HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOL Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

Energy efficiency is a major issue of concern in mobile ad hoc networks as mobile nodes rely on batteries, which are limited sources of power. In several environments, it is quite unwieldy task to replace or renew them. Energy is limited factor in case of ad-hoc networks. Several routing algorithms have been proposed to make routing energy efficient. A cross layer design approach is often used in designing energy efficient routing protocols. In this paper, a fuzzy based adaptive transmission range at MAC layer and fuzzy threshold based power aware routing at network layer is used to design a cross layer energy efficient routing protocol implemented for ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol (AODV). The results are compared with energy-efficient routing protocol based on adaptive transmission rage and fuzzy threshold energy (ATRAODV) based routing protocol which is implemented for AODV. It is observed that the proposed protocol performs better as compared to the ATRAODV in...

2025, International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research

Research about Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) intensifies because of their independent operation and wide functionality that includes military uses along with disaster recovery networks and automotive settings. The dynamic nature of their network topologies together with sparse resources leads to routing becoming an enduring complex issue. Standard networking standards fail to handle quick network topology changes effectively that results in reduced quality network delivery and longer delays and increased power usage. The research introduces the HFGA (Hybrid Fuzzy-Genetic Approach) that unites fuzzy logic with genetic algorithms to optimize route decisions through real-time adaptation. Through the fuzzy component the network evaluates energy levels of nodes and stability of links and queue lengths for making suitable node and link assessments that guide the genetic algorithm to generate optimal multi-hop paths via natural selection principles. NS-3 simulations show that HFGA delivers enhanced performance compared to AODV and DSR since it delivers higher packet delivery rates with minimized end-to-end delay and ensures balanced energy distribution along with longer network operational periods. The research adds important value to the development of intelligent routing mechanisms which meet next-generation wireless networks requirements.

2024

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is selfconfiguring network made out of portable nodes with no altered foundation. In a MANETs, there are no distinction between a host node and a router so that all nodes can be source and forwarders of movement. Among all the different protocols unicast will be a standout amongst the most critical application in MANETs which manage the exchange of message from single source to single destination hence this sorts of protocol are extremely powerful and mainstream these days. We have proposed a unicast Routing Protocol for MANETs which consolidate the directional forwarding along largest distance from the single source to single destination, named as AB-URP. The fundamental point of this protocol is low system postponement, accomplishing lessened packet overhead and high adaptability in the system.

2024, Journal of Computer Networks and Communications

In wireless sensor networks, geographic adaptive fidelity (GAF) is one of the most popular energy-aware routing protocols. It conserves energy by identifying equivalence between sensors from a routing perspective and then turning off unnecessary sensors, while maintaining the connectivity of the network. Nevertheless, the traditional GAF still cannot reach the optimum energy usage since it needs more number of hops to transmit data packets to the sink. As a result, it also leads to higher packet delay. In this paper, we propose a modified version of GAF to minimize hop count for data routing, called two-level GAF (T-GAF). Furthermore, we use a generalized version of GAF called Diagonal-GAF (DGAF) where two diagonal adjacent grids can also directly communicate. It has an advantage of less overhead of coordinator election based on the residual energy of sensors. Analysis and simulation results show significant improvements of the proposed work comparing to traditional GAF in the aspec...

2023, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Maximizing the network lifetime and data collection are two major functions in WSN. For this aim, mobility is proposed as a solution to improve the data collection process and promote energy efficiency. In this paper, we focus on Sink mobility which has the role of data collection. The problem is how to find an optimal data collection trajectory for the Mobile Sink using approximate optimization techniques. To address this challenge, we propose an optimization model for the Mobile Sink to improve the data collection process and thus to extend the network lifetime of WSN. Our proposition is based on a multiobjective function using a Weighted Sum Method (WSM) by adapting two metaheuristics methods, Tabu Search (TS) and Simulated Annealing (SA), to this problem. To test our proposal by experiment, we designed and developed an Integrated Environment of Optimization and Simulation based on metaheuristics tool (IEOSM). The environment IEOSM helps us to determine the best optimization method in terms of optimal trajectory, execution time, and quality of data collection. The IEOSM also integrates a powerful simulation tool to evaluate the methods in terms of energy consumption, data collection, and latency.

