Geophysical Survey Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

As part of ongoing research into the early medieval sculptural heritage of the Cheshire region, Joanne Kirton and Dr Meggen Gondek of the University of Chester conducted resistivity survey in two fields surrounding St Edith’s Church,... more

As part of ongoing research into the early medieval sculptural heritage of the Cheshire region, Joanne Kirton and Dr Meggen Gondek of the University of Chester conducted resistivity survey in two fields surrounding St Edith’s Church, Shocklach (NGR SJ 4318 5016). The survey was conducted over three days, October 29 – 31, providing training opportunities for undergraduate students from the University of Chester. Results confirmed the presence of ridge and furrow and several previously unknown features of indeterminate nature.

Reports of gas leakage started coming since the beginning of 2012 from different localities in the Deohal area near the oil township Duliajan, Assam (India). The source was located in a gas reservoir in the Palaeogene sediments (Barail... more

Reports of gas leakage started coming since the beginning of 2012 from different localities in the Deohal area near the oil township Duliajan, Assam (India). The source was located in a gas reservoir in the Palaeogene sediments (Barail group). Multi-component seismic reflection methods which were highly successful to locate gas bearing zones at depths, were not very effective to locate the same in the shallow subsurface. From different types of electrical surveys conducted, self-potential (SP) method showed the most promising result. Probable SP was sensitive to high electrokinetic potential difference between the leaking and non-leaking zones.

Recent studies on the Uganda geothermal systems have focused on three geothermal prospects, Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro, all located in the tectonically active and Recent volcanic belt in the Western Rift valley along the border of Uganda... more

Recent studies on the Uganda geothermal systems have focused on three geothermal prospects, Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro, all located in the tectonically active and Recent volcanic belt in the Western Rift valley along the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Geothermal systems and saline and fresh water lakes characterize the Rift Valley. The three areas were chosen for study because of their volcanic and tectonic features that indicate a powerful heat source and high permeability. The objective is to develop geothermal energy as an alternative energy source to hydro and others to meet the energy demand of rural areas in sound environment. The geology and geochemistry results for the surface hot springs indicate that potential geothermal systems exist at depth. The subsurface temperatures of 160-200°C, 200°C, and above 200°C for the Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro prospects, respectively, have been inferred by geothermometry and mixing models. These temperatures are suitab...

Geophysical imaging methods provide solutions to a wide range of environmental and engineering problems: protection of soil and groundwater from contamination; safe disposal of chemical and nuclear waste; geotechnical site testing for... more

Geophysical imaging methods provide solutions to a wide range of environmental and engineering problems: protection of soil and groundwater from contamination; safe disposal of chemical and nuclear waste; geotechnical site testing for underground vaults, subways, dams, ...

We present an integrated study of subsurface and surficial karst landforms to unravel the uplift history of karst landscape in a tectonically-active area. To this end, we apply a multidisciplinary approach by combining cave geomorphology... more

We present an integrated study of subsurface and surficial karst landforms to unravel the uplift history of karst landscape in a tectonically-active area. To this end, we apply a multidisciplinary approach by combining cave geomorphology and Th/U dating of speleothems with remote sensing plus geophysical imaging of surface landforms. We use as an example Mt. Menikio in northern Greece where four caves share well-defined epiphreatic/shallow phreatic characteristics that are related to the distribution of surface and buried doline fields and provide evidence for three distinct water table stillstands (e.g. expressed as cave levels) now lying at~130 m,~800 m and~1600 m a.m.s.l. Our dating constraints delimit the age of the lower water table stillstand prior to 77 ka ago and imply a maximum rate of relative base level drop of 0.45 mma-1 , which is consistent with relative tectonic uplift rate estimates along currently active normal faults. We interpret the elevation of the higher water table stillstands to reflect earlier phases of uplift related to the regional tectonic events associated with the development of the North Anatolian Fault and the Northern Aegean area. Our analysis shows that the combined study of epiphreatic/shallow phreatic caves and surficial karst landforms together, is a robust way to investigate the uplift history of a karst landscape in a tectonically-active setting.

