History of Crusades Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Revista Bistriței

Since the early days of their settlement in Transylvania, the Saxons have played an important role in defending the southeastern and northwestern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary. This study examines the military efforts undertaken by the city of Bistrița in 1521 in the context of Belgrad crusade. The city’s expenses for paying mercenaries and covering various services necessary for preparing for the battle are discussed based on a 1521 register preserved at the National Archives– Cluj, within the archive of the city of Bistrița, in the “Accounts” series.

2025

This article examines the role played by Damascus in the crusaders'/Eastern Franks' strategic thinking across the lifespan of the mainland Crusader States. It also discusses further matters including trade between Damascus and... more

2025, Open Library of Humanities Journal

Ancestors Legacy is a 2018 real-time strategy video game set in the Middle Ages. The game was developed by the controversial Polish studio Destructive Creations, whose members have been accused of sympathizing and supporting far-right movements online. This ideological support can be seen in their video games, some of which have included the use of crusading medievalisms in line with the civilizational-conflict narrative often espoused by far-right movements: i.e. the idea that Christianity is embarked in a never-ending battle with Islam and other cultures, of which the crusades are just an episode. Nevertheless, Ancestors Legacy categorically condemns the crusades as unfair and hypocritical, a statement backed by a reasonably accurate recounting of the events. Upon closer inspection, however, this accuracy is superficial and molded by a larger ideological framework about the Middle Ages and the crusades. This article argues that the game occupies the dissonant space of condemning crusading but adopting it as an unavoidable part of the clash of civilizations that lasts until this day, hence justifying the player exercising the very violence it condemns. This is an example of what Adrienne Shaw has called the tyranny of realism: an obsession with accuracy in video games, based on hegemonic and audience-driven perceptions of the past that do not allow for a critical and emancipatory approximation to history.

2025, 21st Century Medievalisms. Between the Global and Individual

2025

Słowniczek tytułów i urzędów w Cesarstwie Bizantyńskim opracowano
według „Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy” , „Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium” oraz „The imperial administrative system in the ninth
century, with a revised text of Kletorologion of Philotheos” - Johna Bagnella Burrego (Veselina Sokołova).
Bazuje na źródłach: Taktikonie Uspienskiego (842/843), Kletorologion Filotheosa (899 r.) oraz pismach Konstantyna Porfirogenety (VIII- XI w.).
Słowniczek wymienia: - tytuły cesarskie (używane przez cesarzy i ich rodziny); - „brodatych” (βαρβάτοι - nie eunuchów), - eunuchów (εὐνοῦχοι, εκτομίαι); - urzędy pałacowe; - funkcje wojskowe; - biura i inne urzędy administracyjne (w tym urzędy w officium ok. 400 r. n.e.); - urzędy celno - kontrolne przy imporcie i eksporcie oraz aprowizacyjne dla armii; - inne funkcje; - tytuły i urzędy kościelne (zwierzchników, kościelne niższej rangi, klasztorne); - funkcje charytatywne, - tytuły kobiet.
Zestawiono tytuły i urzędy z podaniem przykładów zapisu na pieczęciach oraz datowania.

2025, Journal of Seljuk Studies

Among the Turks, who are renowned worldwide particularly for their martial prowess, the Oghuz tribes—and among them, the Seljuks—stood out with their exceptional skills in the art of war. As a result of their military and political achievements, the Seljuks established a state in the 11th century and rapidly expanded their borders from Anatolia to the Sea of Oman, and from the Caucasus to India and China. During this process, they frequently employed age-old tactics such as hit-and-run attacks, feigned retreats, surprise ambushes, and night raids. This study focuses on night raids (shebīhūn), a tactic that has received relatively little scholarly attention among the aforementioned strategies. The introduction discusses the strategic significance of night raids and provides historical examples of various types of raids. The second section explores the preferred timings for such operations by the Seljuks, as well as the qualities required of warriors who played active roles in these raids. The following section outlines the methods employed during raids and how the enemy was neutralized with minimal casualties. The final section examines the defensive measures taken by enemy forces against night raids. This study aims to fill an important gap in the literature, particularly through its reliance on classical military texts and primary sources, and by addressing previously unexplored aspects of Seljuk warfare.

2025, Multum laboravistis propter nos et propter bonum pacis et unionis: episoade şi reverberaţii ale Evului Mediu. Profesorului Ioan-Aurel Pop, în al șaptezecilea an al vieții, editori Adinel C. Dincă, Alexandru Simon, I-II (Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2025), 402 p. + 406 p.

