Fruit Trees Physiology Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Ecology

Tree masting is one of the most intensively studied ecological processes. It affects nutrient fluxes of trees, regeneration dynamics in forests, animal population densities, and ultimately influences ecosystem services. Despite a large volume of research focused on masting, its evolutionary ecology, spatial and temporal variability and environmental drivers are still matter of debate. Understanding the proximate and ultimate causes of masting at broad spatial and temporal scales will enable us to predict tree reproductive strategies and their response to changing environment. Here we provide broad spatial (distribution range-wide) and temporal (century) masting data for the two main masting tree species in Europe, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). We collected masting data from a total of 359 sources through an extensive literature review and from unpublished surveys. The dataset has a total of 1747 series and 18348 yearly observatio...

2025, Plants

The production and consumption of nuts are increasing in the world due to strong economic returns and the nutritional value of their products. With the increasing role and importance given to nuts (i.e., walnuts, hazelnut, pistachio, pecan, almond) in a balanced and healthy diet and their benefits to human health, breeding of the nuts species has also been stepped up. Most recent fruit breeding programs have focused on scion genetic improvement. However, the use of locally adapted grafted rootstocks also enhanced the productivity and quality of tree fruit crops. Grafting is an ancient horticultural practice used in nut crops to manipulate scion phenotype and productivity and overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. There are complex rootstock breeding objectives and physiological and molecular aspects of rootstock–scion interactions in nut crops. In this review, we provide an overview of these, considering the mechanisms involved in nutrient and water uptake, regulation of phytohormone...

2025, Sustainability

Planting multifunctional trees (e.g., fruit species) in cities can promote genetic conservation, economic activity, ecosystem services, and social cohesion. However, in Indonesia, the relationship between the abundance of fruit tree species and different city characteristics, including their involvement in the national smart city project, is still unknown. In this study, published reports and field surveys were used to evaluate the fruit tree distribution and its relationship with the characteristics of 224 of 514 Indonesian cities in order to identify tree species for multifunctional city greenery. This is the first study on the distribution of fruit tree species at the national level. The study identified 151 fruit species of 90 genera and 40 families, including large-sized fruits, such as avocados, breadfruit, coconuts, durians, jackfruit, and mangos. On average, cities contained 54 tree species, of which 21 (38.9%) were fruit trees. These findings indicate that cities are import...

2025, International journal of innovation and scientific research

Orchards for growing apples in Lebanon occupy 19% of the fruit growing area of the country, and it is the main fruit crop of the mountain areas. The varieties introduced to Lebanon since the 50's are the “Golden Delicious” and the “Starking Delicious”. At the time, all the production was sold immediately after harvest. Currently, the market demands impose a delayed sale after storage. Several diseases have appeared in storage such as the Bitter pit and scald. This has led to a loss of fruit quality and subsequently the loss of markets. Our research seeks to improve the quality of the fruits so that they become consistent with market standards while using foliar fertilizers. An analysis of the main components directly influencing the quality of the apple was conducted (malic acid, brix levels, content of calcium, nitrogen phosphorus, potassium) with the effect of these fertilizers on the Apple caliber as the criterion base in marketing. Experiments have proven that the 4 foliar f...

2025, In: Kern, Z; Demeter, G; Pinke, Zs; Romhányi, B; Bíró, L; Vadas, A (szerk.) Környezettörténet 3.Környezeti folyamatok a honfoglalástól napjainkig történeti és természettudományos forrásoktükrében. Budapest, Magyarország : MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont (2021) 276 p. pp. 65-94. , 30p.

Weather Anomalies and Their Economic Consequences: Penury in Northeastern Hungary in the 1870s This study investigates an episode of penury in 1879–1880 in Borsod and Zemplén Counties which occurred as one of the negative consequences of... more

2025, HortScience

The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) and other Castanea species (Castanea spp. Mill.) have been imported and circulated among growers and scientists in the United States for more than a century. Initially, importations of C. mollissima after 1914 were motivated by efforts to restore the American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.], with interests in timber-type characters and chestnut blight resistance. Chestnut for orchard nut production spun off from these early works. Starting in the early 20th century, open-pollinated seeds from seedlings of Chinese chestnut and other Castanea species were distributed widely to interested growers throughout much of the eastern United States to plant and evaluate. Germplasm curation and sharing increased quite robustly through grower networks over the 20th century and continues today. More than 100 cultivars have been named in the United States, although a smaller subset remains relevant for commercial production and breeding....

2025, Agronomy

In 2018, 23.2 Mt of pears were produced in the world across 1.3 million hectares (ha) of cultivated land. This review analyzes different training systems and management styles that have been adopted worldwide, emphasizing the European pear’s economic and environmental sustainability for the Mediterranean area of cultivation. Despite a reduced number of cultivars utilized around the world, pear presents a plethora of innovative training systems. In Europe, dwarfing rootstocks have led to reduced planting distances and a subsequent increase in planting density. Still, the economic sustainability of these systems is now questionable. Many of the quince rootstocks have made it possible to considerably reduce the size of the tree and introduce the concept of continuous row planting, with the management of orchards from the ground (i.e., pedestrian orchard). The planting distance must be chosen according to the soil fertility, the vigor of the grafting combination, and the training system...

