Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Journal of Lampung Agricultural Engineering

With increasing environmental concerns about emissions, improving combustion systems for alternative fuels, such as used engine oil, has become imperative. Investigating innovative burner designs to enhance fuel-air mixing, reduce emissions, and stabilize performance presents challenges due to high viscosity and incomplete combustion. However, previous research has not adequately addressed the role of burner head geometry in mitigating these problems. A combination of experimental tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations was used to evaluate the performance. This study aims to fill the gap by evaluating the effects of three burner head designs-axial diffuser tube, perforated distribution node, and symmetrical axial cooler-on combustion efficiency and emissions. The results indicate that the axial diffuser tube achieved the highest efficiency (94.3%) and lowest emissions (NOx: 128 ppm, CO: 52 ppm, PM: 18 μg/m 3) due to uniform heat distribution and increased turbulence. The perforated distribution node showed a balanced performance, with an efficiency of 91.7% and moderate emissions (NOx: 145 ppm, CO: 65 ppm, PM: 24 μg/m³). Meanwhile, the symmetric axial cooler, designed for thermal stability, showed lower efficiency (89.6%) and higher emissions (NOx: 167 ppm, CO: 78 ppm, PM: 30 μg/m³). The results indicate the importance of burner engineering in balancing efficiency and emissions control. The results of this study support sustainable combustion technologies for industrial and domestic applications, and underscore the global transition to clean energy solutions.

2025, Mires and Peat

Rewetting combined with biomass crop cultivation (paludiculture) has been proposed as a method for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from drained peatlands. This field experiment compared CO2 fluxes from drained (control) and rewetted experimental plots in a temperate fen under reed canary grass cultivation over two successive years. The annual weighted mean water table depth from soil surface (WTD) during the study period was 9, 3 and 1 cm in control, semi-flooded and flooded plots, respectively. There were no significant effects of WTD treatment on biomass yields. The choice of response model for CO2 fluxes influenced annual estimates of ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross primary production (GPP), but all models showed that ER and GPP decreased in response to rewetting. The resulting net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2, derived by combining eight ER and eight GPP models, varied widely. For example, NEE (expressed as CO2-C) ranged from -935 to -208 g m -2 yr -1 for the flooded plots. One set of ER and GPP models was selected on the basis of statistical criteria and showed insignificant differences in NEE between the three water table treatments (-537 to -341 g CO2-C m -2 yr -1 ). Treatment effects on CO2 emission factors, calculated as the sum of NEE and C export in harvested biomass (58-242 g CO2-C m -2 yr -1 ), were similarly insignificant. Thus, the results indicated that varying WTD within this narrow range could influence both ER and GPP without altering the net emissions of CO2.

2025, Gcb Bioenergy

Rewetting of drained peatlands has been recommended to reduce CO 2 emissions and to restore the carbon sink function of peatlands. Recently, the combination of rewetting and biomass production (paludiculture) has gained interest as a possible land use option in peatlands for obtaining such benefits of lower CO 2 emissions without losing agricultural land. This study quantified the carbon balance (CO 2 , CH 4 and harvested biomass C) of rewetted and drained peat soils under intensively managed reed canary grass (RCG) cultivation. Mesocosms were maintained at five different groundwater levels (GWLs), that is 0, 10, 20 cm below the soil surface, representing rewetted peat soils, and 30 and 40 cm below the soil surface, representing drained peat soils. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 and CH 4 emissions was measured during the growing period of RCG (May to September) using transparent and opaque closed chamber methods. The average dry biomass yield was significantly lower from rewetted peat soils (12 Mg ha À1 ) than drained peat soils (15 Mg ha À1 ). Also, CO 2 fluxes of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) from rewetted peat soils were significantly lower than from drained peat soils, but net uptake of CO 2 was higher from rewetted peat soils. Cumulative CH 4 emissions were negligible (0.01 g CH 4 m À2 ) from drained peat soils but were significantly higher (4.9 g CH 4 m À2 ) from rewetted peat soils during measurement period (01 May-15 September 2013). The extrapolated annual C balance was 0.03 and 0.68 kg C m À2 from rewetted and drained peat soils, respectively, indicating that rewetting and paludiculture can reduce the loss of carbon from peatlands.

2025, GCB Bioenergy

2025

The paper aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities of establishing a Turkish Emissions Trading System (ETS) in light of the European Green Deal (EGD) and its Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) by reviewing global ETS practices, particularly the EU ETS, to highlight potential shortcomings in the Turkish system. Türkiye's Emissions Trading System (ETS) development, initiated in 2015 with its Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) framework, faces critical design challenges that may undermine its effectiveness. The current inclusion threshold of 500 kt CO₂/year for Category C installations risks excluding significant emitters in key sectors-a limitation that could be addressed by adopting the EU ETS's activity-specific criteria. Furthermore, while Türkiye's proposed cap aligns with its 2023 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), independent analyses highlight its inadequacy for Paris Agreement compliance, projecting a 2030 emissions level (695 MtCO₂e) vastly exceeding a 1.5°C-compatible "fair share" (433.9 MtCO₂e). Without stringent adjustments, the TR ETS may generate a 17-million-unit allowance surplus by 2027, collapsing carbon prices and granting windfall profits to high emitters. However, strategically allocated ETS revenues (€2.1-2.5 billion annually at €10/allowance) could accelerate decarbonization through renewable energy investments, industrial efficiency *

2025, HUN-REN KRTK Szakpolitikai elemzés No. 2

2025, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management

The type of contract model may have a significant influence on achieving project objectives, including environmental and climate change goals. This research investigates non-standard contract models impacting greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in transport infrastructure construction in Australia. The research is based on the analysis of two case studies: an Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) contract and a Design and Construct (D&C) contract with GHG reduction requirements embedded in the contractor selection. Main findings support the use of ECIs for better integrating decisions made during the planning phase with the construction activities, and improve environmental outcomes while achieving financial and time savings.