The volume(s) bring together the contributions of some of the leading experts in the medieval and early modern history of the lands and the inhabitants of modern-day Romania. The studies and their topics reflect diversity and divergences, the natural offsprings of a tumultuous past, recollected in balanced manners. The occasion for such an endeavour was the seventieth anniversary of Professor Ioan-Aurel Pop.

2025, Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi

Champagne Kontluğu, Kuzey Fransa'da yer alan ve merkezi Troyes şehri olan bir feodal senyörlüktü; XII. yüzyıldan itibaren Champagne kontları Haçlı Seferlerine katıldılar. Bu kontlardan birisi olan I. Henri, II. Haçlı Seferlerine katılarak Anadolu’da Selçuklulara karşı savaşmıştır. Henri’nin Haçlılarla birlikte katıldığı bir sonraki askerî sefer 1179 Haçlı harekatıdır. Haçlıların en büyük endişesi İslam ordularının Haçlı devletlerine, özellikle Filistin’de bulunan Kudüs Krallığı’na karşı faaliyetleriydi. Bu nedenle 1160'lardan itibaren, Haçlı devletlerinden Batı Avrupa'ya yardım çağrıları yapılmış, bu çağrılar mektuplar ve elçiler yoluyla iletilmiştir. Beauvais piskoposu Philippe ve Pierre de Courtenay gibi Haçlılar 1179 seferine katılmış, Henri seferin lideri olmuştur. Temmuz 1179’da Henri ve diğer Haçlı askerlerinin varışından sonra, Selahaddin Eyyubi 24 Ağustos’ta Tapınak Şövalyelerinin savunduğu Chastellet adlı kaleye saldırmıştır. Kudüs kralı IV. Baudouin, Haçlıları Taberiye’de bir araya getirerek kaleye yardım için harekete geçse de seferin çok yavaş ilerlemesi nedeniyle bu çabalar sonuçsuz kalmış ve kale kısa bir sürede Selahaddin Eyyubi tarafından ele geçirilmiştir. I. Henri’nin ardından oğlu II. Henri’nin III. Haçlı Seferi’ne katılması, II. Henri’nin ardından ise kardeşi III. Thibaut’nun (1197-1201) IV. Haçlı Seferi’nin ilk aşamalarında Haçlılara öncülük etmesi örneklerinde görüleceği üzere Champagne kontları Haçlı Seferlerindeki faaliyetlerini kararlı bir şekilde sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu çalışmada, Champagne Kontluğu’nun Haçlı Seferleri üzerindeki etkileri ve seferlere sağladığı katkılar incelenmektedir. Öncelikle, Champagne Kontluğu’nun stratejik konumu ve siyasi ilişkileri bağlamında, Champagne kontlarının Haçlı Seferlerindeki rolü ele alınacaktır.

2025

Rola kobiet w społeczeństwie bizantyńskim to temat niezwykle złożony. Znaczną pomocą w ocenie ich roli mogą być również ich pieczęcie. Poniższa prezentacja ma na celu przybliżenie tego zagadnienia. Zaprezentowano sceny z życia kobiet u władzy w oparciu o iluminacje przechowywanego w Bibliotece Narodowej w Madrycie greckiego rękopisu na pergaminie, datowanego na XII-XIII wiek dzieła autorstwa Ioannesa Skylitesa zawierający 577 miniatur autorstwa różnych artystów. Podano przykłady wybitnych kobiet u władzy, ale i szeroką gamę kobiet niższego szczebla.
Sfragistyka bizantyńska wyraźnie potwierdza w okresie VII –XII wieku wzrost liczby pieczęci wybijanych przez kobiety i przemianę legend, które stopniowo uzupełniały imiona o kolejne tytuły i nawiązanie do więzi rodzinnej (imiona rodowe) oraz powiązania z cesarską rodziną. Miejsce kobiet wyraźnie poprawia się na szczycie społeczeństwa, między okresem ikonoklastycznym a wiekiem Komnenów. Linia matczyna (wynikająca z również finansowej niezależności) - jest brana pod uwagę tak samo jak ojca, czasami o skromniejszym pochodzeniu.
W prezentacji przedstawiono wybrane przykłady pieczęci kobiet.
Liczba pieczęci kobiet to zaledwie 7% wszystkich zachowanych do dnia dzisiejszego pieczęci bizantyńskich.
Pieczęcie wymieniają szeroką listę tytułów honoryfikacyjnych wynikających z powiązań z najbliższą rodziną cesarza, ale również z pełnionych przez ich współmałżonków funkcji czy godności. Na plombach stosunkowo szeroka gama imion kobiet nie wyczerpuje nawet w połowie pełnej listy odnotowanych w innych źródłach wariantów.

