Greenhouse Effect Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, agriRxiv

Garlic has secondary metabolites that possess antimicrobial properties that can alter nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation similar to known antimicrobial products. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of garlic powder and garlic juice on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and gas production. The treatments were control no additives, garlic powder and garlic juice of 0.5 ml and 1 ml. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were determined after 48h incubation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were determined at 12h and 24h incubation. The cumulative gas production was recorded periodically over 48h. The in vitro dry matter disappearance decreased with 1 ml of garlic juice compared to control. The crude protein degradability in garlic powder and garlic juice was lower than in control. The volatile fatty acids increased in all the treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids were significantl...

2025, Environmental Science and Pollution Research

As waste production exponentially increases, landfill continues to be the common method of waste disposal. Landfills represent significant anthropogenic sources of methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ); the main constituents of greenhouse gases (GHGs) resultant from microbial decomposition of organic waste. In the present study, ISC-AERMOD dispersion model was employed to estimate the release and dispersion rates of CH 4 and CO 2 from major landfill sites across Kuwait under different seasonal conditions. Results revealed that dispersions of CH 4 and CO 2 were influenced by the dominant northwestern and southeastern wind directions and thus, the dispersion of CH 4 and CO 2 extended predominantly toward northeastern direction. In terms of seasonal variation, the maximum concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 were detected in winter and spring seasons, close to the landfill zone, and the dispersion of CH 4 and CO 2 fluxes during winter and spring seasons was longer than that during summer and fall seasons. Consequently, residential areas close to the disposal sites were exposed to higher concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 gases during winter and spring. The findings of this study can serve as the basis for selecting suitable landfill locations under desert climatic conditions as determined by the distances over which gaseous emissions can diffuse.

2025, Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

While knowledge of the energy inputs from the Sun (as it is the primary energy source) is important for understanding the solar-terrestrial system, of equal importance is the manner in which the terrestrial part of the system organizes itself in a quasi-equilibrium state to accommodate and re-emit this energy. The ROSMIC project (2014-2018 inclusive) was the component of SCOSTEP's Variability of the Sun and Its Terrestrial Impact (VarSITI) program which supported research into the terrestrial component of this system. The four themes supported under ROSMIC are solar influence on climate, coupling by dynamics, trends in the mesosphere lower thermosphere, and trends and solar influence in the thermosphere. Over the course of the VarSITI program, scientific advances were made in all four themes. This included improvements in understanding (1) the transport of photochemically produced species from the thermosphere into the lower atmosphere; (2) the manner in which waves produced in the lower atmosphere propagate upward and influence the winds, dynamical variability, and transport of constituents in the mesosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere; (3) the character of the long-term trends in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere; and (4) the trends and structural changes taking place in the thermosphere. This paper reviews the progress made in these four areas over the past 5 years and summarizes the anticipated research directions in these areas in the future. It also provides a physical context of the elements which maintain the structure of the terrestrial component of this system. The effects that changes to the atmosphere (such as those currently occurring as a result of anthropogenic influences) as well as plausible variations in solar activity may have on the solar terrestrial system need to be understood to support and guide future human activities on Earth.

2025

To model ionospheric climate and to study its long-term changes we need solar activity proxies, because long and homogeneous data series of solar ionizing flux are not available. Here we use solar activity proxies/indices F10.7, sunspot numbers, F30, Mg II, He II and solar Lyman-α flux, and yearly average foF2 values from six midlatitude ionospheric stations from four continents (Juliusruh, Pruhonice, Roma, Boulder, Kokubunji and Canberra) over 1976-2014. Main results are as follows: (1) Relationships among solar activity indices/proxies differ between solar cycles 21 and 22 (represented by years 1976-1995) on the one hand, and cycles 23 and 24 (represented by years 1996-2014) on the other hand. (2) Consequently the relationships between midlatitude foF2 and solar activity proxies also differ except for F30. (3) The variability of yearly values of foF2 at middle latitudes appears to be described best by solar activity proxies F30 and Mg II.

2025, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences

The ionosphere represents part of the upper atmosphere. Its variability is observed on a wide-scale temporal range from minutes, or even shorter, up to scales of the solar cycle and secular variations of solar energy input. Ionosphere behavior is predominantly determined by solar and geomagnetic forcing. However, the lower-lying atmospheric regions can contribute significantly to the resulting energy budget. The energy transfer between distant atmospheric parts happens due to atmospheric waves that propagate from their source region up to ionospheric heights. Experimental observations show the importance of the involvement of the lower atmosphere in ionospheric variability studies in order to accurately capture small-scale features of the upper atmosphere. In the Part I Coupling, we provide a brief overview of the influence of the lower atmosphere on the ionosphere and summarize the current knowledge. In the Part II Coupling Evidences Within Ionospheric Plasma—Experiments in Midlati...

