Geophysical Survey Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

2025, Arxiv preprint arXiv: …

When applying the Earth's natural pulse electromagnetic fields to geophysical prospecting one should take into account characteristics of their spatial and temporal variations. ENPEMF is known to include both pulses attributed to atmospheric thunderstorms and pulses generated in the lithosphere by mechanic-to-electric energy conversion in rocks. It is evident that the most valuable information on the geophysical structure of a certain area is obviously contained in pulses originated from this area This article covers a method of recording spatial variations of the Earth's natural pulse electromagnetic fields which is able to take due account of spatial and temporal variations of EM fields and suits to reveal crustal structural and lithologic heterogeneities including hydrocarbon pools. We use a system of several stations recording the ENPEMF concurrently to erase the temporal variations from ENPEMF records and to sort out the pulses of local and remote origin. Some stations are fixed (reference) and record only temporal variations of EM fields. While the other stations are mobile and measure pulse characteristics related to both spatial and temporal ENPEMF variations along measurement routes crossing the area investigated. Spatial variations of EM fields left after having deleted the temporal variations and pulses generated out of the area investigate show the availability or the lack of geophysical anomalies.

2025, Analele Banatului XXVI 2018

Contribution to the research of the vicus militaris from Pojejena. !e aim of the project conducted in cooperation between the University of Warsaw, National Museum of Banat in Timişoara and Museum Of !e Highland Banat in Reşiţa, was to perform noninvasive investigation of the Roman auxiliary fort in the village of Pojejena and to recognize a range, localization and a character of the civil settlement next to the fort. Our works combine both classical $eldwalking survey, with aim to recognize concentrations of archaeological material in close and far vicinity of the fort, and geophysical research (electro resistivity and magnetometry) at several sites. After almost 4 years of research, we have a good overview of the internal planning of the fort and of the surrounding area.!e most interesting area in the direct vicinity of the fort is the area to the south of it where we found the remains of the main part of the vicus. !e area was partially surveyed with electrical resistivity in 201...

2025

Airborne geophysical survey provides a most effective and cost efficient way of undertaking reconnaissance surveys over large areas. Detailed data is collected over localised areas. The data improves discovery of underground structures such as archaeological artefacts, extended geological boundaries and targeting of discovery of mineral deposits. Recent airborne geophysical survey (2013-2014) will help improve understanding of the geology of Malawi and speed up discovery of minerals deposits including oil and gas. The paper describes geophysical methods used and how interpretation of hidden treasures is made.

2025

Malawi has high potential for discovery of economic deposits of uranium in both intrusive granitic rocks and Karoo sediments. Recent country airborne geophysical survey (2013/14) will be the basis for analysis, interpretation and discovery of more potential exploration targets. The paper tries to highlight the previous exploration work done so far and potential areas for further exploration.

2025

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. NOTE 1-Elastic moduli measured by sonic methods (Test Method D2845) may often be employed as a preliminary measure of anisotropy. 1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.

2025, Viking Gjellestad

The story behind the discovery of the Gjellestad ship burial is long and fragmented. In this chapter, we describe how knowledge of the prehistory of Gjellestad and its surroundings gradually developed over many generations, concluding with the use of georadar and the discovery of the ship. Significant artefacts and materials from various prehistoric periods are presented to provide the reader with an overview. An important factor in the accumulation of knowledge of the area is that discoveries of sites and objects occur through coincidences and circumstances not directly controlled by archaeologists, but by planning applications and landscape changes. Through many different sources and surveys, we have gradually gained knowledge of site and a landscape, but the material is often fragmented, and outside the remit of research projects there are rarely possibilities or resources to investigate further.

2025, Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart

The French Upper Rhine alluvial plain is characterized by a complex system of paleochannels inherited from Late Glacial to Holocene fluvial dynamics of the Rhine and Ill river systems, among other smaller rivers. These paleochannels represent valuable archives for understanding and reconstructing the fluvial and landscape evolution of the area. However, the Holocene temporal trajectories of the paleochannels, in response to a range of environmental changes, remain poorly understood. This study presents a detailed and systematic mapping and characterization of an extensive network of paleochannels spanning the entire width (19 km) of a reach of the central French Rhine plain. Based on qualitative and quantitative lidar analysis, field investigations, and provenance investigations of paleochannel infill sequences, five distinct paleochannel groups (PG 1 to PG 5) were identified in the study area. These paleochannel groups differ considerably regarding their channel patterns, morphological characteristics, and sedimentary sources of the infilling sediments. The interpretation of the different datasets indicates that the development of these different paleomorphologies is attributed to significant changes in hydro-geomorphodynamic processes in the area during the Holocene, especially lateral migrations of the Rhine and Ill rivers. The findings reported here are promising and will have significant implications for reconstructing the long-term (Late Glacial to Holocene) evolution of the Upper Rhine fluvial hydrosystem in response to various controlling factors. Die französische Oberrheinebene ist durch ein komplexes System von ehemaligen Fließrinnen gekennzeichnet, die aus der spätglazialen bis holozänen fluvialen Dynamik des Rhein-und Ill-Systems sowie einiger anderer kleinerer Flüsse stammen. Diese Fließrinnen stellen wertvolle Archive dar, die für das Verständnis und die Rekonstruktion der fluvialen und landschaftlichen Entwicklung des Gebietes von zentraler Bedeutung sind. Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Fließrinnen im Holozän, als Reaktion auf die Veränderung einer Reihe von Umweltbedingungen, ist jedoch nach wie vor nur unzureichend bekannt. Diese Studie präsentiert eine detaillierte und systematische Kartierung Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the Deutsche Quartärvereinigung (DEUQUA) e.V. 192 M. Abdulkarim et al.: Holocene paleochannels in the Upper Rhine plain und Charakterisierung eines ausgedehnten Netzwerks von ehemaligen Fließrinnen, das sich über die gesamte Breite (19 km) eines Abschnitts der zentralen französischen Rheinebene erstreckt. Auf Grundlage von qualitativen und quantitativen lidar-Analysen, sowie durch Feld-und Provenienzuntersuchungen von Sedimentfüllungen wurden im Untersuchungsgebiet fünf verschiedene Rinnengruppen (PG 1 bis PG 5) identifiziert. Diese Gruppen unterscheiden sich erheblich in Bezug auf ihre Rinnenmuster, morphologischen Merkmale und Sedimentherkunft. Die Interpretation der verschiedenen Datensätze deutet darauf hin, dass die Entwicklung dieser unterschiedlichen Paläo-Morphologien auf signifikante Veränderungen der hydro-geomorphodynamischen Prozesse in diesem Gebiet während des Holozäns zurückzuführen ist, insbesondere auf die seitlichen Verlagerungen von Rhein und Ill. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse sind vielversprechend und bilden die Basis für eine Rekonstruktion der langfristigen (spätglazialen bis holozänen) Entwicklung des fluvialen Oberrhein-Hydrosystems in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Einflussfaktoren.