2025, International journal of social sciences

St. Peter Known as the first pope was given the unique privilege, after Christ Himself, of being the principal foundation stone of the Church, and of possessing the keys symbolizing supreme authority in the Church. The other Apostles were to share as a group in the authority to teach and rule in the Church. Slowly the Church (Catholic) had universal authority in the Church, and the states where they have influence. Soon, the Vatican City began as a marginal player in the reshaping of the European international order after the First World War. The Vatican's interwar activism sought to disseminate a new Catholic vision of international affairs, which militated against the separation of church and state, and in many contexts helped undermine the principles of the League of Nations' minority rights regime. Thanks in no small part to the assiduity of individual papal diplomatswho disseminated the new Catholic vision of international affairs by supporting anti-communist political factionsthe Vatican was able to claim a more prominent role in European political affairs and lay the legal and discursive foundations for an alternate conception of the European international order, conceived in starkly anti-secular terms. This paper studies the decline of the decline of papal influence on Europe.

2025, Genç Kalemler: Tarih, Düşünce ve Kültür Dergisi

Papa II. Urbanus’un Clermont Konsili’nde yapmış olduğu çağrı sonrası 1096 yılında başlayan I. Haçlı Seferi; Franklar, Normanlar ve Cermenler gibi aynı dine fakat farklı kökenlere sahip birçok asker ve gönüllünün yanında bu seferin liderleri olarak öne çıkan soylu ve ruhban sınıfından kişilerin katılımıyla gerçekleşmiş ve tarihin önemli bir dönüm noktasını oluşturmuştur. Birinci Haçlı Seferi sırasında haçlı grupları arasında yaşanan anlaşmazlıklar ve rekabet nihayetinde Kudüs Haçlı Krallığı, Antakya Haçlı Prinkepsliği, Urfa Kontluğu ve Trablus Kontluğu olmak üzere dört ayrı haçlı devletinin kuruluşuna yol açmıştır.

2025, Frontiers of Narrative Studies

In this special issue, we explore the possibility of operationalizing the concepts of master and counter-narrative in the theory and analysis of fictional literary narratives. Ordered in reverse chronology with respect to the primary texts being analyzed in the articles, the collection raise both theoretical, methodological, and analytical questions, and explore whether the existing concepts of master- and counter narratives can be used in the analysis of fictional narratives or whether adjustments are necessary. In some articles, the authors consider what the dimension of fiction can bring to counter-narrativity as it is defined in the narrative analysis in social sciences. More generally, we ask whether and how deeply the theory of counter-narratives can be integrated into the theory of narratology and the study of fiction, the word "fiction” being understood here both in the sense of generic fiction (such as the novel, the short story, the fiction film) and in the sense of the theoretical concept of fiction.

2025, transcript Verlag eBooks

2025, Zapiski Historyczne

The context of the activities of the papal legate Baldwin of Aulne (d. 1243?) in Livonia in the 1230s is challenging to interpret due to limited sources. The previous research has traditionally focused on the failure of his Livonian politics. This paper argues that Baldwin, a Cistercian monk, who was sent as vice-legate and later as legate to the Baltic, became the bishop of Semigallia, and eventually received an archiepiscopal title in the Latin Empire, most probably originated from the high nobility of Hainaut. His highborn status facilitated his close contact with the court of the bishop of Liège. This social background may have contributed to his tensions with Livonian leaders, who were dominantly of ministerial descent. However, the potentially noble lineage, papal authority and episcopal power proved to be insufficient in a contest where the opposition wielded significant military power and the legatine title in real life did not provide any access to the locally accessible material and military resources.