2025

This document presents a detailed criticism of the partial and reduced application of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law in the study of the atmospheric greenhouse effect and its relationship with global warming. The objective is to review from a thermodynamic perspective how this law is used in current climate models, highlighting conceptual errors that could lead to incorrect interpretations of the atmospheric energy balance. The inconsistency of applying the law only to the 0.04% of atmospheric gases-the so-called 2 0 8 2 2 0 8 4 greenhouse gases (CO , CH , water vapor)-is analyzed, ignoring the 2 0 8 2 2 0 8 2 remaining 99.96% (N , O , Ar) that shares the same average temperature. Through an analytical approach based on fundamental physical principles, it is demonstrated that this practice violates molecular thermal equilibrium and underestimates the total infrared radiation emitted by the atmosphere. The results show that all atmospheric components, although they do not absorb infrared radiation, contribute indirectly to maintaining the global temperature through molecular collisions. In conclusion, the need to reconsider current models to consider the atmosphere as a single gaseous system in thermal equilibrium is proposed, avoiding simplifications that may distort the physical understanding of global warming.

2025, Energies

The focus of this review paper was to investigate innovations currently employed to capture and use greenhouse gases produced within livestock farms for energy production and expected future directions. The methods considered for data collection regarded a systematic review of the literature, where 50 journal articles were critically reviewed. The main findings identified that the conventional method used in transforming livestock agriculture greenhouse gases into energy regards the combustion of biogas. However, emerging methods encompass microbial fuel cells, dry biogas reforming, steam biogas reforming, auto thermal Chemical Looping Reforming (CLRa), and gas-to-liquid methods that convert methane to liquid hydrocarbons. The conclusions from the review are that there is a potential to integrate these methods in livestock agriculture in order to generate energy from greenhouse emissions and reduce the reliance on fossil fuels.

2025

La pianificazione climatica riveste un’importanza centrale fra le strategie di lungo periodo delle imprese. La crescente diffusione di piani attraverso cui i privati fissano i propri obiettivi di decarbonizzazione non è sempre... more

2025, journal of oil and gas sector

2025

. A policy exercise on the future of the EU Emission Trading System. Workshop report. (Project report). CECILIA2050 project report. Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

2025, Journal IJETRM

A study on the assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions patterns of sellected hotels in Abuja, Nigeria was carried out. Two hotels were considered and categorized as Cases1 and Case 2 respectively. Four major emission sources: electricity; transportation; solid waste and cooking fuels were considered. Data on the sources were obtained using records from relevant departments, questionnaires, surveys, and interviews. This data was analyzed and used for calculating the GHG emissions of the hotels using IPCC standard guidelines and formulae. The annual GHG emissions of the Case 1 was found to be 479.98 tCO2e, electricity usage (from grid and generators) represents 71.90% of the total emissions, emission from solid waste represents 18.23%, emissions from transportation and burning of fuels for cooking ranked third with 7.40% and fourth with 2.50% respectively. Also, the annual GHG emission of the Case 2 was found to be 384.40 tCO2e, electricity usage (from grid and generators) represents 71.73% of the total emissions, emission from solid waste represents 17.64%, emissions from transportation and burning of fuels for cooking ranked third with 7.76% and fourth with 2.87% of the total emission of the hotel respectively. The findings in both scenarios lead to consistent trends, with small deviations only, indicating that the scale of operation has negligible effect on proportions of emissions. Such stability highlights the merit of putting emphasis on energy management particularly the transition from fossil-fuel generators to clean alternatives as a front-line strategy in emissions reduction.. The results obtained could be used as a baseline for observing and controlling these emissions.

2025

In this paper, we estimate the effects of COVID-19 on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in Germany in 2020 at the sectoral and national level. Counterfactual emissions are estimated based on autoregressive econometric models and distinguish between different factors of emissions based on decomposition analysis. Our findings at the national level suggest that COVID-19 lowered GHG emissions in 2020 in Germany by about 45 Mt CO2-eq (6.1%). Accordingly, about two-thirds of the reduction in emissions between 2019 and 2020 in Germany may be attributed to COVID-19. Our findings at the sectoral level imply that all sectors, with the exception of the transport sector, would have met their emissions target in 2020 without COVID-19. Thus, for the buildings sector and the transport sector, our results suggest policy responses that differ from those pursued by the German government to comply with the provisions of the Federal Climate Change Act.

2025

This article aims to present COP 30 (30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) to be held in Belém, Brazil in November 2025 and its challenges to avoid global warming and catastrophic global climate change. This article presents the causes of global warming and of the consequent global climate change, the consequences of global warming and of the resulting global climate change, and the role required of COP 30 in presenting effective strategies to avoid global warming and catastrophic global climate change.

2025

This study highlights the potential of marine macroalgae waste as a viable feedstock for bioethanol production. Compositional analyses have shown that this pelagic seaweed waste contains substantial carbohydrates. To further enhance the extraction of fermentable sugars from the biomass, a response surface methodology (RSM) statistical optimisation approach was applied, involving 27 experimental runs. Optimal hydrolysis conditions, determined through statistical analysis, consisted of a 0.8 M sulphuric acid concentration, a temperature of 130 � C, and a 60-min duration, resulting in a sugar yield of approximately 132 mg/g. The hydrolysis of Sargassum biomass followed a firstorder reaction kinetics with an activation energy of 41.36 kJ/mol and a pre-exponential factor of 127 (molH 2 SO 4)-1 .s-1. Furthermore, the obtained hydrolysate was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae NT116. This resulted in a maximum ethanol yield of 0.497 ± 1 g/g, highlighting the potential of this biomass in bioethanol production.

