Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies Research Papers (original) (raw)

A B S T R A C T Nutrient-poor organic soils under maritime grassland are often located in remote wet locations in the landscape. Leaving these soils without drainage maintenance often raise the water table but continuous management (grazing) means they could remain a source of carbon dioxide (CO 2) while also turning into a small source of methane (CH 4). Due to geographical and socioeconomic reasons, removing these sites from agricultural production may be an option to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To test this hypothesis we measured GHG fluxes over a four year period, at a drained and a rewetted organic soil under grassland, which were both grazed for the first two years and not grazed for the following two years. Statistical response functions estimated for gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R eco) were used to reconstruct annual CO 2 –C balances using site-specific models driven by soil temperature, solar radiation, soil water table (WT) and leaf area index (LAI). Annually, soil CO 2 emissions were comparable when grazed, although the rewetted site had a lower net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) despite displaying higher CH 4 emissions. Both sites have lower CO 2 emissions than typical drained organic soils due to management practices: extensive grazing, no fertilisation and mean annual water tables above À25 cm. When grazing stopped, GPP and R eco increased dramatically driven by vigorous growth of vegetation at both sites. The shallow drained site remained a source of CO 2 and small source of CH 4 while the rewetted site became either neutral or a small sink of CO 2 with decreased CH 4 emissions compared to the grazing period. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions were negligible at either site. Removing grazing significantly reduced the NECB at both sites but in terms of global warming potential (GWP), the greatest GHG mitigation was in the rewetted site which exerted a cooling effect in the second year after the management shift.

- by and +1
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- Climate Change, Agriculture, Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies, Grassland Ecology

In real world everything is an object which represents particular classes. Every object can be fully described by its attributes. Any real world dataset contains large number of attributes and objects. Classifiers give poor performance when these huge datasets are given as input to it for proper classification. So from these huge dataset most useful attributes need to be extracted that contribute the maximum to the decision. In the paper, attribute set is reduced by generating reducts using the indiscernibility relation of Rough Set Theory (RST). The method measures similarity among the attributes using relative indiscernibility relation and computes attribute similarity set. Then the set is minimized and an attribute similarity table is constructed from which attribute similar to maximum number of attributes is selected so that the resultant minimum set of selected attributes (called reduct) cover all attributes of the attribute similarity table. The method has been applied on glass dataset collected from the UCI repository and the classification accuracy is calculated by various classifiers. The result shows the efficiency of the proposed method.

Greenhouse gas accounting

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions embodied in 66 different food categories together with self-reported dietary information are used to show how consumer choices surrounding food might lead to reductions in food-related GHG emissions. The current UK-average diet is found to embody 8.8 kg CO2e person−1 day−1. This figure includes both food eaten and food wasted (post-purchase). By far the largest potential reduction in GHG emissions is achieved by eliminating meat from the diet (35% reduction), followed by changing from carbon-intensive lamb and beef to less carbon-intensive pork and chicken (18% reduction). Cutting out all avoidable waste delivers an emissions saving of 12%. Not eating foods grown in hot-houses or air-freighted to the UK offers a 5% reduction in emissions. We show how combinations of consumer actions can easily lead to reductions of 25% in food related GHG emissions. If such changes were adopted by the entire UK population this would be equivalent to a 71% reduction...

- by Mike Berners-Lee
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- Environmental Science, Food Science, Sociology of Food and Eating, Energy Policy

Aviation emissions are an important contributor to global climatic change. As growth in travel demand continues to outstrip improvements in the fuel efficiency of air travel, the aviation contribution to climate change is likely to grow substantially. Consequently, measures that effectively reduce travel demand are required if atmospheric carbon concentrations are to be limited. The efficacy of the Australian Clean Energy Future policy which placed a 23.00AUD(FY2012)to23.00AUD (FY 2012) to 23.00AUD(FY2012)to24.15 AUD (FY 2013) per tonne levy on carbon-dioxide equivalent emissions from July 2012 to June 2014 is tested. Specifically, time-series regression is used to estimate the effect of this carbon price policy on the level of domestic passenger kilometres flown in Australia, while adjusting for costs of production (i.e. fuel and labour costs), economic activity (i.e. gross domestic product), competitive effects (i.e. airline capacity), and exogenous shocks. There was no evidence that the carbon price reduced the level of domestic aviation in Australia. Carbon pricing measures may have to be levied at a greater rate to affect behavioural change, particularly given the limited potential for future aviation efficiency gains.