2025, Archaeological Prospection

Electric resistivity tomography (ERT) prospection conducted at the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic site at Kharaysin, Jordan, building on previous surface prospection and excavation, found a number of new sub‐surface anomalies. Subsequent excavations determined that the anomalies corresponded with the stone walls of habitation structures and possibly terrace walls. These features covered large areas of the site slope, inclusive of clustered settlement structures and frequent building superpositions indicative of multi‐phase occupation. Despite the generally arid conditions, the moist soil matrix allowed for the effective use of ERT. This article presents the integrated data of the archaeological excavation and the geophysical survey. As a test case it proves the utility of ERT in the identification of Pre‐Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre‐Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) sub‐surface anthropogenic features.

2025

The study investigated the importance and image behavior of integrated geophysical methods in mapping contaminant spread beneath the surface of a pollution site in Ogoniland, Southern Nigeria. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) techniques constrained by Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data were employed to investigate the electrical properties of hydrocarboncontaminated soils that resulted from recent oil spills/leakage into the environment. Five (5) ERT and GPR lines and twenty-nine (29) VES data were acquired at the spill site. Basically, the electrical signatures from the resistivity measurements were able to image the subsurface layers and the associated contamination zone. GPR equally imaged the subsurface stratigraphy to a depth of 10.0 m beneath the surface. The interpretation of the five (5) ERT data showed consistency in the resistivity structure indicative of contaminant plumes with anomalously high electrical resistivity in the range of 1000-10,000 Ωm, a possible indication of hydrocarbon contamination. On the GPR radargram, regions of high electrical resistivities were in agreement with reduced GPR reflection behavior (shadow zones) and were limited to the near surface of the surveyed areas. Vertical electrical sounding delineated layers with high resistivity predominantly within the second and fourth geoelectric layers within pollution depths of 2.4 m and 11.9 m, respectively. As a result, the underground aquifer, relatively between 7.5 and 10.5 m, has been infiltrated by hydrocarbons. It can be seen from the study that geoelectric measurements on the surface can describe the distribution of hydrocarbon resistive zones as well as their conductive behavior that may be linked with the biodegradation of oil spills in the subsurface. Thus, the employment of these integrated methods for contaminant monitoring, hydrogeologic studies and remediation planning reduced the uncertainties, and they are of extensive relevance in mapping the geological behavior of polluted soils in contamination sites.

2025, Geological Society, London, Special Publications

Detailed P-wave speed velocity structure beneath the Sunda arc has been successfully imaged by applying a non-linear approach to seismic tomography. Nearly one million compressional phases from events within the Indonesian region have been used. These include the surface-reflected depth phases pP and pwP in order to improve the sampling of the upper-mantle structure, particularly below the back-arc regions. We have combined a high-resolution regional inversion with a low-resolution global inversion to minimize the mapping of distant aspherical mantle structure into the study region. In this paper, we focus our discussion on the upper mantle structure beneath the eastern part of the Sunda arc. The tomographic images confirm previous observations of a hole in the subducted slab in the upper mantle beneath eastern Java. The images also suggest that a tear in the slab exists below the easternmost part of the Sunda arc, where the down-going slab is deflected in the mantle transition zone...

2025, Geophysical Journal International

A new formulation is given for inverting teleseismic P-wave residuals in terms of both 3-D variations of seismic velocity and anisotropy of the subcrustal lithosphere. Two restrictive assumptions are made on the anisotropic elastic tensor to reduce the number of model parameters. First, the upper-mantle anisotropy is modelled by a preferred orientation of olivine crystals with b-and c-axes randomly distributed around the a-axis, and second, the elastic properties of polycrystalline aggregates are computed according to the Voigt averaging rule. The latter assumption allows us to link linearly the observed P-wave residuals to the proportion of oriented crystals in a realistic polycrystalline assemblage. In the inversion process, the orientation of the symmetry axis is fixed, either by a trial procedure or by using a priori hypotheses from independent data. A linear inversion scheme is then applied to the data to retrieve the 3-D variations of two scalar parameters giving the isotropic velocity perturbation and the amount of anisotropy. The inversion algorithm is tested for different source-receiver configurations. Using several idealistic ray geometries, it is concluded that the teleseismic P-wave residuals could potentially carry enough information for retrieving both the 3-D isotropic velocity variations and the amount of anisotropy. However, from a more practical point of view, by looking at the distributions of rays for two recent tomographic experiments in the southern Rhine Graben area and in the Pyrenees, it is concluded that the distributions of rays in these experiments do not fulfil the necessary requirements for retrieving reliable information about the lithospheric anisotropy. Additional data are thus needed to constrain the anisotropic model. If the symmetry axis is set as horizontal, the inversion of the P-wave residual of the Pyrenees leads to an east-west fast P-wave velocity orientation. The resulting anisotropy is compatible with SKS observations made in the Pyrenees. Whatever the anisotropy is, the numerical tests performed with the actual ray configurations show the robustness of the isotropic components in the inverted model. A long-wavelength anisotropy in the lithosphere, if present, should not drastically alter the isotropic 3-D velocity distributions that are obtained from classical methods of teleseismic tomography.

