Geology and Mining Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

If we analyze the discourses on regionalism or for that matter, movements along regional spirit and consciousness, in India or even while trying to make sense of such a tendency, people are taken aback given that it is seen and understood as something against the unity and integrity of the nation or being 'divisive' 'separatist' and 'parochial' and therefore, 'anti-national'. However, we may find that from a long time, even during the period of British colonialism, regional forces have had their impact at the level of organization of political system in their own ways. Needless to recall that when the Britishers entered India, they could sense the regional variations very well and therefore, established 'divide and rule' policy to suit their administration as well as to be fitted to the regional demands and peculiarities. It is, no wonder therefore, to find that the anticolonial freedom struggle was not a process free of contradictions and variations over different regions. The fact of the matter was that the 'national' issue, namely, to establish a free independent and sovereign India superseded all the so-called 'parochial' claims of various regions and their demands. And it is, needless to say that these regional interests and demands, which were subdued during the freedom struggle found an expression and were articulated even within the first decade of India's independence, which has, in fact, grown both in its number and its intensity with every passage of time, which are reflected in various regional movements, over the period. In this paper, we discuss such a movement taking its stride with every passage of day, in the western part of Odishaboth in its historical as well as contemporary contexts. Taking a major point of departure, we suggest that it is rather high time to understand, analyze these movements and also to change the terms of our discourse such that 'region' and 'nation' or for that matter, 'regionalism' and nationalism' should not be seen as counter to one another. Contrary to this, what is suggested here is to see them only as a matter of degree and more as a part and parcel of a continuum. We make an attempt here to bring out what have been the historical causes which have given birth to such a tendency and the contours and trajectories that such a movement is going through over the period, including the current state of affairs as regards Kosal Movement, which is increasingly becoming so vociferous that we can hardly ignore it-either as an observer, as an analyst or as an activist-for or against the call for a separate state in Western Odisha.

2025

The main objective of the present chapter is to situate our area of study in an historical perspective. The Kosal movement which is calling for a separate state of its own is being mobilized by the people located in the western part of Odisha. 'Western Odisha', in common parlance, refers to the four undivided districts of Kalahandi, Bolangir, Sambalpur and Sundargarh. Recognizing their common culture and common fate of being poor, backward and underdeveloped, the Government of Orissa constituted a special agency for their "accelerated development and advancement" which is known as 'Western Odisha Development Council' (WODC). 1 The main objectives and functions of the Council from its very inception have been to prepare appropriate long term and shot term plans and programmes for the removal of developmental imbalances between different districts within the Council area, keeping in view the overall levels of development of the State. 2 It also suggests long term measures for removal of imbalances as aforesaid and ensures optimal utilization of available resources for removal of such imbalances, keeping in view the potentialities of different districts within the Council area and the ways and means position. Further, it formulates plans and programmes for equitable arrangements in providing adequate facilities for technical, educational and vocational training for the purpose of creating sufficient opportunity for employment in services under the control of the government within the Council area. The four (4) Districts comprising the area of the Council, as a consequence of reorganization of Districts in Orissa in 1993 now consist of Kalahandi,

2025, IJARW

This article explores the forest-based livelihoods of tribal communities in Thuamul Rampur, a block within Odisha's Kalahandi district, from an anthropological lens. Emphasizing how these communities interact with their natural environment, the article delves into the socioeconomic , cultural, and ecological significance of forest resources for these tribes. It highlights the traditional knowledge systems, resource management practices, and challenges these communities face due to external pressures on forest resources. The intricate relationship between tribal communities and forest ecosystems in Thuamul Rampur, a remote and predominantly tribal block in Kalahandi district, Odisha. The study adopts an anthropological approach to explore how these communities derive their livelihoods from the forest while maintaining a deep cultural and spiritual connection to their natural environment. Forests serve as a source of food, fuel, medicine, and materials for housing and tools. Beyond sustenance, they are deeply embedded in the cultural and religious practices of the tribes, shaping their identity and worldview. The piece underscores the tribes' traditional knowledge systems, including their sustainable practices of resource extraction, conservation methods, and communal management of forest resources. The article discusses the socioeconomic and ecological implications of forest dependence. It provides insights into how these communities navigate challenges, such as deforestation, climate change, and external pressures stemming from governmental policies, industrialization, and market demands. These pressures often lead to resource depletion and threaten the sustainability of forest-based livelihoods. By bringing forward the voices and experiences of the tribal people, the article sheds light on the need for inclusive policies that protect both the forest ecosystem and the rights of these communities. It argues for the recognition of indigenous knowledge in forest management and the importance of empowering these communities to make decisions about their resources. This anthropological perspective contributes to a broader understanding of the interdependence between tribal livelihoods and forest ecosystems, emphasizing the need for sustainable development initiatives that respect the ecological, cultural, and socioeconomic dimensions of tribal life in Odisha.