2025, Damietta Journal of Agricultural Sciences

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Brewbaker and Kwack's (BK) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) stimulating solutions followed by dusting pollination technique of mixed pollen grains on improving the germination ability of Date palm pollen and elongation of pollen tube through the flower styles on female date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) of Hayany, Orabi and Zaghlol cultivars. Fruit set, fruit drop, yield/ palm, physical and chemical characteristics of fruits were estimated. The results revealed that the studied traits were influenced by spraying these two stimulating solutions. The highest germination percentage was obtained by applying BK stimulating solution (92.1 %) with 24 hr. incubation period. The longitudinal and transversal anatomical sections of the flowers 72 hr. after pollination showed evolution of one carpel after fertilization and noticed enlargement in size with condensation of tannin cells around embryo sac. Applying of BK stimulating solution with Orabi date palm cultivar was significantly increased fruit set percentage over the other treatments and also recorded the lowest percentage of fruit drop and achieved the highest yield. The highest values of fruit weight, length, size and diameter were coupled with spraying BK solution on the Zaghlol cultivar Spathes. Also, the highest percentage of total sugars was in the Zaghlol and Hayany cultivars when using the spraying treatment with the BK stimulating solution. The same treatment also achieved the highest value in the TSS percentage in the Zaghlol and Orabi cultivars. Moreover, spraying either BK or MS solutions exhibited the significant increases in the anthocyanin content compared to the control with all cultivars. On the other hand, the control treatment recorded the highest average of tannins content of Orabi cultivar fruit. Generally, the application of BK and MS on Date Palm spathes enhanced the fruit set, fruit quality, shortening the germination and elongation time of pollen grain tubes led to maximizing palm yield and overcoming the unfavorable environmental conditions during pollination and fruit set periods.

2025, Tér és társadalom

A mezőgazdasági szektor klímasérülékenysége kiemelkedően magas, különösen a szőlő-, gyümölcs- és zöldségtermesztés ágazataiban. Az éghajlati adaptációt számos nemzetközi és hazai szakpolitikai stratégia prioritásként kezeli. Tanulmányunkban egységes elméleti keretrendszert kívánunk kialakítani, amely lehetővé teszi a klímasérülékenység komplex értelmezését. A kutatás célja a szőlő-, gyümölcs- és zöldségtermesztők klímasérülékenységének elemzése négy hazai mintaterületen, a kitettség, érzékenység és adaptációs képesség vizsgálatán keresztül; a gazdálkodók klímaváltozással kapcsolatos percepciójának bemutatása; a gazdálkodók által használt jó adaptációs gyakorlatok feltárása; a kitettség, az érzékenység, percepció és adaptációs képesség területi
különbségeit befolyásoló környezeti, társadalmi és gazdasági tényezők azonosítása. A vizsgálat kvalitatív (félig strukturált interjúk) és kvantitatív (sérülékenységi mutatók számítása) módszereket alkalmazott. Az eredmények alapján a gazdálkodók egyöntetűen érzékelték az éghajlatváltozás negatív hatásait, bár percepciójuk részben eltért a
mért adatoktól. A gazdák számos adaptációs gyakorlatot alkalmaznak, az innovatív módszerek különösen a magas társadalmi tőkével és erős hálózatokkal rendelkező területeken terjedtek gyorsan. A sikeres alkalmazkodás nem kizárt sem a magas éghajlati kitettség, sem a kedvezőtlen társadalmi-gazdasági körülmények mellett. Az elszigeteltség ösztönzőleg hathat az adaptációra, de a legrosszabb helyzetben lévő perifériákon az alapvető források és képességek hiánya miatt az alkalmazkodás ellehetetlenülhet.

2024, Journal of Stress Physiology Biochemistry

The possible involvement of the methylglyoxal and proline accumulation in leaves and roots of three pistachio rootstocks, cv. Sarakha, Abareqi and Bane baghi, pre-inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae) in response to salt stress was studied during a greenhouse experiment in 2013. Six months old pistachio seedlings were exposed to four salinity levels of irrigation water (EC of 0.5 as control, 5, 10 and 15 dS m -1 ) for 70 days. Methylglyoxal and proline of the roots and leaves were increased by increasing salt stress. The highest concentrations of proline in leaves and roots were recorded in Abareqi rootstock while the lowest concentration was observed in Sarakhs. In general, a negative relationship was obtained between proline and methylglyoxal concentrations in both tissues especially at two highest levels of salinity. A very strong relationship between salinity and measured biochemical markers were found. The level of both biomarkers were reduced in both tissues and in all rootstocks as the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Root colonization percentage was declined as the effect of salinity in Abareqi and Bane baghi and not in Sarakhs.

2024

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a hemibiotrophic that causes root rot, also known as ink disease. Little information has been acquired in chestnut on the molecular defense strategies against this pathogen. The expression of eight candidate genes potentially involved in the defense to P. cinnamomi was quantified by digital PCR in Castanea genotypes showing different susceptibility to the pathogen. Seven of the eight candidate genes displayed differentially expressed levels depending on genotype and time-point after inoculation. Cast_Gnk2-like revealed to be the most expressed gene across all experiments and the one that best discriminates between susceptible and resistant genotypes. Our data suggest that the pre-formed defenses are crucial for the resistance of Castanea crenata to P. cinnamomi. A lower and delayed expression of the eight studied genes was found in the susceptible Castanea sativa, which may be related with the establishment and spread of the disease in this species. A working model integrating the obtained results is presented.

2024, Journal of Nuts

There are numerous challenges associated with the large-scale production of walnut In vitroplantlets. It is imperative to develop new environmental control systems for its In vitro propagation. Additionally, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the impacts of lighting systems on the morpho-physiological traits and biomass accumulation in walnut tissue-cultured explants. In this study, walnut nodal shoots were subjected to eight different light spectra, including white, blue, red, green, far-red, blue-red combination, red-far-red combination, and a fluorescent lamp serving as a control, over a period of 28 days. The results indicated that combined spectra treatments, such as blue-red and red-far-red, led to improved biomass accumulation (total fresh and dry weight) compared to other monochromatic light spectral treatments. Furthermore, Lightemitting diode (LED) treatments had a discernible impact on the morpho-physiological traits of walnut In vitro-explants. Specifically, white light spectra enhanced Specific leaf area (SLA), while the green light spectra increased leaf water content (LWC) when compared to other light treatments. Additionally, the application of far-red light elevated leaf mass area (LMA) and water content per unit leaf area (LWCA). The findings of this study demonstrate that the quality, morphological, and growth characteristics of In vitro explants of walnut can be enhanced by utilizing specific light spectra.