2025, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Uncertainty is inherent in geotechnical design. In regard to estimating the stability state of dip slopes, most of the uncertainty lies in the geologic model assumed and the geotechnical parameters used in the evaluation. Biplanar (or active-passive) sliding in dip slopes occurs along a slope-parallel sliding surface with toe breakout occurring at the base of the failure. Internal shearing is required to facilitate kinematic release. All three of these release surfaces work together for the slope to fail, but with different degrees of importance depending on the dip-slope inclination. Increased efficiency and value with respect to the site investigation resources can be gained by working toward minimizing the uncertainty of those parameters that have the greatest bearing on the outcome of the slope stability analysis. This can be done quickly and inexpensively by performing scoping calculations facilitated by the use of Spearman rank correlation coefficients. This paper demonstrates that for shallow-dipping dip slopes, stability is primarily dictated by the shear strength of the slope-parallel sliding surface, and therefore, efforts should be focused on constraining the shear strength of this surface. For steep dip slopes, the shear strength related to the toe breakout and internal shear release surfaces becomes dominant, and therefore, the rock-mass shear strength and that for any adversely dipping persistent discontinuities should be the focus of the geotechnical investigation.

2025, Engineering Geology

In 1991, the steep slope above the village of Randa in southern Switzerland failed during two successive rockslide events three weeks apart. The failures, which resulted in the release of approximately 30 × 10 6 m 3 of material, occurred in fractured gneissic rock whose principal foliation, faults and fracture zones dip into the slope. Above the scarp of the second rockslide, the mountain continues to move at rates of up to 2 cm/year. In an attempt to understand failure mechanisms in fractured crystalline rock masses, we have carried out a comprehensive multidisciplinary study that included detailed geological mapping, borehole logging and imaging, and surface and borehole geophysical surveys. An integrated interpretation of the resultant data has revealed the presence of three prominent fault-and fracture zone sets that define the internal structure of the rock mass. Some faults and fracture zones could be traced up to 85 m into the subsurface using borehole radar reflection methods. The dips of the faults and fracture zones estimated from surface mapping matched those from radar reflection and borehole televiewer surveys. No evidence was found for significant faults or persistent weakness planes that paralleled the 1991 rockslide failure surfaces. Instead, the new observations were consistent with dominant failure mechanisms that involve the progressive development of major shear and brittle fracture zones and the eventual destruction of intact rock bridges immediately prior to catastrophic collapse. This integrated study provides the first reliable model of the 3-D fault structure associated with and contributing to a large rock slope instability in a brittle crystalline rock mass.

2025, Geophysical Research Letters

This study is mainly based on a wide Very High Resolution Seismic (VHRS) survey that utilized an ad hoc technique designed for investigations in very shallow waters (about 1 m depth). This method allowed the acquisition of excellent images of the subsurface down to 15–20 m b.s.l. with a resolution of about 10 cm. Buried geomorphological features, such as fluvial channel‐levee systems and tidal channels, were imaged for the first time in the shallows and provided new insight into the Holocene evolution of the southern lagoon basin. Furthermore, the new seismic data were used to reconstruct the morphostratigraphic framework of the Venice Lagoon. We provide an Upper Quaternary morphostratigraphic model of the Venice Lagoon and present some evidence of radical changes resulting from human‐induced river diversion in the sedimentary regime and in the morphological setting of the southern basin that has occurred over the last millennium.

2025

Nell'ambito del Programma di studio "La laguna di Venezia nel quadro dei cambiamenti climatici, delle misure di mitigazione ed adattamento e dell'evoluzione degli usi del territorio", il Progetto SHALLOWS "Indagini nel sottosuolo olocenico della laguna di Venezia" è stato avviato nel contesto dell'Attività: "Analisi delle componenti a scala locale del relative sea level rise alla luce degli scenari globali di sviluppo futuro considerati dall'IPCC". Questo progetto prevede l'estensione all'area lagunare centrale delle indagini del sottosuolo lagunare condotte nell'area meridionale dalla Linea di Ricerca 3.16, nel precedente programma di ricerca CORILA (2004CORILA ( -2006)). Le indagini verranno principalmente condotte nei bassifondi attraverso rilievi sismici ad altissima risoluzione, analisi sedimentologiche e geomorfologiche. In particolare saranno investigati in dettaglio alcuni siti chiave dove sono presenti strutture geomorfologiche sepolte, ad esempio sistemi deltizi e di argine-canale. In questo articolo vengono presentati scopi ed obiettivi della ricerca e riportati alcuni esempi di risultati relativi alle indagini preliminare effettuate nella fase di programmazione delle campagne di rilevamento geologico.

2025, Marine and Petroleum Geology

Establishing the geomechanical stability of marine sediments in the vicinity of a production well is one of the key design considerations in planning offshore gas production from marine hydrate reservoirs. This paper presents an assessment of the sediment stability at India's National Gas Hydrate Program, Expedition 2 (NGHP-02) Site 16 Area B offshore eastern India, for which gas production is to be carried out by depressurization. One important feature of the study is that extensive calibration of constitutive model parameters has been conducted based on laboratory test data from pressured core samples. From analysis perspective, the site is challenging because the hydrate reservoir consists of thin layers of hydrate-bearing sands interbedded with mud. Moreover, depressurization at the depth of a reservoir more than 2750 m below sea surface will lead to a pore pressure drop, and accordingly an effective confining stress increase as high as 25 MPa. In dealing with thin interbedded hydrate-bearing strata, meshing requirements for flow and geomechanical analysis are quite different from those for reservoirs with thicker massive layers, An axisymmetric model and one-way coupling simulations were thus adopted for this study, in which the geomechanical study utilizes pore pressure and hydrate saturation output from the flow study, but the flow study does not takes the porosity changes from the geomechanical analysis. Instead, the reduction of porosity due to sediment deformation in the flow study is based on a pressure-dependent pore compressibility relationship derived from geomechanical modeling. The rationality is validated through back computing the pore compressibility from the geomechanical deformation results. The study shows that large compression in the reservoir will result in movement of the sediments from above and below, as well as laterally in smaller magnitudes; and the sediment is deemed stable during the gas production period.