2025, Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi

Adriyatik Denizi’nin kuzeyinde stratejik bir konumda yer alan Dalmaçya, hem ticaret yolları hem de deniz üzerindeki hakimiyeti bakımından tarih boyunca büyük bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Deniz üstünlüğünü güvence altına almak isteyen Venedik, bölgenin kilit limanlarını ve yerleşim yerlerini kontrol etmek için bir dizi askerî harekâta girişti. Doge II. Pietro Orseolo (991–1008) döneminde Venedik, Adriyatik'te öne çıkarak 992 yılında Bizans İmparatorluğu ile bir ittifak kurdu. Bu ittifak, Venedik gemilerine düşük gümrük vergileri ve ayrıcalıklı geçiş imkânı tanıdı. Ancak Macar Krallığı, 12. yüzyılın başlarında Hırvatistan'ı ilhak ettikten sonra, hayati bir geçiş yolu olan Dalmaçya'yı kontrol etmeye çalışarak Venedik'in başlıca rakibi haline geldi. Macarlar 1117'deki Zadar Savaşı'nda Venediklileri önemli bir yenilgiye uğrattılar. Dalmaçya'nın bir Bizans teması olması, Bizans İmparatorluğu'nu çatışmanın içine çekerek durumu daha da karmaşık hale getirdi. Dördüncü Haçlı Seferi'nin (1204) ardından Venedikliler, Dalmaçya'nın adaları ve kıyı şehirleri üzerinde kontrol sağlamak için güçlü donanmalarından yararlandılar ve Macarlarla uzun süre devam eden mücadelelere rağmen, nihayetinde yüzyıllar boyunca bölgedeki egemenliklerini sürdürmeyi başardılar.

2025, Postponed World Conquest

Link: https://postponed-world-conquest.spbu.ru/en/ Within this Digital Humanities project’s framework, we published annotated translations of several Latin-language sources created in the 1230-1240s by contemporaries and witnesses of... more

2025, The Theory of Power in International Relations: A Study in Theoretical Foundations and Dimensions of Real-World Influence

Mahdi, Inas (Researcher)1 Description This paper was presented at the Third International Scientific Conference on Law, International Relations, and Media. It explores the concept of power in international relations by examining its... more

2025

Traduction française du texte de Franco Cardini : « I Fiorentini e la crociata di Pio II (1458 -1464) », in Storie fiorentine, Florence, 1994, pp. 228-269.

2025, Sevtap Gölgesiz, Karaca (ed.), The Crusades. Historiography, Representations and Relations from Europe to the Latin East

On 5 August 1243 the emperor of Constantinople Baldwin II of Courtenay (1240-1273) addressed a letter to Blanche of Castile, mother of the king of France Louis IX (1226-1270), containing a remarkable marriage-related request with regard to his recent alliance with the Seljuk sultanate of Rum. Both royals were his – rather distant – blood
relatives. Given the fact that said letter offers an interesting insight into Christian-Muslim relations from the perspective of the Latin imperial court, with this contribution I offer a detailed study of the document in question, situating it within its proper geopolitical context and taking into account earlier Seljuk-Latin imperial relations and contacts.

2025, Crusades

By early 1191, the crusade of Frederick Barbarossa lay in ruins; not only its leader, but also many others among the leadership, including Duke Frederick of Swabia, Bishop Diepold of Passau and Bishop Gottfried of Würzburg, had lost their lives. According to the Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris, a contemporary source of the crusade, the latter wanted to secure his remembrance by ordering his fideles to sever his right hand after his death and bring it back to Würzburg so that he would be remembered there. This article shows that shaping remembrance did indeed play an important role in the Historia de expeditione, which tried to offer a positive image of the otherwise failed undertaking. To show which means of memorialising crusaders were available to the anonymous author of the source, an overview of remembrance-formation in previous crusade texts will be presented. The remainder of the article will be dedicated to showing that such approaches to memorialisation were also utilised in the Historia de expeditione: the anonymous author compiled a favourable list of participating crusaders as well as a shameful list of those who transgressed their crusading vows. His narrative reveals a distinctly personal and regional focus, which is also reflected in the choice of whose deaths and deeds were included in the narrative, thus contributing to the remembrance of the 'actors' of the text and corroborating the Bavarian provenance of the anonymous author.

2025

In Ghent there was only one family which could truly call itself of Ghent, and that was that which descended from the early castellans of Ghent.

2025, Il geomètra e l’imago al cerchio: Dante e Gaudí

Convegno Verona "Dante e Gaudì" - Intervento Rossi: "Il geomètra e l’imago al cerchio: Dante e Gaudí". Abstract: Nell’ultima terzina della Commedia, Dante affronta la sfida estrema: tradurre in immagine la coesistenza del divino e... more

2025, La Battaglia di Civitate I Normanni alla Conquista del Sud Italia Atti del Convegno di Ricerca Storica - San Paolo di Civitate - 27 Giugno 2025

This article aims to explore the key question: What new tactics did the Normans introduce in Italy? What made their approach to warfare so innovative or radical that they became a sought-after military force for various geopolitical players in the region and, ultimately, managed to overcome all opposition within just a few decades of their arrival in Apulia? I will assess the myth of Norman battlefield invincibility and examine their most formidable tactical weapon—the cavalry charge—through case studies of battles such as Civitate (1053), Olivento (1041), Dyrrachium (1081), Ioannina/Arta (1082), and Larissa (1083).