2023, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Among constituents of communication architecture, routing is the most energy squeezing process. In this survey article, we are targeting an innovative aspect of analysis on routing in wireless sensor network (WSN) that has never been seen in the available literature before. This article can be a guiding light for new researchers to comprehend the WSN technology, energy aware routing, and the factors that affect the energy aware routing in WSN. This insight comprehension then makes the ways easy for them in designing such types of algorithms as well as evaluating the authenticity and extending the existing algorithms of this category, since algebraic and graphical modelling of these factors is also demonstrated. Various available techniques used by existing routing algorithms to handle these factors in making themselves energy aware are also given. Further, they are analyzed along with the suggested improvements for the researchers. At the end, we presented our previously published r...

2023, Scientific Research Journal

Clustering in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the methods to minimize the energy usage of sensor network. The design of sensor network itself can prolong the lifetime of network. Cluster head in each cluster is an important part in clustering to ensure the lifetime of each sensor node can be preserved as it acts as an intermediary node between the other sensors. Sensor nodes have the limitation of its battery where the battery is impossible to be replaced once it has been deployed. Thus, this paper presents an improvement of clustering algorithm for two-tier network as we named it as Multi-Tier Algorithm (MAP). For the cluster head selection, fuzzy logic approach has been used which it can minimize the energy usage of sensor nodes hence maximize the network lifetime. MAP clustering approach used in this paper covers the average of 100Mx100M network and involves three parameters that worked together in order to select the cluster head which are residual energy, communication ...

2023, Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Network lifetime is one of the most prominent barriers in deploying wireless sensor networks for large-scale applications because these networks employ sensors with nonrenewable scarce energy resources. Sensor nodes dissipate most of their energy in complex routing mechanisms. To cope with limited energy problem, we present EASARA, an energy aware simple ant routing algorithm based on ant colony optimization. Unlike most algorithms, EASARA strives to avoid low energy routes and optimizes the routing process through selection of least hop count path with more energy. It consists of three phases, that is, route discovery, forwarding node, and route selection. We have improved the route discovery procedure and mainly concentrate on energy efficient forwarding node and route selection, so that the network lifetime can be prolonged. The four possible cases of forwarding node and route selection are presented. The performance of EASARA is validated through simulation. Simulation results d...

2023, Proceedings of International Conference on Big Data, Machine Learning and Applications

With the recent advancements in technology, nowadays wireless sensor networks are the most prominent networks deployed almost in all the areas such as healthcare, agriculture, defense, etc. Wireless sensor nodes are basically used to monitor and send the data to a central machine for analysis purposes. The major concern while deploying the wireless sensor network is the limited computational resources and battery-operated tiny sensor nodes. Hence, the organization of the network must take into account these constraints. This chapter proposes a novel clustering algorithm which works on different variables that select the most prominent node as a Cluster Head. Due to the changes in the underlying network, Type 2 fuzzy logic system is used in the clustering to generate the rule base to develop a feasible system. The size of the cluster is unequal as according to the survey, the unequal distribution of nodes consumes less energy as compared to equal distribution. The results of the simulation show that the proposed system prolongs the lifespan of the network.

2023, International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing

Designing routing protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is a complex task because of its dynamic topology. A kind of routing protocols that suits the particularity of MANETs is so-called bio-inspired. Among these, focused on Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO), which studies the behaviour of ants in their search for food, are especially relevant. One of these algorithms is AntOR, which relying on swarm intelligence, efficiently solves routing in MANETs. In this paper we show a parallelised version of AntOR, the so-called P-AntOR, that using programming multiprocessor architectures based on shared memory protocol, allows to run tasks in parallel using threads, being applicable this parallelisation in the route discovery phase, route local repair process and link failure notification. The simulation results indicate that P-AntOR performs better than its predecessor, with emphasis on the metric of average End-To-End delay, jitter and packet delivery ratio.

