History of Imperialism Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

This critical essay interrogates colonial modernity's meanings of cosmos, life, and politics in order to understand the knowable and sensible processes of the struggle for existence in the world as we know it. The theoretical discussion follows the proposition of concepts through the black radical imagination, and a critique of the conceptions of subject and subjection. The methodology involves studies on racism and coloniality for a cosmopolitics that is attentive to the racialized ways in which governance manages the present, the past and the future in societies.

2025

Colonialism is both a practice and a worldview. As a practice, it involves the domination of a society by settlers from a different society. As a worldview, colonialism is a truly global geopolitical, economic, and cultural doctrine that is rooted in the worldwide expansion of West European capitalism that survived until well after the collapse of most colonial empires. Historically, colonies in the strict sense of "settlements" had existed long before the advent of global capitalism; the English word colony is derived from the ancient Latin term colonia, denoting an outpost or settlement. However, colonialism as a principle of imperial statecraft and an effective strategy of capitalist expansion that involved sustained appropriation of the resources of other societies, indeed regions, of the world for the benefit of the colonizing society, backed by an elaborate ideological justificatory apparatus, is a modern, West European invention par excellence, emerging from the 15th century onward. Colonialism involved a combination of several processes, recurring with remarkable consistency across various instances. Some of these were as follows: Encounter and repeated/sustained contact between the Western "discoverers" and the rest of the world, typically involving invasion, conquest, strategic genocide, the relegation of local rulers to subservient roles, and, eventually, some form of settlement by West Europeans. The surveying and scientific analysis of the geography, resources, peoples, and customs of the colonies, with the explicit intent of facilitating resource extraction and/or unequal exchange through forced trading. The imposition of extractive enterprises, such as plantations, mining, and other forms of raw-materialyielding activities, and the deployment of nonfree "native" labor in such enterprises. The systematic destruction of indigenous industries to transform the colonies into captive markets for European goods. Triangular trade (the hawking of European commodities to Africa, enslaved people to the Americas/the Caribbean, and plantation products to Europe). The establishment of modernizationist projects, such as the construction of elaborate transportation and information infrastructures, the introduction of private property in land, specific forms of taxation, and colonial law with the purpose of enabling the extractive and disciplinary apparatus of the colonial administration. The forced transfer and circulation of enslaved or indentured labor between colonies, or between regions within the same colony, disrupting culturally articulated modes of interaction between nature and people, and creating buffer populations between the colonizers and the locals. Creation of collaborationist/comprador colonial elites, mass educational systems, and public cultures that systematically facilitated the explicit alignment of ideas such as knowledge and progress with Western civilization, thereby producing the illusion of European superiority and the normalization of colonial relations. Continuous and systematic framing of colonized populations as the backward, inferior, dehumanized "other" of the enlightened European/White "self," and the use of the discourse of scientific racism to this end. In later phases of colonialism, warfare using colonial populations from one colony in armed incursions against other (potential) colonies. Prevention of the access of colonial subject populations to Europe.

2025, Independent India

In his editorial, Roy examined the creation and importance of the National Democratic Union within the context of India's political landscape during World War II. Formed in late 1940 by prominent Indian public figures, the Union aimed to represent a broader spectrum of political opinion beyond the Indian National Congress. Its primary goal was to unite the Indian people in the fight against Fascism. The Congress party criticized the Union for challenging its claim to be the sole representative of Indian interests and rejected cooperation with other political groups-an attitude that, according to Roy, contributed to the emergence of alternative political formations like the Union. Roy argued that Congress's assertion of exclusive representation was unrealistic and that its refusal to pursue a united front weakened its political stance. He advocated for support of the National Democratic Union, viewing it as a platform aligned with progressive and anti-Fascist principles in a global context.