Computerized evaluation of Vibroseis similarity test data is the logical consequence of the increasing quality requirements for signal reproducibility and for synchronization of vibrators. The differences in start time and phase as well... more

Computerized evaluation of Vibroseis similarity test data is the logical consequence of the increasing quality requirements for signal reproducibility and for synchronization of vibrators. The differences in start time and phase as well as an indication of local phasing problems between any two Vibroseis signals can be obtained from an analysis of the difference of their respective phase spectra. This method appears to be accurate and stable with respect to harmonics which usually plague the signals from transducers monitoring the motion of the vibrators'base plates.

Hyderabad is the 5 largest city in India. It has twin cities Viz., Hyderabad and Secunderabad with its suburbs extending up to 16 miles. The core cities, together with its nine surrounding municipalities are covering an area of 500 square... more

Hyderabad is the 5 largest city in India. It has twin cities Viz., Hyderabad and Secunderabad with its suburbs extending up
to 16 miles. The core cities, together with its nine surrounding municipalities are covering an area of 500 square km. The
Hyderabad city discharges about 600 million litres per day untreated sewerage water into Musi River. A stretch of 13 Km
from Nagole /Uppal IDA to Prathap Singaram is chosen as the study area as it is surrounded by more than 25 industries
and their effluents are directly drawn into Musi River (IOSR-JESTFT 2012) [1]. The Musi River water is used for irrigation during
its course of travel which leads to adverse effects on both flora and fauna. The bore well water samples in the radius of 1
km are collected at ten distant places at certain intervals along the Musi River to know the quality parameters. The
collected samples are tested in the Telangana State Ground Water Department (GWD) to access the quality. The
chemical analyses data for both Musi River and bore well water samples are obtained from the GWD for study and
interpretation including its impact. Rainfall data of Uppal Mandal for 10 years beginning 2005 onwards is also collected
from weather station of Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, and Hyderabad for further studies. It
is worthy to note that only Nitrates are recorded as high in all the samples when compared to the BIS standards otherwise,
the remaining parameters are in the normal range [4]. Among 10 stations, 8 stations are having high Nitrate (NO as N) 3
values in which the highest Nitrate value of 35.40 mg/lts is observed from station-5 of R-Krishnaiah Nagar (V), Hayath
Nagar (M) and station-9 i.e. of Submerged Well situated within the radius of 1 km from Thimmaiguda (V), Ghatkesar (M).
Further, it is observed that bore well water samples of 1, 3, 6 and 9 are witnessed with moderate concentration of EC, TDS,
Cl, Cam TH and NO whereas Musi River sample collected near R-Krishnaiah Nagar is witnessed with moderate to high 3
concentrations of EC, TDS, Cl, Na, K, TH and NO . The objective of the article is to minimize the impact of effluents and 3
industrial wastes discharged by the industries by establishing more treatment plants.

The paper presents the preliminary results of an integrated multidiscipliary research project concerning the urban area of the modern Durres (ancient Dyrrachium). Here a joint Italian and Albanian researcher are starting preliminary... more

The paper presents the preliminary results of an integrated multidiscipliary research project concerning the urban area of the modern Durres (ancient Dyrrachium). Here a joint Italian and Albanian researcher are starting preliminary investigations on the place of an ancient roman villa placed in the urban centre of the modern town. In a initial phase are offering interesting results the use of a rich multitemporal remote sensing data-set, historical aerial photos of 1920s and 1930s, photos of USA spy satellites of 1960s and 1970s (Corona KH-4A and KH-4B), and very high resolution satellite imagery. The historical aerial documentation is very rich and includes aerial photogrammetrich flights of two Italian Institutions: the private company SARA - Società Anonima Rilevamenti Aerofotogrammetrici in Rome (1928) and the IGM - Istituto Geografico Militare (1936, 1937 e 1941), which flew on Durres for purposes of cartographic production and military. These photos offer an image of the city before the urban expansion after the Second World War and in recent decades, progressively documented by satellite images of the 1960s-1970s and recent years. They enable a reconstruction of the ancient topography of the urban area, even with the possibility of detailed analysis, as in the case of the the Roman villa, nowadays buried under a modern garden, but also investigated with a GPR survey, in order to rebuild its plan and contextualize the villa in relation to the urban area of the ancient Dyrrachium.