2025, Biuletyn - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

Przedstawiono uwarunkowania poprawnego konstruowania map izoliniowych dla potrzeb wyznaczania pól anomalii geochemicznych. Opisano sposób zastosowania nieparametrycznej procedury geostatystycznej krigingu indykatorowego do kreślenia map prawdopodobieństwa przekroczenia założonej brzeżnej (minimalnej) zawartości składnika. Mapy prawdopodobieństwa zastosowano do wyznaczenia pól anomalnych zawartości Zn w dolomitach kruszconośnych NE obrzeżenia GZW. Stwierdzono, że ze względu na znaczną rozpiętość pionową interwałów z zawartościami Zn przekraczającymi przyjętą wartość progową 0,5% okonturowanie pól anomalii geochemicznej w płaszczyźnie poziomej jest niewystarczające. Zarekomendowano zastosowanie trójwymiarowego wariantu krigingu indykatorowego do wyznaczania brył anomalii geochemicznych w przestrzeni obiektów geologicznych.

2025, Bima Journal of Science and Technology

A significant direct and indirect predictor of human health is environmental quality. A significant factor in bad health and a miserable existence, declining environmental conditions also impede sustainable growth. This study aimed to assess the effects of stone quarrying on the environment and inhabitant of Anguwa Uku of Gombe Metropolis. In order to achieve the study aim, a mix-method research design was used, in which both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered. In-depth interviews (IDIs) and questionnaires were utilised to gather data for this investigation. For the purpose of gathering data, the participants and houses were chosen using purposive and systematic sampling techniques The quantitative and qualitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics. On the other hand, a theme method was used to analyse qualitative data. According to the data analysis results, 30.7% of the sampled respondents in the study area utilised a mechanical way of granite stone extraction, whereas 69.3% of them employed a manual method. In the study area, certified firms often utilise the mechanical approach, whereas self-employed miners mostly use the manual method. The majority of the miners in the research region, according to the results, utilised hammers (41.1%), dynamite (20.5%), diggers (12.8%), burning tires (10.2%), wagon drill (7.7%), and chisels (7.7%), to remove granite stone. However, the IDI's findings revealed that the local residents suffer greatly from the operations surrounding the quarrying site, including structural destruction, air and noise pollution, soil erosion, land degradation, pit creation, and flora destruction. In addition, the majority of residents' experience chronic coughing, chest pain, breathing difficulties, vision issues, and hearing disorders. It was concluded that the study's local environment is damaged by quarrying operations; as a result, action must be taken to stop the situation in order to ensure sustainability in the future. The study recommends that companies should implement land reclamation measures at specific intervals to prevent flooding, land degradation, erosion, the creation of potentially dangerous pits, and other environmental issues that could negatively impact the study area's residents.

2025, Journal of Geography and Mining Research

In this study, ground magnetic survey of Sumaje Village, Ogo Oluwa area of Oyo State, Nigeria using high resolution proton-precession geometric magnetometer model G-856AX measures total components of the ground magnetic. The field data was qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted. Profile 1 has the highest amplitude of 18.2 nT and profile 2 has the highest width of 32 m. The depth to the basement rocks ranges between 6.25 to 13.75 m. The highly mineralized region of the study area is between traverse 1 to 5. Magnetic anomaly obtained varied between a minimum negative peak value of about -14.3 nT and a maximum positive value of about +3.8 nT. The maximum depth to basement rock is about 13.75 m. Ground magnetic contour map, 3-D map, and vector map showed that magnetic anomalies are as a result of rocks present in the region. The major rocks and minerals suspected to be found in this studied area and its environs are slate, gneiss, serpentenite, rhyolite, pegmatite, gabbro, basalts, oceanic basalts and hematite.

2025, Acta Montanistica Slovaca

In this study, we present preliminary findings from geological field investigation that may indicate the presence of a new iron deposit in the Central Anatolian Iron Province (Turkiye). The geological field investigation identified massive iron ore outcrops, indicating significant iron mineralization. According to the analysis results of the samples taken from the iron ore outcrops, the outcrops contain 35.87-81.75% Fe. Silica ratios are 10.85 - 48.40%. Fe/Mn ratios, Si-Al values, Si/Al ratios, Fe/Ti and Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) ratios, Fe-Six2-Mn ratios, Fe-Al-Mn ratios, (Ca+Al+Mn) - (Ti+V) and (Ti+V) - (Al+Mn) ratios of the mineralization were evaluated. The positions of the samples taken on all distinction diagrams indicate that the mineralization in the study area was formed by hydrothermal activity (under relatively high-temperature conditions at 300-500 °C). The fact that the iron ores contain small amounts of transition metals such as Ni and V suggests that they are not related to volcanic rocks but are similar to the Lake Superior iron formation type. Ore deposition probably occurred through transgression-regression at the continental passive margin or the arc-back basin. Therefore, a model can be proposed where the iron ores in the study area were deposited by combining two stages in a continental margin or arc-back basin due to transgression-regression processes. These two stages are (1) hydrothermal fluid and fluvial activity (terrestrial dendritic sedimentation) that precipitates Fe and Si, and (2) oxidation and iron formation. Therefore, the primary source of the mineralization may have been volcanosedimentary or exhalative sedimentary type (synsedimentary), and later metamorphism and tectonic events may have led to the present position of the mineralization.
Keywords: iron mineralization, iron ore, volcanosedimentary type iron deposit, exhalative sedimentary type iron deposit, Central Anatolian Iron Province

2024

Protection of balneology resources and planning of land use as exemplified by peat of Kolobrzeg. A b s t r a c t. This article presents results of analysis and findings incorporated in „Contextual analysis of the economic development of Kolobrzeg” allowing for a variety of economic activity and investments in the mining area of Mirocice, with the consideration of their potential impact on water in peatlands. The analysis incorporates description of the natural resources, exisiting and planned development of these resources and areas within its vicinity, as well as potential impact from exisiting facilities and current plans for development. The facilities have been assigned three possible levels of risk to water in peatlands: potentially high, potentially low and no risk. The areas dedicated to storage and production functions pose a potnetially high level of risk. Aside from their direct impact, they will also indirectly dirve higtened traffic by heavy trucks as well as heavy loads...