2025, HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local

HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local e-ISSN: 2145-132X de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia invita a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional a participar en la edición 43 (septiembre-diciembre de 2026) con artículos... more

2025, The Creative Launcher ISSN: 2455-6580

In an era when old empires resurface under new guises, neo-imperialism shapes global geopolitics through overt aggression, economic control, and cultural erasure. Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Western debates over strategic territories like Greenland, and Canada's resource disputes with Indigenous communities reveal that imperial ambitions still exist, cloaked in modern rhetoric. Operating through economic dependency, digital dominance, and ecological exploitation, today's empires marginalize subaltern voices while perpetuating systemic inequities. Against this scenario, contemporary Indian novels emerge as potent forms of resistance. Authors like Arundhati Roy and Aravind Adiga reveal the human cost of global capitalism using stories of migration, urban relocation, caste persecution, and neoliberal disillusionment. Roy's poetic activism and Adiga's keen sarcasm formulate a counter-narrative that questions the ideological foundations of neo-imperialism. Their literature questions the global system while also envisioning multiple, equitable futures. In their hands, the narrative transforms into a courageous indirect political act.

2025, University of Texas at Austin

Globalization as a modern concept emerged in the 1700s with the East India Company and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Over the centuries, globalization has evolved tremendously, characterized by interconnected economic, political, and social changes. These transformations were driven by industrialization’s demand for resources and markets, giving way to the spread of ideas, practices, and cultures around the world. While globalization fostered innovation and cultural exchange, it also led to conflicts and imperial exploitation. The consequences of this era influence our modern world in the form of policies and beliefs.

2025, Charles Quint. Un rêve impérial pour l'Europe

Né aux Pays-Bas, héritier de la couronne d'Espagne puis du Saint Empire romain germanique, souverain d’un immense empire « où le soleil ne se couchait jamais », se rêvant garant d’un Empire universel chrétien, Charles Quint (1500-1558) apparaît comme porteur d’une puissance prodigieuse qu’il conjugue à des aspirations tout aussi démesurées.
Son règne témoigne d’un important projet d’unification rationnelle des territoires dans un contexte de grandes tension politiques et religieuses et de conflits militaires. Sa lutte homérique contre François Ier pour l’hégémonie européenne lui fait porter son regard également vers les terres italiennes, qui constituent un enjeu de premier plan pour des raisons aussi bien stratégiques et politiques que symboliques. Une entreprise monumentale, pourtant jamais pleinement réalisée car sans cesse entravée par les rivalités de pouvoir et par les conflits religieux qui minent l’unité du monde chrétien. Charles Quint, constamment contraint de reporter ses plus hautes ambitions, les emporte avec lui dans sa dernière demeure, au monastère de Yuste, marquant une dernière fois l’Histoire en abdiquant de sa propre volonté.
Cette étude, fruit de plusieurs années de recherches redonne sa juste place au « phénomène européen » qu’incarne ce dernier César.

2025

Эффективное управление отдаленной и огромной Якутской областью в первой половине XIX в. зависело не только от правильно подобранного чиновника на должность областного начальника, но и от его окружения. Важное значение имели взаимоотношения начальника Якутской области с его ближайшими помощниками-советниками и чиновниками по особым поручениям. Статья посвящена характеристике и анализу этих отношений.

2025, Rubbettino

Dopo la tormentata transizione degli anni Settanta il nuovo decennio si apriva all'insegna di rinnovate speranze e di forti timori. L'affermazione di nuovi valori, il ruolo crescente dei mass media, il fenomeno dei ceti emergenti e lo spostamento degli equilibri politici erano i segnali di una progressiva trasformazione della società italiana sempre più investita dal processo di globalizzazione. Sul piano internazionale, le rinnovate tensioni tra Est e Ovest, l'avvento dell'amministrazione Reagan intenzionata a ripristinare la leadership politica ed economica di Washington, i segnali di incipiente debolezza del colosso sovietico, il tentativo di rilancio del processo di integrazione europea e le turbolenze della regione mediterranea costituirono lo sfondo sul quale si misurò l'Italia di quegli anni. È in questo contesto che i governi guidati da Bettino Craxi (agosto 1983 -aprile 1987) si trovarono a fronteggiare un'epoca di sfide e al tempo stesso di opportunità per proiettare il paese verso una nuova fase di modernizzazione. Il volume, nell'affrontare alcuni temi talvolta trascurati dalla storiografia, tenta di elaborare un bilancio sull'esperienza governativa del leader socialista stretta tra l'ambizione di accompagnare il paese verso una fase di crescita e i limiti imposti dalla situazione interna e dal quadro internazionale.