2023, International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing

2023

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used for the applications like military, health-related, ecological area. These applications include monitoring of sensitive information such as enemy movement at battlefield, or the location of personnel in the building. Wireless sensor nodes sense around them and detect anomaly event in the industrial environment. For the industrial application it is difficult to detect the intrusion on wireless medium. Intrusion Detection is most essential requirement for security purpose. Security issues are discussed and apply the security algorithm on the nodes. The proposed work to improve security of clustering based network throughput, packet delivery ratio, and it optimizes energy. In this project throughput was increased at Gate Way (GW) and Common Node (CN). Packet Delivery Ratio was increased at GW and CN. Delay was Decrease and Energy consumption was done. Constructed Black Hole attack detection algorithm in hierarchical frame work for intrusion dete...

2023, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

2022, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

With the rapid development in mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), it has become very essential to focus on the efficiency in performance of small sensing nodes operating in WSNs. While designing a routing protocol for mobile sensor nodes, the quality parameters like end-to-end delays and routing overhead are always considered. Moreover, the nodes in wirelessly connected mobile networks consume considerable power on routing more than other functionalities. Any modification in a standard routing protocol can also affect routing overhead, end-to-end delays, and energy consumption of nodes. In this paper a new hybrid routing protocol, named as State-Aware Link Maintenance Approach (SALMA), is introduced which is based on Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols. The work also focuses on the activeness of nodes in the network operations and defines three states of nodes, that is, white, gray, and black. The work concludes that the proposed protoc...

2022, 2012 8th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC)

Wireless Sensors Networks (WSNs) emphasize the necessity of accurate event detection in realistic environments, while health monitoring comprise one of their most pronounced applications. Although respective fuzzy logic systems have been proposed based on vital and environmental sensors, there is a significant lack of investigation on the reliability of such systems when applied in error prone wireless environments. Therefore, this paper aims to address this need by porting an adequate fuzzy inference system (FIS) to a WSN simulation framework. The considered FIS has been validated in previous work and is implemented in a TelosB emulated mote, which evaluates the health status of a monitored person. Such implementation allows the thorough performance evaluation of the FIS under a wide range of communication conditions. Respective results and comparative evaluation against Matlab environment reveal strong dependencies to critical WSN network parameters.

2022, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

2022, TELKOMNIKA

The rapid development in communications and sensors technologies make wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as essential key in several advanced applications such as internet of things (IoT). The increasing demands on using WSNs required high quality of services (QoS) because most WSNs applications have critical requirements. This work aims to offer a routing protocol to improve the QoS in WSNs, taking in consideration its ability to prolong the lifetime of the network, optimize the utilization of the limited bandwidth available, and decrease the latency that accompanies the packets transmitted to the gateway. The proposed protocol is called overlapped hierarchical cluster routing protocol (OHCRP). OHCRP is compared with the traditional routing protocols such as SPEED, and Two-hop velocity-based routing protocol (THVR). The results show that OHCRP reduces latency effectively and achieve high energy conservation, which lead to increase the network lifetime and insure network availability.

2022, Hindawi ISRN Sensor Networks

Amidst of the growing impact of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) on real world applications, numerous schemes have been proposed for collecting data on multipath routing, tree, clustering, and cluster tree. Effectiveness of WSNs only depends on the data collection schemes. Existing methods cannot provide a guaranteed reliable network about mobility, traffic, and end-to-end connection, respectively. To mitigate such kind of problems, a simple and effective scheme is proposed, which is named as cluster independent data collection tree (CIDT). After the cluster head election and cluster formation, CIDT constructs a data collection tree (DCT) based on the cluster head location. In DCT, data collection node (DCN) does not participate in sensing, which is simply collecting the data packet from the cluster head and delivering it into sink. CIDT minimizes the energy exploitation, end-to-end delay and traffic of cluster head due to transfer of data with DCT. CIDT provides less complexity involved in creating a tree structure, which maintains the energy consumption of cluster head that helps to reduce the frequent cluster formation and maintain a cluster for considerable amount of time. The simulation results show that CIDT provides better QoS in terms of energy consumption, throughput, end-to-end delay, and network lifetime for mobility-based WSNs.