2024, Humanus Discourse

The predominance of resource conflict threatens the peace, security and livelihood in the Okpella community in Edo State, Nigeria. While historical studies have examined the issue of resource control in Nigeria, this aspect of the environmental and social history of Okpella is understudied. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the nature of resource conflict and youth restiveness in Okpella. Underpinned by the Frustration-Aggression theory and based on the historical analysis of oral interviews and the extant literature, it concludes that youth restiveness in the Okpella community is influenced by frustration over unemployment and poverty. The paper calls for policy engagement with youth empowerment.

2024

Podejmowanie decyzji w przemyśle wydobywczym wymaga rozwiązywania złożonych, multidyscyplinarnych problemów obejmujących aspekty geologiczno-techniczne, ekonomiczne, środowiskowe, prawne, społeczne i polityczne. Pod uwagę muszą zostać... more

2024, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

2024, Journal of Archaeological Science

Methods for provenancing copper, lead, and silver using the isotopic composition of lead are well-established. Lead isotope analysis holds promise for the study of tin metal as well, as long as one accounts for the U-Th-Pb systematics of cassiterite (SnO 2) and chaîne opératoire of tin production. Although Precambrian cassiterite may contain 10s of ppm Pb or more (predominantly radiogenic 206 Pb), Phanerozoic examples typically contain only a few parts per million Pb. However, all but one of the 133 raw tin ingots excavated from European Bronze Age shipwrecks contains more Pb than could have come from cassiterite alone, as do six of the twelve analyzed tin objects interpreted to have been derived from the ores of southern Africa. Accordingly, almost all tin objects must contain Pb from external cassiterite sources and interpretation of LIA must account for this contamination. The nature of the contaminant (sulfides, U-Th-bearing minerals, silicates) can be inferred from patterns in Pb concentration and LI values. The 3 major sources of Pb that can typically be identified in tin artifacts are original Pb from the tin ore, radiogenic Pb produced insitu due to U decay, and external Pb added during the cassiterite smelting and ingot production. As cassiterite has high U/Pb but low Th/Pb, the 208 Pb/ 204 Pb may be representative of the initial Pb incorporated in the mineral. This is assuming either that no external Pb is added during the ore processing or that the added Pb is from coeval sulfides from the same Pb ore provenance. In such cases 208Pb/204 Pb can be used to estimate a Pb model age, which in turn can be used for provenance estimate of the ingots. If the addition of Pb is from U-Th-mineral contaminants to the ore concentrate, then this will also increase 208 Pb/ 204 Pb and point to erroneously young model Pb ages. In such cases, the problem would be evident in positively correlated values of 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb. If Pb concentrations are above a certain threshold (approximately 5 ppm). LIA typical common Pb isotope ratios will be clear indication that external, non-cassiterite Pb, is added to the tin artifact. This tin could be from impurities in the ore (e.g., inclusions in cassiterite, impurities in the ore concentrate, or added during ore smelting and/or metal processing. Overall, elevated Pb concentrations accompanied with non-radiogenic Pb isotopes typical for common Pb, is a clear indication that significant amount of external (contaminant) Pb is added to the tin artifact.

2024, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI) ISSN No. 2321-2705

The quarrying industry in Nigeria has far-reaching socioeconomic and environmental implications that demand careful consideration of sustainable practices and innovative technologies. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted impacts of quarrying on local communities and the environment, highlighting challenges such as habitat destruction, air, noise and water pollution, environmental degradation, and socioeconomic disparities. Furthermore, it accesses current sustainable quarrying practices and innovative technologies to mitigate these impacts and improve efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper also emphasizes the importance of implementing robust policies and regulations governing quarrying activities in Nigeria. Through analysis of real-world examples, case studies, and existing literature, this review uncovers promising solutions that can enhance quarrying operations' sustainability and environmental performance in Nigeria and worldwide. This paper unveils that, while quarrying is an important industry in Nigeria, it is critical to ensure it is carried out sustainably and responsibly. This can be achieved through improved regulations, strengthening sustainable quarrying practices, conducting thorough environmental impact assessments, establishing buffer zones around quarries, enforcing stricter pollution control measures, stakeholder engagement, and adoption of new technologies such as advanced blasting techniques, dust suppression technologies, automation and robotics machinery, water recycling, and treatment systems, waste recycling management, and reforestation and restoration techniques. It is evident that there are gaps and inconsistencies in Nigeria's policy and regulatory framework, and there is a lack of research on the effective implementation of sustainable practices and new technologies. Therefore, further research is recommended on areas such as the lasting impact of sustainable practices, the potential of new technologies, and the enhancement of policy and regulatory frameworks to improve the sustainability and efficiency of quarrying operations in Nigeria.