2024, Agriculture and Food

Climatic influences have had effects on agricultural production for ancient ages. The mankind has always tried to adapt to the rapidly changing and sometimes hectic effects of weather which has very huge and important effect on the quality and quantity of production. Today, climate change impacts are one of the most serious problems for Hungarian fruit growers. The year of 2007 was a particularly difficult time for Hungarian fruit growers, especially in North Great Plan region. Serious and repeated frosts occurred at blooming time in this region, which caused almost 100% of fruit loss. Frost caused an "off-year" in the orchards. The purposes of our research were to study the effects of irregular frost on nutritional status and enrich farmers' knowledge to understand the risks and consequences of climate change. Nutritional investigations pointed out that the crop loss puts at risk the current season's fruit, and also because of the perennial nature of fruits, it influences the productivity of fruits for several seasons in the future. The concrete nutritional test results have made the producers aware that in future they will be successful if their knowledge is improved. Enriching farmers' knowledge and understanding of the risks and consequences of climate change is the most promising strategy to better assist them. Regarding protection against extreme weather events, in addition to technological and technical elements, the level of importance assumed by family farmers for the above-mentioned protection techniques are also worth of studying. This ongoing research beginning in 2009 mainly focuses on studying the opinions of fruit growers making up the target group for this analysis. The questionnaire survey primarily intends to study their knowledge on the definition of climate change as reactivity to unfavourable weather events occurring in the growing.

2024, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

While numerous studies explored the response of walnut plants to drought stress (DS), there remains a significant
gap in the knowledge regarding the impact of heat stress (HS) and the combined effects of DS and HS on the
recovery capacity of walnut trees. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of Persian walnut (cv.
Chandler) response to the combined DS and HS, focusing on various aspects including photosynthesis, water
relations, and osmotic regulation. The treatments involved subjecting plants to DS (through a withholding
method for 24 d), HS (gradually up to 40 ◦C for 8 d), and a combined DS and HS, which were compared to a
control group (no stress) during the stress and recovery phases. The results showed that DS had significantly
more negative effects on chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), leaf water potential (WP), osmotic
potential (OP) compared to HS. Involvement of osmoregulation mechanism was detected more in DS and HS
plants through the accumulation of proline, glycine Betaine and total soluble carbohydrates. The functionality of
photosynthesis was significantly impacted by both HS and DS, respectively. While the HS accelerated the change
of the abovementioned physiological processes in drought-stressed seedlings. Consistently, more pronounced
damage was found in leaves under the combined stress, alongside the decrease RWC, chlorophyll content and
fluorescence ratios. Based on the analysis of the linear mixed-effect model, the effects of combined stress and HS
on photosynthesis parameters were detected in the early stages of stress compared to DS. Within a range of
stresses, the abovementioned physiological processes of individual and combined-stressed plants recovered to
levels comparable to those of the control. Our results also showed a substantial reduction in the expression of the
photosynthetic genes (Fd, Cyt b6f, and PsbB) in Persian walnut saplings under abiotic stress conditions indicating
significant damage to their photosynthetic apparatus. This study highlights that, under scenarios of aggravating
drought occurring with heat, walnut seedlings could face a high risk of damage to physiological structures in
relation to the synergistically increased hydraulic and thermal impairments.

2024

Conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources is important to meet the demand for future food security. This study was conducted on twenty-five native pear accessions sampled from Hatay, province, in eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In these accessions, ripening time, productivity, and some important pomological traits were determined such as fruit weight, fruit sizes, total soluble solids contents, pH, and acidity. The grittiness, flavor, and juiciness were also measured as sensory analysis. These results showed that the earliest ripening among the all studied accessions were ‘Biçin 1’ and ‘Biçin 2’ (June 25 in 2009 and June 23 in 2010), while the latest accessions were ‘Dağarmudu 1’ and ‘Dağarmudu 2’ (November 8 in 2009 and November 5 in 2010). In pear accessions, productivity was identified as medium and high. The fruit weight of pear accessions were ranged between 28.29 and 160.02 g, seed numbers were ranged between 0.56 and 10.00, total soluble solid conten...

2024, International journal of innovation and scientific research

2024

Germination response of seeds of Tinospora cordifolia as influenced by different stages of fruit ripening based on pericarp colour was studied under nursery conditions at the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore. Maximum germination of 57.5% was observed in red fruits (ripe) followed by yellow 27.5% (partially ripe) and green 17.5% (unripe) fruits. Measurements on fruit and seed parameters also followed similar trend. However, the moisture contents and the seed weight followed a reverse trend relative to germination evincing these parameters as indicators of seed development and maturation.

2024, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Journal of Nuts

Interspecific hybrid rootstocks have the potential to improve the productivity and resilience of pistachio orchards in response to environmental stresses. This study aimed to produce inter-specific hybrids between P. vera and P. integerrima (In) and compare their early growth with their parents under chilling temperatures. Controlled pollination using In pollen was conducted on five pistachio cultivars including 'Kaleh-Ghuchi', 'Khanjari-Ghermze', 'Akbari', 'Khanjari-Sefid', 'Ohadi' and a local variety. The fruit set in female parents through controlled pollination of interspecific crossings was significantly lower than natural open pollination, resulting in a high percentage of blank seeds. Only 'Khenjari-Ghermze' and 'Kalleh-Ghoochi' produced a sufficient number of seeds for further experiment. The germination and survival rate of hybrid seeds were lower than that of pistachio cultivars (P<0.01). Growth parameters of hybrid seedlings and their parents were examined at 5°C and 25°C. All rootstocks showed a significant reduction in growth at low temperatures, with chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence also decreasing significantly at 5°C. Overall, In seedlings showed more growth at 25°C than other rootstocks, and inter-specific hybrids showed better growth characteristics than seedlings obtained from pistachio cultivars. In seedlings growth almost stopped at 5°C, but pistachio seedlings continued growing despite the low temperature. In most traits, hybrid cultivars were intermediate between their parents, indicating the suitable inheritance of growth characteristics from In and cold resistance from P. vera. The hybrid between 'Khanjari-Ghermze' ×In showed good growth in the early growing stages under chilling temperature and could be a suitable rootstock for further research on interspecific hybrid.

