
techniques to diagnose the cancer. FTIR spectroscopy with White gas cell absorption techniques can analyse and detect the key species from VOCs released. Small amount of VOCs samples can be detected by vacuuming the White gas cell and a low concentration gas also can be detected by employing a long effective optical path-length gas chamber. In this preliminary study, methanol was detected from the VOCs released by breast cancer cells.

2014, Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(12),4661-4662 ISSN: 0974-6943 Available online through www.jpronline.info *

These acetophenone derivatives of mannich bases were synthesized by the reaction between the acetophenone, formaldehyde and alkanes(1). They were
evaluated for the analgesic, anti inflammatory and anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin and its derivatives have shown good anticonvulsant activity by minimum
electro shock method. Indomethacin and its derivatives have shown good anti inflammatory activity by raw paw edema method. Indomethacin and its
derivatives have also shown good analgesic activity which can be observed by eddy’s hot plate method.
Key words: Mannich bases of acetophenone, anticonvulsant, and formaldehyde, anti-inflammatory.

2014

Formaldehyde has been categorized as toxic, suspected carcinogen, teratogen and mutagen compound and widely applied in various industries. Millions ton of formaldehyde is yearly released into environments. Therefore, having enough information about this compound to control its environmental problems is necessary. Although, many articles about formaldehyde production, properties, removal and applications have been published, but access to all of this information in different data bases is not easy and a comprehensive review paper in this area is yet to be published. The aim of this paper is collecting information about toxicology, resources, productionand applications of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde canbe emitted into atmosphere from natural sources such as atmospheric reactions, fire forest,and biological metabolism. Anthropogenic sources are other important sources of formaldehyde emission. Collecting enough knowledge about common pollutants such as formaldehyde that have been frequently released into environment can make significant contributions to improving environmental quality.