2024, Mining for Tin on Dartmoor in the 18th to 20th Centuries: The Landscape Legacy

This paper explores the landscape evidence for the mining of tin on Dartmoor, focussing mainly on 19th century examples. It concentrates on what can be learned about extraction and ore dressing through close
examination of surface remains and discusses how analysis of this resource, when considered in its historical context, can help us appreciate the extent, complexity and significance of the tin industry on Dartmoor, as well as adding subtle details to the social and economic narrative.
The work also provides a summary of sites where significant field remains survive and includes much new survey data.

2024, Article_Revue Ivoirienne des Sciences et Technologie, 43 (2024) 132 - 160

This study aims to improve our knowledge of the subsurface geology, and to create a comprehensive geological framework to highlight potential opportunities in the region. It involved analyzing the electrical and magnetic parameters of the subsurface formations, comparing dipole-dipole electrical resistivity and Schlumberger borehole data with magnetic data, and then determining the level of alteration by means of conductive and resistant anomalies. The results reveal that the area is characterized by resistant anomalies and a high magnetic field of felsic formations, extending over a total area of 85.56 ha and covered by a thick layer of alteration averaging 15 m in depth. These formations span the entirety of the eastern portion of the study area, and isolated areas situated to the west and southwest. A major network of fractures running NE-SW and NNE-SSW was highlighted through the analysis of the conductive anomalies. Overall, this study has enabled us to use a geophysical approach to distinguish the spatial distribution of the sound lithological series in the area, the degree of alteration of the series and the related fracture and fault systems, which could serve as a valuable guide for any mineral resource and aggregate exploration activity in the region.

2024, Tectonophysics

The geology of SW England has long been interpreted to reflect Variscan collisional processes associated with the closure of the Rhenohercynian Ocean and the formation of Pangea. The Cornish peninsula is composed largely of Early Devonian to Late Carboniferous volcanosedimentary successions that were deposited in pre-and syncollisional basins and were subsequently metamorphosed and deformed during the Variscan orogeny. Voluminous Early Permian granitic magmatism (Cornubian Batholith) is broadly coeval with the emplacement of ca. 280-295 Ma lamprophyric dykes and flows. Although these lamprophyres are well mapped and documented, the processes responsible for their genesis and their relationship with regional Variscan tectonic events are less understood. Pre-to syn-collisional basalts have intra-continental alkalic affinities, and have REE profiles consistent with derivation from the spinel-garnet lherzolite boundary. εNd values for the basalts range from +0.37 to +5.2 and TDM ages from 595 Ma to 705 Ma. The lamprophyres are extremely enriched in light rare earth elements, large iron lithophile, and depleted in heavy rare earth elements suggesting a deep, garnet lherzolite source that was previously metasomatised. They display εNd values ranging from-1.4 to +1.4, initial Sr values of ca. 0.706, and TDM ages from 671 Ma to 1031 Ma, suggesting that metasomatism occurred in the Neoproterozoic. Lamprophyres and coeval granite batholiths of similar chemistry to those in Cornwall occur in other regions of the Variscan orogen, including Iberia and Bohemia. By using new geochemical and isotopic data to constrain the evolution of the mantle beneath SW England and the processes associated with the formation of these post-collisional rocks, we may be able to gain a more complete understanding of mantle processes during the waning stages of supercontinent formation.

2024, Tectonophysics

Available U-Pb age data for the Cornubian Batholith of SW England is based almost entirely on monazite and xenotime, and very little zircon U-Pb age data has been published. As a result, no zircon inheritance data is available for the batholith, by which the nature of the unexposed basement of the Rhenohercynian Zone in SW England might be constrained.

2024, Journal of Geology and Mining Research

The study area is about 40 km 2 that is (8 km × 5 km) which is located in Gwarzo Local Government area of Kano State part of Malumfashi sheet 79NE which lies within Longitude E07°57'19.5" and E08°00'00" and Latitude N11° 51'30"andN11°47'00. Major rock types identified include medium grained biotitemuscovite granite, coarse grained muscovite-biotite granites, quartz-syenite, and quartz-monzonites. Most of the crystals show subhedral to anhedral form and a perfect cleavage is somehow visible. The interference colours observed under cross-polarized light include blue, dark grey, light grey, some pinkish colour and brown colour which disappear upon the stage rotation. Albite and Carlsbad twinning are seen and used to identify the feldspars. Various structural features were observed with NE-SW trend which represents the final imprint of the Pan-African orogeny.

2024, Journal of the Geological Society

The spatial and temporal association of post-collisional granites and lamprophyre dykes is a common but enigmatic relationship in many orogenic belts, including the Variscan orogenic belt of SW England. The geology of SW England has long been interpreted to reflect orogenic processes associated with the closure of the Rheic Ocean and the formation of Pangea. The SW England peninsula is composed largely of Early Devonian to Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary successions deposited in syn-rift and subsequent syn-collisional basins that underwent deformation and low-grade regional metamorphism during the Variscan orogeny. Voluminous Early Permian granitic magmatism (Cornubian Batholith) is considered to be broadly coeval with the emplacement of lamprophyric dykes and lamprophyric and basaltic lava flows, largely on the basis of geochronological data from lamprophyric lavas in Devon. Although published geochronological data for Cornish lamprophyre dykes are consistent with this interpretation, these data are limited largely to imprecise K-2 Ar whole rock and biotite analyses, hindering the understanding of the processes responsible for their genesis and their relationship to granitic magmatism and regional Variscan tectonics. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronological data for four previously undated lamprophyre dykes from Cornwall, combined with published data, suggest that lamprophyre magmatism occurred between c. 293.6 Ma and c. 285.4 Ma, supporting previous inferences that their emplacement was coeval with the Cornubian Batholith. These data provide insights into (i) the relative timing between the lamprophyres and basalts, the Cornubian batholith and post-collisional magmatism elsewhere in the European Variscides, and (ii) the post-collisional processes responsible for the generation and emplacement of lamprophyres, basalts and granitoids.