- by James Higham and +1
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- Climate Change, Climate change policy, Aviation, Carbon Footprint

The 21 st century can be best defined by rapid urbanization, and mobility is considered one of the main key challenges that have witnessed major physical transformations. According to UN-Habitat " By 2005, approximately 7.5 billion trips were made in cities worldwide each day " (2012, para. 1), and this number is expected to almost triple by 2050. This phenomena has created long distances between certain destinations, e.g. workplaces, schools, markets, etc., which led to increased dependency on public motorized transportation causing congestion, pollution and other environmental negative impacts. Egypt is one of the many countries that suffer from traffic congestion, especially after the emergence of satellite cities on Cairo's fringes. Recently in Cairo, a city which inhabits around 19 million citizens and 236,000 miles of road (World Bank 2014, as cited in TADAMUN, 2016), the issue of sustainable transport has topped the list of priorities in several conferences and seminars. One of the independent organizations, named STP (Sustainable Transport Project for Egypt), has been working on enhancing sustainable transportation alternatives, where they work with several agencies and governmental sectors to promote non-motorized transport mode in medium-sized cities. Such initiative is needed in a country like Egypt in order to ensure sustainable transport as a basic human right, thus citizens can have access to safe, affordable and environmentally-friendly modes of transport.

- by Taher Abdel-Ghani
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- Sustainable Transportation, Transportation Studies, Transportation, Egypt

The Melaka State Climate Action Plan (MSCAP) 2020 – 2030 is a state- and community wide action plan which was based on the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory data as of year 2015. It was co-developed by the team of expert from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, the officers in Melaka GreenTech and the stakeholders in Melaka state which can be a basis for Melaka Climate Governance.
 Six main sectors were identified from the Melaka Climate Resolution 2019, Melaka Climate Action Plan Stakeholder Workshop. The six are Public & Stakeholder Engagement, Climate Governance, Energy, Transport, Waste, Ecosystem & Biodiversity.
 The development of detail GHG emission sources helps agencies to determine the major sources of carbon emissions, identify the strategies for mitigation and adaptation in order to reduce these emissions and
improve the overall resilience of the city.
 MSCAP was developed as a guide for structured and continuous action to translate the Melaka State GHG Inventory Report. It was developed to strategize the Melaka contribution towards the Nation voluntary commitment on CO2 reduction by identifying emissions
from various sectors and activities in Melaka.
 Community- and sector-wise GHG inventory reveals the characters of carbon emitters and helps in assigning the responsibility for further climate mitigation and adaptation action.
 As of year 2030, Malaysia national target for carbon emission reduction is 45% and the Melaka State GHG emissions reductions target set up for 45 % or equivalent to 5,703 MT CO2e.
 Per capita GHG emission for Melaka State was recorded 5.09 tCO2e in 2015 based on 872,900 population.
 In line with the trends of energy demand, the major contributors to GHG emissions are industrial energy use with 1,590 MT CO2e (35.77 %), on-road transportation with 1,115 MT CO2e (25.09 %) and commercial / institutional buildings and facilities with 733 MT CO2e (16.49 %).
 Climate resolution for Melaka State (2020 – 2030) is a result of the Melaka Climate Stakeholder

- by Irina Safitri Zen and +1
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- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies, Local Action on Climate Change, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Climate Action

Although air leakage from ducts has previously been treated as insignificant and leakage testing as not cost effective, this paper demonstrates that even minor leakage can have a significant effect on plant energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Recognising this, the recently published AS 4254.2:2012 reverses past practice and now mandates leakage testing of systems over 3000 L/s. Not only will reducing leakage reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions producing a better outcome for the building owner and community, but attention to issues raised in this paper will benefit the contractor by reducing or eliminating the need for costly rectification of leaks revealed by leakage testing. The paper examines the implications of the Standard's testing requirements and suggests extension of its scope.