2025, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2025, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi

Today, almost all climatologists have agreed on that the climate change results from the increase in the greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and this comes as a consequence of various human activities. The dissolution of carbon dioxide, which has the largest share among greenhouse gases in terms of contribution in global warming and climate change, in sea water is much more when compared to the other gases in the atmosphere. For this reason, oceans are large reserve resources. Since they constitute a large part of our planet and have rich biodiversity, oceans and seas are aquatic ecosystems that are affected by the process of change caused by global warming. Global warming and climate change have caused a decrease in lake waters, an increase in the sea level, and changes in streams and precipitation models and have started to show negative impacts on all aquatic organisms from plankton to mammals. Krills have decreased by 80% on average in the past 30 years. Coral bleaching have increased dramatically. The number of Indian Ocean origin fish found within the waters of our country has arrived to 30 already. Reproduction area of sea turtles have narrowed because coastal habitat to be destroyed by sea level rise. Depending on decreasing of the sea ice many of marine mammals have faced with extinction. According to the mathematical computer models developed lately, it has been calculated that in the event that the CO 2 density is doubled, the global temperature will rise by 3 o С. For this reason, among the precautions to be taken against global warming, decreasing of the carbon dioxide emission comes first and studies are being carried out for this purpose on an international level.

2025, Bioenergy Research

Reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinacea L.) is a suitable energy crop for cultivation in northern peatlands. However, the atmospheric impact of RCG cultivation as influenced by harvest frequency and fertilization is not clear. Here, we compared the biomass yield and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance for RCG cultivation in peatlands affected by cutting frequency and fertilizer managements. The managements included one-cut (OC) and two-cut (TC) systems that were either fertilized (TC-F) or unfertilized (TC-U) after the first cut in summer. Biomass yield of OC, TC-F and TC-U were 12, 16 and 11 Mg dry biomass per hectare per year, respectively. GHG fluxes of CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 were measured with closed chamber techniques in the period between first and second (final) harvest of the TC managements, i.e. from 15 June to 23 September 2011. In the GHG monitoring period of 100 days, all systems were net sources of CO 2 corresponding to 64±3, 217±15 and 50±23 gCO 2 -Cm -2 (mean±standard error, n=3) from the OC, TC-F and TC-U systems, respectively. In the same period, emissions of N 2 O from TC-F were ten times higher as compared to OC and TC-U. Emissions of CH 4 were negligible from all systems. The TC systems could not improve the GHG balance during cultivation (271, 663 and 210 g CO 2 e-Cm -2 emissions from the OC, TC-F and TC-U systems, respectively), but in a broader GHG life cycle perspective, the increased biomass yield by TC-F could replace more fossil fuel and offset at least some of the higher emissions from the system.

2025, Mires and Peat

Rewetting combined with biomass crop cultivation (paludiculture) has been proposed as a method for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from drained peatlands. This field experiment compared CO2 fluxes from drained (control) and rewetted experimental plots in a temperate fen under reed canary grass cultivation over two successive years. The annual weighted mean water table depth from soil surface (WTD) during the study period was 9, 3 and 1 cm in control, semi-flooded and flooded plots, respectively. There were no significant effects of WTD treatment on biomass yields. The choice of response model for CO2 fluxes influenced annual estimates of ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross primary production (GPP), but all models showed that ER and GPP decreased in response to rewetting. The resulting net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2, derived by combining eight ER and eight GPP models, varied widely. For example, NEE (expressed as CO2-C) ranged from 935 to -208 g m 2 yr-1 for the flooded...

2025, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Empirical greenhouse gas (GHG) flux estimates from diverse peatlands are required in order to derive emission factors for managed peatlands. This study on a drained fen peatland quantified the annual GHG balance (Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4 ), and C exported in crop yield) from spring barley (SB) and reed canary grass (RCG) using static opaque chambers for GHG flux measurements and biomass yield for indirectly estimating gross primary production (GPP). Estimates of ecosystem respiration (ER) and GPP were compared with more advanced but costly and labor-intensive dynamic chamber studies. Annual GHG balance for the two cropping systems was 4.0±0.7 and 8.1±0.2 Mg CO 2 -C eq ha -1 from SB and RCG, respectively (mean±standard error, n=3). Annual CH 4 emissions were negligible (<0.006 Mg CO 2 -C eq ha -1 ), and N 2 O emissions contributed only 4-13 % of the full GHG balance (0.5 and 0.3 Mg CO 2 -C eq ha -1 for SB and RCG, respectively). The statistical significance of low CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes was evaluated by a simulation procedure which showed that most of CH 4 fluxes were within the range that could arise from random variation associated with actual zero-flux situations. ER measured by static chamber and dynamic chamber methods was similar, particularly when using nonlinear regression techniques for flux calculations. A comparison of GPP derived from aboveground biomass and from measuring net ecosystem exchange (NEE) showed that GPP estimation from biomass might be useful, or serve as validation, for more advanced flux measurement methods. In conclusion, combining static opaque chambers for measuring ER of CO 2 and CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes with biomass yield for GPP estimation worked well in the drained fen peatland cropped to SB and RCG and presented a valid alternative to estimating the full GHG balance by dynamic chambers.