2024, Tectonophysics

2024, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

In order to improve the rock breaking efficiency of hard rock tunnel boring, many innovative rock breaking methods have been proposed (e.g., the water jet cutting, the high-power laser cutting, the impact-rotary drilling, and the undercutting method). However, most of the methods are not applicable to TBMs due to some structural reasons. Aiming on this problem, a free-face-assisted rock breaking method based on the multi-stage TBM cutterhead has been proposed. Series of proof-of-concept tests includes (1) the static compression test with vertical free face and (2) the rotary cutting tests in different free surface conditions were designed and carried out. The results show that the rock breaking force and efficiency can be significantly reduced and improved, respectively, with the assistance of the free face, due to the failure of the rock close to the free face is tensile-dominated failure. The influencing distance of the free face in the radial direction is at least 330 mm which covers about 5 disk cutters. Finally, the general structure of a small two-stage cutterhead (4 m in diameter) was tentatively designed in order to provide a possible approach to apply the free-face effect to TBMs.

2024, Environmental Earth Sciences

Very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) measurements were carried out in Wadi Isbayia area, south Sinai Peninsula, to test the efficiency of the VLF-EM method in the exploration of sulphide mineralization in arid environments. The VLF-EM field measurements, including tilt angle, real and imaginary components of the received VLF field, were carried out along fifteen profiles covering a quartz monzonite bedrock. Interpretation of the VLF measurements, in the light of geological information, has showed that sulphide minerals in the Wadi Isbayia area extend from the ground surface to a depth of about 200 m. However, the structural lineaments, especially faults, have controlled the distribution of the sulphide mineralization. A few of polished sections for rock samples, collected from the sites of the VLF-EM anomalies in the study area, have been prepared and examined by ore microscopy which confirmed the presence of pyrite and chalcopyrite as well as iron oxides, disseminated in the quartz monzonite bedrock. These results showed that the VLF-EM method is an effective tool in the exploration of sulphide minerals in the arid environments.

2024, Rev. Valdotaine Hist. Nat.

The Hérin copper and iron sulphides mineralization (chalcopyrite and pyrite), in the municipality of Champdepraz (Valle d'Aosta), is hosted in lenticular massive bodies and thin layers intercalated within glaucophanites belonging to to the lower eclogitic unit (Zermatt-Saas unit) of Piemonte ophiolitic nappe. The mine, known since 1699, but active since at least the 16th century as shown by 14 C datings on samples of charcoal present in the slag, was for a long time exploited only for the copper contained in the chalcopyrite; starting from the end of the 19th century, the main mineral object of cultivation became pyrite, used for the production of sulfuric acid. The mining works ended in 1957. This article describes, on the basis of bibliographic and archival research and various site inspections, the characteristics of the Hérin deposit, the historical events related to its exploitation and the various mining works carried out, as well as the other mining searches for chalcopyrite and pyrite carried out in the Champdepraz valley.

2024, Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku v roce ...

The article presents geomorphological and structural evidences of post-thrust limestone brittle deformation in the area of Pavlov Hills on the westernmost margin of the Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic. Airborne LiDAR-derived digital terrain model with 1 m resolution was used for this analysis, as well as aerial photographs and fieldwork. Combining these methods, we document a distinct N-S directed fault zone that intersects or delineates the majority of the Pavlov Hills Jurassic limestone nappe outliers. Data revealed an almost continuous fault zone of the north-south direction, which ranges from Horní Věstonice in the North, to Mikulov in the South, and extends further south to Austria. The thrusted Jurassic limestone bodies are cut by the fault zone, which tectonically crushed the limestone in its core and cores of the secondary fault branches. The map pattern of the fault zone suggests directional anastomotic branching and reattaching with the production of lenticular tectonic slices. We interpret the fault as a prominent sinistral shear zone. This is indicated by block displacement on the Svatý kopeček Hill and also by the orientation of the accompanying subvertical Riedel shears with identified horizontal lineation. The activity of the fault zone onset tightly after the nappe thrusting at the final stages of the accretion wedge formation, which is suggested from the observed sinistral kinematics. The main movement along the fault is thus most probably of a late Miocene age.

2024, Mine Water and The Environment

The paper presents information on constructional, technical and production features of dewatering wells in the "Kreka" lignite basin. A number of drilled wells (about 350), adjusted to suit actual hydrogeological conditions according to... more

2023

The researoh reported in this thesis was carried out during tenure of a Demonstretorship in the Department of Geology at the University of Keele. Acknowledgment is gr~tefUlly made to Professor F. Wolverson Cope and all members of the academic and technical statt for their advice and assistance and in particular I am indebted to Dr. B. K. Holdsworth tor reading ~~d sugeesting improvements in the dratt manusoript. My thanks are also extended to the many companies and individuals who were of assistance in the collection of samples, to W~. R. Fuge (Aberystwyth University) for carrying out F and Cl analyses and eleo to W~. E. Stephens (St. Andrews University) for his precious time spent in computing and introducing me to statistical analysis. I a180 wish to reoord the invaluable ve~bal and material assistance and enoouragement given by Dr. C. S. Exley throughout all the stages ot this work.