Anthropogenic global climate change has large and mounting negative economic impacts. Companies and nations responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are thus acquiring considerable potential liabilities. If litigation becomes widespread, renewable energy technologies (RETs) potentially offer emitters reduced liability for climate change. This benefit has been ignored because of the lack of knowledge of potential liabilities. To overcome this information deficit, this paper reviews recent literature on the potential for climate change litigation and methods to quantify liability for climate change. Next, the top ten emitters in the U.S. are identified and their potential liability is quantified using standard GHG emission costs. Potential liabilities are explored in depth with a single case study company comparing the results of the fractional liability from only natural disasters within the U.S. for a single year to a sensitivity of the future costs of carbon emissions from other sources of emission-related liability. Then classes of potential climate change litigants are identified and their capacity to bring such lawsuits are evaluated. The results show that the net income available to shareholders of large companies could see a significant reduction from the emissions liability related to only natural disasters in the U.S. from a single coal-fired power plant. Finally, a rough estimate of the economic risk associated with future scenarios and existing organized international potential litigants is quantified. The results show that potential liability for climate change for the Alliance of Small Island States is over $570 trillion. It is concluded that as emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide additional powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.

- by Joshua Pearce
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- Law, Energy Economics, Climate Change, Human Rights Law

China is nowadays a global leader in manufacturing clean energy. Unexpectedly, the serious environmental degradation that has been occurring since 1990s is now under control, as well as the critic air pollution's situation. Many steps still need to be taken in order to fix all the problems linked with the long-aged environmental crisis. However, since Xi Jinping’s advent to power in 2012, Beijing has undertaken a solid ecological path. As evidence of this, China has recently been labeled as the “Green Dragon”. This paper, besides examining the environmental crisis occurring in China before Xi’s presidency and the measures adopted by him to tackle the disastrous consequences of pollution nationwide, will analyze the high Electric Vehicles (EVs) diffusion in China. After comparing Chinese EVs market with western nations, I intend to shed light on the “green revolution” occurring in the Asian demographic giant since 2012.

- by Dawid Hanak and +1
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- Process Modeling and Simulation, Clean Coal Technologies, Pathways to decarbonisation, Multidisciplinary

Finding renewable alternative energy resources for fossil fuels substitution has become very vital due to the serious challenges faced by humankind at present such as environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, crude oil price volatility, and fossil fuels exhaustion. Macroalgae (seaweeds) are fast-growing marine plants, providing several harvests per year without the need for arable land, fertilizer, and fresh water. Various types of ecosystems like coral reefs, mangrove forests, and rocky shores can efficiently host the seaweeds production systems. These characteristics have made them highly suitable feedstocks for third-generation bioethanol production. Iran has a huge potential in renewable energy resources owing to its unique geographical location and climatic features. The country borders with the Caspian Sea in the north and with the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south. Seaweeds farming can also play a key role in mitigating air pollution, increasing employment rate, sustaining fossil fuel resources, bioremediating contaminated water, and improving marine ecosystem in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. In the present article, macroalgae diversity, cultivation , and their conversion and upgrading technologies into bioethanol in Iran are scrutinized and discussed. Finally, the potential of Bushehr (the Persian Gulf) and Chabahar (the Gulf of Oman) coastlines for macroalgae cultivation is investigated. These locations receive the annual solar radiation in the range of 1680-1753 kWh/m 2 and the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the range of 2.6-2.71 GJ/m 2 /year with 3051-3311.9 h sunshine per annum. Furthermore, the nutrient-rich and calm water with relatively stable pH, salinity, and temperature make these coasts suitable for macroalgae farming. A potential yield up to 147-153 t/ha/year can be obtained if proper native/engineered species, well-situated sites, and compatible cultivation techniques are selected.

- by Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi and +1
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- Climate Change, Renewable Energy, The Persian Gulf, Sustainable Energy

Southern Amazonia is the first region of Brazil's Amazon area to be exposed to intensive conversion to agriculture and ranching. This conversion emits greenhouse gases from the carbon stock in the biomass and soils of the previous vegetation. Quantifying these carbon stocks is the first step in quantifying the impact on global warming from this conversion. This review is limited to information on Brazilian Amazonia's carbon stocks. It indicates large amounts of carbon at risk of emission in both biomass and soils, as well as considerable uncertainty in estimates. Reducing uncertainty is a priority for research but the existence of uncertainty must not be used as an excuse for delaying measures to contain deforestation. The magnitude of carbon stocks is proportional to greenhouse gas emissions per hectare of deforestation and consequently to impact on global climate.