2024, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Journal of Nuts

This research was conducted to determine the most appropriate grafting method for pecan trees in Dezful between 2019- 2022. Two experiments were carried out based on a completely randomized design in the form of a split-plot in three replications with grafting time at eight levels (from the second week of March to the first week of May) and three scion cultivars: ‘GraKing’. ‘Wichita’ and ‘Choctaw’. In the first experiment, fresh scions were used, and in the second experiment, the scions were prepared and kept at 4oC for one month. The results of the first experiment showed that the grafting success in the first week of March was significantly higher than other dates at the level of 1%. The grafting was not successful in the second week of March and the first week of May. In the second week of April, ‘Choctaw’ had the highest rate of grafting success with 94%. The effect of grafting date and scion cultivar was significant at the 5% probability level in the growth, and ‘Choctaw’ had the highest height and diameter in the first and second year. In the second experiment, the results showed that the grafting success was significantly highest in the first week of April and the grafting was not successful in the second and third weeks of March. Finally, the middle of April was recommended as the best time for pecan trees top-working in Dezful condition.

2024, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Journal of Nuts

Inoculations of plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizae can reduce Verticillium wilt severity. In present research, the effect of inoculation of Verticillium dahliae (Vd) and three species of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis and Claroideoglomus tunicate were studied on the activity of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the root of Ahmad Aghaei and Badami Zarand pistachio rootstocks. The roots of the pistachio seedlings were inoculated with 100 propagules per gram of three species arbuscular mycorrhizae and two months later, Verticillium dahliae was inoculated. Measurement of enzyme activity was done after V. dahliae inoculation at 11 different times. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The results showed that in Vd treatment, the specific activity of enzymes in Ahmad Aghaei decreased after an increasing period in days 8 to 12 after vd inoculation, then decreased less than AM inoculations, but in Badami Zarand, the activity of enzymes increased in a (days 8-16) and after that, despite the decreasing trend, it was still higher than AM treatment. In AM+Vd treatment, enzyme activity increased faster in both pistachio rootstocks compared to other treatments. In Badami Zarand, the time of the enzymes, peak activity was longer than in Ahmad Aghaei rootstocks. In general, the results of the present research indicated that increasing antioxidant enzyme activity can reduce the severity of Verticillium wilt in pistachio seedlings.

2024, Regional Soil Conservation …

2024

This study was performed at olive orchard at the Engineering College, University of SalahaddinErbil, Kurdistan, Iraq, during the growing season 2000-2001, on a sandy silty loam soil. The objectives of this study were to find out the responses of olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Ashrasie) to five irrigation frequencies (0,1,2,3 and 4) during drought season and to determine their effects on tree growth and yield. Numbers of replicates were three trees as a replicate. Forty-five trees of fourteen years old, Ashrasie cultivar were used, each nine uniform size trees distributed randomly among the 5 treatments in RCBD experiment. Irrigation treatments carried out at monthly intervals during the dry season, starting on June 1, by constant amounts of water for each treatment up to reach 60 cm soil depth to field capacity, using basin irrigation method. Irrigation treatments resulted significant increases in the shoot elongation and thickening percentages, leaf area at harvest, fruit yield ...

2024

The objective of the current research was to investigate the changes during maturation of cherries (Prunus avium L.). The studies were conducted in the commercial orchard of the Republic of Moldova, at Vindex-Agro SRL, Orhei (47 ° 46'S, 29 ° 13'E) during the three and four years of cherry tree fructification. The orchard was established in autumn 2011 with cherry trees of Ferrovia and Regina varieties, grafted on Gisela 6 rootstock, at a planting distance of 4x2.5 m. The trees are formed according to the Slender Spindle Ameliorated system. Experience includes four rehearsals of eight trees each (n = 32). Fruit recording and evaluation was performed during the ripening period, according to the color of the skin, according to the CTIFL Colored Color (Yellowish-pink, Very light red, Red Bright red color, Dark red, Dark brown-red, Dark brown) and the content of soluble solids content (SSC). By deduction and calculation, the notion of calculating the cherry diameter was introduce...

2024, Analysis of morpho-physiological diversity of some Tunisian date palm pollinators and study of their whorl pollen grain on fruit set, the time of ripening and yield of Date palm cv. Deglet Nour.

In Tunisia, the date palm is characterized by considerable genetic richness represented by 250 cultivars. It represents the backbone of the agricultural activity in the south west of the country. In this work we have done in the first step a study of morpho-physiological diversity of 10 date palm pollinator selected and on second step the effect of pollen on to maturity and fruit quality of the variety 'Deglet Nour '.the principal component analysis (PCA) using the R software allowed to choose two axes: axis 1 (F1) and the axis2 (F2) that absorbed a maximum of existing variability between pollinators date palm studied (48.80%). Their values are 28.79% and 20.01% respectively. The result showed that only 16 characters from 51 traits tested, can be used as a discriminative character .So pollinators showed a significant discrepancy between them, with a similarity index ranging from 0.174 to 0.764 that can be grouped into 4 groups. For the metaxenic effect of pollinators on the date of ripening and fruit quality, The analysis of the effect of different pollinators of fruit ripening has identified three groups: Pollinators hastening fruit ripening: P121 and P45 Pollinators retarding fruit ripening: P invitro and Pollinators have an effect on unstable maturation: remaining pollinators, the obtained result showed that the P121 and is the better pollinator because it promotes the maturation and gives a good caliber. The maximum fruit yield was scored with P Invitro.

2024, Legume Research- An International Journal, Volume 47 Issue 6: 922-926 (June 2024)

Background: Seed maturation is genetically controlled process involves a series of morphological and physiological changes extending from fertilization to independence from the mother plant. Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam.) is an under exploited legume and it is an inexpensive source of protein, rich in minerals and vitamins. However, information on harvesting time of horse gram seeds are still limited. Therefore, this study was carried out in horse gram to determine the physiological maturity in obtaining good quality of seeds for better planting value.