2025, Journal of Baltic Studies

2025

Un nuovo portale on line pensato per l'accesso digitale a l ricco catalogo di Rivi ste della casa editrice. Esidigita permette di navigare nel catalogo titoli con la Ricerca Full Text, per keyword o keyphrase, e di ottenere una propria Biblioteca "On the Go" nella quale saranno disponibili tutti i titoli in abbonamento, con immediata consultazione da PC, laptop, tablet e smartphone. Consente, inoltre, di aggiungere le Riviste di interesse in una wishlist e di richiederne o di rinnovarne l'abbonamento con un semplice click.

2025, The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ed. Alan Murray

2025

"La retirada del Levante" es el tercer capítulo de "Los templarios y Tierra Santa", dedicado a los acontecimientos y significados meta históricos de la organización templaria. Se recuerdan los desacuerdos, sin duda más numerosos que los períodos de paz, entre los templarios y los hospitalarios en Tierra Santa. A este respecto, se concede especial importancia a las investigaciones archivísticas de Joseph Delaville Le Roulx: de hecho, las fuentes históricas provienen de "Documents concernant le Templiers" (1882), donde Le Roulx concentró algunos documentos de los archivos de los caballeros de Malta sobre los templarios. Allí emergen algunas de las disputas entre las dos órdenes, como aquella que giró entorno a la zona de la ciudad de Acre y el Flumen Acconensis ex Fonte Recordane, ubicado en la actual zona del parque natural de Ein Afek, al sur de Acre. A partir de disputas como esta, que se remontan a la primera mitad del siglo XIII, se teje un debate más amplio sobre la influencia de las órdenes templaria y la hospitalaria, en las diferentes zonas del Levante, así como sobre su gradual descentralización. De hecho, ambas acabaron enfrascadas en una lucha interna que las habría distanciado no solo de Oriente Próximo, sino también de sus propósitos más auténticamente devocionales y contemplativos.

2025, Gazi Akademik Bakış

XIII. yüzyıl sonlarında Doğu Akdeniz sahillerindeki genel görünüm tamamıyla değişti. Yaklaşık iki yüzyıl boyunca ölüm kalım mücadelesi veren Haçlılar, Memlûkluların kazandıkları zaferler neticesinde 1291 yılında bölgeden atıldı. Kutsal Toprakların kurtarılması için yeni Haçlı Seferi çağrısı yapan Papalık, bu sefer farklı bir yol izledi. Öncelikle bölgedeki siyasi ve askerî durumu tespit etmek amacıyla bölgeyi bilen kişilerden raporlar istedi. Papanın çağrısına din adamları, askerler, tüccarlar gibi toplumun her kesiminden insanlar yanıt verdi. Bunların arasında Napoli Kralı II. Charles d’Anjou da vardı. Babası I. Charles’dan miras kalan Kıbrıs kralı ünvanını korumaya hevesli görünen II. Charles, Haçlı Seferine ilişkin düşüncelerini Conseil adlı metinde ifade etti. Fikirleriyle diğer teorisyenlerden ayrı bir yere sahip olan II. Charles, Memlûklulara doğrudan saldırmak yerine farklı eylemler önermekteydi. Templier ve Hospitalier tarikatlarının durumlarına değinen kral, askerî tarikatları bir çatı altında toplama gibi radikal fikirlere de sahipti. Bu çalışmada II. Charles ve dönemi hakkında bilgi verilip Conseil üzerinde duruldu. Ayrıca çalışmanın sonunda eserin Eski Fransızcadan Türkçeye tercümesine yer verildi.

2025, Agora Psycho-Pragmatica

In October 2018, an international symposium adressed to specialists in anthropology and management took place in Arad, at "Aurel Vlaicu" University, in colaboration with "Vasile Goldi‫"܈‬ Western University. It was the first autumn edition of "Francisc I.Rainer" Symposium. The meeting, that aimed to improve the recognition of anthropology implications in human life areas, brought together specialists in the field of anthropology, medicine, education, and management. During the twoday symposium, 52 papers analysing the importance of anthropology in human life have been presented, along with debates and brainstorming sessions, intended to highlight anthropology as a complex science. Each participant has thus contributed to the development of anthropology, as a science of the human beings in their integral bio-social-cultural context of biodiversity. In conclusion, the symposium has responded to questions with solutions and recommendations regarding the few anthropological paliers.