2022

This paper presents a new routing method that increases the network life by combining the fuzzy approach with the A-star algorithm. This algorithm determines the optimal path from source to destination based on maximum battery energy, minimum number of jumps and minimum traffic loads. Due to the limitations of network-aware algorithms for storing the entire grid data in each node’s memory, a new clustering strategy has been used. This clustering method identifies the paths that have more densities of the nodes, and we consider them as spinal cords, and so we call it the backbone of the network, and we select the cluster selection based on its proximity to the spine. For comparison, the LPA algorithm without clustering and Patil (a clustering method based on the weight distribution criterion that includes node-level parameters, distance to node neighbors, node speed, and time spent) and Mounir (a new clustering combination with Using LEACH and MTE protocols). The simulation results s...

2022, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

2022

In mobile ad hoc networks, all nodes are energy constrained. In such situations, it is important to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we consider the issues of energy efficient communication in MANETs using network coding. Network coding is an effective method to improve the performance of wireless networks. COPE protocol implements network coding concept to reduce number of transmissions by mixing the packets at intermediate nodes. We incorporate COPE into cluster based routing protocol to further reduce the energy consumption. The proposed energy-efficient coding-aware cluster based routing protocol (ECCRP) scheme applies network coding at cluster heads to reduce number of transmissions. We also modify the queue management procedure of COPE protocol to further improve coding opportunities. We also use an energy efficient scheme while selecting the cluster head. It helps to increase the life time of the network. We evaluate the performance of proposed energy efficient clust...

2022

Most MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) routing protocol was focused on the route discovery phase more than route maintenance phase. Thus, most MANET routing protocol cannot cope with a route failure that is caused by movement of node efficiently. To solve the above problem, in this paper, we propose an algorithm that maintains a robust routing path using the position information of mobile nodes in the MANET. In LARMA (Location-Aided Route Maintenance Algorithm), we defined the warning zone as a region with a high probability of link disconnection between two nodes. Each node chooses an appropriate intermediate node that is not within the warning zone in order to prolong the lifetime of the routing path. We use the QualNet simulator to evaluate the performance of our proposals, and compare the LARMA which modifying the existing AODV routing protocol with AODV. The simulation results show that a performance improvement of the LARMA in comparison with AODV in terms of link lifetime.

2021, WSEAS Transactions on Computers archive

2021, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

This paper presents a fuzzy logic-based, service diﬀerentiated, QoS aware routing protocol (FMSR) oﬀering multipath routing for WSNs, with the purpose of providing a service diﬀerentiated path meant for communication between nodes, based on actual requirements. The proposed protocol initially forms a cluster by fuzzy c-means. Next, the building of a routing follows, so as to establish multiple paths between nodes through the modiﬁed QoS k-nearest neighborhood, based on diﬀerent QoS constraints and on optimum shortest paths. If one node in the path fails due to lack of residual energy, bandwidth, packet loss, delay, an alternate path leading through another neighborhood node is selected for communication. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, packet drop ratio and throughput compared to other existing routing protocols.

2021

Sensor Network are emerging as a new tool for important application in diverse fields like military surveillance, habitat monitoring, weather, home electrical appliances and others. Technically, sensor network nodes are limited in respect to energy supply, computational capacity and communication bandwidth. In order to prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocol is very critical. In this paper, we are optimizing how information can effectively disseminate to the destination is one of the most important tasks in sensor networks. Problem arises when intermediate nodes fail to forward incoming packets. Due to limited power and slow processor in each node, algorithms of sensor networks must be designed carefully. AODV is a typical algorithm which has been used to provide efficient data transmission. We aims to show analysis performance of routing protocol in wireless sensor network using AODV. This paper examines the performance of routing protocols which improve the network efficiency and maximize the network lifetime and optimizing the parameters. This analysis reveals that the PDR and Throughput is important features which need to be taken into consideration while designing routing for wireless sensor network, so optimizing the packet-size and mobility factor. However the AODV perform well when mobility is high.