2025

This article aims to present the energy sources that have changed the world throughout history and the sustainable energy system required for the future.

2025, Architecture, Media, Politics, Society

As cities strive to reduce their environmental impact, they are increasingly adopting strategies to electrify their building stock. One key mechanism for this transformation is the shift from prescriptive to performative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets. A prime example is New York City's Local Law 97 of 2019 (LL97) which mandates that buildings over 25,000 ft2 reduce their GHG emissions by 40% by 2030 and 80% by 2050, from the base year of 2005.1 This paper examines LL97's strengths and weaknesses in its effectiveness in electrifying the building stock, as LL97 boasts a beneficial electrification credit ("BE Credit") rule which exchanges emissions limits for electrification,2 as well overall emissions reduction. It also explores the role of educational institutions in supporting such decarbonization projects.

2025

Construction scholars suggest that procurement processes can be used as mechanisms to change construction industry practices. This paper discusses industry changes as a response to the calls for integration of sustainability ideals into construction practices. Because major infrastructure construction has been identified as a key producer of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), this study explores collaborative procurement models that have been used to facilitate mitigation of GHGE. The study focuses on the application of non-price incentives and rewards that work together as a binary mechanism. Data were collected using mixed-methods: government document content analysis was complemented with data collected through focus groups and individual interviews with both clients and contractors. This report includes examples of greening procurement agendas for three Australian road authorities relating to collaborative procurement project delivery models. Three collaborative procurement models...

2025

This chapter provides an update to developments on mitigation in the industry sector since the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) (IPCC, 2007), but has much wider coverage. Industrial activities create all the physical products (e.g., cars, agricultural equipment, fertilizers, textiles, etc.) whose use delivers the final services that satisfy current human needs. Compared to the industry chapter in AR4, this chapter analyzes industrial activities over the whole supply chain, from extraction of primary materials (e.g., ores) or recycling (of waste materials), through product manufacturing, to the demand for the products and their services. It includes a discussion of trends in activity and emissions, options for mitigation (technology, practices, and behavioural aspects), estimates of the mitigation potentials of some of these options and related costs, co-benefits, risks and barriers to their deployment, as well as industry-specific polic...

2025, Sustainability

Climate change effects have a significant global negative impact, prompting global leaders to promote clean energy use to reduce carbon emissions. Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries are crucial to achieving this goal. Lithium is an essential material for the efficient operation of electric batteries, so in recent years, its demand has increased, and it is considered a strategic mineral. This paper aims to describe and analyze the scientific development of lithium-based clean energy technologies and reveal future areas of scientific production priority. This research is conducted through a bibliometric analysis in the Scopus database from 1929 to April 2024. Using the software Bibliometrix 4.1 and Biblioshiny the exported literature data are analyzed. The number of papers on lithium topics has significantly increased since 2018, with China leading in publications and collaborating with many countries. The trending topics are geological prospection, lithium ore characterization, chemical engineering, and lithium energy technologies. Lithium research is a growing field, but its development is uneven. Only a few countries lead in scientific production and lithium energy technologies, and sustainability lithium topics related to Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) require further attention. Lithium research development is influenced by global economic trends.

2025, Springer Climate

The creation of an emissions trading system in Mexico as response to international policy on climate change forces the government and corporations to create new activities and responsibilities to address this issue. It is also important to know who will be the decision-maker and who is in charge of the institutional work (representation and negotiation). The main objective of this chapter is to point out who the stakeholders involved in the design, implementation, evaluation and transparency of the system are, or should be, according to the national regulatory framework and international summons. We shall also analyze the mechanics and information provided by the system and how it helps to make environmental policy, which helps to reduce emissions. Finally, we will also analyze whether it also helps to establish strategic alliances and international agreements toward common objectives and priorities. The chapter approaches the topic based on capacity development theory, which focuse...

2025

According to studies promoted by the United Nations over the last hundred years, the average temperature of the atmosphere increased by more than 0.5 °C. The trend has been almost exponential since the 1960s, years of world industrial development and economic boom. Hydrogen offers an alternative to the fuels used today and proposes itself as a possible interesting solution for our future. About its use in the automotive sector, the number of vehicles is expected to increase following the recent massive motorization in India and China. It is therefore necessary to find a transport means that allows to drastically cut the emissions. Various studies on the possibility of hydrogen propulsion are currently underway, many of them at the level of experimentation. The easiest way to employ hydrogen in the vehicular context is to use it in current internal combustion engines with the addition of appropriate modifications, just as it happens for methane or LPG conversion to cars. The advantag...