2023, Economic Geology

The cassiterite-sulfide deposits of the Ardlethan tin field are classified as porphyry-style Sn deposits on the basis of the intimate spatial and temporal relationships of the breccia pipes and Sn deposits with the Ardlethan Granite, and in particular, the Mine porphyry; the continuum of salinity and temperature conditions from high-temperature and high-salinity fluids in the Ardlethan Granite to lower temperature and less saline fluids in the breccia pipes in the Mine granite; and the isotopic character of the ore fluids which is consistent with a magmatic fluid source characterized by primitive isotopic signatures for carbon and sulfur. The deposits occur in breccia pipes in the Siluro-Devonian Mine granite (417 _ 2.5 Ma) close to its contacts with the Ardlethan Granite (410 _+ 2.5 Ma) and Ordovician metasediments. The Ardlethan Granite and related phases are moderately to strongly fractionated and enriched in Rb, Th, U, Nb, Y, Li, As, Ta, W, F, and Sn. Tourmaline nodules occur within the Ardlethan Granite and halite-bearing fluid inclusions found in quartz from the nodules homogenized between 250 ø and 485øC. One of the most fractionated phases of the Ardlethan Granite-the Mine porphyry-was eraplaced into the major breccia pipe of the Mine granite following the onset of brecciation. Brecciation and mineralization are linked to the release of magmatic volatiles and saline brines from the Ardlethan Granite. The vug-filling minerals in all the deposits show a paragenetic sequence from cassiterite, wolframite, arsenopyrite, milky quartz, and tourmaline to pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tourmaline, and clear quartz to late-stage toothy quartz, fluorite, and cookeitc. Fluid inclusion data from quartz show that the deposition of milky quartz and cassiterite occurred between 300 ø and 370øC, sulfide and clear quartz between 210 ø and 280øC, and toothy quartz, fluorite, and cookeitc between 105 ø and 245øC. Fluid salinities ranged between about 13 and 18 vet percent NaC1 equiv for the main stages of mineralization. Coexisting CO2-and H20-rich fluid inclusions permit a minimum pressure estimate of about 500 bars. Temperatures calculated from the compositions of hydrothermal biotite, muscovite, and chlorite are in good agreement with the results of fluid inclusion microthermometry and indicate a palcotemperature gradient in the Mine granite breccia pipe. Cooling of the hydrothermal fluids contributed to the deposition of cassiterite together with increases in pH andfoo resulting from boiling of reduced fluids and wall-rock reactions. The •s • ß 60 values of mdky quartz, clear quartz, and toothy quartz are mostly between 11.5 and 13.5 per rail in all deposits, and the variance of 6•SO•u•d with temperature approximates the theoretical curve for rockdominated conditions in granitic systems. Sulfur isotope compositions of the sulfides formed during the mainstage mineralization range between-2.0 and 2.0 per mil and the value of 634S•uid is estimated at 0 _+ 1 per mil. Carbon isotope values of siderite are-4.3 + 1.0 per mil.

2023, Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences

Primary depositional structures are important parameters that can provide the means of unraveling the processes and process responses in sedimentary depositional settings. This paper is aimed at determining the paleoenvironment of the Upper Bima Member in Fufore and environs using the primary depositional structures. This research was carried out in two phases which involved fieldwork that dealt with logging the outcrops sections and desk work whereby the logged sections and other field data are digitized, remodeled and analyzed using relevant computer programs. The result of the study shows that the Upper Bima Member is composed of five lithofacies succession; trough cross-bedded sandstone facies (St), planar cross-bedded sandstone facies (Sp), horizontal bedded sandstone facies (Sh), ripple cross-laminated sandstone facies (Sr), and mudstone facies (Fm). These lithofacies gave rise to two facies associations; sand dominated and fine-grained facies dominated facies association. The...

2023, Journal of Geology and Mining Research

2023, RSC Advances

In this pilot study we investigate for the first time the possibilities of iron isotope analysis in combination with trace strontium and lead isotope analysis for provenancing iron objects believed to be from the Viking Age in the British... more

2023, Ore Geology Reviews

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Changes in tourmaline composition during magmatic and hydrothermal processes leading to tin-ore deposition: The Cornubian Batholith, SW England

2023, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

Tourmaline from the St. Byron lobe of the Land’s End granite, SW England, was assessed by macroscopic, optical and quantitative microanalytical methods. In total, seven types of tourmaline were distinguished. The seven types reflect different crystallisation environments and stages in the magmatic-hydrothermal transition. Types 1-3 are interpreted to represent a gradual transition from tourmaline crystallising from a silicate melt to precipitation from magmatic aqueous fluids. Types 5-7 crystallised at subsolidus conditions from a different fluid generation than types 1-3. These fluids may be magmatic or mixed with other fluids (e.g., meteoric or formation waters). The Sn-mineralisation in the area is mostly related to the latter fluid generation, and the mineralising potential is reflected by the tourmaline composition.