2021, research.ijais.org

2021, International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks

In this paper, we unified two new algorithms, i.e., to selectively Bordercast the control packets in order to reduce the network load by limiting the number of control packets when ZRP searches for a new route. The second algorithm is proposed to optimize the performance of Query control mechanisms for the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for mobile ad hoc networks for communication on an urban terrain. ZRP proactively maintains routing information for a local neighbourhood (routing zone), while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. This hybrid routing approach can be more efficient than traditional Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) framework. However, without proper query control techniques, the ZRP cannot provide the expected reduction in the control traffic. Our proposed algorithm enhances the structure of the routing zone to provide enhanced detection and prevention of overlapping queries. These techniques can be applied to single or multiple channel mobile adhoc networks to improve both the delay and control traffic performance of ZRP. Our new algorithm allows ZRP to provide routes to all accessible network nodes, with less control traffic than purely proactive link state or purely reactive route discovery, and with less delay than conventional flood searching. To further improve the efficiency of Enhanced ZRP, our future work shall propose a new algorithm to overcome the generation of periodic updates in the routing table to reduce the control traffic. Thus by the implementation of our proposed algorithm the time taken to receive the first packet will be minimized, which results in better throughput. The performance evaluation via simulations using a well known simulator QualNet version 5.0 shows that the new approach has better performance than the traditional ZRP.

2021

2021, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY

sensor network is composed of a largenumber of autonomous sensor nodes, which are denselydeployed in the area of interest i.e either inside thephenomenon or very close to it. Routing is an importantoperation, being the foundation of data exchangingbetween wireless devices.Zone Routing Protocol was thefirst hybrid routing protocol with both a proactive and areactive routing component. ZRP was proposed to reducethe control overhead of proactive routing protocols anddecrease the latency caused by route discovery in reactiverouting protocols. ZRP defines a zone around each nodeconsisting of the numbers of neighbourhood. During myresearch work, I applied the hybrid routing protocol inwireless sensors and measure the correspondingperformance of the network in terms of overhead, delayand throughput.[10]

2021, Journal of Computer Networks and Communications

2021, Network and Complex Systems

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that are arbitrarily located so that the interconnections between nodes are dynamically changing. In MANET mobile nodes forms a temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Each node participating in the network acts both as host and a router and must therefore is willing to forward packets for other nodes. For this purpose, a routing protocol is needed. A routing protocol is used to find routes between mobile nodes to facilitate communication within the network. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol for MANET which combines the advantages of the proactive and reactive approaches by maintaining an up-to-date topological map of a zone centered on each node. I am going to do simulation based study in order to analyze performance of ZRP protocol and I use Network Simulator (NS-2) tool to analysis performance of ZRP and analysis by varying node density and transmission range on different parameter like throughput, average end to end delay, and Normalized Routing load.

2021

The rapid evaluation of data transmission in wireless communication technologies can show many problems. In the previous year's many routing protocols was developed, implemented, and evaluated for transmission of data in the Mobile ad hoc network (MANET), where it envisioned to be a useful technology in military communication systems and other areas. One of the routing protocols used in MANET is the hierarchical routing protocol that considered an energy efficient. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive study will be presented of the hierarchical routing protocol for MANET in order to expose new open issues to either improve the existing routing techniques or to develop new routing solutions for other researchers. The reviewed routing protocol is designed to support networks of a medium size, containing approximately between 150 to 250 nodes but less than 3,000 nodes. The reviewed design is intentionally simple to allow ease of implementation in comparison with other MANET pr...

2021, Ijca Proceedings on International Conference on Microelectronics Circuits and Systems

ZRP is one of the well-known Hybrid routing protocols in MANET. But still it has lots of limitations due to network load by many useless control packets. When the protocol searches for a new route, it sends many worthless control packets. To enhance the ZRP in this paper, we propose ZMRP (Zone Multicast Routing Protocol). ZMRP reduces the network load by limiting the number of control packets, when the protocol searches for a new route.