2025

A Doktoranduszok Országos Szövetsége (DOSZ) nevében tisztelettel köszöntöm abból az alkalomból, hogy megjelent a XXVII. Tavaszi Szél Konferencia tanulmánykötete. Szervezetünk meghatározó pilléreit jelentik a tudományos rendezvények, melyek lehetőséget teremtenek a közösségszervezésre és közösségépítésre. 1997-ben született meg az a gondolat, hogy a doktoranduszok és fiatal kutatók egy országosan is kiemelkedő multidiszciplináris tudományos konferencia keretében mutathassák be legújabb tudományos eredményeiket. Az idei évben immár 27. alkalommal került megrendezésre a Doktoranduszok Országos Szövetségének (DOSZ) nemzetközi tudományos eseménye, a Tavaszi Szél Konferencia. Az esemény szervezési jogát idén az Óbudai Egyetem nyerte el, így a multidiszciplináris konferenciának 2024. május 3-5. között Budapest adhatott otthont. A háromnapos rendezvény a tudás-és technológia-transzfer újabb csatornája, ezért célja az is, hogy a tudományos élet új generációinak eredményeit megismertesse a versenyszféra reprezentatív képviselőivel. A szekcióüléseken és a szakmai programokon túl közösségi, valamint kulturális programok is várták a résztvevőket. Az élet minden területe tartogat egy újabb kérdést, egy újabb témát, amelyet vizsgálni érdemes. Minden konferenciaelőadás hoz egy-egy olyan véleményt, kérdést vagy hozzászólást, amely segít bennünket előre lépni kutatásainkban, amely új nézőpontból világít meg egy fontos témát. Éppen ezek miatt a párbeszédek miatt fontos, hogy a Tavaszi Szél Konferenciát és minden más tudományos találkozót meg tudjunk tartani. A tudományos összejövetelünk különlegessége sokszínűségében rejlik, hiszen ez a multidiszciplináris jelleg olyan tudományterületek és tudományágak közötti együttműködéshez vezethet, amelynek kialakulására másutt sokkal kisebb az esély. A konferenciára, mint minden évben, idén is nagy érdeklődés mutatkozott, hiszen közel 600 előadói és vendég regisztráció érkezett be. Az Óbudai Egyetemen idén 21 szekció 59 alszekciójában, továbbá több mint 60 poszter formájában mutatták be a fiatal kutatók kutatási témájukat és eredményeiket. Az alszekciók legjobbjait az egyes alszekciókban helyet foglaló elnökök egy előzetesen összeállított pontozási rendszer alapján választották ki, így az

2025, Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks

The sub-national level, e.g. regional and city governments, could be added as well, as these are increasingly active in climate mitigation and adaptation: cf. E. Scanu and G. Cloutier, 'Why Do Cities Get Involved in Climate Governance? Insights from Canada and Italy' 2015 Environnement Urbain/Urban Environment 9, available at: .openedition .org/ eue/ 635. See further recital 62 of the preamble to the 2018 RES directive, Directive

2025, Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology

2025, International Energy Journal

This paper discusses the utilization of marine biomass as an energy resource in Japan. A marine biomass energy system in Japan was proposed consisting of seaweed cultivation (Laminaria japonica) at offshore marine farms, biogas production via methane fermentation of the seaweeds, and fuel cell power generation driven by the generated biogas. We estimated energy output, energy supply potential, and CO 2 mitigation in Japan on the basis of the proposed system. As a result, annual energy production was estimated to be 1.02×10 9 kWh/yr at nine available sites. Total CO 2 mitigation was estimated to be 1.04×10 6 tonnes per annum at the nine sites. However, the CO 2 emission for the construction of relevant facilities is not taken into account in this paper. The estimated CO 2 mitigation is equivalent to about 0.9% of the required CO 2 mitigation for Japan per annum under the Kyoto Protocol framework.

2025, XVI. LCA konferencia-LCA Konferencia „Életciklus elemzéssel a fenntartható társadalom felé”

Napjainkban a fogyasztói tudatosság növekvő trendet mutat: közvélemény-kutatások tanúskodnak arról, hogy világszerte egyre több fogyasztó számára válik fontos szemponttá a termékválasztás során, hogy az általa megvásárolt terméket előállító, vagy szolgáltatást nyújtó vállalat elkötelezett legyen a környezeti fenntarthatóság terén. Ebből következik, hogy a termékek karbon-lábnyom elemzésén túlmutatóan, a szervezeti karbonlábnyom-elemzés is meghatározó szerephez jut, amely kommunikációs eszközként nemcsak a vállalat környezeti fenntarthatósági törekvéseit mutatja be, hanem a szervezeten belüli tevékenységek energiahatékonyságának javításához is alkalmas eszköz lehet. Az ingatlanszolgáltatási tevékenységet folytató cég környezeti fenntarthatóságának javítása érdekében, szervezeti karbonlábnyom számításra adott megbízást. A vizsgálat helyszínéül, a vállalat által üzemeltetetett számos magyarországi ingatlan közül, az egyiket jelölte ki. Az elemzés kétféle módszer segítségével történt: a hagyományos, de leegyszerűsített számítás mellett – az eredmények igazolása és pontosságának növelése érdekében - a vizsgálat egy professzionális életciklus elemző szoftverrel is elvégzésre került. A karbonlábnyom elemzés mellett a szoftver segítségével testreszabott karboncsökkentési lehetőségek szcenárió-elemzését is lehetőség nyílt. A tervezett előadás célja, az elkészített szervezeti karbonlábnyom elemzésben használt kétféle módszertan (számítás és szoftveres vizsgálat) révén kapott eredmények és ezek egymáshoz való viszonyának megismertetése, valamint a szoftveres szcenárió-elemzés során alkalmazott karbon-csökkentési lehetőségeket is bemutassa. Ezek az az eredmények rámutatnak arra is, hogy miért fontos egy ingatlangazdálkodással foglalkozó cég számára napjainkba a szervezeti karbonlábnyom elemzés

2025, Energy and Buildings

Air ducts and related equipments are used in a large number of buildings having thermal comfort. In this study, energy loss related with air leakage is studied. The leakage measurement setup was produced according to NEN-EN standards and the evaluation of data have been conducted by using power law model. The measurements were made on 300 and 1000 mm diameter single circular ducts, 300 mm Â 250 mm and 1000 mm Â 500 mm flanged joint rectangular ducts, 300 and 630 mm diameter circular beaded slip joint ducts, 300 mm Â 200 mm and 500 mm Â 300 mm rectangular flanged and drive slip joint ducts, and an branched air distribution system having different diameters for positive internal pressures. Test results have showed that the most of air leakage is from the joints. The seam contribution to air leakage is relatively lower than the joints. Using sealing gaskets help to improve the air leakage by about 50%.