2025

We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Education in Educational Foundations. THESIS CXMMITI'EE e~-d~j Cha1nnan ~~ TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE CHAPTER I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY CHAPTER II . A REVIEW OF RELATED LITEFATURE CHAPTER III. DESIGN OF THE STUDY CHAPTER IV. PRESENTATION OF DATA CHAPTER V.

2025, Theoria

In this article, we analyse the theoretical elements that form the foundation of James Harrington's political theory, demonstrating that they are primarily constructed in relation to Machiavelli's legacy. We intend to show that Harrington's relationship with Machiavelli's republicanism is paradoxical through: (1) the analysis of Harrington's selective use of certain classical sources in relation to Machiavelli; (2) the evolution of Harrington's thought; 3) the relationship between the Roman model and the Spartan model. In his republican model Harrington tries to respond to two self-imposed requirements that, we believe, conflict with each other: that of developing a sincerely republican system while keeping his distance from Machiavelli's more radical and pro-popular positions. Our thesis is that Harrington elaborates his political theory from these conflicting goals and that this sometimes-contradictory need creates tensions that make his republicanism paradoxical.

2025

thinkers from three diverse disciplines brought together in their willingness to debate the positionality of science in postcolonial India. All of them were institution builders and they applied their ideas on the subject in their respective educational ideologies. The three thinkers probed certain overlapping ideas-the ceaseless dialectic between cosmopolitanism and nationalism, a keen blending of the spiritual and the modern, the swiftness of the protest against dogma and colonization and a keen sensitivity and appreciation of the literary. In their respective ways, they were equally institution builders putting their respective ideas into practice, offering alternatives and synthesizing modernity and tradition within a straitjacketed education system. My paper will seek to keep these issues in context and explore a key dimension to the overlap of their ideas-an acute anxiety about the praxis of modern science and the modus operandi of its applicability in postcolonial India. In their respective ways, each recognized science as a way of revitalizing a moribund Indian society and were keenly aware of the enormous pitfalls that a blind submission to a cult of science could entail especially in the context of the world war. All three visionary thinkers were not only constructing their own possible utopias within the face of hostile historical realities, but also putting them into praxis.

2025

This chapter examines the trajectories of human remains from colonial Indonesia into anatomical collections in the Netherlands. Only when we actively search the archives do we learn the stories of a man from Sintang in Borneo, sentenced... more

2025

It was the norm, until 1965, for Dutch Protestant missionaries stationed abroad to send their children for secondary education to the Netherlands. This article analyses how these children were affected by this early separation from their parents. Using relevant historical, comparative and theoretical research, it reviews the practice, including its rationale, the nature of the residential spaces and resistance over time. In-depth interviews with mission children and others in the twentieth century, as well as the author's reflections as a mission child, were evaluated using quantitative, qualitative and self-reflexive methods. They show that many mission children were traumatized by this early separation from their parents, suffering from short and long-term emotional stress and depression, feeling insecure, alienated and unwanted, with difficulties in personal relationships. Some gave up their faith. Intercultural interactions were relatively easy. The paper argues that, while mission work is important, it is Biblically unacceptable when it damages children.

