HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOL Research Papers (original) (raw)

An ad hoc wireless network has a dynamic nature that leads to constant changes in its network topology.
As a consequence, the routing problem becomes more complex and challengeable, and it probably is the
most addressed and studied problem in ad hoc networks. Based on the routing information update
mechanism Ad hoc wireless networks routing protocols are classified into Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid
Routing Protocols. Out of these, Hybrid Routing Protocol combines the best futures of the first two
categories. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is one of the hybrid routing protocols in which every
network node proactively maintaining routing information about its routing zone, while reactively
acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. In this paper, we proposed the Independent Zone
Routing Protocol (IZRP) an enhancement of the Zone Routing Protocol which allows adaptive and
distributed configuration for the optimal size of each node’s routing zone, on per-node basis. We
demonstrate the performance of IZRP with various performance metrics. Furthermore, we compared the
performance of IZRP and ZRP by considering performance metrics Packet Delivery Fraction, Normalized
Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay.

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- Wireless Ad hoc Networks, HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOL, End-To-End Delay, Zone Routing Protocol

With the rapid development in mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), it has become very essential to focus on the efficiency in performance of small sensing nodes operating in WSNs. While designing a routing protocol for mobile sensor nodes, the quality parameters like end-to-end delays and routing overhead are always considered. Moreover, the nodes in wirelessly connected mobile networks consume considerable power on routing more than other functionalities. Any modification in a standard routing protocol can also affect routing overhead, end-to-end delays, and energy consumption of nodes. In this paper a new hybrid routing protocol, named as State-Aware Link Maintenance Approach (SALMA), is introduced which is based on Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols. The work also focuses on the activeness of nodes in the network operations and defines three states of nodes, that is, white, gray, and black. The work concludes that the proposed protocol gives improvements in some quality of service metrics like lower delay than DSR, lower routing overhead than OLSR, and lesser energy consumption by the network nodes.

In this paper, we unified two new algorithms, i.e., to selectively Bordercast the control packets in order to reduce the network load by limiting the number of control packets when ZRP searches for a new route. The second algorithm is proposed to optimize the performance of Query control mechanisms for the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for mobile ad hoc networks for communication on an urban terrain. ZRP proactively maintains routing information for a local neighbourhood (routing zone), while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. This hybrid routing approach can be more efficient than traditional Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) framework. However, without proper query control techniques, the ZRP cannot provide the expected reduction in the control traffic. Our proposed algorithm enhances the structure of the routing zone to provide enhanced detection and prevention of overlapping queries. These techniques can be applied to single or multiple channel mobile adhoc networks to improve both the delay and control traffic performance of ZRP. Our new algorithm allows ZRP to provide routes to all accessible network nodes, with less control traffic than purely proactive link state or purely reactive route discovery, and with less delay than conventional flood searching. To further improve the efficiency of Enhanced ZRP, our future work shall propose a new algorithm to overcome the generation of periodic updates in the routing table to reduce the control traffic. Thus by the implementation of our proposed algorithm the time taken to receive the first packet will be minimized, which results in better throughput. The performance evaluation via simulations using a well known simulator QualNet version 5.0 shows that the new approach has better performance than the traditional ZRP.

- by Nabil Alrajeh
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- Cognitive Science, Computer Science, Distributed Computing, Routing protocols

Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to many attacks due to he lack of security, power limitations, resource handling, and limitation of capability. In order to satisfy secure communication between all nodes and efficient power consumption, this paper proposes Secure Path-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network. The proposed routing protocol is a hybrid of two protocols namely: Cluster-based and Tree-based protocols. To protect from attack, the proposed protocol uses Fuzzy Logic inference system for selection of the secure route. The proposed protocol adopts three Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) in order of handle secure shortest path with efficient power supply.

- by Nabil Alrajeh
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- Cognitive Science, Computer Science, Distributed Computing, Routing protocols