2025, BioEnergy Research

2025, Biogeosciences

Cultivation of bioenergy crops in rewetted peatland (paludiculture) is considered as a possible land use option to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, bioenergy crops like reed canary grass (RCG) can have a complex influence on GHG fluxes. Here we determined the effect of RCG cultivation on GHG emission from peatland rewetted to various extents. Mesocosms were manipulated to three different ground water levels (GWLs), i.e. 0, -10 and -20 cm below the soil surface in a controlled semi-field facility. Emissions of CO 2 (ecosystem respiration, ER), CH 4 and N 2 O from mesocosms with RCG and bare soil were measured at weekly to fortnightly intervals with static chamber techniques for a period of 1 year. Cultivation of RCG increased both ER and CH 4 emissions, but decreased the N 2 O emissions. The presence of RCG gave rise to 69, 75 and 85 % of total ER at -20, -10 and 0 cm GWL, respectively. However, this difference was due to decreased soil respiration at the rising GWL as the plant-derived CO 2 flux was similar at all three GWLs. For methane, 70-95 % of the total emission was due to presence of RCG, with the highest contribution at -20 cm GWL. In contrast, cultivation of RCG decreased N 2 O emission by 33-86 % with the major reductions at -10 and -20 cm GWL. In terms of global warming potential, the increase in CH 4 emissions due to RCG cultivation was more than offset by the decrease in N 2 O emissions at -10 and -20 cm GWL; at 0 cm GWL the CH 4 emissions was offset only by 23 %. CO 2 emissions from ER were obviously the dominant RCG-derived GHG flux, but aboveground biomass yields, and preliminary measurements of gross photosynthetic production, showed that ER could be more than balanced due to the photosynthetic uptake of CO 2 by RCG. Our results support that RCG cultivation could be a good land use option in terms of mitigating GHG emission from rewetted peatlands, potentially turning these ecosystems into a sink of atmospheric CO 2 .

2025, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry

We have developed a new inlet system for a gas sample isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). It is based on the well-known open split design from the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system due to its simplicity. The advantages over the conventional double inlet system with the metal bellows design include an improved reproducibility mainly due to a highly controllable pressure and temperature adjustment, a markedly lowered memory effect due to an uninterrupted gas flow through the ion source which limits adsorption/desorption processes on surfaces, and a single inlet capillary circumventing problems of asymmetrical behavior of sample and reference inlet paths. Furthermore, sample consumption is of the same order as for conventional measurements (i.e. about 0.4 mmol per hour), of which however only 2 mmol/h is used for the actual isotope ratio determination since the major gas amount acts as a gas flow seal against the atmosphere, corresponding to a 100-200 fold overkill. This may be improved in future systems.

2025, Science

Comparisons of recent with historical samples of chromosome inversion frequencies provide opportunities to determine whether genetic change is tracking climate change in natural populations. We determined the magnitude and direction of shifts over time (24 years between samples on average) in chromosome inversion frequencies and in ambient temperature for populations of the flyDrosophila subobscuraon three continents. In 22 of 26 populations, climates warmed over the intervals, and genotypes characteristic of low latitudes (warm climates) increased in frequency in 21 of those 22 populations. Thus, genetic change in this fly is tracking climate warming and is doing so globally.

2025, The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Carbon sequestration (CS) has been increasingly viewed as one of the crucial issues/strategies to address the challenging issues of global warming led climate change effects besides imparting sustainability to productivity. In agricultural land use systems, increased CO2 emission into the atmosphere is through repeated and frequent cultivation of croplands, crop residues, biomass burning, shifting cultivation, cultivation of low biomass producing crop cultivars, land degradation, deforestation, etc. The results of current review revealed that agricultural soils have lost about 30–75% of their inherent soil organic carbon (SOC) pool which is quite alarming. The U.N. panel (IPCC) in its current report published that to contain warming at 1.5oC, there will be a need to reduce the global net CO2 emissions (manmade) by about 45% by the year 2030 from 2010 levels and further to reach ‘net zero’ by 2050. The potential of carbon sequestration with cautious management of world cropland inclu...

2025

ion charges are in place in some EU Member States. They target households and industry. The agriculture sector often benefits from lower rates (ECOTEC, in ACTeon, 2009), and abstraction charges are nearly ubiquitous in the countries assessed in this study. In most cases, volumetric charging is applied. In the absence of metering systems, fixed charges per hectare are imposed. Exemptions from abstraction charges and taxes are common. Examples of exemption are regions or water bodies with a positive water balance and small water • Slovenia: — Rules of tariff system for public service on the environmental field (Pravilnik o metodologiji za oblikovanje cen storitev obveznih občinskih gospodarskih javnih služb varstva okolja, Official Gazette no. 63/2009, 87/2012). — Filippini, M. et al. (2010): Productivity growth and price regulation of Slovenian water; Zbornik radova Ekonomski fakultet Rijeka, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 89–112 (see http://amala.rero.ch/record/20112). — Filippini, M., Hrovati...