2024, Tree Physiology

We tested the hypothesis that whole-tree water consumption of olives (Olea europaea L.) is fruit load-dependent and investigated the driving physiological mechanisms. Fruit load was manipulated in mature olives grown in weighing-drainage lysimeters. Fruit was thinned or entirely removed from trees at three separate stages of growth: early, mid and late in the season. Tree-scale transpiration, calculated from lysimeter water balance, was found to be a function of fruit load, canopy size and weather conditions. Fruit removal caused an immediate decline in water consumption, measured as whole-plant transpiration normalized to tree size, which persisted until the end of the season. The later the execution of fruit removal, the greater was the response. The amount of water transpired by a fruit-loaded tree was found to be roughly 30% greater than that of an equivalent low-or nonyielding tree. The tree-scale response to fruit was reflected in stem water potential but was not mirrored in leaf-scale physiological measurements of stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. Trees with low or no fruit load had higher vegetative growth rates. However, no significant difference was observed in the overall aboveground dry biomass among groups, when fruit was included. This case, where carbon sources and sinks were both not limiting, suggests that the role of fruit on water consumption involves signaling and alterations in hydraulic properties of vascular tissues and tree organs.

2024, Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology

In Romania the main sources of generative rootstocks for peach are the wild types of common peach (Prunus persica (L.). These constitute a prime selection source, especially those situated on difficult soils like clays or soils rich in limestone. But the major problems of this type of rootstock are its very high genetic variability and its non-uniformity of growth in the nursery and orchard. From these populations, peach genotypes have been selected with late maturation, small fruits, and abundant and consistent production, which was considered, suited for rootstock use. Following a process of clonally selection and studies performed on the preliminary selections few genotypes were considered very well for rootstock use. In the nursery this genotypes have shown very good germination, giving uniform saplings of limited vigor. They are also easy to root and graft and show good compatibility with various peach and nectarine cultivars, with no external deformations. They give good yields of standard trees.

2024

El presente estudio fue establecido en el
Alto Valle del Río Negro, Argentina (38°55´ Sur),
sobre durazneros cv. Elegant Lady conducidos
en vaso, de 5 m de altura, con un distancia-
miento de 4 m entre plantas y 4,8 m entre ﬁlas.
Se realizaron tres tratamientos en un diseño
totalmente aleatorizado, simulando diferentes
intensidades de luz: restricción lumínica con
mallas de sombreo del 80%, poda en verde
y un control sin intervención. En cada una de
las plantas se diferenciaron 4 sectores orien-
tados hacia los 4 puntos cardinales y 3 alturas
distintas de la copa del árbol. La radiación
fotosintéticamente activa (RFA) fue medida en
cada sector 25, 15 y 6 días antes de la cosecha.
La RFA interceptada estuvo inﬂuenciada por la
restricción lumínica y por la altura. Las variables
vegetativas y de producción se relacionaron
entre sí linealmente, y ambas dependieron
principalmente de la RFA interceptada. Los
modelos que explican el comportamiento entre
la RFA y las variables de calidad son de tipo
asintóticos. A partir de los 25 días anteriores
a la cosecha, la RFA necesaria para alcanzar
frutos con un peso y color adecuados para su
comercialización debe ser del 30%. En el rango
de 0 a 15% de RFA interceptada, pequeñas
variaciones de RFA dan como resultado gran-
des cambios en las variables de peso, color de
cobertura e intensidad de color del fruto.

2024, ANADOLU JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

This study was carried out to determine the effects of 7 different rootstocks on rootstock diameter (mm), stem diameter (mm), and plant survival ratio (%) of some pear cultivars between 2019-2021. Rootstocks, cultivars, research years, and their interactions significantly affected all examined parameters in the study, except for the interaction of year x rootstock x cultivar. The 'Deveci'/BA29 and 'Deveci'/OHxF333 had the largest rootstock and trunk diameters, while the 'Williams'/MC had the smallest. The Fox11 and OHxF333 rootstocks had the highest plant survival ratios, whereas the MC rootstocks had the lowest. In terms of cultivar, the maximum plant survival ratio was found in the 'Deveci'. At the end of the first 3 years after planting, there was a decrease in the survival ratio of the plants. 'Williams' had the lowest rootstock diameter, trunk diameter and survival ratio. The highest trunk diameter was in the OHxF333, BA29, Fox11 and Farold40 rootstocks, and the cultivar was in the 'Deveci'. Plant survival ratios in quince clonal rootstocks were slightly lower than in pear rootstocks. This is due to the graft incompatibility between quince rootstocks and some pear cultivars. Compatible inter-stock with rootstock and cultivar should be employed to overcome this incompatibility problem caused by localized graft incompatibility. According to the findings of this study on young plants, it is required to extend the research and conduct additional observations in order to give more precise recommendations.

2024, International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research

In Turkey, the demand on walnut production is increasing everyday. However, Turkey’s walnut production is so low according to number of trees it has. Most of these trees are not grafted (seedlings), grafted with wrong named cultivar or not suitable for the region’s climate conditions. A lot of farmers tended to cut down those trees, but these trees can be graft by suitable cultivars. This study was carried out to determine the best grafting time for walnut in Samsun ecological conditions. For this aim, in 2014 (Tekkekoy district of Samsun) and 2015 (Alacam district of Samsun) four grafting times (5 April, 20 April, 5 May and 20 May) were tested. In the study, graft success (%), shoot length (cm) and diameter (mm) were examined. As a result of the study, grafting times were statistically affected the graft success. The best graft success was obtained from the graft made on 20 May. Also, shoot length and diameter were affected by grafting times. The longest and thickest shoots were ob...