2025, History of Medicine

One of the topical issues in medicine remains identifying the historically proven causes of the emergence of hospital
care. Historiography holds an opinion about the bloom of this socio-medical phenomenon between the IV and
V centuries. At the same time the circumstances that aff ected its rapid development have not yet been exhaustively
researched. This article presents historical facts, which support the key role of the Christian philosophy in the
institutionalization of providing the medico-social assistance in the III century.

2025, nuovo giornale nazionale

La seconda parte del mio studio teologico sulla teologia della guerra e della pace nell'etica cristiana alla luce dell'ermeneutica della continuità

2025, nuovo giornale nazionale

La prima parte di uno studio teologico sul rapporto tra pace e guerra nella storia dell'etica cristiana

2025

SILVIU SANIE. Din istoria religiei geto-<lacice (I) . C. REZACHEVIU, Localizarea bătăliei dintre Basarab I şi Carol Robert (1330) : În banatul de Severin (II) . . . . DOCUMrNTE GERNOT NUSSBĂCHER, î.Jn document privind come rţutl Bra~ovului cu Moldova la sfîrşirul secolului X\' (II) / II GH. BUZATIJ, CLAUDIU SECAŞIU, Din arhiva istorică a României contemporane (li) 679 DISCUŢII MARIA HOLBAN, Pc marginea unor ipoteze şi de<luqii . C. CIHODARU, Cu privire la fraţii clu.pă mamă ai lui Petru Rareş MUSTAFA A. MEHMET, Pe marginea unei recenzii .

2025

Conference held in Ioannina, Greece in June 2025. The maritime campaign in 1171-1172 against Emperor Manuel I Comnenus represented a disaster for the Venetian fleet under the command of Doge Vitale Michiele II. Relying upon a biological... more

2025, CERN / Zenodo

RESUMO/ABSTRACT Português: Este artigo investiga as origens, transformações e implicações do modelo de líder religioso no cristianismo, com foco especial no período pós-apostólico. Parte-se da hipótese de que a figura do “líder... more

2025, Crusades

Albert of Aachen has remained a mystery since his discovery in the 1580s. I identify him as Albert of Sponheim, a key chaplain and notary at the courts of Conrad III and Frederick Barbarossa. This identification rests on his Aachen connections, his relationship with the imperial chancellor Adalbert of Saarbrücken and ties to the Burgundian aristocracy, as well as remarkable similarities in writing style. The distinctive diplomatic phrases Albert of Aachen employs – borrowed from Gottschalk of Aachen (chief propagandist of Emperor Henry IV) – match those reintroduced by Albert of Sponheim in the mid-twelfth-century imperial chancery. I argue that these two Alberts were the same person. Additionally, I propose that Albert authored Aachen’s forged foundation charter, which aligns with both the crusade historian and later imperial notary in perspective and stylistic approach. Thus, rather than an unknown Albert who briefly wrote early in the twelfth century before vanishing, we can trace the career of an accomplished historian, notary and diplomat whose connections informed his extensive writing.

2025

Bratislava 5 June 2025

2025

Conference presented at 22nd Biennial Conference for Byzantine Studies (Newcastle, Australia, June 2025) The paper considers the manner in which one of the episodes occurred during the Fourth Crusade, reflecting the Byzantine diplomacy.... more

2025, Les croisades. Histoires et idées reçues, dir. Martin Aurell y Sylvain Gouguenheim, París, Perrin, pp. 217-234

2025, מנורה בדרום

'מכתבי תורה בנושאים שונים מאת מרן הרב מאיר מאזוז זצ''ל' [חלק א, מכתב מכסלו תשעז], מנורה בדרום, עב, אייר תשפה, עמ' טו-כ

2025

z66L-166 L anbtugpecP oguuv atboloupgco uo lnslcoc ap eper6 np uotluelqo,l ap en^ ue egluasgld asQq1 UBJJOO euuv '(esro3 rnelces) p5uenor4-ornErT ursseq np senbruolcueldol,tqd sglneunruruoc sep eJnlcnJJS el Jns senbruleu,(porp,{q... more

2025

Copyright © Bu kitabın Türkiye'deki her türlü yayın hakkı Eğitim Yayınevi'ne aittir. Bütün hakları saklıdır. Kitabın tamamı veya bir kısmı 5846 sayılı yasanın hükümlerine göre kitabı yayımlayan firmanın ve yazarlarının önceden izni... more