2021, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

2021, International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing

An ad hoc wireless network has a dynamic nature that leads to constant changes in its network topology. As a consequence, the routing problem becomes more complex and challengeable, and it probably is the most addressed and studied problem in ad hoc networks. Based on the routing information update mechanism Ad hoc wireless networks routing protocols are classified into Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols. Out of these, Hybrid Routing Protocol combines the best futures of the first two categories. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is one of the hybrid routing protocols in which every network node proactively maintaining routing information about its routing zone, while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. In this paper, we proposed the Independent Zone Routing Protocol (IZRP) an enhancement of the Zone Routing Protocol which allows adaptive and distributed configuration for the optimal size of each node's routing zone, on per-node basis. We demonstrate the performance of IZRP with various performance metrics. Furthermore, we compared the performance of IZRP and ZRP by considering performance metrics Packet Delivery Fraction, Normalized Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay.

2021

2020, Integrated Intelligent Research

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is collection of multi-hop wireless mobile nodes that Communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. The wireless links in this network are highly error prone and can go down frequently due to mobility of nodes, interference and less infrastructure. Therefore, routing in MANET is a critical task due to highly dynamic environment. This research paper provides an overview of these protocols by presenting their advantages and disadvantages of the proactive, reactive and hierarchical protocols and then makes their comparative analysis of their advantages and disadvantages. The clustering technique is effective in prolonging the lifetime of the network.The simulation result demonstrates that dual cluster heads in distributed hash table replication can improve the performances of a replica manager with respect to updates propagation in comparison to that of a single cluster head in distributed hash table replication system. Therefore objective is to make observations about how the advantages and disadvantages of these protocols can be improved.However, remains a challenging problemwe have proposed Dual cluster heads within a single cluster replication and we increase the node energy lifetime.

2018

2017

Mobile ad hoc network is collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically be set up anywhere and anytime without using pre-existing infrastructure. It is autonomous system in which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to move randomly and often act as routers at the same time. MANET has some attributes like simplicity of use, continually changing topology, wireless connection and distributed operations. Here defined Problem is to find routes between mobile nodes to facilitate communication within the network. The main goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to establish correct and efficient route between a pair of mobile nodes. Route should be discovered and maintained with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol that maintains routing details proactively for local neighborhood (routing zone) and acquiring routes to farther neighborhood (beyond the routing zone) is done reactively. However, it generates many routing overhead control packets consuming already limited energy and bandwidth in MANETs. The main goal of this work is to reduce the end-to-end delay and energy consumption incurred in routing in ZRP by discerning border casting and location oriented route discovery process which results in reduced target area to send control packets.

2017, The Scientific World Journal

Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a vital consideration when designing wireless networking protocols. In this paper, we propose a Decentralized Fuzzy Clustering Protocol, named DCFP, which minimizes total network energy dissipation to promote maximum network lifetime. The process of constructing the infrastructure for a given WSN is performed only once at the beginning of the protocol at a base station, which remains unchanged throughout the network's lifetime. In this initial construction step, a fuzzy C-means algorithm is adopted to allocate sensor nodes into their most appropriate clusters. Subsequently, the protocol runs its rounds where each round is divided into a CH-Election phase and a Data Transmission phase. In the CH-Election phase, the election of new cluster heads is done locally in each cluster where a new multicriteria objective function is proposed to enhance the quality of elected cluster heads. In the Data Transmission phase, the sensing and data transmission from each sensor node to their respective cluster head is performed and cluster heads in turn aggregate and send the sensed data to the base station. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime, data delivery, and energy consumption compared to other well-known energy-efficient protocols.