2024, Egyetemi meteorológiai füzetek

2024

Eltérő típusú évjáratokban, speciális kísérletben (fungicid kezelés mellőzésével) vizsgáltuk a 2009., 2010. és 2012. évben a napraforgó hibridek betegségfogékonyságát és azt hogy, hogyan képesek terméspotenciáljukat realizálni eltérő klimatikus viszonyok, és vetésidő esetén. A szántóföldi kísérletet-melyben két eltérő genotípusú napraforgó hibrid (NK Neoma, PR64H42) és három vetésidő (korai, átlagos, kései) szerepelt-a Debreceni Egyetem AGTC MÉK Látóképi Kísérleti Telepén állítottuk be. A vizsgált tenyészévek időjárási körülményei erőteljesen befolyásolták a kórokozók fellépésének és kártételének mértékét. A három tenyészév között jelentős különbség mutatkozott az infekció mértékében. Az aszályos 2009. tenyészév sem a Sclerotinia, sem a Diaporthe fellépésének nem kedvezett, azonban a 2012. tenyészév során mindkét kórokozó esetében számottevőbb fertőzöttséggel kellett számolnunk a száraz (2009) tenyészévhez viszonyítva (a Sclerotinia fertőzés: 69,4%-kal, a Diaporthe: 71,4%-kal volt nagyobb a hibridek és tőszámok átlagában, mint 2009-ben). A 2010. tenyészévben lehullott nagy mennyiségű csapadék kedvező feltételeket teremtett a kórokozók számára, így a napraforgó állományokat jellemző infekció kiugróan magas volt (a hibridek átlagában a vetésidőtől függően: Sclerotinia: 7,0-29,0%, Diaporthe: 38,0-89,0%). A klimatikus viszonyokon túl az eltérő vetésidő alkalmazása is jelentősen befolyásolta az állományok fertőzöttségét. Vizsgálatunk során a vetésidő időbeli kitolásával a Sclerotinia és a Diaporthe fertőzöttség mértéke is csökkent. A vizsgált tenyészévek időjárási körülményei a hibridek terméseredményét és optimális vetésidejét is determinálták. A hibridek és a vetésidők átlagában 2009-ben és 2012-ben azonos terméseredményt (2009: 3781 kg/ha, 2012: 3764 kg/ha) értünk el annak ellenére, hogy az állomány fertőzöttségében lényeges különbségek voltak. A 2010. tenyészévet jellemző kiugró fertőzöttségi értékek a termésben is megmutatkoztak. A termés nagysága a 2009-es és a 2010-es terméseredménytől is elmaradt (16,3%-kal és 16,0%-kal). Az optimális vetésidő a hibridek átlagában 2009-ben (4249 kg/ha) és a 2010-ben (3539 kg/ha) az átlagos vetésidő, míg 2012-ben (4196 kg/ha) a kései vetésidő volt. A legkisebb terméseredményt mindhárom tenyészév során a korai vetésidő alkalmával mértük. A két hibrid terméseredményei között csaknem minden esetben szignifikáns különbséget tapasztaltunk. Az NK Neoma hibrid a legnagyobb terméseredményt (4772 kg/ha) 2012-ben érte el kései vetésidő alkalmával, míg a PR64H42 hibrid 2010-ben az átlagos vetésidő során (4487 kg/ha). A tényezők közötti kölcsönhatás vizsgálatára Pearson-féle korrelációanalízist végeztünk, mely során megállapítottuk, hogy a vizsgált tenyészévek során a vetésidő kitolása mind a Sclerotinia, mind a Diaporthe kórtani nyomását mérsékelte (r=-0,428**, r=-0,563**). A termés mennyiségét igaz kis mértékben, de a vetésidő, a Sclerotinia és Diaporthe fertőzöttség mértéke is befolyásolta (r=0,274*, r=-0,488** és r=-0,396**).

2024, Crop Science

ABSTRACTWith the advancement of molecular marker technology and computer software, mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for complex traits in agricultural crops is frequent; however, exploitation of these QTL in practical breeding programs is limited. Here we report the validation of molecular markers linked to net blotch resistance QTL and their utilization in a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding program. Barley net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres Drechs. [anamorph: Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoemaker], is a serious foliar disease in Canada and other parts of the world. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to net‐form net blotch (NFNB) resistance QTL (QRpt6) and spot‐form net blotch (SFNB) resistance QTL (QRpts4) were validated in two barley populations unrelated to the original mapping population. Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) was performed with SSR markers to select resistant and susceptible lines in two other populations. The lines homozygous for the resistant‐par...

2024, Revista Brasileira De Fruticultura

the new SCS421 Carolina cultivar, belonging to the Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta species, is classified as an Asian pear type or more specifically Japanese pear type. It was obtained from the Kousui x Osanijisseiki crossing made at Epagri / Caçador Experimental Station. Its flowering occurs from the second half of September to mid-October, similarly to Housui cultivar. According to preliminary results, 'Yali' and 'Housui' may be used as pollinators. The harvest takes place in the first half of February and production is above 20 t / ha. Plants produce more rounded and symmetrical fruits compared to Housui cultivar. The fruit skin is golden, the pulp is crispy, soft, sweet, very juicy and slightly aromatic. Fruits can be stored for up to four months in conventional cold storage. The incidence of scabies and dry branch diseases in the field has not been recorded. It is recommended for cultivation at colder regions of southern Brazil. Index terms: Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta; pear; fruit quality. 'SCS421 CAROLINA', PRIMEIRA CULTIVAR DE PEREIRA-JAPONESA DESENVOLVIDA NO BRASIL RESUMO-a nova cv. SCS421 Carolina, pertencente à espécie Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta, é classificada como pereira do tipo asiática ou, mais especificamente, japonesa. Foi obtida do cruzamento entre Kousui x Osanijisseiki, realizado na Epagri/Estação Experimental de Caçador. Sua floração ocorre desde a segunda quinzena de setembro até meados de outubro, similar à cv. Housui. Conforme resultados preliminares, 'Yali' e 'Housui' podem ser utilizadas como seus polinizadores. A colheita ocorre na primeira quinzena de fevereiro, e a produção situa-se acima de 20 t/ha. Suas plantas produzem frutos arredondados e mais simétricos que os da cv. Housui. A epiderme da fruta é dourada, sendo a polpa crocante, doce, muito suculenta e levemente aromática. Os frutos podem ser conservados até quatro meses em câmara fria convencional. Não tem sido registrada a incidência de sarna e seca dos ramos nas plantas, a campo. É indicada para o cultivo nas regiões mais frias do Sul do Brasil. Termos para indexação: Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta, pera, qualidade do fruto.