This article provides a summary of the research carried out in recent years at the archaeological site of Santa Comba (Covas, Ferrol, NW Iberian Peninsula). Located on three small islands that originally made up a peninsula, the main... more

This article provides a summary of the research carried out in recent years at the archaeological site of Santa Comba (Covas, Ferrol, NW Iberian Peninsula). Located on three small islands that originally made up a peninsula, the main occupation phase belongs to a hillfort that can be dated to between the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the Roman period. There is a nearby open-pit gold mine, probably Roman, and it is likely that the occupants of the hillfort, together with those of other nearby sites, worked in there. After the abandonment of the hillfort, the site shows a hiatus in its occupation until the founding of a Christian church with a cemetery; the oldest written source that can be linked to the church dates it to the year 868.
Two brief excavation campaigns were carried out at the site in 2001 and 2006. Our archaeological investigation, begun in 2010, has included geophysical surveys, a geomorphological study of the site and its immediate surroundings, new topography of the main island using GPS, and the representation of the site and the gold mine using LiDAR data.
The combination of these techniques has provided us with a better understanding of the characteristics of the site and has been the basis for building a new summation of it. The hillfort is located to the north of the port of Brigantium and the Artabre Gulf, at the beginning of a steep stretch of coastline with few places for ships to shelter. Although this area is an unavoidable crossing point en route to the northernmost areas of the Atlantic, there are still major gaps in our knowledge of its settlement patterns during protohistoric and Roman times. This paper contributes to remedying this situation.

Traditional electrode arrays such Wenner-Schlumberger or dipole-dipole are still widely used thanks to their well-known properties but the array configurations are generally not optimized for multi-channel resistivity measures. Synthetic... more

Traditional electrode arrays such Wenner-Schlumberger or dipole-dipole are still widely used thanks to their well-known properties but the array configurations are generally not optimized for multi-channel resistivity measures. Synthetic datasets relating to four different arrays, dipole-dipole (DD), pole-dipole (PD), Wenner-Schlumberger (WS) and a modified version of multiple gradient (MG), have been made for a systematic comparison between 2D resistivity models and their inverted images. Different sets of array configurations generated from simple combinations of geometric parameters (potential dipole lengths and dipole separation factors) were tested with synthetic and field data sets, even considering the influence of errors and the acquisition velocity. The purpose is to establish array configurations capable to provide reliable results but, at the same time, not involving excessive survey costs, even linked to the acquiring time and therefore to the number of current dipoles used. For DD, PD and WS arrays a progression of different datasets were considered increasing the number of current dipoles trying to get about the same amount of measures. A multi-coverage MG array configuration is proposed by increasing the lateral coverage and so the number of current dipoles. Noise simulating errors both on the electrode positions and on the electric potential was added. The array configurations have been tested on field data acquired in the landfill site of Bellolampo (Palermo, Italy), to detect and locate the leachate plumes and to identify the HDPE bottom of the landfill. The inversion results were compared using a quantitative analysis of data misfit, relative model resolution and model misfit. The results show that the trends of the first two parameters are linked on the array configuration and that a cumulative analysis of these parameters can help to choose the best array configuration in order to obtain a good resolution and reliability of a survey, according to generally short acquisition times.

Electromagnetic (EM) profi ling and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) studies were carried out for groundwater exploration in the Twifo-Hemang Lower Denkyira Districts of Ghana. These two geophysical methods were used for exploring the... more

Electromagnetic (EM) profi ling and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) studies were carried out for groundwater exploration in the Twifo-Hemang Lower Denkyira Districts of Ghana. These two geophysical methods were used for exploring the groundwater potentials beneath Achiase Community, Mbaa Mpe Hia Community and Moseaso Community. This paper seeks to encourage the use of inversion for interpreting electromagnetic data rather than the usual qualitative interpretation method using line graphs and also the use of apparent resistivity maps as 2D pseudo resistivity maps to support interpretations of the 1D inversion results (in cases where the available budget could not permit 2D and or 3D inversion). These would help in enhancement of obtained results, reduce ambiguity and help decision making. The EM results revealed that; the three communities are underlain by two layers with the fi rst layer having the thickness range between 2 to 10 m and the second layer is a half space. The results from VES studies indicate that; Achiase Community and Mbaa Mpe Hia No. 2 community are underlain by three geoelectrical layers and Moseaso Community is underlain by four geoelectrical layers. On the basis of this study the Moseaso Community is ranked highest in terms of groundwater potential followed by the Achiase community and fi nally the Mbaa Mpe Hia No.2 Community. Several sites were recommended for drilling boreholes for water supply in these communities.