2025, Defenders and Enemies of the True Cross ﺻﻠﯿﺐ‬ ‫دﺷﻤﻨﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺪاﻓﻌﺎن‬ ‫راﺳﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‬

The Sasanian Persian–East Roman/Byzantine war of 603-628 was not only the final war of these two late antique imperial rivals, but also the last great war of antiquity. The protracted, bitter conflict which expanded on multiple fronts paved the way for the series of momentous political, social and religious transmutations which irreversibly transformed the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East by the end of the seventh century. Aside from the political and military dimensions of the conflict and its consequences, the war’s religious and cultural aspects have lately also been the subject of continuous reassessment. These ongoing reappraisals have opened new avenues for the investigation of the religious dimension of the war which was transformed and enhanced by the Sasanian Persian conquest of Jerusalem and Palestine in 614.
The study of this inter-imperial conflict, which occupies a defining place in the crucial era of transition from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages, is of major significance for the reconstruction of contemporaneous practices and modes of war-making as well as the political-ideological and religio-political values and mores of late Sasanian Persia and the Christianized East Roman empire. Religious beliefs and practices as well as self-conscious exploitation of religious discourses and messages during the war profoundly impacted and transformed late antique to early medieval military cultures and sub-cultures, generating influential historiographic, literary and apocalyptic narrative forms and themes which enjoyed an enduring after-life in the medieval and early modern Middle Eastern and European cultural and religious memory. The generation and proliferation of polemical and apocalyptic Persian-centred notions and imagery during the war had a long-term effect on European perceptions of late Sasanian Persia.

2025

Book review. Reifying Trananationalsm: Tagore and the West

2025

This groundbreaking study takes one of London’s most iconic buildings and deconstructs it to offer new insights into the society that produced it. As part of the new cultural quarter built in South Kensington on the proceeds from The... more

2025, Sánchez Moreno, Eduardo y García Riaza, Enrique (eds.), The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean: Gifts, Bribes, Offerings,

This work proposes a comparative study of diplomatic gifts in Western Roman expansion and the first stage of Arauco War (1536-1598). The failed Spanish conquest of the Central-South Chile provides the chance to reflect on key complex colonial phenomena (endemic violence, cultural hybridism, and institutionalization of middle ground territories) in two directions: discursive and ethnohistorical. Firstly, the gift is analyzed in the proper construction of the colonial narrative, otherization of the enemy, and digressions about the legitimacy of the war, using classical rhetoric tropes (the sly conqueror, the deceived noble savage, or the bloodthirsty barbarian). Secondly, some anthropological and historical interpretations are considered in connection with analogous social and cultural processes derived from the entrenchment of the war: the control of ritual language and progressive mutual adaption, with the standardization of manners and objects (chaquiras necklace as model example), the role of the gift in the forging of coalitions and ethnogenesis processes, as well as the typological transformation according to social and military changes (from luxury items to horses and weapons).

2025

L'imperialismo, nel suo aspetto generale di conquista e dominazione di organismi politici ed economici, da parte di un centro statale superiore, non è fatto esclusivo del capitalismo. A prescindere dal loro contenuto sociale, esistono numerosi tipi dello stesso fenomeno storico: un imperialismo asiatico, un imperialismo greco-romano, un imperialismo feudale e finalmente un imperialismo capitalista. Agli operai rivoluzionari interessa, soprattutto, la differenza sostanziale che distingue l'imperialismo capitalista dal suo contrapposto storico, e cioè l'imperialismo feudale.

2025, Society

Review of Paul Sagar's, 'Adam Smith Reconsidered'

2025

Slides for Atlantic History - Lecture Three - "Columbian Exchange, Ecological Imperialism, and Indigenous Resistance"

2025

SUMMARY: The Battle of Megiddo, ca. 1458 BC, represents a pivotal point in Egypt's approach to controlling the Levant and administering its Levantine empire. This documentary response sheet contains sequential questions and time markers extracted from the 43-minute length documentary (episode 1 in the Ancient Egyptians mini-series); the form has some side notes in various places to supplement or augment the information provided in the documentary (which is mainly a reenactment of the setting and events prior to, during, and after the Battle of Megiddo). The end reflection question asks students/viewers to examine the attached translations from which Egyptologists reconstruct the Battle of Megiddo (including the Annals of Thutmose III (in Karnak Temple), a dedicatory inscription in Karnak Temple, which offers some supplemental information, and the Armant Stela and the Barkal Stela, both of which furnish additional data about this key battle) and to use critical thinking to assess where the documentary reconstruction deviates from what the ancient sources tell us, whether via nuances or greater discrepancies. Class members also have access to textbook and lecture materials on this battle and broader materials to aid in the reflection question exercise.