- by Philip M Fearnside
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- Tropical Ecology, Carbon Sequestration, Global Warming, REDD+

The study of total carbon sequestered in trees in the campus Dr. B. A.M. University, Aurangabad is
conducted. The biomass and total organic carbon of standing trees is estimated by non destructive method. The tree
height and girth is taken into consideration for the measurement of biomass and carbon content. The height of tree is
measured by using a theoretical model and concept is used for actual measurement of 20 different tree species
having diameter > 10 cm. Theodolite is used for the measurement of angle between tree top and observer. The total
biomass and total organic carbon has been determined and compared with Allometric model. At the time of
estimation of organic carbon storage by Allometric model, the study revealed that Allometric model based on
theoretical model can success used to determine the tree biomass by non-destructive method.

- by maria alisatiba
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- Biogas, Ebooks, Greenhouses, Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies

Abstract: It is believed that energy issue is one of the most sensitive and complicated issues in the globe. Industrial energy consumption varies from 30% to 70% of total energy used in some selected countries and the global average stands at 37%. As a result of the successful implementation of the industrialization plan in 1985; Malaysia has changed from an agricultural economy into industrial based economy. The industrial sector represents the highest consuming sector and accounts for about 48% of all total energy demand.

Cara-cara penanganan limbah gas

Calvert K and Simandan D (2010) Energy, space, and society: a reassessment of the changing landscape of energy production, distribution, and use Journal of Economics and Business Research XVI(1), pp. 13-37.
ABSTRACT: While geography has always mattered for the energy sector, the relative effects of location and distance on the economics of energy regimes are increasing as we begin to deploy more renewable energy technologies. This reintroduction of the friction of distance is leading to an energy landscape that is far different from fossil-based regimes. The new energy paradigm, based as it is upon the physics and the economics of renewable energy, is being reflected in the landscape as distributed, decentralized, and diversified patterns of energy generation. Because the increased use of renewable energy technologies is beginning to change the spatial patterns of political and socioeconomic activities, a thorough understanding of these patterns is crucial to increasing the socio-political acceptability of new technologies and to avoiding the socially costly unintended consequences of policy and investment decisions. This paper proposes a theoretical foundation upon which economists and economic geographers could scaffold their analyses of the spatial characteristics of the economics of energy use. To this end, we bring together two complementary conceptualizations of economic geography: firstly, as the study of the effects of location and distance on energy economics, and secondly, as the study of the ways in which political, economic, and technological energy-related practices give rise to particular spatial patterns of socio-economic welfare. We end the paper by developing the concept of energy rationality and showing how it relates to discussions of metarationality, common sense, and wisdom.

- by Dragos Simandan
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- Critical Theory, Environmental Engineering, Economic History, Landscape Ecology

Abstract: Aimed Contribution—Fuel economy via car window film implementation will also reduce vehicle-sourced emissions,
health and welfare impacts associated with those emissions; thus, contribute to the economy. Focused Problem—During summer, solar
irradiation heats up the car and Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) usage becomes essential. Moreover, MAC usage raises the fuel
consumption and vehicle emissions. Eventually, imported energy sources for MAC and vehicle emissions lead global economic and
health impacts. Proposed Solution—For a parked car under blazing sun in summer, car window film application limits the entrapped
radiation in car cabin and reduces peak cabin temperature. Hence, MAC energy consumption will be reduced. Under consideration of
film implementation costs, it is seen that MAC energy savings for diesel, gasoline and hybrid cars still contribute to the economy.
Research Perspective—The physical and economic effects of several car window film and tinting applications are researched. Clear
and tinted rear and side windows covered with three unique film types separately and analyzed for a parked passenger car with clear and
20 % shaded windshield. The overall impact in WA, NY, NC, USA and Istanbul, Turkey is also examined. Results—Regarding USA
and Istanbul, the widespread deployment of the best possibility has potential to decrease the sum of diesel and gasoline fuel
consumption by 1.7 and 0.06 billion liters, reduce the passenger car sourced total vehicle emissions by 10.5 and 0.4 billion kg and
contribute to the economy by 5-year net savings of 21.3 and 1.4 billion $, respectively.