2025

The reasons such as piracy activities, epidemics, natural disasters, which started to increase in the VI th century on the coasts of Lycia, caused results that destroyed the coastal settlements and caused a decrease in the population. The earthquakes that took place in the VI th and VIII th centuries were especially effective in coastal settlements such as Myra, Kekova, Simena and Aperlai, and the coastal part collapsed into the sea for this reason. In addition to these disasters, the Great plague 2 epidemic that occurred in 542 and started in the Sassanid lands, especially in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and in the port cities of Lycia and Pamphylia in the Mediterranean, caused the population decrease in the port settlements (Duggan 2004, 137-140; İşler 2013, 286). After the epidemic, St. Nicolaos, the Bishop of Myra, proposed not to trade from Alacadağ and Myra to coastal settlements in order to prevent this epidemic from reaching the inner regions from the coastal areas, and as a result, the flow of goods from the mountainous areas to the coastal areas came to a halt, and economic problems were experienced in the region (Foss,1996, 307).

2025, L’ Italia Meridionale nel Medioevo Un centro politico, culturale ed economico (Secoli V-XIII)

2025, Saeculum Christianum

The cloister of Cistercians in Henryków possesses the complex founding traditions, both monastic and secular. The most complete vision of the origins of the monastery in Henryków gives us the Book of Henryków. The Book of Henryków delivers quite a complicated picture of the foundation. In the foundation of the cloister as many as three persons took part: the notary Nicholas, prince Henry the Bearded and Henry the Pious. According to the author of the first part of the Book of Henryków, the prince Henry the Pious was the only founder of the cloister. The analysis of late medieval and renaissance chronicles give us a quite different picture of its foundation. There are two leading concepts. The first sustained thesis of princely foundations. Its originator was Peter of Byczyna the author of the Chronica Principium Poloniae. The second concept was created by Jan Dlugosz, who ascribed the foundation of Henryków to the notary Nicholas.

2025, I Templari nelle fonti medievali

La bolla pontificia emanata da Papa Clemente IV il 12 aprile 1265 rappresenta una testimonianza di valore per comprendere i meccanismi amministrativi e canonici che regolavano i rapporti tra il papato e gli ordini militari nel XIII secolo. Il documento, conservato negli Archivi Apostolici Vaticani e successivamente trascritto nel Bollario dell'Ordine di Malta, affronta una questione apparentemente di routine: la richiesta di ordinazione sacerdotale per un cappellano templare di nome Stefano di Seyxa. Tuttavia, dietro questa procedura burocratica si celano meccanismi istituzionali di notevole complessità che illuminano aspetti cruciali dell'organizzazione ecclesiastica medievale. Il testo clementino rivela diversi livelli di significato storico che ne fanno una fonte primaria di interesse per multiple prospettive di ricerca.
Dal punto di vista diplomatico, la bolla illustra le procedure sviluppate dalla cancelleria apostolica per gestire le complesse questioni canoniche sollevate dalla necessità di coordinare l'ordinazione di membri degli ordini militari privilegiati. La struttura del documento, i suoi destinatari e le formule utilizzate testimoniano la maturità raggiunta dall'amministrazione papale nel coordinare autorità ecclesiastiche distribuite su scala continentale per sostenere le richieste provenienti dagli ordini militari. Dal punto di vista istituzionale, il caso di Stefano di Seyxa offre uno spaccato concreto dei meccanismi attraverso cui gli ordini militari richiedevano il sostegno papale per le ordinazioni dei propri membri, evidenziando le strategie sviluppate per coordinare l'autonomia degli ordini privilegiati con il controllo gerarchico della Chiesa. La necessità di una raccomandazione papale per facilitare l'ordinazione di un membro dell'Ordine templare rivela i delicati equilibri di potere che caratterizzavano le relazioni tra istituzioni monastico-militari e autorità diocesane locali. Dal punto di vista geografico e organizzativo, il documento testimonia la complessità del coordinamento necessario per gestire richieste che coinvolgevano autorità distribuite dalle terre d'oltremare ai territori franco-borgognoni, illustrando le strategie di coordinamento amministrativo necessarie per mantenere l'efficacia operativa di organizzazioni che operavano su scala europea. La specificazione geografica contenuta nella bolla e la dimensione temporale legata alla festa di San Giovanni Battista rivelano inoltre l'integrazione tra esigenze pratiche e identità spirituale che caratterizzava la gestione delle procedure ecclesiastiche.
Il pontificato di Clemente IV (1265-1268) rappresenta un momento di particolare equilibrio nelle relazioni tra papato e ordini militari. Gui Foucois, giurista di formazione e di origine francese, aveva sviluppato una politica di sistematico sostegno agli ordini religioso-militari, concependoli come strumenti strategici della presenza pontificia in Oriente e come baluardi dell'ortodossia cattolica in Occidente. Questo orientamento si tradusse in un consolidamento delle procedure attraverso cui il papato sosteneva le richieste degli ordini militari, accompagnato da un'attenta regolamentazione delle modalità di coordinamento per prevenire conflitti con il clero secolare. Il documento del 1265 si inserisce in questo quadro di equilibrio istituzionale, mostrando come la Sede Apostolica avesse sviluppato strumenti di mediazione tra le diverse componenti del corpo ecclesiale per facilitare le ordinazioni richieste dagli ordini militari. La precisione delle formule giuridiche utilizzate e la complessità delle procedure descritte riflettono sia la formazione specialistica del pontefice sia la sofisticazione raggiunta dalle pratiche amministrative ecclesiastiche del XIII secolo.
L'analisi del documento clementino richiede un approccio multidisciplinare che integri prospettive diplomatiche, prosopografiche, canonistiche e liturgiche. La ricostruzione dell'identità di Stefano di Seyxa attraverso l'analisi onomastica apre questioni sulla mobilità geografica del personale templare e sui meccanismi attraverso cui l'Ordine richiedeva il sostegno papale per le ordinazioni dei propri membri. La presenza di "frater Bernardus" illumina i ruoli procedurali sviluppati per gestire i rapporti con la curia papale e assicurare il corretto svolgimento delle procedure. Le implicazioni canoniche della richiesta sostenuta da Clemente IV aprono prospettive di ricerca sui meccanismi attraverso cui il papato coordinava i privilegi concessi agli ordini militari con l'esigenza di mantenere il controllo sulla validità e la regolarità delle ordinazioni, evidenziando le strategie sviluppate per bilanciare autonomia istituzionale e controllo gerarchico. La dimensione liturgica legata alla scadenza della festa di San Giovanni Battista rivela inoltre l'utilizzo del simbolismo religioso come strumento di coordinamento temporale nelle procedure ecclesiastiche.
La presente analisi si propone di esaminare questi diversi aspetti in modo sistematico, collocando il caso specifico di Stefano di Seyxa nel più ampio contesto delle trasformazioni istituzionali che caratterizzarono la Chiesa del XIII secolo e delle strategie sviluppate dal papato per gestire le complesse relazioni con gli ordini militari in un periodo di crescente sofisticazione amministrativa e di evoluzione delle pratiche canoniche.