2025

The archaeological heritage of the city of Aleppo and its surroundings has been largely destroyed during the Syrian conflict. This dramatic situation required the formation of a project that would help to record the extent of the destruction and document the ongoing situation. The main goal of the project is to create a digital database for the Aleppo region and document the damage caused to archaeological sites during the war in Syria. The project, which was funded by the Gerda Henkel Foundation, is divided into several stages: basic information about the archaeological sites in the city of Aleppo and its hinterland was gathered and registered in an Excel spreadsheet. Later this information was used to develop a more sophisticated spatial database using Google Earth, Locus Map, and QGIS. In addition, the project included damage assessment and dossiers for selected sites, as well as capacity building and training for archaeologists working at the Aleppo Museum. This contribution presents the final results of our project with 809 recorded archaeological sites distributed over the city of Aleppo and its surroundings.

2025, Proceedings of the 2022 IMEKO TC4 International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage

The use of geophysical methods, have produced high-definition 3D models of one funerary monument in order to help the restoration work. Physical parameters such as seismic wave velocity propagation and electrical resistivity were optimal tools to store and manage scientific information about the degree of conservation of the studied monument. Conserve and preserve, also through the study and application of avant-garde technologies and methods in the field of restoration, means working not only for present generations, but also, and primarily, for future generations. New technologies and a multidisciplinary approach constitute a capital in which to invest in order to create a more responsible and aware society, capable of understanding how much of its future comes from growing up with respect for one's historical roots and own distinctive past.

2025, Landscapes

Recent survey, excavation and analysis in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site (WHS) during 2015 and 2016 has revealed new details of landscape structuration and the deposition of the dead during the Middle Bronze Age. The research reported here demonstrates the existence of early fields or enclosures in the eastern part of the WHS, that was previously thought to be an area of little agricultural or domestic activity in the Bronze Age. These features were succeeded by a major ditch system in which two individuals were buried, an unusual way of dealing with the dead in the Middle Bronze Age. At the same time, the body of a perinatal infant was deposited in a palisade ditch in the western part of the WHS. The paper explores how these actions help elucidate a period of significant change in the landscape around Stonehenge, during which natural features, ancestral monuments and the recent dead were enmeshed in complex ways of bounding and dividing the landscape.

2025

In questo articolo, descriviamo varie applicazioni della fisica della leva di primo genere, del piano inclinato e della puleggia ad alcuni fenomeni geofisici. Descriveremo anche un possibile modello statistico-matematico per lo studio e la previsione dei terremoti. Otteniamo, infine, nuove possibili connessioni matematiche con la costante DN, l'Equazione Master di Nardelli, i numeri ricorrenti di Ramanujan e alcuni parametri della Teoria dei Numeri e della Teoria delle Stringhe

2025, Archaeological Prospection

2025, REM - International Engineering Journal

The geophysical diagnosis of mineral deposits can be extremely useful in detailing mineralized zones and is a strategy for direct sampling by probing holes for content analysis. This study involves the combined use of Electrical geophysical methods (DC resistivity and Induced Polarization), geological recognition and structural field analysis, with a study of the mineralized occurrence of copper, previously described in a systematic geochemical survey carried out by the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), located in the north of the Camaquã Basin, extreme south of Brazil. The mineral occurrence is partially outcropped and consists of quartz vein shafts with malachite and relic structures of sulfides, contained in schist. Structural data obtained in the field revealed the existence of a system of fracture pairs in the directions N40-50W and N70-80E. Such information is presented in the programming of the geophysical data acquisition scheme, which consisted of 6 lines of electrical tomography with 410m each, in azimuthal disposition and Schlumberger arrangement, where all lines cross a single center and are separated according to an angle of 30°, in an attempt to cover fractures in various orientations. The 2D results reveal the existence of high chargeability zones (>40mV/V) positioned below the 40m depth. These data were interpolated in 3D visualization models and generated resistivity and chargeability maps for several depths, which integrated with previous structural data, and indicate the existence of zones with potential sulfide concentration with strong structural control, in addition to clear target recognition for direct and objective probing evaluation, with rationalization of costs.

2025, OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37158)

In 1997, the Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic) conducted a high-resolution marine geophysical survey in the nearshore off southwestern Sri Lanka to determine the distribution, depositional environment and estimated volumes of granular sediment. The survey was the first step to identifying economic concentrations of heavy minerals. Geophysical equipment included a Simrad sidescan sonar system, an IKB Seistec subbottom profiler, and a Knudsen Engineering Ltd. 320M echo sounder. Sixtyeight grab samples provided selective ground truth of the interpreted seabed units. Analysis of the geophysical data quantified the thickness and volume of recoverable granular sediments. Eleven potential granular resource sites were identified. Estimated sediment volumes ranged from 2 x lo6 m3 to more than 120 x lo6 m3. Monazite concentrations as high as 1.1 ?6 were estimated based on gamma ray spectrometry analysis. No information exists on the subsurface concentration of heavy minerals. The 1997 marine geophysical results enabled development of a generalized model of the geomorphology and sediment distribution. Understanding the mechanisms of modern concentration of heavy mineral sands were used to develop hypotheses of emplacement during the geological evolution of the inner shelf. The model assists in identifying resource areas with the highest prospects for economic heavy mineral reserves.