The Paris Agreement aims to reduce the risks and effects of climate change. To this end, radical action is required, including a change in the energy mix towards zero-emission energy. One of the possibilities is the responsible development of nuclear energy. This monograph is the result of an international research project coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency on the potential role of nuclear energy in mitigating climate change. Within this framework, a multisectoral macroeconomic model has been developed and tested for assessing the impact of different energy supply options on the decarbonisation process. The book presents both methodological and practical aspects of model construction, as well as simulation results for the scenario of implementation of the nuclear program included in the draft Energy Policy of Poland until 2040.

- by Lukasz Konopielko and +1
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- Nuclear Engineering, Energy Economics, Energy and Environment, Energy efficiency

This paper quantifies the increased green house gas emissions and negative effect on energy conservation (or “efficiency penalty”) due to electric rate structures that employ an unavoidable customer charge. First the extent of customer charges was determined from a nationwide survey of U.S. electric tariffs. To eliminate the customer charge nationally while maintaining a fixed sum for electric companies for a given amount of electricity, an increase of 7.12% in the residential electrical rate was found to be necessary. If enacted, this increase in the electric rate would result in a 6.4% reduction in overall electricity consumption, conserving 73 billion kW-hrs, eliminating 44.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, and saving the entire U.S. residential sector over $8 billion per year. As shown here, these reductions would come from increased avoidable costs thus leveraging an increased rate of return on investments in energy efficiency, energy conservation behavior, distributed energy generation, and fuel choices. Finally, limitations of this study and analysis are discussed and conclusions are drawn for proposed energy policy changes.

- by Joshua Pearce
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- Economics, Energy Economics, Renewable Energy, Energy

Land use policies favoring compact development have been invoked as a way slow potential climate change. While the linkages between density and greenhouse gas emissions may seem obvious, available data indicate that the connections are weak, bordering on non-existent. Thus, it is clear that compact development is not a useful tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

A cumulative emissions approach is increasingly used to inform mitigation policy. However, there are different interpretations of what ‘2°C’ implies. Here it is argued
that cost-optimization models, commonly used to inform policy, typically underplay the urgency of 2°C mitigation. The alignment within many scenarios of optimistic assumptions on negative emissions technologies (NETs), with implausibly early peak emission dates and incremental short-term mitigation, delivers outcomes
commensurate with 2°C commitments. In contrast, considering equity and socio-technical barriers to change, suggests a more challenging short-term agenda. To
understand these different interpretations, short-term CO2 trends of the largest CO2 emitters, are assessed in relation to a constrained CO2 budget, coupled with a ‘what if’ assumption that negative emissions technologies fail at scale. The outcomes raise profound questions around high-level framings of mitigation policy. The article
concludes that applying even weak equity criteria, challenges the feasibility of maintaining a 50% chance of avoiding 2°C without urgent mitigation efforts in the
short-term. This highlights a need for greater engagement with: (1) the equity dimension of the Paris Agreement, (2) the sensitivity of constrained carbon budgets to short-term trends and (3) the climate risks for society posed by an almost ubiquitous inclusion of NETs within 2°C scenarios.