2023, Journal of Geology and Mining Research

2023, Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences

This study aimed to delineate the intrusion body that controls the structural setting and formation around the river Niger-Benue confluence zone with particular attention to its solid mineral potentials, this is achieved in mapping subsurface structural features through the analysis of recent high-resolution aeromagnetic (HRAM) data-sets with the purpose of examining their effects on geological structures that characterize the confluence zones from the study area. To obtain the necessary reduction in geomagnetic variation, measurements of regional gradients and time variation were used. After applying the reduction to the magnetic equator (RTE) to the corrected magnetic data that was obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency, NGSA, it was possible to determine the regional expansions of subsurface structural units for both qualitative and quantitative interpretations. In addition, the edge detection method is used to depict the structures and buried subsurface anomalies. D...

2023, Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy

This study integrates ground magnetic and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) methods of geophysical investigation to probe the subsurface in terms of rock magnetic susceptibility and ground conductivity for the purpose of identifying mineralized pegmatite veins that could serve as host for gold and associated metallic deposits. Twenty five (25) carefully planned ground magnetic and VLF-EM profiles, each, were occupied east and west of a reference profile which was purposively established on an identified mineralized pegmatite vein around Ihale in Bunnu-Kabba area of Kogi, northcentral Nigeria. The acquired ground magnetic data were filtered and Reduced To Pole at Low Latitude (RTPLL) to remove regional field effect, cultural noise as well as focus the peaks of magnetic anomalies over corresponding sources. The measured raw real and raw imaginary components of the EM fields were subjected to Fraser and Karous Hjelt filtering to remove harmonic noise, focus and make anomaly amplitudes relate directly to the causative conductor as well as generate current density employed to characterise the subsurface. Seven (7) zones of relatively high VLF-EM derived current density with matching high residual positive magnetic anomalies present closely correlate-able signatures with subsurface response obtained around the reference profile established where local mining activities indicate evidence of gold and associated metallic mineralization of the pegmatite vein. The delineated zones constitute targets for gold and associated base metal prospects which could be further developed for economic benefit of the community.

2023

D-pit, the mineralization zone at Chatree epithermal gold deposits, is located on Loei-Petchabun-Chanthaburi volcanic belt of Pichit Province, North Central Thailand. This belt has been related to palaeo-oceanic plate and the Indochina terrene subduction causing the gold mineralization structure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the geologic structural data from core-logging and field mapping. Rocks and geologic structures include breccia vein, massive vein, dyke, joint and shear zone inferring the age from older to younger, respectively. Main structures consists the two trends in the NNW-SSE and N-S. Dykes show the N-S major trending and NE-SW minor trend conform with the NE-SW strike-slip fault within Chatree gold mine. Joint developed throughout whole rock units also with N-S trending. The entire structures have major trending in N-S which indicates maximum stress (σ1) performs in N-S direction. Sinistral shear zone with dextral shear fracture and sinistral shear fracture indicated σ1 performed in NW-SE direction which is concerned by Riedal shear. Sequences of deformation indicated σ1 performed in N-S direction and changed to NW-SE direction causing the difference in pattern of geological structures during the subduction in Permo-Triassic period.

2023, Journal of Geography and Mining Research

Present paper deals with the petrogenesis of gabbros and pyroxenites of Bhavani complex, Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Studied gabbros are mainly composed of pyroxenes with minor plagioclase (An 10-30) and amphibole minerals. Pyroxenites are composed of coarse-grained clinopyroxenes, orthopyroxenes and medium-grained hornblende minerals. Geochemically, in the total alkali vs. SiO 2 diagram studied samples are broadly classified as gabbros and their magma type is tholeiitic in nature, however, based on the TiO 2 , MnO, P 2 O 5 diagram most of the studied samples fall within the calc-alkaline basaltic (CAB) field. In chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REEs) patterns, pyroxenites show negative Eu anomaly with slight enrichment of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The negative Eu anomaly in these samples indicates fractionation of plagioclase. The flat chondrite-normalized REEs pattern of gabbros in association with low CaO, Al 2 O 3 , Sr content and absence of Eu anomaly suggest removal of plagioclase component from basic parental magma. In primitive mantle (PM) and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) normalized incompatible trace element patterns studied samples have enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs). Tectonic setting discrimination diagrams, in addition to their geochemical characteristics such as Nb-Ta, Zr-Hf negative anomalies and low values of (La/Yb)cn and (La/Sm)cn, suggest volcanic arc tectonic setting.

2023, ANAS Proceedings, Earth Sciences

One of the fastest and low-expensive geophysical methods is investigating the electromagnetic (EM) fields from distant VLF (very low frequency) military transmitters. At present, it finds frequent application in prospecting for various deposits, search of subsurface underground water, archaeogeophysical studies, and various types of geological mapping. For geophysical investigation, dozens of the VLF transmitters were disposed of in various countries. The different frequencies and angles of registered EM radiation enable us to obtain additional preferences by interpretation. A depth of investigation depends on the host medium's radio wave frequency and averaged resistivity and usually ranges from several tens to several hundred meters (last values under very favorable conditions). Both the electric and magnetic components of the EM field are used in investigation by the VLF method. Generally, only the magnetic field (H) is employed. A wide use of the VLF technique was limited by the absence of reliable methods for eliminating the EM field time variations, rugged relief influence, and procedures for quantitative interpretation of the VLF anomalies. These problems are successfully solved, and a unified methodological system is developed. To eliminate the temporal variations, a special procedure based on direct continuous filtering is proposed. The correlation technique enables a significant reduction in the rugged relief influence. For quantitative interpretation is proven possible to use the modern interpreting methods elaborated in magnetic prospecting for complex geological-geophysical conditions. Finally, for revealing hidden objects against the high-intensive geological noise background, an application of non-conventional statistical, informational, and wavelet algorithms is suggested. The main components of the developed system were successfully tested in the Caucasian polymetallic and copper deposits.