2025, Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering

This study was conducted to characterize and classify soils and rocks and to produce an engineering geological map that is beneficial for overall urban planning. The soils' moisture content and specific gravity values range from 23.47% to 44.21% and 2.68 to 2.81, respectively. The activity of soils varies from 0.34 to 0.78 (inactive to normal). The shrinkage limit and shrinkage index values of soils range from 5% to 11.43% and 14.29% to 26.9%, respectively. Free swell value varies from 5 to 23% (low expansive). The unconfined compressive strength of soils ranges from 215.8 to 333.5 kPa (very stiff). According to USCS (Unified Soil Classification System), soils are classified into lean clay, lean clay with sand, fat clay with sand, and clayey silt with slight plasticity. According to BSCS (British Soil Classification System), soils are classified into clay of intermediate plasticity, clay of high plasticity, and silt of intermediate plasticity. Rocks were classified into four categories based on their mass strength: very low mass strength, low mass strength, medium mass strength, and high mass strength. The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) value ranges from 47.48% to 98.25%, indicating a quality range from poor to excellent. The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) values ranges from 44 to 90%, indicating that the rocks of the study area fall into three major classes: Class I (very good), Class II (good), and Class III (fair).

2025, Archeologie ve středních Čechách 29

The article is devoted to early medieval finds from a newly discovered settlement site near Semčice. A total of 11 metal ornaments can be typologically linked to the 7th and 8th centuries. The finds can be divided into earrings, belt ornaments and horse harness ornaments (Fig. 3a). Two more finds – a somewhat later silver bead (from the 11th century onwards; Fig. 3b) and a Migration Period bronze fibula –are just briefly mentioned in the article.Attention is paid to three earrings (7th – first third of the 8th century), whereas a fragmented earring with a pyramid-shaped pendant is only the second find of its kind in the Czech Republic and earrings with a spherical pendant/drum are still unique in Bohemia. These earrings, either imported or at least influenced from the environment of the Carpathian Basin, belong to the rather early ornaments of the Avar period in Bohemia. The site yielded an even dispersion of all the main ornament types, from exclusive to common, and dating from the Early and Middle Avar period, as well as from the early and late stage of the late Avar horizon. The early stage of the late Avar horizon also includes a strap-end with griffin decoration. Most of the other objects are belt fittings and two horse harness ornaments, one of which is a gilded phalera in the shape of a boar's head dating back to the second half of the 8th century AD. A gilded incomplete (?) ornament with zoomorphic decoration in the style of the Tassilo chalice, which was probably worn as a pendant, is quite unique. Its manufacture can be dated back to the late 8th or the early 9th century, and it is only the fourth object manufactured in this style known from Bohemia.The entire assemblage represents a rather exclusive combination of objects of domestic provenance (several Avar-type fittings), imports (early Carolingian fittings), as well as relatively exclusive fittings, such as part of a strap-end bearing a seated figure in an ancient robe, with only one parallel from the hillfort of Prague-Šárka. The origins of this strap-end may be sought both in the Carpathian Basin, and in Bohemia or Moravia.

2025

This work was supported by fhe Yucca Mounfain Site Characterization Oflice as part of the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. This project is managed by the U.S. Department of Energy, Yucca Mounfain Site Characterizafion Project. A list of notebooks and samples used to obtain data cited in fhis report will be included as an appendix to this report. The appendix will be issued by December 31, 1995; ifs unique idenfzfier assigned to fhis appendix is LA-EES-13-LV-12-95-002. To obtain rgerences bgore fhe appendix is issued, confacf Kean Finnegan at (7021-794-7273. The Los AIamos data tracking number for fhis work is LA000000000093.001. An Afirmative ActionEqual Opportunity Employer This report was prepared as an account ofwork sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither The Regents of the University of California, fhe United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes m y warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibilityfm the accuracy, completeness, or uspFtlness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe prioately owned rights. Rejierence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufncturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or fmm'ng by The Regents ofthe University ofCalfmia, the United States Government, or any agency thereoj The views and opinions ofauthors expressed herein do not necessarily state or rej7ect those of The Regents of the University of Califatin, the United States Gbvemment, or any agency there4 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

2025, Documenta Praehistorica

This paper presents and discusses the results of geophysical and archaeological prospections at the site of Szilvás in southeast Transdanubia (Baranya County, Hungary). The multiperiodic site was used from the Late Copper Age to the Migration Period, but the vast majority of the pottery
sherds relate to the Vuèedol pottery style. The find of a possible wheel model highlights the role of technological innovations. We identify a complex enclosure system with five ditches and a large number of pits, suggesting that we deal with a densely built, fortified settlement connected to the Vuèedol complex. This complex is to be seen in the context of important social and economic transformations in southeast and Central Europe in the early 3rd millennium BCE, during the Late Copper and Early Bronze Ages.
However, only a few Vuèedol settlements have so far been excavated and published. Thus, the site of Szilvás opens up the possibility of gaining a better understanding about the domestic activities, subsistence economy, the layout and structure of the settlement, and its complex spatial organization.

2025, International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies

Boujad is a Moroccan city located in the region of Beni Mellal - Khenifra, and is considered until now as a spiritual center welcoming travelers from the Kingdom in search of religious precepts. Investigations carried out in the ancient medina of this city reveal the presence of underground cavities of natural and anthropic origin, which repeatedly cause collapses and considerable human and material damage. In order to characterize the subterranean network of this city, a geophysical study was carried out by means of electrical prospecting of the subsoil, complemented by a seismic refraction investigation, in order to investigate the geological and geophysical characteristics of the underground cavities, and then to produce a detailed mapping of the anomalies detected within the ancient medina of Boujad. The geophysical investigations thus revealed a heterogeneous subsoil dominated by limestone formations and sheltering several underground anomalies, and allowed, by superimposing th...