Абстракт: Статията анализира прилагането на Европейската схема за търговия с емисии от парникови газове (ЕСТЕ) в трите фази на търговия (2005-07 г.; 2008-2012 г.; 2013-2020 г.) от началото на схемата до днес. Посочени са основните елементи на ЕСТЕ и са обобщени основните критики на схемата, които се изтъкват в научната литература – свръхпредлагане на квоти, необосновани печалби, волатилност на цените, дебати за авиосектора, сигурност на данните, цялостна ефективност на системата. Събрани са конкретни количествени данни за прилагането на схемата за България през втората фаза на търговия и първите две години на третата фаза. Направен е анализ ползи-разходи за българските предприятия, участващи в схемата на базата на безплатно разпределени и верифицирани квоти. Изводите са, че след края на втората фаза в България има излишък от квоти (19 586 755), но вследствие на промените на схемата през третата фаза през 2013 г. и 2014 г. предприятията изпитват дефицит от квоти (11 052 439 и 14 697 979). Тенденцията е дефицитът да се запази, поне в краткосрочен план. Данните за България показват, че въпреки множеството критики на системата, ЕСТЕ успява да постави непренебрежима цена върху въглерода. Около една пета от оперативните разходите на най-голямата българска ТЕЦ са за покриване на въглеродните емисии.
Ключови думи: Европейска схема за търговия с емисии, ЕСТЕ, Европейска климатична политика, устойчиво развитие.
Abstract: The article analyses the implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) in the three trading phases (2005-07; 2008-2012; 2013-2020) from its beginning to the present day. The main elements of the scheme are presented alongside a summary of the main points of critique found in the scholarly literature – overallocation of allowances, windfall profits, price volatility, inclusion of air transport, security of information, overall effectiveness of the system. Quantitative data have been gathered for the implementation of ETS in Bulgaria in the second phase and the first two years of the third phase. A cost-benefit analysis for Bulgarian companies is presented on the basis of free allocated allowances and verified emissions. The conclusions are that after the end of second phase in the Bulgaria there was a surplus of allowances (19 586 755), but following the changes of ETS in the third phase, there were deficits of allowances in 2013 and 2014 (11 052 439 and 14 697 979). This trend is likely to continue at least in the short term. The data from Bulgaria show that despite the various critiques of the system, ETS has managed to put a price on carbon and this price is not insignificant. Around one fifth of all operational costs of the largest Bulgarian thermal power plant are for carbon emissions.

- by Dobrin Stanev
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- European Studies, Climate Change, Climate change policy, Environmental Politics
- by Marta Sinko
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- Environmental Economics, Green Economics, Climate Change, Climate change policy

To both replace fossil-fuel-energy use and meet the future energy demands, nuclear energy production would have to increase by 10.5% per year from 2010 to 2050. This large growth rate creates a cannibalistic effect, where nuclear energy must be used to supply the energy for future nuclear power plants. This study showed that the limit of ore grade to offset greenhouse gas emissions is significantly higher than the purely thermodynamic limit set by energy payback times found in the literature. In addition, any use of nuclear energy directly contributes heat to the Earth, which the Earth must radiate into space by raising its temperature to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. This is a relatively small effect, but as energy consumption grows it must be considered for a world powered by nuclear energy. The results of this study demand modesty in claims of ‘emission-free nuclear energy’ as a panacea for global climate destabilisation.

- by Joshua Pearce
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- Climate Change, Energy, Energy Policy, Energy and Environment
- by Abbas Mohajerani and +1
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- Recycling, Sustainable Urban Environments, Sustainable Water Resources Management, Recycled Construction Materials
- by mohamed said
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- Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Malaysia, Energy Efficiency Buildings

Construction vehicles and equipment, like all other fuel-powered vehicles, contribute to air pollutant emissions, such as nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established standards for pollutant emissions for different tiers of equipment to attain a “least-pollution” equipment spread or fleet. Although using higher-tier vehicles and equipment can reduce pollutant emissions under otherwise identical conditions, policies and contractor operations can also significantly affect the total pollutant emitted for a given amount of work, such as cubic yards of earth moved or tons of surface course placed. Previous studies demonstrated the direct relationship between pollutant emissions and operational productivity and the quantitative effects of that relationship using real-world emissions data. This paper describes the results of a study conducted using computer-based simulation techniques to compare costs and pollutant emissions for a typical earth-moving project using a wheel loader and dump trucks to move a quantity of soil. Emissions were based on previously published field data. Simulation results are compared to classical, closed-form solutions from queuing theory. This study found that excess pollution—that is, the amount of pollution created without generating productive work—was lowest for the least-cost fleet and that the marginal increase in emissions was relatively small for changes in fleet configuration near the least-cost and least-pollution alternate.