2024, Agricultural Water Management

Chilling temperatures are important in apple and other fruit production because they are needed to break full dormancy, which is a prerequisite for effective and synchronous bud-break and flowering. Temperature increase related to climate change could lead to inadequate chilling in certain areas, which could affect the suitability for some species or cultivars to survive or yield in that location. The aim of this study was to estimate how climate change could affect flowering date and, consequently, feasibility of the most significant apple cultivars in the lower Fluvià subbasin (correspondent to the Protected Geographical Indication "Poma de Girona"). The estimations are based on a chilling and forcing requirements approach for each apple cultivar in this region, through a statistical analysis. The chilling-forcing sequential model, together with meteorological projections based on two climate change scenarios (B1 and A2), were used to estimate apple flowering dates along the 21st Century. Results show, in general, that apple cultivars could suffer delays on flowering date since the mid century and they could present serious disorders as a consequence of insufficient chilling in the long term in A2 scenario, which could affect crop feasibility in the region.

2024, Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus (Poljoprivredna Znanstvena Smotra)

Pear production has the greatest economic importance next to the apple and plum production in Republic of Srpska (BiH) fruit production. Dominant practice of utilizing wild pear (Pyrus communis L.) seedling as a rootstock typically causes an intensive growth and postpones fruiting. Intensive vegetative growth during the early years infl uences the formation of long shoots where growth is terminated at time when mixed buds are formed on the tips and then regularly come to be bare at the base. Th e objective of this study was to examine the eff ect of date of heading back shoots during the growing season on the growth and development characteristics of one-year-old shoots in pear trees. The study was carried out in pear orchard, age 2 years. The study included three varieties 'Williams', 'Abbé Fétel' and 'Packham's Triumph'. All varieties were grafted on the seedlings of wild pear (Pyrus communis L). Training system is a slender spindle. Newly formed shoots on the central leader were cut back during 2015, and the resultant year-old shoots were analysed in 2016. Th e shoots were cut back to 5, 10 and 15 nodes (buds) at three diff erent dates during intensive growth. Control shoots were not cut back. The studied varieties had best reaction regarding initiation of new growth points and intensity of new growths in the later shoot heading dates. Intensity of new growth formation is also variety related.

2024, XI International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production

Timing of application of 6-benzyladenine (BA) to mature 'Williams' pear trees was studied in Río Negro, Argentina and in Oregon, USA. In Argentina, a single application of 150 mg L-1 BA was applied at petal fall or at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, or 28 days after petal fall (DAPF) in a completely randomized design. Control trees were sprayed with water. In Oregon, a single application of 125 mg L-1 BA was applied at petal fall or 5, 10, 15, or 18 DAPF. Variables measured were: flower cluster density (cluster number per cm 2 branch cross sectional area, BCSA); fruit number per 100 flower clusters; fruit number per cm 2 BCSA and fruit set distribution (spurs where fruit set was zero, one, or more than one). After harvest, fruit weight, diameter, length and commercial size classification were evaluated. In Argentina, fruit thinning was significant between 4 and 16 DAPF when fruit diameters were between 9 and 19 mm. In Oregon, with a lower dosage of BA, fruit set was not significantly reduced by BA treatments. When fruit were classified according to commercial sizes in the standard box (20 kg), treatments applied between 4 and 16 DAPF in Argentina (150 mg L-1) had the greatest frequencies of commercial size 90 and larger, while in Oregon (125 mg L-1) applications between 10 and 18 DAPF resulted in an increased percentage of fruit in commercial size 90 and larger.

2024, Horticulturae

To maximize orchard production and tree crop efficiency, optimization of both maximum orchard light interception and radiation distribution within the tree canopy are important strategies. To study the influence of planting density and fruit position within the canopy on oil quality from ‘Cerasuola’ and ‘Koroneiki’ olive (Olea europaea L.), fruits were harvested from the upper and lower canopy layers of trees in hedgerow planting systems at two densities: High at 1000 trees ha−1 (HD) and Medium at 500 trees ha−1 (MD). Tree crop efficiency and fruit weight, water and fat content were measured together with olive oil standard quality parameters, phenolic and volatile composition. Fruits in the upper layers of the canopy always showed a higher maturity index, 6% more fat content, and 4% less water content than lower layers. Upper layers of HD trees showed the highest phenol content, whereas lower layers of MD trees showed the lowest phenol content (36% less than the upper layers of HD)...

2024, International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology

An increasing interest on supplemental irrigation is observed in modern olive orchards because of its effect in increasing yield. In this study, the effect of three irrigation regimes (0, 60 and 100% ETC) on quality and chemical composition of olive oil is assessed in Baladi and Edlbi varieties planted in Lebanon. Significant differences (p<0.05) between varieties were observed for the majority of studied traits. Meanwhile, the response to irrigation regimes was strongly different between varieties. In Baladi variety, irrigation regimes resulted in increasing fresh fruit weight together with slight effects on oil yield, quality and composition. Only oleacein content showed significant decrease with irrigation (50.35 mg/kg for 0% ETC, 28.25 for 60% and 34.60 for 100%). On the contrary, in Edlbi variety, irrigation resulted in a strong decrease of total phenols (509.91 mg GAE/kg for 0% ETC, 385.87 for 60% and 365.74 for 100%) and chlorophylls (20.83 mg/kg for 0% ETC, 14.54 for 60% and 14.81 for 100%). Curiously, 60% ETC showed high content of the majority of individual phenols, including higher than 0% ETC.

2024, Plants

The present study aims to generalize cultivar-specific tree phenology responses to winter and spring temperatures and assess the effectiveness of the Tabuenca test and various chill and heat accumulation models in predicting bloom dates for a wide range of climatic conditions and years. To this end, we estimated the dates of rest completion and blooming and correlated them with observed bloom dates for 14 peach and nectarine cultivars that were evaluated in 11 locations across Europe (Greece, France, Italy, Romania and Spain), within the EUFRIN cultivar testing trial network. Chill accumulation varied considerably among the studied sites, ranging from 45 Chill Portions (CP) in Murcia-Torre Pacheco (Spain) to 97–98 CP in Cuneo (Italy) and Bucharest (Romania). Rest completion occurred latest or was not achieved at all for some cultivars in the southern sites in Murcia. Dormancy release happened earliest in Bucharest and Cuneo, sites where heat accumulation had a strong influence on th...