2017, Wseas Transactions on Computers

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a hot research area due to its use in many military and civilian applications. WSN consists of distributed small, low power and limited capabilities sensors that are scattered in the network field to sense different parameters in the environment. The sensed data will be sent to a more powerful node called sink node (Base Station). The sink node is usually connected to a power supply and is used to process the data and to connect the sensor network to other networks like the Internet. One of the major challenges in such networks is how to provide connection between the sensors and the sink node and how to exchange the data while maintaining the security requirements and taking into consideration their limited resources in terms of energy, memory and available bandwidth. In this paper a power-efficient, secure routing protocol is proposed to help managing the resources in WSN networks. The proposed protocol is a hybrid of two major categories of protocols in WSNs, namely tree-based and cluster-based protocols. The proposed protocol is combined with a Fuzzy Logic inference system to aid in the selection of the best route based on a combination of three factors: the path length, the available power and the node reputation resulted from the Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The proposed protocol uses three Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) that are implemented in two tiers. Tier one will choose the best route in terms of shortest length and high power. Tier two provides a security assessment for the selected route.

2017

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of distributed sensors that are used to sense different parameters in the environment. It is currently used in many military and civilian applications and it becomes an active research area nowadays. These sensors are very limited in resources such as energy, memory and available bandwidth. One of the major challenges in such networks is how to provide connection between sensors and the sink node (base station) and how to exchange the data while maintaining the security requirements and taking into consideration their limited resources. In this paper a secure, power saving routing protocol is proposed to help managing the resources in WSN networks, the proposed protocol is a hybrid of two major categories of protocols in WSNs, namely tree-based and cluster-based protocols. The proposed protocol is combined with a Fuzzy Logic inference system to aid in the selection of the best route based on a combination of two factors: the path length and the available power. Illustrative examples are given about the usage of the new protocol.

2017, WSEAS Transactions on Computers

2016

The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) is one of the most reliable and effective protocols in the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). It is also one of the few MANET protocols whose routing scheme can easily be optimized. But the routing overhead generated by its routing algorithm still leaves substantial amounts of energy being wasted. Route Request (RREQ) and Route Maintenance packets generate overhead control packets that occupy bandwidth, consume energy and may overwhelm a network if not controlled. This paper proposed EEDSR, an extension of DSR that reduces routing overhead by limiting the number of route discovery and maintenance packets in the MANET. The scheme involves bigger packet headers for the source route discovery packets since they contain information about the energy levels of the nodes in the route cache. In EEDSR, since the RREQ packets are flooded once for each communication period, routing overhead is minimized.

2016, Journal of Sensors

The wireless sensor network consists of small limited energy sensors which are connected to one or more sinks. The maximum energy consumption takes place in communicating the data from the nodes to the sink. Multiple sink WSN has an edge over the single sink WSN where very less energy is utilized in sending the data to the sink, as the number of hops is reduced. If the energy consumed by a node is balanced between the other nodes, the lifetime of the network is considerably increased. The network lifetime optimization is achieved by restructuring the network by modifying the neighbor nodes of a sink. Only those nodes are connected to a sink which makes the total energy of the sink less than the threshold. This energy balancing through network restructuring optimizes the network lifetime. This paper depicts this fact through simulations done in MATLAB.

2016

This paper introduces a monitoring and navigation system to help people with disabilities (MND WSN). The proposed system is based on wireless sensor networks. In the MND WSN system, each disabled person uses a handheld smart phone device. Three types of disabilities are studied in this paper: (1) blind, (2) deaf, and (3) on wheelchair. We experimented with a three-floor university building. Sensor nodes and cameras are scattered in all rooms and hallways. Smart phones are used to communicate with the sensor nodes to take instructions to navigate through the appropriate path. Dijkstra's algorithm is used for navigation. MND WSN also monitors the disabled person while navigating. The proposed system is compared to a baseline reference experiment. Results show improvement of 34% compared to the baseline reference experiment.

2016

2016, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

On behalf of the guest editors and reviewers, it is an honor for us to introduce you to this special issue, which includes articles that cover topics of particular interest to researchers in the field of sensor technology and applications in industrial control system. This issue contains 41 articles coming from various countries, among which are Germany, China, South Korea, India, Greece, Turkey, and Macau. Achieving such a high quality of papers would have been impossible without the huge work that was undertaken by the editorial board members and external reviewers. We take this opportunity to thank them for their great support and cooperation.