2025, Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 1

Geophysical surveys are vital for mineral exploration, geological studies, and analysis worldwide. Advanced geophysical equipment has improved aerial data quality, but this study focuses on how soil moisture, atmospheric humidity, and soil variations affect gamma spectrometric data collected during aerial surveys. The findings show that these factors impact measurements of uranium, potassium, and radon, making location comparisons uncertain, especially in areas with varying terrain. To ensure safe geophysical flight operations, adopting a proactive approach is crucial, including regular risk assessments, frequent safety checks, and open communication among pilots, operators, and ground crews. This research contributes to aviation safety knowledge, particularly for low-level geophysical flights.

2025, CCA, 2024

During the campaign of 2024, the entire surface was re-opened, except for the initia trench explored in 2018. The results confirmed the substructure of a N-S road, a previous phase of via praetoria that cannot be precisely dated until... more

2025, Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia

Archaeological evidence has demonstrated that the Bujang Valley is Malaysia's richest archaeological site and served as the primary coastal centre. A study in the Bujang Valley found monuments related to trading activities and others that functioned as a temple related to the Hindu-Buddhist period. The main purpose of this study was to resolve issues and problems arising from previous studies related to the Bujang Valley civilisation, particularly in terms of iron studies. Geophysics plays a vital role in assisting archaeologists to obtain excellent preliminary results before they proceed with excavation and digging works. Therefore, the 2-D resistivity and groundpenetrating radar (GPR) methods were conducted to locate and map the potential iron smelting site at Site B2 (SB2). Three main characteristics that can be observed on the surface are a mound area, exposed clay bricks and surface finds. Two-D resistivity showed the resistivity values of a possible buried structure, with values > 800 Ωm. Radargram profiles showed the highest amplitude, indicating the reflections uncovered in the location in certain survey lines. This paper presents the first summary of research on the metallurgical sites in the Bujang Valley, the most important site in Malaysia. Geophysical methods, which rely on a physical contrast between buried archaeological features and the properties of the surrounding subsoil, can assist archaeological investigations.

2025, Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia

2025

Tungsten is determined in 11 USGS standard rocks by a spectrophotometric procedure that measures the absorbance of the tungsten-dithiol complex. The results are compared with those obtained by other methods. After the samples are dissolved in HCIO* and HF, the tungsten-dithiol complex is extracted into isoamyl acetate and then backextracted into isoamyl acetate. The determination of 0.1 part per million in a 500-mg sample can be made routinely. To 500 mg of powdered sample in a teflon beaker, add 1 ml HC1O4, 10 ml HF, and 0.5 ml of Fe solution. Heat to dry ness overnight on a hot plate at 125 °C. Add 1 ml H2O to the residue, swirl to loosen, add 25 ml 30-percent SnCl2 solution, ami heat 15 min at 100°C swirling occasionally to dissolve the residue. Add 1 ml zinc-dithiol solution, mix, and heat 30 min at 100°C. Transfer to a dry 60-ml separately funnel and allow to cool 5 min. Add 5 ml isoamyl acetate and extract 4 min. Allow layers !to separate 5 min, drain, and discard lower (aqueous) phase. Wash the stem of the separatory funnel thoroughly with H2O. Add 2 ml citric acid solution and back-extract 3 min. Drain the aqueous phase into a test tube. Add 15 ml 30-percent SnCl2 solution and 0.2 ml Fe solution to 697

2025, V Congreso de Arqueología y Patrimonio Aragonés (CAPA)

This paper presents the preliminary results of a methodology for the classification and interpretation of geospatial data ac-quired at a discovered urban Roman site from the imperial period in 2021. The site is located in the pre-Pyrenean mountain range near the small town of Artieda (Zaragoza), known as El Forau de la Tuta. The systematic multiscale and multitemporal recording developed over three archaeological campaigns (2021-2023) has enabled comprehensive management of the site and its surroundings, despite the fact that each excavated area is reburied annually for safety and conservation reasons. For this purpose, the entirety of the archaeological site and excavation area has been documented, analyzed and interpreted using geospatial data from various sources, including aerial photolibraries, photogrammetric data from visible and multispec-tral sensors, as well as terrestrial LiDAR sensors

2025

The Mississippian Cypress Formation (Chesterian) is 1 00 feet thick at Bartelso Field and comprises a section of shales and sandstones that has produced about 2.5 million barrels of oil from 76 wells since production first began in 1 936. The reservoir rocks are clean quartz arenites to subarkoses deposited under shallow marine conditions. Porosity ranges from 16% to 25%, and permeabilities range from 100 to about 500 millidarcies in the reservoir rocks. The Cypress Formation was subdivided into four intervals, each separated by shale layers. These four intervals were arbitrarily labeled, in ascending order, pink, purple, gray, and red. On the basis of wireline log correlations, subsurface mapping, and petrographic studies of well cuttings and core samples, the authors interpreted the environments of deposition for these intervals to be as follows: (1) pink intervalshallow subtidal influences in a delta-front setting; (2) purple intervalshoreface subjected to some tidal influence; (3) gray intervaltidal flat to lagoonal influences, possibly some lower coastal plain; and (4) red intervalupper shoreface subjected to strong tidal influences. These environments indicate that the pink, purple, and gray intervals were deposited in a prograding sequence, with the gray interval representing sediments deposited under the shallowest conditions. Sandstones within the red interval represent tidal ridges (tidal bars) formed in marine conditions during a transgressive phase that inundated the deltaic complex. Petrographic and mineralogic analyses revealed that silica is the primary cementing agent of Cypress sandstones at Bartelso. Most of the silica is in the form of quartz overgrowths, although minor amounts of chert are also present. Calcite cement is rare and is restricted to syntaxial cement around echinoderm fragments. Clay minerals constitute less than 2% of the total rock and comprise mainly kaolinrte with lesser amounts of chlorite, iron-rich chlorite, and illite. Porosity enhancement has resulted from the partial dissolution of potassium feldspars and calcium-rich plagioclases. Reservoir compartmentalization is a factor in recovery efficiency for the sandstones of the red interval. Currently, all sandstone reservoirs in Illinois are required to be developed on a 10-acre well spacing. The shingled bars separated by thin shales that characterize the red interval preclude effective drainage with a 1 0-acre spacing. The less heterogeneous sandstones within the purple and gray intervals, however, may be relatively well-drained by 1 0-acre well spacing. Sandstones within the pink interval contained no hydrocarbons at Bartelso, but correlative units may provide reservoirs in other areas of the basin.