2025, TheScientificWorldJournal

The objective of this research is to quantitatively measure and compare the environmental load and construction cost of different structural frame types. Construction cost also accounts for the costs of CO₂ emissions of input materials. The choice of structural frame type is a major consideration in construction, as this element represents about 33% of total building construction costs. In this research, four constructed buildings were analyzed, with these having either reinforced concrete (RC) or steel (S) structures. An input-output framework analysis was used to measure energy consumption and CO₂ emissions of input materials for each structural frame type. In addition, the CO₂ emissions cost was measured using the trading price of CO₂ emissions on the International Commodity Exchange. This research revealed that both energy consumption and CO₂ emissions were, on average, 26% lower with the RC structure than with the S structure, and the construction costs (including the CO₂ emiss...

2025, Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science

The expansive challenges, issues and opportunities depicted by shifting climatic spheres as they exert hazardous consequences on humanity due to their emergence. Globally, climate change pertains to the long-run invariant alterations of temperature trajectories and weather presentations from seasonal averages. Climate change exerts an expansive impact on global technology due to a warmer climate culminating in arduous morbidity and mortality from risks, such as extreme hydrologic events, heat, diarrhoea, malaria, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases as demonstrated on the clinicopathologic and healthcare spectra. The intricately complex challenge of the climate and hydrologic ambient is how to configure or elucidate the characterisation of the modifications in climate and hydrology, the presenting untoward metamorphoses in configuring extreme instances as the resultant effect of natural and anthropogenic activities. Multiple events have exacerbated research in the spatiotemporal variations of generalized extreme precipitation and temperature. In essence, extreme hydrological events, EHEs, which include droughts and floods, face spatiotemporal variabilities, with gross intensity and enhancement of extreme drought and precipitation. These are not mere weather events but result in extremes as established in declined agricultural produce, infrastructural attenuation, unified natural and anthropogenic disruptions, and unintended consequences. It is projected that intensification of the hydrological cycle may result from global warming because global warming rapidly escalates processes of the hydrologic cycle resulting in intense droughts and wet periods which affect health and sustainability of societies. The recurrence and severity of hydrologic extremes have augmented due to nature and human interference. These have continuously compromised critical natural events. Emerging from climate change, flash floods have heightened, with projections to augment in the future. This review provides current drivers and typologies of extremes in disparate geopolitical arenas with highlights, challenges, constraints, issues and opportunities in inter alia predicting and forecasting hydrological extremes spatiotemporally.

2025, Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Brazilian cattle production is mostly carried out in pastures, and the need to mitigate the livestock's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and its environmental footprint has become an important requirement. The adoption of well-suited breeds and the intensification of pasture-based livestock production systems are alternatives to optimize the sector's land use. However, further research on tropical systems is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of Holstein (HO) and Jersey–Holstein (JE x HO) crossbred cows in different levels of pasture intensification (continuous grazing system with low stocking rate–CLS; irrigated rotational grazing system with high stocking rate–RHS), and the interaction between these two factors on GHG mitigation. Twenty-four HO and 24 JE x HO crossbred dairy cows were used to evaluate the effect of two grazing systems on milk production and composition, soil GHG emissions, methane (CH4) emission, and soil carbon accumulation...

2025, Astronomy and Astrophysics

Aims. We investigate the dynamical stability of compact planetary systems in the CoRoT discovery space, i.e., with orbital periods of less than 50 days, including a detailed study of the stability of systems, which are spaced according to Hill's criteria. Methods. The innermost fictitious planet was placed close to the Roche limit from the star (M Star = 1 M Sun ) and all other fictitious planets are lined up according to Hill's criteria up to a distance of 0.26 AU, which corresponds to a 50 day period for a Sun-massed star. For the masses of the fictitious planets, we chose a range of 0.33-17 m Earth , where in each simulation all fictitious planets have the same mass. Additionally, we tested the influence of both the semi-major axis of the innermost planet and of the number of planets. In a next step we also included a gas giant in our calculations, which perturbs the inner ones and investigated their stability. Results. With numerous integrations of many different configurations we could show that long-time stable motion is possible for up to 10 planets with 17 m Earth within a distance of 0.26 AU. Further investigations show that the fictitious planets remain stable under certain circumstances even if a close-in gas giant is present.

2025, Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, 9, 9–20.

Der Blick in die Zukunft scheint wichtig. Prognosen werden in allen Lebensbereichen gestellt, es existiert ein hoher Bedarf, auch wenn viele Prognosen scheitern. Das erstaunlichste Phänomen jedoch: Es gibt eine ganze Anzahl an ernst zu nehmenden Prognosen, die kaum Konsequenzen haben. Am Beispiel der Klimaprognosen wird dies verdeutlicht: Obwohl Wissenschaftler seit Jahren auf die Gefahren des hohen CO2-Ausstoßes hinweisen, gibt es kaum Verhaltensänderungen. Scheren wir uns doch nicht um Prognosen? Ist der Homo sapiens gar ein Homo ignorans?