2024, Phytopathologia Mediterranea

Erwinia amylovora was detected on pome fruits in the Aragón region (North-Eastern Spain), in a ca. 5 km radius area located in the mid Jalón river (mid Ebro Valley) in the province of Zaragoza, during 2000-2003. Eight years have now passed since this pathogen was last detected, without new infections being reported in the same area. The bases for surveys and rapid eradication performed have been analyzed in detail to understand the reasons for the success in removing fireblight. The results demonstrate that intensive surveillance, risk assessment, plant analyses using accurate identification methods, and, especially, rapid total or selective eradication of infected trees in the plots have been very effective in preventing the generalized spread of fireblight and in delaying economic losses associated with this disease. Eradication and compensation to growers, estimated to cost approx. € 467,000, were clearly counterbalanced by the economic value of apple and pear production in the 2000-2003 period (approx. € 368 million). Fire blight risk-assessment, using the MARYBLYT system, showed that climatic conditions in the studied area were favourable to infections during the analyzed period (1997-2006). Molecular characterization of E. amylovora strains had revealed their homogeneity, suggesting that these fire blight episodes could have been caused by just one inoculum source, supporting the hypothesis that there was a unique introduction of E. amylovora in the studied area. Spatial spread of E. amylovora to trees was analyzed within six orchards, indicating an aggregated distribution model. This Spanish experience demonstrates the success of scientificallybased prevention methods that lead to the deployment of a fast and strict containment strategy, useful for other Mediterranean areas.

2024, Acta horticulturae

Pear trees often set an excessive number of fruit and therefore require fruit thinning early in the season to improve fruit size at harvest and return bloom the following season. Experiments were conducted in the 2004-2005 and 2006-2007 seasons in the Western Cape, South Africa to evaluate the efficacy of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and naphthylacetamide (NAD) applied at 8 to 12 mm fruit size, on fruit set, fruit size at harvest and return bloom of 'Early Bon Chrétien' (EBC) pear. The treatments, BA (50, 100 and 150 ml L-1) and NAD (30 or 40 mg L-1) were compared to hand thinned/unsprayed controls. BA proved to be the most efficient chemical thinner of EBC when used at rates of 100 or 150 ml L-1 , fruit set was significantly reduced compared to the control. BA generally decreased fruit set and yield while fruit size increased with an increase in rate. The 150 ml L-1 BA rate was the most effective treatment. 100 and 150 ml L-1 BA significantly improved return bloom compared to 30 and 40 mg L-1 NAD and the control.

2024

A critical review of the agronomic practices performed in pineapple cultivation is conducted. These practices include selection of varieties, propagation, treating of planting materials, land preparation, planting and spacing, fertiliser uses, weed control, pest and disease control, forcing, pruning and harvesting. The practices are closely examined and include how they are conducted, their advantages and setbacks, if any. Post-harvest handling includes preparation for market, packaging, storage and transportation. A new and exciting technique that has a lot of promise for the future of pineapple is also discussed. The technique, known as waxing, is gaining tremendous popularity among pineapple exporters. The export market is dominated by two (2) countries within the Caricom region and extra regional trade accounts for a little more than 0.10 percent of total exports. The major source of transportation is via air-freight. Constraints to the export trade are also stated. Discussion then surrounds several reasons why, though promising, pineapple production has declined in Guyana in recent years. Prospects for the future are then mentioned.

2024, Közlekedéstudományi Szemle

2024, Australian Journal of Crop Science

The aim of this study was to evaluate if variations in the peroxidase activity (PRX) and the phenolic compounds (PC) concentration in atemoya scion (Annona x atemoya Mabb.) grafted onto different rootstocks are related to incompatibility. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with atemoya scion grafted onto Annona species rootstocks [A. emarginata 'var. terra-fria'; A. emarginata 'var. mirim; A. mucosa and atemoya (homograft)] and these species ungrafted. The evaluations were performed at 30 and 60 days after grafting (DAG) in the hypocotyl region, where the grafting was performed, in each grafting combination and the same region corresponding to the stem tissue in ungrafted plants. The atemoya scion grafted onto A. mucosa showed higher PRX than A. mucosa ungrafted, although smaller than A. emarginata 'var. mirim' rootstock. In atemoya grafted onto A. emarginata 'var. fria' rootstock, no significant change in PRX compared to A. emarginata 'var. fria', atemoya ungrafted and homograft. The PC concentration at 30 DAG showed no significant differences in the grafted plants, although higher than in their respective ungrafted. At 60 DAG, no differences between grafted plants were observed, however, the PC concentrations in atemoya grafted onto A. emarginata 'var. terra-fria' and 'var. mirim' rootstocks were higher than those observed in A. emarginata 'var. terra-fria' and 'var. mirim' ungrafted, respectively. We concluded that variations in PRX and the PC are not related or triggered to incompatibility between atemoya scion grafted onto A. emarginata 'var. terra-fria', 'var. mirim' and A. mucosa.

2024, International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Pears (Pyrus spp.) are important fruit of the temperate and sub-temperate zone worldwide commercially cultivated for its delicate flavour and smooth texture. Although several other species are grown on a large scale, Pyrus communis and P. pyrifolia are the two most important commercial pear species. Salicylic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound that is widely distributed in plants and is thought to be a hormone due to its regulatory role in plants. Salicylic acid as plant growth regulator has attracted a lot of attention because of its role in modulating plant responses particularly the biotic and abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid application in pear has the potential to improve plant performance and yield, reduce chilling injury, postharvest diseases and decay, and preserve fruit quality after harvest during storage. Further research in larger perspectives is needed to validate the predictors' reliability in production and postharvest management of pear.