2023, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

Scheelite, gold, and sulphide mineralisation is found in sheeted and stockwork vein systems thought to be vertically above (Kirwans Hili), around, and within greisenised granite cupolas (Bateman Creek) of(?)Devonian-Carboniferous age. These granitic bodies intrude metasediments of Ordovician age (Greenland Group), within a zone of structural weakness trending NNW. In the tungsten and sulphide bearing veins, scheelite is the major ore mineral, accompanied by varying amounts of pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, cassiterite, loellingite, bismuth, hematite, sphalerite, and possibly Pb-sulphosalts. Wall-rock alteration mineralogy is typical of postmagmatic greisenisation processes, with tourmaline-muscovite-albite-bearing assemblages. Free gold with arsenopyrite and pyrite occur at Kirwans Hili in veins lateral to the scheelite-bearing systems and at the intersection of NNW and ENE trending fractures. The Kirwans HiII-Bateman Creek mineralisation is considered to be part of a regional greisenrelated system, reflecting an irregular subsurface profile of cogenetic Tuhuan phase granitoids of the Karamea Batholith. A major feature of this mineralisation is the predominance of scheelite as an ore mineral, and the virtual absence of wolframite. Concepts of ore genesis are largely based on comparisons with similar occurrences elsewhere in the world. Based on the results of our own studies, we postulate that Ca and W were released into the system during albitisation of plagioclase and the conversion of biotite to muscovite.

2023, Journal of Geology and Mining Research

The high resolution aeromagnetic data over part of middle Benue trough was interpreted quantitatively using Spectral depth analysis and Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) of the magnetic source rocks to determine the sedimentary thickness for hydrocarbon maturation and accumulation. The study area is bounded with longitudes 09°00′-10°00E and Latitudes 08°30′-09°30′N with an estimated total area of 12,100 km 2. The regional/residual separation was carried out using polynomial fitting with order one. The pre-process grids dx, dy and dz from residual grid was used as an input grid to calculate the source parameter imaging. The same residual map was subdivided into nine blocks for spectral analysis. The result from source parameter imaging reveals maximum sedimentary thickness of 2.21 km at the extreme southern part of the study area which corresponds to part of Kwolla and Shendam. Minimum depth of 0.05 km is obtained at the northwestern part of the study area which corresponds to Pankshin. The result from spectral analysis also shows similar maximum depth of 2.54 km in the same area as SPI and minimum depth of 0.51 km area as SPI and minimum depth of 0.51 km. Since the sedimentary thickness of 3.0 km and above is only sufficient for hydrocarbon maturation and accumulation, then the result from this present study might not be sufficient enough for hydrocarbon maturation and accumulation but might be good for hydrocarbon gas accumulation.

2023, Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences

2023, Journal of Geology and Mining Research

2023, Journal of Geology & Geosciences

2023, Applied Earth Science

2023, Geophysical Investigation of Environmental and Engineering Features Using Aeromagnetic Data of Ogoja and Environs Southeastern Nigeria

This study investigates the environmental and engineering implications of linear geologic features in Ogoja and its surroundings using interpreted aeromagnetic data. The regional and residual fields of the aeromagnetic data for the research region were separated using polynomials fitting techniques for first to fourth order. To trace and find the contact linear geologic structures within the study area, high resolution filters such as horizontal derivative (HD), first vertical derivative (FVD), and second vertical derivative (SVD) were used in Edge enhancement filtering for best fit residual anomaly. The depth to anomalous magnetic sources was estimated using the conventional Euler deconvolution approach. According to the findings, the research area is distinguished by near-surface lineaments that occur at maximum depths of 2000 m. Major trends could be seen in the NE-SW direction of the extracted lineaments from FVD and SVD, whereas minor trends aligned in the NW-SE direction. It is impossible to overstate the likelihood that some of the engineering and environmental issues in the research region, such as road failures, house cracks, and gully erosions, may be related to these near-surface geological phenomena.

2023

The increasing global effort to overcome the addiction to fossil fuels is driving the demand for ‘green’ metals such as lithium (Li). At the forefront of green technologies is electric cars, where Li-ion rechargeable batteries are a fundamental component. Lithium is sourced from three main types of deposits: pegmatites, continental brines and hydrothermally altered clays, where brines supply three-fourths of the world’s Li – mainly due to its cost effectiveness in extraction. The aims of this project are to target Li exploration in Cornwall, UK, and to conduct an associated environmental baseline study of the area. Whilst the occurrences of underground geothermal brines with anomalous Li enrichment in the Cornwall area are well known, an economically viable brine deposit is yet to be appraised.