2025, Journal of Integrative Agriculture

The “Greater Food” approach has replaced the older “taking grain production as a top priority” approach. The importance of feed and forage as the material basis for guaranteeing high-quality development of the livestock industry has gradually become prominent. However, owing to the tradition of “both human staple food and animal feed relying on grain production” in China and the decoupling of feed crop planting and livestock farming, the risk of feed grain security has increased, especially as it relates to the supply of high-quality protein feed ingredients from abroad, which is facing a bottleneck. To ensure food security, effective domestic agricultural production should be adopted. Nevertheless, guaranteeing the supply of high-quality protein feed through domestic soybean production is difficult because of limited arable land; furthermore, pressure on the staple food supply is still extreme. In this article, the historical and realistic implications for the security risks of feed grain in China are analyzed. Proposals are made to separate staple food grains for humans from the feed grain supply for animals and to develop high-quality forage to reduce feed grain use. High-quality forage can be supplied via intercropping with grain crops in arable land and reseeding perennial legumes or grasses into natural grasslands. However, “managing forage for grain” needs to be supported via technical paths and policies as the forage industry develops to effectively increase the capacity to ensure feed grain security.

2025, Current Biology

Human activities are releasing gigatonnes of carbon to the Earth's atmosphere annually. Direct consequences of cumulative post-industrial emissions include increasing global temperature, perturbed regional weather patterns, rising sea levels, acidifying oceans, changed nutrient loads and altered ocean circulation. These and other physical consequences are affecting marine biological processes from genes to ecosystems, over scales from rock pools to ocean basins, impacting ecosystem services and threatening human food security. The rates of physical change are unprecedented in some cases. Biological change is likely to be commensurately quick, although the resistance and resilience of organisms and ecosystems is highly variable. Biological changes founded in physiological response manifest as species rangechanges, invasions and extinctions, and ecosystem regime shifts. Given the essential roles that oceans play in planetary function and provision of human sustenance, the grand challenge is to intervene before more tipping points are passed and marine ecosystems follow lessbuffered terrestrial systems further down a spiral of decline. Although ocean bioengineering may alleviate change, this is not without risk. The principal brake to climate change remains reduced CO 2 emissions that marine scientists and custodians of the marine environment can lobby for and contribute to. This review describes present-day climate change, setting it in context with historical change, considers consequences of climate change for marine biological processes now and in to the future, and discusses contributions that marine systems could play in mitigating the impacts of global climate change.

2025

Critical comments regarding the article on the atmospheric temperatures of some planets are discussed.

2025, Science

ratio but lnajor changes in the relative intensities of the (loo), ( ), and (300) reflections, which suggests a different space group (1 1). The observed unit cell parametersoat 7.9 GPa are a = 5.30; (2), c = 8.

2025, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

2025, Trends in Immunology

2025, Global Change Biology

Rapid climate change and intensified human activities have resulted in water table lowering (WTL) and enhanced nitrogen (N) deposition in Tibetan alpine wetlands. These changes may alter the magnitude and direction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, affecting the climate impact of these fragile ecosystems. We conducted a mesocosm experiment combined with a metagenomics approach (GeoChip 5.0) to elucidate the effects of WTL (-20 cm relative to control) and N deposition (30 kg N ha -1 yr -1 ) on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes as well as the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that WTL reduced CH 4 emissions by 57.4% averaged over three growing seasons compared with no-WTL plots, but had no significant effect on net CO 2 uptake or N 2 O flux. N deposition increased net CO 2 uptake by 25.2% in comparison with no-N deposition plots and turned the mesocosms from N 2 O sinks to N 2 O sources, but had little influence on CH 4 emissions. The interactions between WTL and N deposition were not detected in all GHG emissions. As a result, WTL and N deposition both reduced the global warming potential (GWP) of growing season GHG budgets on a 100-year time horizon, but via different mechanisms. WTL reduced GWP from 337.3 to -480.1 g CO 2 -eq m -2 mostly because of decreased CH 4 emissions, while N deposition reduced GWP from 21.0 to -163.8 g CO 2 -eq m -2 , mainly owing to increased net CO 2 uptake. GeoChip analysis revealed that decreased CH 4 production potential, rather than increased CH 4 oxidation potential, may lead to the reduction in net CH 4 emissions, and decreased nitrification potential and increased denitrification potential affected N 2 O fluxes under WTL conditions. Our study highlights the importance of microbial mechanisms in regulating ecosystem-scale GHG responses to environmental changes.