2025

Éderson J. de Vasconcelos. 227 ...aquele monstro que se sustenta das fazendas, do sangue, das vilas, e quanto mais come e consome tanto menos se farta. É a guerra aquela tempestade terrestre, que leva os campos, as casa, as vilas, os castelos, as cidades e, talvez em um momento sorve os reinos e monarquias inteiras. É a guerra aquela calamidade composta de todas as calamidades, em quem não há mal algum que, ou se não padeça ou se não tema, nem bem que seja próprio e seguro...(Padre Antônio Vieirasermão proferido em Lisboa 1668) 228

2025, I Templari nelle fonti mediavali

Nel febbraio del 1256, papa Alessandro IV si trova a dover risolvere una complessa controversia finanziaria che coinvolge le ultime istituzioni cristiane rimaste in Terra Santa. Al centro della disputa ci sono 400 marche d'argento - una somma enorme per l'epoca, equivalente a quasi 100 chilogrammi di argento puro.
La questione è nata da una decisione del papa precedente, Innocenzo IV, che aveva affidato questa somma agli Ordini militari dei Templari e degli Ospedalieri perché fosse utilizzata per difendere la città di Antiochia dalle crescenti minacce musulmane. Tuttavia, nel corso del tempo, i soldi erano finiti nelle mani sbagliate e ora diverse autorità ecclesiastiche li rivendicavano.
Il Patriarca di Antiochia sostiene che quei fondi gli spettano di diritto, dato che erano destinati alla difesa della sua città. I Templari rivendicano le 400 marche perché avevano già anticipato quella cifra ai loro sostenitori. Nel frattempo, sembra che il Patriarca di Gerusalemme abbia già ricevuto gli stessi soldi, forse illegalmente.
La situazione è resa ancora più drammatica dal fatto che siamo negli ultimi anni di vita degli Stati Crociati: Antiochia cadrà definitivamente in mano musulmana nel 1268, appena 12 anni dopo questa controversia. Ogni risorsa finanziaria è quindi letteralmente questione di vita o di morte per queste comunità cristiane assediate.
Papa Alessandro IV deve quindi dirimere questa intricata questione, stabilendo chi ha diritto ai soldi e come utilizzarli al meglio per la difesa dei territori cristiani rimasti.