2025, Drishtikon: A Management Journal

The study analyses environmental emissions based on the STIRCEFUPAIT modelling framework applying energy consumption, production efficiency, non-renewable energy mix, urbanization, population, affluence and innovation-technology as the studied variables. The impact and contribution of the variables to the change in Environmental impact has been analysed using ridge regression analysis. The findings suggest that environmental impact can be tackled by switching to environmental innovation practices and green energy usage.

2025, Case Western Reserve law review

2025, International Journal of Sustainable Energy

This paper analyzes the global uranium market and assesses whether future supply can meet growing demand through 2050, focusing on market and geopolitical drivers. A dual approach was used, combining econometric analysis and uranium supply curve modeling. The econometric analysis examines the long-term relationship between prices and production volumes, using multiple methods to ensure robustness. Supply curve modeling shows how uranium availability changes with price, which helps gauge market resilience under various conditions. The main finding is a significant gap between projected uranium supply and demand, particularly in medium and high-demand scenarios, with a potential shortage emerging as early as 2035. By 2050, Kazakhstan and Canada are expected to dominate the uranium export market. Political and energy security concerns may lead to new global alliances and trade routes to meet the growing demand for nuclear energy. The study also highlights the International Atomic Energy Agency's outlook, emphasizing that primary mining will remain the dominant source of uranium, despite contributions from secondary sources. For policymakers, the study stresses the need for strategic interventions, including re-evaluating production and export policies in uranium-rich nations and developing effective strategies to secure supply. Findings offer key insights into market dynamics and ensure nuclear energy's sustainability.

2025, nuovo giornale nazionale

Il Green Deal, pur presentandosi come un imperativo morale ed economico, ha spesso manipolato l'opinione pubblica attraverso campagne mediatiche orchestrate da grandi interessi finanziari. Think tank come il Climate Emergency Fund hanno ricevuto milioni per promuovere narrative favorevoli, mentre il 62% dei cittadini europei esprime preoccupazioni sui costi della vita legati a queste politiche (Eurobarometro, 2024). Dietro la facciata ecologica, il Green Deal ha facilitato l’espulsione dal mercato di aziende non conformi, favorendo l’acquisizione di asset strategici europei da parte di capitali globali. Il crollo del 25% del settore manifatturiero tra il 2020 e il 2024 evidenzia la perdita di competitività e autonomia dell’Europa in un sistema geopolitico sempre più multipolare.

2025, Atmosphere

The main objective of the present study is the development of a comprehensive methodology for the estimation of the Carbon Footprint (CF) of research project activities and the identification of the best practices that can be followed by project partners within the project implementation to reduce its carbon footprint. The CF methodology is based on the GHG Protocol Guidance and the emissions factors of the Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). The emissions sources related to project activities are the following: heating (from fuels combustion), electricity, water, work-commuting, materials, printable deliverables, IT equipment and events. An application study is performed for a research project focusing on the Mediterranean area and it is found that on-site events represent a 41% share of the total CF of the project. The use of public transport and soft mobility by employees can result in a −37% reduction in the CF of work-commuting. The most significant best pr...

2024

One of the most relevant European R&D&D initiatives focusing on Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is the CIUDEN Carbon Capture and Storage Project, which is supported by the Spanish Government through the Fundacion Ciudad de la Energia (CIUDEN). CIUDEN investigates CCUS in es.CO 2 which has three main facilities: Technology Development Centre for CO 2 Capture, the CO2 Transport Experimental Facility and the CO 2 Storage Technology Development Plant. The Technology Development Centre for CO 2 Capture and the CO2 Transport Experimental Facility, located in Cubillos del Sil (NW Spain), incorporates the world's most advanced equipment for the development of oxycombustion and CO2 transport. Combustion capacities are based on two technologies: pulverized coal (PC) and circulating fluidized bed (CFB). Furthermore, gasification research can be carried out in a Biomass Gasifier (3 MW th ). CIUDEN CO 2 Storage Technology Development Plant, based in Hontomin (N Spain), allows carrying out experiments in real scale in saline formations to develop CO 2 storage knowledge. es.CO 2 will provide a real basis for the design, construction and operation of a future CCUS plants, CO 2 transport and final underground CO 2 storage in a deep saline geological formation. This paper focuses on first experiences of CIUDEN R&D&D portfolio which includes, among others: OXYCFB300 COMPOSTILLA PROJECT, one of the six projects funded by the European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR); FLEXIBURN CFB -Demonstration of flexible high-efficiency CFB combustion technology in air and oxy-modes for CCS; RELCOM -R&D&D activities for reliable full-scale deployment of oxy-PC firing; MACPLUS -Develop and test full-scale prototypes of components to improve performance and reliability of CCS Power Stations; BRISK -integrate networking activities, joint research activities and transnational access to research infrastructures for enhancing biomass utilization.

2024

Waste management appears to be a common process undertaken by both developed and developing countries. As a result, improper waste management is considered a global issue. The relevance of increasing urbanization and waste generation cannot be overemphasized. Hence, the need for a sustainable solution. According to the European Waste Framework Directive (WFD), the waste hierarchy is the priority order of operations to be followed for waste management and this include; Prevention, preparing for reuse, recycling, other recovery (including energy recovery) and then disposal.
Nowadays, with waste being recognized as a valuable resource and an important renewable energy source, waste to energy (WtE) approach could probably enhance the drive towards achieving a circular economy.
This study evaluated the energy recovery efficiency potential of twenty-five (25) selected decision making units (DMUs) and benchmarked the most efficient DMU. DEA-CCR model was adopted as a benchmarking tool for this research. The selected input variables include: Total population (million) and municipal waste generated (1000 metric tonnes/year) and the output variables include: Gross Domestic Product (GDP: US$) and electricity generation from renewable municipal waste (GWh).
Results showed that three (3) DMUs proved to be efficient; DMUs – 17, 21 and 22 (that is, Singapore, Sweden and Switzerland) respectively. Out of the three (3) DMUs, two (2) exhibited technical efficiency: DMUs – 21 and 22 whereas DMU 17 demonstrated a weak efficiency. Hence, only one (1), DMU – 20: Sweden was identified by the model as an efficient peer for Nigeria to benchmark.
Consequently, policy implications were established and recommendations offered for policy makers in Nigeria to adopt in order to improve the current waste management practices in Nigeria.
Keywords: Waste Management; Municipal Solid Waste; Energy Recovery; Circular Economy,
Data Envelopment Analysis.