2025, Earth-Science Reviews

Radiolarian productivity pulses and related radiolarite deposition are phenomena difficult to understand from an exclusively actualistic viewpoint. Evolutionary selection pressure among silica-secreting marine plankton, both radiolarians and diatoms, has led toward more economic usage of rapidly shrinking nutrient resources, including dissolved silica, of the photic zone in the late Cenozoic oceans, and, in particular, a substantial modification of oceanic cycle by the diatom explosive radiation. Even if there is a proved link between biomineralization and dissolved silica loading among the phytoplankton only, the relative independence of modern siliceous planktic biotas from the available silica pool reflects mainly their progressive physiological specialisation during evolutionary history. Oceanic chemistry and productivity, as well as patterns of circulationrupwelling have changed radically during the Phanerozoic. Radiolarites apparently represent an 'anachronistic' facies, as exemplified by their long-lived and ocean-wide distribution in palaeo-Pacific, and hitherto, highlighted actualistic models of localized intra-oceanic wind-driven upwelling loci are of largely questionable applicability. In addition to plate drift, hypersiliceous domains and intervals are explainable mostly by a large-scale volcano-hydrothermal activity during major plate-boundary reconfigurations, which, in many ways, favoured siliceous biotas acme, and their skeletal remains accumulation and preservation. Factors tied to rapid, voluminous submarine eruptions, such as thermal buoyant megaplumes and basin overturns, offer a viable alternative for traditional climaticrcirculation scenarios in case of hypersiliceous high productivity events irrelevant to greenhouse-to-icehouse climatic change. The evolving carbon and silica cycles were coupled through the greenhouse effect and enhanced chemical weathering. Volcano-hydrothermal and tectonic uplift events, related mostly to extensive rifting andror accelerated oceanic spreading, were the endogenous driving force that created this perturbation of the exogenous system. The present biogeochemical cycle is representative only for the overall silica-depleted post-Eocene oceanic ecosystems, which broadly correlates with a major expansion of diatoms groups extremely efficient in silica removal, and closely linking the silica budget with phosphorus and nitrogen cycles. Thus, an orthodox uniformitarian approach to biosiliceous sedimentation, based on a silica-starved vigorous ocean, is of limited significance when applied to the pre-Neogene settings, especially in the peculiar planktic habitats of epeiric seas, as well as during biotic crises marked by strong geotectonic overprint. The major turnovers in marine siliceous biota composition, in particular after the end-Permian radiolarite gap, may have been coupled with discernible changes in an increasing biological

2025, Environmental science & technology

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated by water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) during treatment are modern, based on available literature. Therefore, such emissions were omitted from IPCC's greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting procedures. However, a fraction of wastewater's carbon is fossil in origin. We hypothesized that since the fossil carbon entering municipal WRRFs is mostly from soaps and detergents as dissolved organic matter, its fate can be selectively determined during the universally applied separation treatment processes. Analyzing radiocarbon at different treatment points within municipal WRRFs, we verified that the fossil content could amount to 28% in primary influent and showed varying distribution leaving different unit operations. We recorded the highest proportion of fossil carbon leaving the secondary treatment as off-gas and as solid sludge (averaged 2.08 kg fossil-CO2-emission-pot...

2025

This document presents a detailed criticism of the partial and reduced application of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law in the study of the atmospheric greenhouse effect and its relationship with global warming. The objective is to review from a thermodynamic perspective how this law is used in current climate models, highlighting conceptual errors that could lead to incorrect interpretations of the atmospheric energy balance. The inconsistency of applying the law only to the 0.04% of atmospheric gases-the so-called 2 0 8 2 2 0 8 4 greenhouse gases (CO , CH , water vapor)-is analyzed, ignoring the 2 0 8 2 2 0 8 2 remaining 99.96% (N , O , Ar) that shares the same average temperature. Through an analytical approach based on fundamental physical principles, it is demonstrated that this practice violates molecular thermal equilibrium and underestimates the total infrared radiation emitted by the atmosphere. The results show that all atmospheric components, although they do not absorb infrared radiation, contribute indirectly to maintaining the global temperature through molecular collisions. In conclusion, the need to reconsider current models to consider the atmosphere as a single gaseous system in thermal equilibrium is proposed, avoiding simplifications that may distort the physical understanding of global warming.

2025

The sharp decrease in the intensity of terrestrial radiation with distance from the surface, according to the inverse square law, is considered as an argument against the greenhouse effect theory.

2025

This article presents the development of a new numerical system denominated JULES-CCATT-BRAMS, which resulted from the coupling of the JULES surface model to the CCATT-BRAMS atmospheric chemistry model. The performance of this system in relation to several meteorological variables (wind speed at 10 m, air temperature at 2 m, dew point temperature at 2 m, pressure reduced to mean sea level and 6 h accumulated precipitation) and the CO 2 concentration above an extensive area of South America is also presented, focusing on the Amazon basin. The evaluations were conducted for two periods, the wet (March) and dry (September) seasons of 2010. The statistics used to perform the evaluation included bias (BIAS) and root mean squared error (RMSE). The errors were calculated in relation to observations at conventional stations in airports and automatic stations. In addition, CO 2 concentrations in the first model level were compared with meteorological tower measurements and vertical CO 2 profiles were compared with aircraft data. The results of this study show that the JULES model coupled to CCATT-BRAMS provided a significant gain in performance in the evaluated atmospheric fields relative to those simulated by the LEAF (version 3) surface model originally utilized by CCATT-BRAMS. Simulations of CO 2 concentrations in Amazonia and a comparison with observations are also discussed and show that the system presents a gain in performance relative to previous studies. Finally, we discuss a wide range of numerical studies integrating coupled atmospheric, land surface and chemistry processes that could be produced with the system described here. Therefore, this work presents to the scientific community a free tool, with good performance in relation to the observed data and re-analyses, able to produce atmospheric simulations/forecasts at different resolutions, for any period of time and in any region of the globe.