2025

Northwest-southeast cross section along B-B' shows thinning of the upper sandstone interval of the Aux Vases northwest of the field 10 Isopach map of clean sandstones within the upper sandstone interval of the Aux Vases Formation 1 1 Isopach map of clean sandstones within the lower interval of the Aux Vases Formation 1 12 SEM photomicrograph of diagenetic clay minerals on quartz grains and intermediate calcite cement 1 3 SEM photomicrograph of dissolved potassium feldspar with late stage hexagonal quartz overgrowths 14 Diagram of diagenetic sequence for the Aux Vases reservoir at Stewardson Field 15 Cumulative production by lease and initial production map 16 Drill stem test data map 17 Reservoir limit map 18 Production decline curve for Stewardson Field TABLE 1 Mineral analysis of the clay size particles PLATES 1 Photomicrograph of a sample from the Aux Vases Sandstone reservoir 2 Photomicrograph of exceptionally well preserved echinoderm columnal 1 3 Photomicrograph of several grains of feldspar in varying stages of dissolution 4 Photomicrograph of Archaeolithophyllum sp., a red alga found in car- bonate beds between the upper and lower sandstone intervals in Stewardson Field 1

2025, Journal of Archaeological Science

Chich en Itz a, located in the north-central portion of the Yucat an Peninsula, is one of the major pre-Hispanic cities established in the southern lowlands of Mexico. The main objective of this investigation was to "unveil" the interior of the pyramid of El Castillo, also known as the Temple of Kukulkan, an emblematic structure in this archaeological site. To that end, 828 flat electrodes were deployed around each of the 9 bodies that compose the pyramid, including the base of the structure. A dataset consisting of 37,548 observations was obtained. A precise topographic control for each electrode was carried out and introduced in the inversion model. The mathematical process to compute a final 3D model was made possible by taking 9 observation levels (33,169 measurements) into account, due to computational limitations. The results showed the existence of two older pyramids within the main Mayan building and provided important information regarding our understanding of this Mayan civilization. Future archaeological studies in the older substructure could reveal information about early settlement on this site, its evolution in time and its cultural influences.

2025, Journal of petroleum exploration and production technology

Acoustic impedance is the product of the density of a material and the speed at which an acoustic wave travels through it. Understanding this relationship is essential because low acoustic impedance values are closely associated with high porosity, facilitating the accumulation of more hydrocarbons. In this study, we estimate the acoustic impedance based on nine different inputs of seismic attributes in addition to depth and two-way travel time using three supervised machine learning models, namely extra tree regression (ETR), random forest regression, and a multilayer perceptron regression algorithm using the scikit-learn library. Our results show that the R 2 of multilayer perceptron regression is 0.85, which is close to what has been reported in recent studies. However, the ETR method outperformed those reported in the literature in terms of the mean absolute error, mean squared error, and root-mean-squared error. The novelty of this study lies in achieving more accurate predictions of acoustic impedance for exploration.

2025, Archaeological Prospection

The city of Iznik, called Nikaia or Nicaea in ancient times, is located in northwest Anatolia, Turkey. Nicaea is renowned especially for the first Council of Nicaea convened by the Roman emperor Constantine in AD 325 in an attempt to unify the Church. During an international field course on the geophysical exploration of archaeological targets we detected the remains of a small previously unknown Byzantine church on a fallow lot of land inside the city. The church is oriented parallel to the ancient Hippodamian street grid that deviates from the modern street system of the quarter by ~45°. We found the contours of the nave, two aisles and three apses as well as evidence of a partly refilled grave. The geophysical measurements indicate that the foundations of the church consist of low-porosity hard rock with a low magnetic susceptibility, probably limestone or sandstone embedded in fluvial sediments. The field study is based on ground-penetrating radar (GPR), magnetics, electric resistivity tomography (ERT) and microgravimetry. It highlights the strength and necessity of combining different geophysical methods in exploring and characterizing archaeological sites. In fact, the foundation walls of the church do not show any magnetic anomaly but could be delineated clearly only by GPR. The wall remains appear as highly resistive spots in ERT. By converting the three-dimensional GPR image into an electric resistivity model we could verify that the ERT results fully correspond to the ruins found by GPR. The structure interpreted as a loosely refilled grave is indicated mainly by a weak gravity anomaly (~9 μGal) and a diffuse reflection pattern in GPR. Electric forward modelling shows that this structure leads to an additional increase of a high resistivity anomaly, which is primarily caused by foundation rocks, but it cannot be resolved within the ERT pattern a priori.

2025, Geology of the Death Valley Region

Located in the northeastern Mojave Desert at the southern end of Death Valley, the 276,480 acre Avawatz Mountains GRA encompasses an area of diverse geology and mineral resources. Thick sedimentary sequences of Precambrian, Precambrian-cambrian, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks have been intruded by Jurassic volcanic rocks and Mesozoic plutonic rocks. During Tertiary time extrusive volcanics and hypabyssal dikes and plugs intruded all older rocks in the Soda Mountains. Sediment were again depo. sited in Tertiary time.