2024, Atmósfera

In its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Mexico is committed to reducing unconditionally 22 and 51% of its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and black carbon, respectively, by 2030, with an emission peak in 2026. Additional reductions of 36 and 70%, respectively, are proposed conditioned to support from other parties. In this work, the percentage of reduction to reach the emission mitigation targets that Mexico proposed in its NDC is estimated. The results show that in order to meet its unconditional NDC, Mexico should start mitigation in 2020 with a 1.5% reduction rate until 2030 and a 3.3% reduction rate by 2050, to reach an emission peak in 2023. To meet the conditional NDC, a 3.1% emission reduction rate until 2030 should be applied, with peak emission in 2021, and 5.8% from 2030 to 2050. In none of these estimates an emission peak in 2026 matches the NDC mitigation options. Furthermore, none of the emissions reduction pathways estimated in this study fulfills the conditional or unconditional contribution and peaks in 2026 at the same time. Mexico has a long history in international climate policy and is a key emerging economy among the top 15 highest GHG emitters. If Mexico does not achieve its NDC, the international implications, both political and climatic, could put the NDC model at risk if there are more large emitters that do not comply with their contribution.

2024, Science Bulletin

Future climate change is usually projected by coupled earth system models under specific emission scenarios designed by integrated assessment models (IAMs), and this offline approach means there is no interaction between the coupled earth system models and the IAMs. This paper introduces a new method to design possible future emission scenarios and corresponding climate change, in which a simple economic and climate damage component is added to the coupled earth system model of Beijing Normal University (BNU-ESM). With the growth of population and technological expertise and the declining emission-to-output ratio described in the Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy model, the projected carbon emission is 13.7 Gt C, resulting in a 2.4°C warming by the end of the twenty-first century (2080-2099) compared with 1980-1999. This paper also suggests the importance of the land and ocean carbon cycle in determining the CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere. It is hoped that in the near future the next generation of coupled earth system models that include both the natural system and the social dimension will be developed.

2024, Nafta

The paper deals with problems of energy system development planning under restrictive conditions, which will be imposed by global climate preservation agreements. It analyses the problems of planning and impacts of particular primary energy forms and technologies. In addition, it specifies risks, restrictions and planning conditions. Pilot investigations of possible consequences of development restrictions related to considerable reductions of CO 2 emissions on energy production and consumption structure are presented. Significant structural changes and cost increases are pointed out.

2024, IgMin Research - A BioMed & Engineering Open Access Journal is a prestigious multidisciplinary journal committed to the advancement of research and knowledge in the expansive domains of biology, medicine and engineering.

This paper presents an in-depth Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the Lukala Cement Plant, highlighting the environmental impacts associated with cement production. The
cement industry, as one of the largest emitters of CO2
, raises major sustainability concerns, particularly due to the deleterious effects on climate and public health. The objectives
of this research include not only assessing greenhouse gas emissions but also identifying concrete methods to reduce these impacts. The study reveals that the Lukala Cement
Plant emits approximately 579,130 tons of CO₂ per year, mainly from the decarbonation of limestone (67%) and the clinkerization process (33%). These ϐigures far exceed
regulatory thresholds, highlighting the urgency of rapid and effective intervention to mitigate these emissions. The LCA identiϐied the most polluting production steps, including
extraction, grinding, and clinkerization, paving the way for targeted and strategic improvements. Opportunities for optimization were identiϐied, including the use of less pure
limestone, the integration of recycled materials, and the transition to renewable energy sources for the clinkerization process. This research is crucial in the current context of
the ϐight against climate change. As a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, the cement industry must imperatively adopt sustainable practices. LCA provides a robust
methodology to quantify environmental impacts and identify appropriate solutions. The results of this study can be applied to other cement plants around the world, serving
as a model for other carbon-intensive industries. Future research should explore the integration of innovative technologies, such as carbon capture and storage, and the use of
alternative materials in cement production. This study highlights the importance of immediate and coordinated action to transform the cement industry into a sustainable sector,
ensuring economic proϐitability while protecting the environment for future generations. Commitment to environmentally responsible production practices is not only desirable
but also essential to ensuring a sustainable future