Numerous studies have proved the connection between low-amplitude local anomalies of gravity and magnetic field with oil and gas deposits in both platform and geosynclinal areas. In theoretical and experimental studies, gravity and... more

Numerous studies have proved the connection between low-amplitude local anomalies of gravity and magnetic field with oil and gas deposits in both platform and geosynclinal areas. In theoretical and experimental studies, gravity and magnetic prospecting methods for forecasting oil and gas accumulations in various geological structures have been used. They show out that oil and gas deposits located in different oil and gas regions of the world are noted discoveries with geophysical methods, including gravitational and magnetic fields. As a result, new exploration signs have identified the appearance of local gravitational and magnetic minima of various intensities above the productive parts of the structures. It has been established that the first physical and geological prerequisites for using gravimetry and magnetometry to explore hydrocarbon deposits in Azerbaijan are decreases in the density and magnetic susceptibility of rocks in the area of the deposit. Gravity-magnetic studies carried out in the Kura Depression show that over the known deposits (Muradkhanly, Jafarly, Tarsdallar, Gazanbulag, Babazanan, Bandovan, etc.), gravitational and magnetic minima of 0.2-0.8 mGal and 20-30 nT. The physical and geological properties of the Muradkhanli field have been modeled by studying some of the physical parameters in the Middle Kura Depression of Azerbaijan (the changes in the magnetic susceptibility, temperature, and density of rocks in the subvertical zone above and below the reservoir). In this study, the results of gravimetric and magnetometric studies performed for oil and gas deposits on the areas of Arabkubaly, Naftalan, Northern Naftalan, Gedakboz of Azerbaijan are presented. Consequently, the outcomes of experimental and systematic work carried out in the areas of Middle Kura Depression and Lower Kura Depression show the effectiveness of gravity-magnetic methods.
Keywords: Oil and gas exploration, Gravity, Magnetic, Geophysical exploration, Hydrocarbon deposit

In this article, we present the most significant results of the Monte Albán Geophysical Archaeology Project. Using groundpenetrating radar, gradiometry, and electrical resistance, we carried out a systematic survey of the site's Main... more

In this article, we present the most significant results of the Monte Albán Geophysical Archaeology Project. Using groundpenetrating radar, gradiometry, and electrical resistance, we carried out a systematic survey of the site's Main Plaza to identify buried prehispanic features that might shed light on Monte Albán's early history. The most important discoveries include three buried structures dating between the Danibaan (500-300 BC) and Nisa phases (100 BC-AD 100). We argue that the largest structure, measuring 18 × 18 m, was probably a temple platform and that all three of the structures were razed and buried by the end of the Nisa phase at the latest. Furthermore, we contend that these events were part of a major renovation and expansion of the site's Main Plaza that occurred during a pivotal period of dramatic sociopolitical transformation in the Zapotec capital.

The research in former Biała Poduchowna (currently Janów Lubelski and Biała Druga) in 2020 was undertaken on the initiative of the Historic Preservation Officer of the Lublin Province in connection with the planned construction of the... more

The research in former Biała Poduchowna (currently Janów Lubelski and Biała Druga) in 2020 was undertaken on the initiative of the Historic Preservation Officer of the Lublin Province in connection with the planned construction of the ring road around Janów. One of the considered variants of the road crosses the site within the plots of land no. 21/2 and 22/2 located east of the current parish cemetery, where there used to be a church complex with a necropolis. The aim of the archaeological survey conducted by Marcin Piotrowski and Patrycja Piotrowska in November 2020 was non-invasive identification of relics of former buildings, especially the sacred architecture and the area of the church cemetery, as well as specification to which extent the area is saturated with the historical substance. Archive and library queries were also an integral part of the research. The non-invasive archaeological survey in 2020 comprised several stages and was carried out with various methods. Owing to the topography of the site and anticipated objects, a geophysical study was selected as the leading method. It consisted in measurement of the natural magnetic field anomalies caused, among others, by underground structures, including archaeological objects. The geophysical prospecting was supplemented with surface surveys (2.7 ha) and probing of the selected places to determine how deep the discovered architectural relics were located. The available orthophotomaps were analysed with respect to the visible spectrum (RGB) and in near infrared (CIR). Furthermore, new aerial photos were take from a drone, and site maps, including surroundings, were drawn on the basis of lidar data. The survey has revealed a number of elements of the former church complex, including the relics of a temple (17th-20th c) or two temples (Middle Ages to 17th c), a cemetery, a fence and accompanying buildings. It has been demonstrated that the plots no. 22/2 and 21/2 are saturated with historical substance. Movable archaeological objects are found all over the area, especially fragments of pottery from the 16th-17th and 18th-19th centuries.