2025, AAPG Bulletin

Statistical Analysis of Correlation of Porosity and Permeability Determinations from Well Cuttings Using a Portable pNMR Apparatus with Conventional Core Analysis and Wireline Log Readings The porosity-permeabiUty (P-K) analyzer is a field-portable device that uses the principle of pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the content of hydrogen nuclei present in the free and bound water in rock samples. Using a simple dual-water model, these values may be used to calculate total porosity, free fluid index, and permeability index. The principle of measurement is such as to require relatively small sample volumes and reliable results can be obtained from well-cuttings samples or 3-mm diameter core plugs. Results from the P-K analyzer are responsive to total fluid-filled pore space in the rock, although it is possible to distinguish free, i.e., movable, fluid from bound fluid, i.e., at grain boundaries or within restricted pores and in argillaceous rocks. The P-K response is entirely independent of formation lithology, mineralogy, or salinity of pore waters and is not appreciably affected by the presence of light oils. The presence of free or dissolved gases in the sample will have a significant effect on response. However, samples are brine flushed and aspirated in preparation for analysis in order to remove this effect. We see, from these differences, that results from the P-K method cannot be expected to show a direct one-to-one correlation with those from conventional core analysis or the wireline density or neutron logging tools. A statistical analysis is presented using data from each of the analytical methods and types and conditions of sample. A strong correlation is demonstrated both visually and statistically, thereby providing verification of the P-K method and facilitating its use alongside data previously obtained by more conventional methods.

2025, … 2010, held 2-7 May …

Ground water flow and solute transport are controlled by the geological structure and the corresponding heterogeneity and anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivity (K) field. In alluvial aquifers, a complete interdisciplinary characterization of the reservoir is important for reliable predictions. The reconstruction of the subsurface heterogeneity cannot be limited to honor point (eg, well stratigraphic logs) data, but should also account for the presence of connected high K hydrofacies, which might form preferential flow paths. To explore these ...

2025, Open Archaeology

This study presents the findings of the 2024 geophysical prospection campaign conducted within the southwestern Lower City of the Hellenistic capital Artaxata, situated in the Ararat plain, Armenia. Using advanced magnetic survey techniques, we sought to investigate the urban layout and expansion of the ancient city. The campaign aimed to test hypotheses derived from aerial imagery regarding the existence of city walls in this area, a previously undocumented feature for the Lower City. Spanning approximately 20 ha, the survey revealed an array of archaeological features, including wall structures, ditches, and pits, alongside evidence of domestic and craft activities such as fireplaces. Notably, the findings confirmed the presence of the southwestern city walls, delineating a settlement area larger than previously known. Additional discoveries include monumental architectural remains, such as an octagonal structure potentially associated with an early Christian church. However, the interpretation of these structures, including their chronology and function, remains tentative pending further excavation. These results not only extend our understanding of the city's urban development but also highlight the efficacy of integrating geophysical surveys with archaeological methods in reconstructing historical urban landscapes. Future investigations will focus on resolving ambiguities through targeted excavation and refining interpretations of the magnetic anomalies observed.

2025

L’opération archéologique réalisée à Kembs en 2021 a livré de nouvelles données relatives à l’agglomération routière de Cambete, étroitement liée à Augst, capitale des Rauraques, pour laquelle elle joua, entre autres, le rôle d’avant-port. Les parcelles fouillées, localisées en bordure du Rhin, recelaient les restes d’une vaste nécropole tardo-antique ainsi que plusieurs édifices publics. Si les données relatives à cette fouille préventive sont encore en cours de maturation, les premiers résultats permettent d’ores et déjà d’offrir de nouvelles perspectives sur l’occupation tardive de Cambete et d’entrevoir le lien étroit qu’elle entretenait avec les pouvoirs politique, militaire et religieux.

2025, Tectonics

An open problem concerning the Mw 7.4, 1999 İzmit earthquake along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) system is the apparent conflict between estimates of strike‐slip deformation based on field and remote sensing data. This is due to the fact that the main strand of the NAF west of the epicenter lies below the Sea of Marmara. Seismological evidence and models based on synthetic aperture radar interferometry suggest that coseismic and early postseismic displacement accumulated after the earthquake could have reached the western end of the İzmit Gulf and possibly the southern edge of the Çınarcık Basin, tapering off along the northern coast of the Armutlu Peninsula, more than 60 km from the epicenter. This scenario is not confirmed by onshore field observations that point toward a termination of the surface rupture around 30 km to the east. These discrepancies convey high uncertainties in the estimate of the tectonic load produced by the İzmit earthquake on the adjacent fault segment tow...

2025, Applied Environmental Research

M arine litter is a global concern, affecting all oceans and seas of the world. Every year, millions and millions of tonnes of litter end up in the coastal and marine environment worldwide, resulting in environmental, economic, health and safety impacts. The Durres county has a coastline of some 62 km along the Adriatic Sea, extending from Lalzi Bay till the area of Golem. The abundance, composition and sources of marine litter were determined on beaches in the eight sites located at the Bay of Durres and in two sites located in the protected area of the Lalzi Bay. All surveys performed followed the approach described by the EU MSFD TG10 "Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas". A total of 3326 marine litter items was recorded, removed and classified during April 2018. 10 beach transects were surveyed, covering 24000 m2 and extending over 1000 m of coastline. The average beach litter density of 0.1365 items/m2 (average: 136 items/100m; range: 40-295 items/100m) was found within this study for the Durres Bay and the Lalzi Bay. The beaches investigated varied in terms of human-induced pressures, with their majority classified either as urban, semi-urban or semi-rural. The majority of marine litter items were artificial polymer materials accounting for 64.8% of all beach litter. The most abundant item was G208 (Glass or ceramic fragments >2.5cm) with 19.7%, followed by G27 (Cigarette butts and filters) with 17.9%. Litter from shoreline sources including poor waste management practices, tourism and recreational activities accounted for 64.5% of total litter items collected on all sites, while fly-tipping accounted for 20.8%of total litter items. When looking at the sea-based sources of litter (fisheries and aquaculture, shipping) these accounted for 0.8% of total litter items on all beach locations. The beach cleanliness of the surveyed locations was assessed through the Clean Coast Index.