2024, Scientific Reports

Urban coach cabin is an important indoor environment for long journey, formaldehyde (HcHo) is a carcinogenic gas and damages indoor air quality of cabins. in order to control the HcHo pollution, the air samples inside cabins were analysed with a thermally desorbed gas chromatograph, and the HcHo diffusion was simulated with a methodology of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results show that through the experimental monitoring, the HCHO pollution level range from 33.6 to 142.3 μg/m 3 , decrease quickly with time, and the attenuation trendline is univariate cubic equation. through the cfD simulation, the indoor temperature and HcHo level of cabin front and rear ends are higher than ones of other areas for the insufficient air supply and the unreasonable arrangement of air exhaust outlet. Moreover, through the cfD simulation, the HcHo level decreases with height growth of breathing zone and increasing air supply speed, and fresh air lead to diffusion of HCHO pollution from cabin seat area to the surrounding area. through the cfD simulation, the HcHo pollution under the wind speeds of 3~5 m/s is higher than the HCHO limit level from indoor air standard of China vehicles, which shows that the HcHo emission of cabin seat has an important impact on airborne HcHo pollution inside vehicle cabins. According to the year 2017 statistic bulletin of traffic industry development from the Transportation Ministry of China, the total of urban vehicles was 3.1 × 10 8 and the annual capacity of passengers transported by the vehicles was 7.2 × 10 11 . For people often go working, shopping, traveling, school, home and lengthy commutes by driving or taking a vehicle such as a car, taxi, bus or coach, vehicle cabins have been recognized as important indoor environment, which result into indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort of vehicle cabins to be a hot research . However, vehicle cabins have presented airborne formaldehyde (HCHO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution, which damage vehicle IAQ 9-15 . For example, more than 260 VOCs 16 were detected in the vehicle cabins and the maximum level of total VOCs was 6.90 mg/m 3 . Moreover, the HCHO pollution was relatively abundant in the coach cabins, and the HCHO highest level of 0.16 mg/m 3 was observed on the 15th day after coming off the assembly line 11 . Except to pollute vehicle IAQ, the HCHO and VOCs pollution lead to the unacceptable health risks to passengers and drivers . In order to decrease the health risks, China government promulgated the hygienic standard for air quality inside long distance coach (GB/T 17729-2009) and the guideline for air quality assessment of passenger car (GB/T 27630-2011), with the HCHO limit levels of 0.12 and 0.10 mg/m 3 respectively. However, the average/maximal HCHO levels in car cabins were 132.0/251.6 μg/m 3 , which were 1.10/2.10 and 1.32/2.52 times more than the HCHO limit levels of IAQ standards on China coaches (GB/T 17729-2009) and passenger cars (GB/T 27630-2011) respectively 20 . The HCHO average level in taxi cabins was 1.0 ~ 1.4 mg/m 3 , which was 10 ~ 14 times higher than the HCHO limit level of China car IAQ standard (GB/T 27630-2011) 10 . So, there is a compelling need to initiate actions to reduce the HCHO pollution. In order to control the HCHO pollution, the influencing factors of HCHO mass concentration were analyzed experimentally, and vehicle age, ventilation modes, cabin materials, air temperature and relative humidity did positively affect the HCHO concentration . For example, when the cabin indoor temperature was from 29 °C to 35 °C, the HCHO level was from 100.6~115.7 to 172.8~251.6 μg/m 3 respectively 20 . The HCHO emission quantity (Q) 9 was generally related to cabin indoor temperature (T), and the logarithm of Q × T -1/8 was linear with T -1 . Moreover, compared with no ventilation, the fan ventilation introducing outside fresh air decreased 49.5% of the HCHO level, and the recirculation ventilation without outside fresh air increased 51.38% 21 . Irrespective of engine and ventilation modes, the HCHO level inside cabins was significantly higher than one outside cabins, and the highest HCHO level was inside the mid-size car, followed inside compact car and large-size car . In addition, the HCHO level in the vehicle cabin with leather trim was 1.42 times more than one in vehicle cabin with fabric

2024

Qatar has experienced an unprecedented development over the past decade as a main result of its fast growing oil and gas industry. It has the third confirmed reserve on natural gas in the world. With 55.4 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person, Qatar has the highest carbon footprint globally, about 10 times the global average. Against this background, there have been attempts to investigate ways to reduce carbon emissions since CO 2 was deemed to be one of the major green house gases. Power generation is by far the biggest contributor to anthropogenic (man-made) carbon emissions. The carbon emission mitigation methods currently considered include "end of pipe" solutions and "at source" solutions. The techniques currently identified to capture carbon emissions from point sources from industrial activities include post combustion capture, precombustion capture and oxyfuel based capture. These techniques are currently at various stages of development. In this paper, a typical petrochemical process, namely the Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) process has been selected for carbon footprinting. The process primary fossil fuel equivalents which in turn will be turned into CO 2 emissions using combustion processes were identified. Industrial standard simulation software HYSYS was used to carry out the calculations on the heat duties of the entire plant. Energy intensive sections in the VCM process were identified and their associated CO 2 footprint determined. The total CO 2 emissions from VCM plant with a capacity of 300,000MT/yr was estimated to be 95659.2 MT/yr which means that for each 1 ton VCM produced 0.32 ton of CO 2 is emitted.

2024, International Research Symposium on Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. From Research to Implementation October 21–24, 2024 Berlin, Germany

Rice is one of the most essential staple food in Southeast Asia and is especially significant in the Philippines. About one-third of the Philippines’ arable lands are used for rice farming. Incidentally, in the Philippines, conventional rice is produced in soggy soil, which is among the most critical sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, particularly methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Rice production in soggy soil produces GHGs because of the lack of oxygen in the soil, creating conditions conducive for GHG-emitting bacteria to flourish. Therefore, reducing GHG emission from rice becomes increasingly critical in Philippines. It was against these backdrops that the experiment was conducted.