Kajian arkeologi di Lembah Mansuli, Lahad Datu, Sabah Ielah menemukan dua tapak Paleolitik, iaitu Gua Samang Buat dan tapak terbuka Mansuli. Isu utama di Gua Samang Buat ialah berapakah kedalaman sedimen di dalamgua ini selepas... more

Kajian arkeologi di Lembah Mansuli, Lahad Datu, Sabah Ielah menemukan
dua tapak Paleolitik, iaitu Gua Samang Buat dan tapak terbuka Mansuli. Isu utama
di Gua Samang Buat ialah berapakah kedalaman sedimen di dalamgua ini selepas
ekskavasi empat meter masih belum menemui lantai gua. Manakala isu utama di
tapak terbuka Mansuli ialah interpretasi paleoalamnya yang dikatakan bersekitaran
tasik kuno. Maka, kaedah geoftzik telah digunakan untuk cuba menjawab isu ini.
Penggunaan kaedah geofizik di Lembah Mansuli telah berjaya membantu
mengenalpasti ketebalan sedimen di Gua Samang Buat dan membantu membina
paleoalam untuk Lembah Mammli. Ketebalan sedimen gua di Gua Samang Buat
yang boleh di' ekskavasi ialah 12 m di Gua 1 dan 5 m di Gua 2. Data ini
mencadangkan secara relatifberkemungkinan kita boleh menemui lapisan berusia
138,000 tahun dahulu di Gua Samang Buat berdq~rkan usia 46,000 untuk
kedalaman 4 m. Kajian gwifizik di Lembah Mansuli pula mendedahkan wujud
tasik kuno dan sa/iran sungai kuno di Lembah Mansuli. Malah daripada survei
tersebut, ianya juga mendedahkan kemungkinan wujud dua teres tasik kuno. Modelanomali graviti dan magnet juga turut menghasilkan hentuk tasik.

This book is written mainly for university students taking a course on gravity as one of the methods used in geophysical exploration. It is designed to be an introductory text book that deals with the basic concepts underlying the... more

This book is written mainly for university students taking a course on gravity as one of the methods used in geophysical exploration. It is designed to be an introductory text book that deals with the basic concepts underlying the application of the Earth gravitational field in the exploration of the subsurface
geological changes and in prospecting of petroleum and other mineral deposits.
As it is familiar with the exploration geophysicists, this subject is fully dealt with in many original authentic internationally-known text books. In this publication, no new subjects were added to those found in the other standard books which are well known in the geophysical library. In fact these and other related scientific papers and research reports formed the solid references for the present work.
There is, however, a difference in the design and presentation approach. The essential publications, used as references, are listed at the end of the book. The main feature of this work is being concise and logically sequenced. The objective was to present the subject in a simple and clear way avoiding excessive descriptions and unnecessary lengthy comments. For this reason the text was provided with numerous illustration figures for extra clarification.
The book consists of twelve chapters. The first five chapters cover the theoretical aspect of the subject including the gravitational attraction, shape of the planet Earth and nature of the gravity variations, which forms the basis for the
exploration capability of the method. The following five chapters deal with measuring instruments, field surveying techniques, data processing, concept of the gravity anomaly and interpretation. A closely associated with gravity anomaly is the phenomenon of isostasy. This was presented in chapter 10. Some modern aspects of the method were covered in chapter 11 and in the last chapter 12 actual gravity field-surveys were reviewed. The first case history is an actual field survey conducted by one of the authors (Hamid Alsadi) in the south-west England in 1965-1966 and the others (by Zuhair Al-Sheikh and Ezzadin N. Baban) were carried out in Iraqi territories. These are included here to serve the purpose of showing how a real gravity surveying is carried out in practice under
actual field and processing environments.
As always in any publication material, there is always a room for improvement if extra time and effort has been allocated. From personal experience this is an endless process. However, this book is no exception to this rule. With feed-backs from future users of the book it is hoped to make the improvement changes needed that will be incorporated in future editions.