- by S. Alireza Abbasian-Hosseini and +1
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- Management, Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering

In the past decade, a small but growing body of research has drawn attention to the environmental concerns of rising greenhouse gas emissions associated with the consumption and production of food; this is an issue of increasing importance in Southeast Asia where rapid population growth is leading to year-on-year increases in food demand. To date, countries in Southeast Asia have shown little interest in addressing greenhouse gas emissions across the whole life cycle of food—production, processing, transportation, retailing, consumption, and final disposal—despite a growing awareness of climate change andits effects. This paper serves as a starting point to explore the relatively under-researched topic of greenhouse gas emission trends and the production and consumption of food in Southeast Asia, with particular focus on the Malaysian food sector. Previous research documenting greenhouse gas emissions from specific food products and components in the food supply chain has been used to determine the likely greenhouse gas ‘hotspots’ in Malaysia. The paper concludes by recommending the development of an overarching framework for Sustainable Food Systems in Malaysia and identifies specific areas of research to support this framework.

Electrostatics and photoionisation runs like a red wire through the recent catastrophes: forest fires, torrential rains, corona pandemic and the likely impact of the 5D network. All this is caused by our obsession for “Clean Air”, the removal of large visible particles PM2.5 and PM10. However the remaining, large quantity of invisible particles, behave like radioactivity. Which means that even when you can’t see them, they are there and are highly dangerous like the virus. Our hypothesis is that these invisible particles are the real origin of the catastrophes. This because they are blocking the UV rays coming from the Sun. It are these UV rays that are able to kill the virus. Their absence also causes a serious lack of vitamin D in the population, thus a severely reduced resistance especially by the older. The virus, on the other hand, has become more virulent caused by this new environment. The 5D system likely enhances this doom scenario even more.

- by Rein Andre Roos and +1
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- Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Health Sciences, Climate Change
- by Hwai Chyuan Ong
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- Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Malaysia, Energy Efficiency Buildings
- by Michael Leming and +1
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- Construction Technology, Construction Management, Construction Project Management, Construction

Construction scholars suggest that procurement processes can be used as mechanisms to change construction industry practices. This paper discusses industry changes as a response to the calls for integration of sustainability ideals into construction practices. Because major infrastructure construction has been identified as a key producer of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), this study explores collaborative procurement models that have been used to facilitate mitigation of GHGE. The study focuses on the application of non-price incentives and rewards that work together as a binary mechanism. Data were collected using mixed-methods: government document content analysis was complemented with data collected through focus groups and individual interviews with both clients and contractors. This report includes examples of greening procurement agendas for three Australian road authorities relating to collaborative procurement project delivery models. Three collaborative procurement models, Alliance Consortium, Early Contractor Involvement and Public Private Partnerships provide evidence of construction projects that were completed early. It can also be argued that both clients and contractors are rewarded through collaborative project delivery. The incentive of early completion is rewarded with reduction of GHGE. This positive environmental outcome, based on a dual benefit and non-price sustainability criteria, suggests a step towards changed industry practices though the use of green procurement models.

- by Markus Appel
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- Climate Change, Trust, Persuasion (Psychology), Driving

India, on June 2016, announced its intent of increasing Renewable Energy portfolio to 175 GW by 2022 taking cognizance of the increasing impacts of global warming across the world. Further, in COP 21, the country committed to have 40% portfolio from renewable energy by 2030. With the dwindling conventional resources, it has become imperative to understand the overall potential that the various renewable energy sources. This paper is an attempt to understand the possible installable solar capacity in India. The study reveals the suitable zones of PV solar installation across the country using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geo-Spatial technology. Basis the same, the study further analyses possible solar power generation and corresponding greenhouse gas mitigated. It is found around 50.4% area show higher suitability for solar installations in India. If 1% of this suitable zone (high and very high) is utilised for installation of solar PV, then the potential installable capacity is 798.5 GW which can produce 3,194,171 MWh electrical energy and has potential to mitigate 2,619,220 tonne Carbon dioxide per day. The solar energy can also be harnessed to provide electricity access to all rural areas who have been deprived of quality power for so many years. The demand in the country shall undoubtedly grow in the coming years as a result of all the rural consumers connected to the grid under the Saubhagya Scheme. The study will be useful for harnessing the maximum potential in the areas where the grid supply is insufficient to meet the needs of the people.