2024

This article aims to demonstrate that the elimination of plastic waste that devastates the Earth's environment can only be achieved by adopting circular economy strategies that seek to reduce plastic waste to a minimum in the world, to end plastic production in the world by replacing it with alternative products and to replace the current development model with a sustainable development model. These strategies need to be adopted because plastic waste, together with greenhouse gases, is the greatest villain of the environment on planet Earth. While greenhouse gases are changing the planet's climate, plastic waste is increasingly present in the Earth's environment, devastating the soil, subsoil, rivers and oceans. Global climate change caused by greenhouse gases and the devastation of the environment by plastic waste is likely to be catastrophic, producing a true crisis that threatens the survival of humanity. It is imperative to build a new model of society or a new world order that acts interdependently and rationally with common objectives in each country and on a planetary scale, without which the survival of human beings and life on planet Earth could be at risk. The new model of global society based on sustainable development will imply profound changes in the way society develops, so that economic growth is less intensive in the consumption of raw materials and energy and more equitable in the distribution of its results to the population. Above all, a true political and cultural revolution must be carried out throughout the world so that the current development paradigm is replaced by the paradigm of sustainable development.

2024

The pace of industry decarbonization in the US and much of the world has been too slow relative to what it should be to meet Paris Agreement emissions targets by 2050. This presentation describes a system dynamics model of decarbonization at the level of a single firm, based on extensive study (done in conjunction with Deloitte and energy technology experts) of the worldwide paper industry. The model reproduces paper industry averages (financials and emissions) from 2010 to 2020 and projects progress to 2050 across five broad decarbonization technology categories. High investment costs are the main barrier to more rapid decarbonization, which means that the challenge is as much financial as it is technological. The model includes a variety of firm-level intervention levers as well as the possibility of outside incentives, such as investment credits or carbon pricing. The model should be generalizable to firms beyond the paper industry.

2024, WAQSN HERALD

This paper focus on the requirements and benefits of the use of collaborative procurement by exploring literature on the meaning collaborative procurement, it's emergent, benefits and requirements associated with it's adoption. The paper concluded that the use of collaborative procurement system needs to be incorporated by contracting firms and organizations operating in the twenty-first century due to the complexity, technology innovations and the need for quick delivery of contract been awarded by clients as this will enhance effectiveness, efficiencies, and transparency in the execution and delivery system of a contract.

2024

On October 23, 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its final Clean Power Plan rule (CPP or Rule) to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), specifically carbon dioxide (CO 2), from existing fossil fuel-fired power plants. The aim of the Rule, according to EPA, is to help protect human health and the environment from the impacts of climate change. The CPP would require states to submit plans to achieve state-specific CO 2 goals reflecting emission performance rates or emission levels for predominantly coal-and gas-fired power plants, with a series of interim goals culminating in final goals by 2030. The CPP has been one of the more singularly controversial environmental regulations ever promulgated by EPA, and the controversy surrounding the Rule is reflected in the enormous multi-party litigation over the Rule ongoing in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit). Numerous petitions challenging the CPP have been consolidated into one case, West Virginia v. EPA. While the litigation is still ongoing at the circuit court level, an unusual interlocutory-that is, mid-litigation-application to the Supreme Court resulted in a stay of the Rule, meaning that the Rule does not have legal effect at least for the duration of the litigation. On May 16, 2016, the D.C. Circuit, on its own motion, ordered the case to be heard in the first instance by the full court (en banc), rather than by the three-judge panel originally scheduled to hear the case, and rescheduled oral argument for September 27, 2016. This report provides legal background on the Rule, its Clean Air Act (CAA) framework under Section 111, and climate-related lawsuits that have preceded the present litigation over the CPP. It then gives an overview of the participants in the current litigation, including two groups of Members of Congress, who have offered briefs in support of the petitioners and the respondents, respectively. This report explains the major events in the litigation as of the date of publication, including the Supreme Court stay, and the likely timetable of events in the near term. Some of the main arguments on the merits are then briefly summarized and excerpted from court filings, including  the standard of review to apply to EPA's action;  the scope of EPA's overall authority under CAA Section 111;  whether Section 111 allows the CPP's inclusion of generation-shifting, such as from coal-fired power plants to lower-emitting sources of electricity;  the interpretation of a statutory exclusion in CAA Section 111 that crossreferences CAA Section 112's regulation of hazardous air pollutants, particularly in light of the apparent enactment in 1990 of differing House and Senate amendments to the same cross-reference;  constitutional arguments relating to federalism and separation of powers;  record-based challenges to the achievability and reasonableness of the Rule; and  arguments regarding rulemaking procedures. This report concludes with a brief look at parallel litigation in the D.C. Circuit, consolidated as North Dakota v. EPA, which is challenging a related EPA regulation that imposes new source performance standards (NSPSs) limiting CO 2 emissions from new, modified, or reconstructed fossil fuel-fired power plants.

2024

On October 10, 2017, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed to repeal the Clean Power Plan (CPP), the Obama Administration rule that would limit carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from existing fossil-fuel-fired power plants. The action came in response to Executive Order 13783, in which President Trump directed federal agencies to review existing regulations and policies that potentially burden the development or use of domestically produced energy resources. Among the E.O.'s specific directives was that EPA review the CPP, which was one of the Obama Administration's most important actions directed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 6 Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (2007), actually involved GHG emissions from motor vehicles, not power plants. In 2011, however, the Court explicitly ruled that "air pollutant" includes GHGs when applied to power plants under Section 111. American Elec.

2024

This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the DFID.

2024

The Malaysian government has initiated a collaboration with private agencies to expand the green transport ecosystem by introducing electric buses. Despite these efforts, the adoption of electric buses in urban areas remains minimal. This paper addresses two research objectives: (a) to identify the challenges in adopting electric buses, and (b) to recommend improvements for adopting electric buses in Malaysia. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, this study aims to capture the experiences and reflections of interviewees through targeted population or place studies. This approach allows for the collection of detailed information and the development of new concepts and theories. The interviews revealed three main barriers to adopting electric buses in Melaka: battery reliability and durability, a lack of charging infrastructure, and insufficient operational knowledge. The paper suggests that the government and policymakers should take proactive measures to promote green technology and increase the acceptance of electric buses in urban areas through awareness campaigns.