Overdeepened valleys and basins are the most interesting features of former glacial action in Alpine areas. Understanding the formation of such phenomena are not only a scientific task but also an important challenge for a society... more

Overdeepened valleys and basins are the most interesting features of former glacial action in Alpine areas. Understanding the formation of such phenomena are not only a scientific task but also an important challenge for a society increasingly exploiting sustainable natural resources even in remote areas. The feasibility of hydrogeological or geothermal projects, for instance, depends on the bedrock depth and the sedimentary infill of such valleys. Generally, overdeepened valleys are formed in areas where the ice discharge was high, such as near the equilibrium line, at valley junctions, or at narrowings of the valley profile. The long known overdeepened tongue basins in the Eastern Alps are regarded as typical examples of the impact of high ice flow velocities combined with increased debris load and running water under hydrostatic pressure around the former (LGM, and older glaciations) equilibrium lines (e.g. van Husen, 2000). However, within a highly dissected mountain topography ...

The article evaluates the results of systematic metal detector surveys from the borderland between east Bohemia and northwest Moravia over the past fifteen years, supplemented with a geophysical survey of early medieval hillfort near... more

The article evaluates the results of systematic metal detector surveys from the borderland between east Bohemia and northwest Moravia over the past fifteen years, supplemented with a geophysical survey of early medieval hillfort near Mařín (Svitavy district). The conducted surveys have produced imports of Byzantine and Carolingian origin (strap ends, loops, spear tip) from the 7th to 9th century, with cast ornaments of the Late Avar type from the 8th century occuring in the greatest numbers. The spatial distribution of early medieval artefacts outside the traditional setllement territory shows ties to defunct roads preserved in the form of sunken lanes.

The geophysical assessment of groundwater in Igarra, Edo state, south western Nigeria which lies between latitude 7015IN to 7020IN and longitude 604IE to 608IE was carried out with the aim of delineating probable areas of high groundwater... more

The geophysical assessment of groundwater in Igarra, Edo state, south western Nigeria which lies between latitude 7015IN to 7020IN and longitude 604IE to 608IE was carried out with the aim of delineating probable areas of high groundwater potential. The area falls within the Crystalline Basement Complex of southwestern Nigeria. The geophysical investigation involves the very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) methods. The VLF EM survey was at 5m interval along five traverses ranging from 100South to 100North (i.e. 200m in length) using ABEM WADI VLF-EM unit. The VLF-EM survey was used to delineate areas with conductive/fractured zones by plotting both the raw real and filtered real against the distance and using the Karous-Hjelt to determine the depths. Thirteen (13) vertical electrical soundings were acquired along three (3) traverses using the Schlumberger array which were carried out with the use of Ohmega resistivity meter. The groundwater potential of the area has been based on aquifer geoelectric parameters obtained from VES interpretation results, isopach and isoresistivity map. The result of VLF-EM survey along its traverse was used in delineating high conductive or fractured zones. The VLF profiles showed maximum peak at both the positive and negative region. Prominent positive filtered real peak usually signifies fractures, contact zones or presence of clayey materials (F1, F2, F3a, F3b and F5). Areas where both the raw real and filtered real positive peak coincides signifies a thick overburden (T1, T2a, T2b and T4) while were both negative peaks coincides signifies a shallow overburden (S2 and S5). The VES results showed three (3) to four (4) geoelectric layers inferred as topsoil, saturated layer (clayey), weathered layer and fractured/fresh basement. The combination of these two methods, therefore, helped in resolving the prospecting location for the groundwater yield in the study area. The thickness of the top soil ranged from 0.1 to 1.3m while the resistivity values varied from 51 to 47 Ωm. the saturated layer thickness varied between 0.1 and 1.3m while its resistivity ranged between 9.8 to 52 Ωm. The weathered and fractured aquifers constituted the main aquifer units having thickness of 0.5 to 87.3m. The fractured/fresh basement resistivity ranged between 8825.8 Ωm to infinity. The overburden thickness ranged between 3.5 to 91.9m. The combination of electromagnetic profiling and vertical electrical resistivity surveys in the study area has contributed to a better understanding of the groundwater occurrence in this part of basement complex of Igarra, Edo state. Integration of VLF-EM and electrical resistivity sounding results enabled identification of good site for productive borehole and groundwater in a typical crystalline terrain as the studied area.