2025

The per capita greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Saudi Arabia were more than three times the global average emissions in 2019. The energy sector is the most dominant GHG-emitting sector in the country; its energy consumption has increased over five times in the last four decades, from over 2000 quadrillion joules in 1981 to around 11,000 quadrillion joules in 2019, while the share of renewable energy in 2019 was only 0.1%. To reduce GHG emissions, the Saudi Arabian government has undertaken initiatives for improving energy efficiency and increasing the production of renewable energies in the country. However, there are few investigative studies into the effectiveness of these initiatives in improving energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides an overview of the various energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives undertaken in Saudi Arabia. Then, it evaluates the effectiveness of energy-related policies and initiatives using an indicator-based approach. In addition, this study performs temporal and econometrics analyses to understand the trends and the causal relationships among various drivers of energy sector emissions. Energy intensity and efficiency have improved moderately in recent years. This study will support policymakers in identifying significant policy gaps in reducing the emissions from the energy sector; furthermore, this study will provide a reference for tracking the progress of their policy initiatives. In addition, the methodology used in this study could be applied in other studies to evaluate various climate change policies and their progress.

2025, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture

The aims of this study were to determine the input and outputs energy for maize production in Islamabad, Pakistan. Results showed that grain yield, number of grain pe r cob, 1000 grain weight and plant height were maximum at deep tillage as compared to conventional and lowest in zero tillage. Total input energy was maximum in combined application with NPK + FYM fertilizer as compared to FYM, NPK fertilizer alone and low in control where no fertilizer was applied. The output energy was gained in deep tillage where combined NPK + FYM were applied and lowest energy was gained in control plots. The results showed that combined NPK + FYM fertilizer level gave highest grain yi eld in deep tillage against conventional tillage and low grain yield was recorded in zero tillage. Although deep tillage consumed more energy as compared to conventional and lowest in zero tillage.

2025

This study presents a simplified physical model to analyze the role of molecular oxygen (O₂) in global warming of an Earth-like atmosphere under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The main objective is to evaluate whether 21% oxygen can be responsible for atmospheric global warming by absorbing UV radiation and transferring the energy to other gases through collisions. Using principles from kinetic theory of gases, thermodynamics, and basic quantum mechanics, the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of ideal gas from 0 K to 288 K was calculated, resulting in a value of 3590 J. It was estimated that each O₂ molecule must absorb approximately 0.0286 UV-C photons (λ = 200 nm) to achieve this heating. Different scenarios of required UV power were also evaluated, finding that values such as 60 W/m² are feasible under real solar irradiance. The system's thermal evolution was modeled considering partial equilibrium between O₂ and N₂, showing progressive establishment of thermal equilibrium via molecular collisions. Results support the hypothesis that oxygen can have a significant energetic impact if it efficiently absorbs and redistributes UV energy. This approach offers a new perspective on the atmospheric energy balance, traditionally focused on other gases like ozone or CO₂.

2025, Marine Pollution Bulletin

The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed.

2025, Journal of Biogeography

AimGreenhouse‐induced warming and resulting shifts in climatic zones may exceed the migration capabilities of some species. We used fourteen combinations of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Global Vegetation Models (GVMs) to investigate possible migration rates required under CO2‐doubled climatic forcing.LocationGlobal.MethodsMigration distances were calculated between grid cells of future biome type x and nearest same‐biome‐type cells in the current climate. In `base‐case' calculations, we assumed that 2 × CO2 climate forcing would occur in 100 years, we used ten biome types and we measured migration distances as straight‐line distances ignoring water barriers and human development. In sensitivity analyses, we investigated different time periods of 2 × CO2 climate forcing, more narrowly defined biomes and barriers because of water bodies and human development.ResultsIn the base‐case calculations, average migration rates varied significantly according to the GVM used (BIOME...

2025, Global Change Biology

The livestock sector contributes considerably to global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Here, for the year 2007 we examined GHG emissions in the EU27 livestock sector and estimated GHG emissions from production and consumption of livestock products; including imports, exports and wastage. We also reviewed available mitigation options and estimated their potential. The focus of this review is on the beef and dairy sector since these contribute 60% of all livestock production emissions. Particular attention is paid to the role of land use and land use change (LULUC) and carbon sequestration in grasslands. GHG emissions of all livestock products amount to between 630 and 863 Mt CO2e, or 12–17% of total EU27 GHG emissions in 2007. The highest emissions aside from production, originate from LULUC, followed by emissions from wasted food. The total GHG mitigation potential from the livestock sector in Europe is between 101 and 377 Mt CO2e equivalent to between 12 and 61% of total EU27 live...