The Gypsy Rose Lee site (11MS2410) was initially investigated by the Illinois State Ar- chaeological Survey (ISAS) in 2013 prior to scheduled road improvements to the Spring Valley Road near Troy, Illinois. The project’s right-of-way... more

The Gypsy Rose Lee site (11MS2410) was initially investigated by the Illinois State Ar- chaeological Survey (ISAS) in 2013 prior to scheduled road improvements to the Spring Valley Road near Troy, Illinois. The project’s right-of-way (ROW) included narrow strips on both sides of the road, and excavation blocks opened in these areas yielded 29 early Mis- sissippian features. Based on these limited excavations and the recovered material culture, the site appeared to represent a small or nodal farmstead with four structures and numerous pits. However, a geophysical survey of the landform outside the ROW in 2017 dramati- cally changed our earlier perception of the site. The 2017 survey revealed the likelihood of an additional 11 to 37 structures and over 100 pits. In addition, low-gradient circular/ oval anomalies were present in the data suggesting the presence of structures or enclosures. The much larger village revealed by the geophysical survey highlights the effectiveness of this technique and also provides caution for interpreting site function based on limited excavations

This paper summarises recent British Academy funded survey work in southwest Scotland, focusing on exploring Iron Age settlement landscapes in the framework of a project examining the impact of the Roman Empire on societies at the edge... more

This paper summarises recent British Academy funded survey work in southwest Scotland, focusing on exploring Iron Age settlement landscapes in the framework of a project examining the impact of the Roman Empire on societies at the edge of the empire. LiDAR-based survey has increased the number of known sites significantly, while geophysical survey has shed new light on known sites and contributes to the broader understanding of the landscape.

Confinia et horizontes is a publication series aimed at disseminating the results of major prehistoric (Neolithic and Bronze Age) projects of the Romano-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute. The title of the new... more

Confinia et horizontes is a publication series aimed at disseminating the results of major prehistoric (Neolithic and Bronze Age) projects of the Romano-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute. The title of the new series deliberately combines Latin and Greek terms: in referring to border regions and boundary lines, it calls to mind that any marginal, liminal zone is characterised by different groups that establish contacts through exchange and trade, transfer ideas, knowledge and practices, and thus open new perspectives and horizons. The individual volumes will be joint publications with our cooperating partner institutions. The volumes will include publications of fieldwork, environmental and non-invasive landscape research, as well as geo- and bioarchaeology. The ultimate goal of Confinia et horizontes is to achieve interdisciplinarity, interlinking all kinds of research data in order to contribute to a differentiated construction of various dimensions of past societies. THis is Vol. 1 that gives a summary of the long-term prospections and environmental historical research on the Danube valley in Southern Hungary.

Following the discovery of a possible hillfort on the ridge to the west of Roundwood promontory fort, Cornwall Archaeological Unit undertook a programme of fieldwalking and geophysical survey across two fields named Kestle and New Close.... more

Following the discovery of a possible hillfort on the ridge to the west of Roundwood promontory fort, Cornwall Archaeological Unit undertook a programme of fieldwalking and geophysical survey across two fields named Kestle and New Close. Fieldwalking led to the identification of a concentration of artefacts in
New Close which included worked stone, flint and abraded unglazed pottery, some of which is of prehistoric and Roman-period date. Although Lidar appeared to confirm the presence of the large enclosure in Kestle field, the geophysical survey did not support this, leaving its identification unresolved. However, a second and previously unsuspected sub-rectangular enclosure was located in New Close.
This note presents a summary of results of the non-invasive surveys which have revealed new information about the use of a previously apparently blank area in the later prehistoric and Roman periods.

The coal deposits of southern Africa (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) are reviewed. The coal seams formed during two periods, the Early Permian (Artinskian–Kungurian) and the... more

The coal deposits of southern Africa (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) are reviewed. The coal seams formed during two periods, the Early Permian (Artinskian–Kungurian) and the Late Permian (Ufimian–Kazanian). The coals are associated with non-marine terrestrial clastic sedimentary sequences, most commonly mudrock and sandstones, assigned to the Karoo Supergroup. The Early Permian coals are most commonly sandstone-hosted while the younger coals typically occur interbedded with mudstones. The sediments were deposited in varying tectono-sedimentary basins such as foreland, intracratonic rifts and intercratonic grabens and half-grabens. The depositional environments that produced the coal-bearing successions were primarily deltaic and fluvial, with some minor shoreline and lacustrine settings. Coals vary in rank from high-volatile bituminous to anthracite and characteristically have a relatively high inertinite component, and medium-to high-ash content. In countries where coal is mined, it is used for power generation, coking coal, synfuel generation, gasification and for (local) domestic household consumption.

Salt water intrusions of marine origin are a major cause of contamination for coastal fresh water aquifers. They are generated mainly by the uncontrolled exploitation of fresh water in pumping stations from coastal areas. In Romania, such... more

Salt water intrusions of marine origin are a major cause of contamination for coastal fresh water aquifers. They are generated mainly by the uncontrolled exploitation of fresh water in pumping stations from coastal areas. In Romania, such marine intrusions have occurred in the southern part of Black Sea's coastline, in the area of Vama Veche and Costineşti resorts, contaminating the main aquifers which are hosted within Sarmatian (late Middle Miocene) lumachelic and oolitic limestones. Fresh water exploitation management requires the identification, mapping and monitoring of marine intrusions. These are achievable by means of an adequate application of geoelectrical methods, because sea water intrusions lead to major variations of the aquifers resistivity. Apparent resistivity surveys such as electrical profiling and vertical electrical sounding (VES) are able to delineate the areal extent of these intrusions and to identify the approximate depth of the fresh water/salt water interface. Assuming the subsurface geology consists of horizontal and homogeneous layers, the VES apparent resistivity data can be interpreted in terms of layer thicknesses and true resistivities, i.e. a one-dimensional (1-D) geoelectrical model with a stepwise variation of true resistivity with depth. The optimal model is obtained by repeated forward modeling trials or through the inversion of measured apparent resistivities.
This paper presents an algorithm and a set of software applications for the forward modeling of VES apparent resistivity curves, by using digital linear filtering. The codes were elaborated in MATLAB programming environment and allow the calculation of the theoretical VES response for horizontally-layered geological media with virtually unlimited number of layers, including layers with a quasi-continuous resistivity variation. The latter option can be used to simulate particular hydrogeological situations regarding the sea water intrusions in fresh water aquifers, which often show a mixing/transition zone of variable salinity and resistivity. The interpretation of VES curves recorded in Vama Veche area by using the elaborated software indicates that the sea water intrusion occurs at more than 50 m depth. This agrees with water wells tests which confirm the presence of salt water at 40–60 m depth in that area.

Satala is one of the last great military centers in the Roman East available for archaeological and historical investigations. This archaeological site is situated on the crossing of two singularly important routes in North-East Asia... more

Satala is one of the last great military centers in the Roman East available for archaeological and historical investigations. This archaeological site is situated on the crossing of two singularly important routes in North-East Asia Minor. Only little archaeological fieldwork in and around Satala has so far been carried out, thus delimiting our knowledge of the site and its role

The city of Iznik lies in the north-west Anatolian province of Bithynia on the eastern shore of an eponymous lake. In antiquity Iznik was called Nicaea. During a course on archaeological applications of geophysical technology in early... more

The city of Iznik lies in the north-west Anatolian province of Bithynia on the eastern shore of an eponymous lake. In antiquity Iznik was called Nicaea. During a course on archaeological applications of geophysical technology in early summer 2008, an open area in the centre of Iznik/Nicaea was surveyed using magnetic, geo-electric and radar technology. The survey led to the discovery of a Byzantine church. The church lies south-west of Deniz Street and appears to have been a cross-in-square building from the middle to late Byzantine period. Its orientation follows the Hippodamian grid plan, which proves that the street grid was adopted throughout the urban area.