2025

Fundamental to accurate and meaningful climate change research is the availability of long-term datasets. Yet, administrations are finding the maintenance and upkeep of monitoring sites which provide fine scale climatological and environmental scientific records increasingly difficult to support. The availability of high-quality daily datasets covering three or more decades is surprisingly rare across the globe. Modelling results are greatly enhanced when using datasets in excess of 50 years duration. Very often climatological datasets are gathered remote from the monitoring of biological and chemical parameters. We're fortunate in Ireland to have available to us a monitoring station which, since the mid-1950s, has collected and collated such integrated records. We are doubly fortunate in that the monitoring facility has in place a synoptic weather station which collects synchronous meteorological data. Today the Burrishoole site has a well-established environmental monitoring programme with developed platforms in place to continuously monitor essential climate and aquatic variables. Field monitoring is conducted on lakes, rivers and streams. The variables measured include air temperature, surface water temperature, river discharge, precipitation, air pressure, surface radiation, wind speed, wind direction and solar irradiance. The expansion of the monitoring platforms at the Burrishoole research station over various projects has amplified the site's importance and suitability for climate change research, particularly in relation to climate, land use and water interactions ( Table i). Table i: Summary of projects and installation of equipment in the Burrishoole catchment. AWQMSautomatic water quality monitoring station (lake); ARMS-automatic river monitoring station.

2025, Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences

2025, Geophysical Research Letters

A greenhouse warming caused by increased emissions of carbon dioxide from the Deccan Traps volcanism has been suggested as the cause of the terminal Cretaceous extinctions on land and in the sea. We estimate total eruptive and noneruptive CO2 output by the Deccan eruptions (from 6 to 20 × 1016 moles) over a period of several hundred thousand years based on best estimates of the CO2 weight fraction of the original basalts and basaltic melts, the fraction of CO2 degassed, and the volume of the Deccan Traps eruptions. Results of a model designed to estimate the effects of increased CO2 on climate and ocean chemistry suggest that increases in atmospheric pCO2 due to Deccan Traps CO2 emissions would have been less than 75 ppm, leading to a predicted global warming of less than 1°C over several hundred thousand years. We conclude that the direct climate effects of CO2 emissions from the Deccan eruptions would have been too weak to be an important factor in the end‐Cretaceous mass extincti...

2025, june12

This study addresses the calculation of the average kinetic energy per molecule in the Earth's atmosphere and its variation with a temperature increase of 1 °C, aiming to estimate how many molecules would be needed to generate such an energy change. Using principles of the kinetic theory of gases, average kinetic energies at temperatures of 14 °C and 15 °C were calculated, obtaining values of 5.96×10⁻²¹ J and 5.98×10⁻²¹ J per molecule, respectively. From the estimated total number of molecules in the atmosphere (1.070×10⁴⁴), it was determined that an increase of 1 °C implies an increase of 2.1×10²¹ J in total kinetic energy, equivalent to 0.33% of all atmospheric molecules. This percentage was compared with the current proportion of carbon dioxide (CO₂), which represents 0.04% of the atmosphere, revealing that the number of required molecules is approximately 8.25 times greater than the number of CO₂ molecules present. These results provide a microscopic perspective on the physical impact of global warming, highlighting the quantitative relevance of small thermal changes on a global scale.

2025, Current Opinion in Biotechnology

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre -including this research content -immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

2025, International Journal of Engineering Research and Science & Technology

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing technologies has revolutionized the management of smart greenhouses by enabling real-time data collection and centralized processing. Existing work in IoT and cloud computing integration faces significant challenges related to data security, access control, and scalability, particularly in managing large volumes of IoT data. Many systems struggle with maintaining real-time data processing and ensuring efficient interoperability between devices and cloud platforms. Additionally, fine-grained access control and data privacy remain unresolved issues, limiting the effectiveness of these solutions in sensitive environments such as healthcare and agriculture. This paper presents a framework that enhances greenhouse efficiency using Bayesian Optimization and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) within an IoT-Cloud infrastructure. IoT sensors collect environmental data such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity, which is then transmitted to a cloud platform for processing and storage. LSTM is employed to predict future environmental conditions, and Bayesian Optimization is used to optimize greenhouse control parameters, such as irrigation and ventilation. The proposed system demonstrates significant improvements in crop yield and resource efficiency. Performance evaluations, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC, show strong model performance, while efficiency metrics and latency comparisons highlight consistent improvements in system optimization over time. This integrated approach promises sustainable and autonomous management of greenhouse environments, leveraging data-driven insights to enhance productivity and reduce resource consumption.

2025, Geophysical Research Letters

Frost rings are formed in tree stems when growingseason frosts affect immature wood cells, producing collapsed cells within annual tree rings. Open boreal forests are most susceptible to record growing-season frost because they lack the greenhouse effect commonly observed in closed forests. Here we present a novel method to construct regional frost-ring chronologies in lichen-black spruce woodlands of the boreal forest zone. Because the ability of trees to form frost rings depends on several factors (including bark thickness and ring width), we used two models to produce a Frost Composite Index based on a frost susceptibility window of cambial age <30 years. The frostring chronology showed alternating periods of high and low frost activity that were highly consistent within and among sites. Reconstruction of growing-season frost activity may be used as dendroclimatic proxies of climate variability and may give insights into future risks of frost damage in a warming climate.