2025, BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review

Where has sustainability come from and how could it become such a popular idea? This special issue analyses the intersection between twentieth-century attempts to attune environmental, social and economic concerns in the Low Countries and the rise of ‘sustainable development’ from the 1980s onwards. The introduction to this issue first relates the articles to the international historiography on sustainability and elaborates their shared approach. Second, the varieties of sustainability practiced in Belgium, the Netherlands and Congo – as analysed in the contributions on forestry, breweries, pisciculture, water management, agriculture, and the alternative food movement – are presented. Based on their results, the period from the 1940s until the 1990s can be characterised as an ‘age of interdependence’ during which a distinct notion of sustainability emerged. Sustainability was interpreted in the light of global interconnections. Transnational governing coalitions, aided by experts and the ideal of planning, were established to achieve a balance between environmental, social and economic interests. The environment became an important object of post-war public debate and policy because of its connections to society and the economy. Building on these histories of sustainability, the introduction finally explores how historians enhance our understanding of the Anthropocene.

2025, Le fabuleux destin de la Bibliothèque d'Alexandrie

2025

From 1830 onwards, France timidly colonized the Algerian territories, starting with its coastline. This expansion was accompanied by a multitude of fortification projects, reflecting the divergent conceptions of French occupation. The Algerian towns of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries then, were formed in various hectic contexts, starting first with their control by the Military Engineering Department, which relied on a strategy of war of movement to transform the territory into a network of fortified towns, whose tracing is often faced with constraints concerning the topography of the terrain. To understand the process of their formation, it is important to consider the logic behind the establishment of these military fortifications during the French colonial period, particularly those located in the north on the coastal strip, the first interface that military engineers faced in colonizing the country. This article proposes a reading of the possible development of these artefacts on the Algerian coastline, and their capacity to be thought of at once as means of defense, instruments of development and symbols of domination at the time, but which is also a question today of recognizing them, reappropriating them in a new meaning and then valorizing them as potentialities and added value in the territorial and urban development of cities.

2025, War in History

The 1853 capture of Aq Masjid was a decisive moment in Russia’s Central Asian expansion, acting as a springboard for further advances. Traditionally seen as a response to Khoqandi raids on Qazaqs under Russian protection, this article challenges that view and emphasises the impact of internal instability within the Khoqand Khanate. Russia strategically exploited civil strife and political fragmentation that had weakened Khoqand’s leadership. Archival materials, including Qazaq intelligence documents, Russian military correspondence, and Khoqandi chronicles, reveal that the campaign was less a reaction to raids and more a calculated move to capitalise on Khoqand’s internal divisions.

2025

Este resumen de A People's History of the United States ofrece una perspectiva crítica de la historia de los Estados Unidos, destacando la lucha de clases, la resistencia popular y el papel de la élite en la consolidación del poder. Desde la llegada de Cristóbal Colón en 1492 hasta la Guerra contra el Terrorismo tras el 11 de septiembre de 2001, se analizan los principales acontecimientos políticos, económicos y sociales. Se examinan la esclavitud, la expansión territorial, la industrialización, las guerras, los movimientos de derechos civiles y los cambios en la política exterior, resaltando cómo las decisiones gubernamentales han favorecido a las élites en detrimento de las clases populares. La obra enfatiza la importancia de los movimientos sociales y las luchas obreras en la transformación de la sociedad, proponiendo que el cambio real proviene de la acción colectiva y no de la voluntad del gobierno.

2025

A translation without annotation of Marcellinus's commentary on the work and life of Thucydides.

2025, GAP BODHI TARU, A GLOBAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES

Impact Factor: SJIF-5.551, IIFS-5.125 Globally peer-reviewed and open access journal.

2025

In the 17th and 18th century, travel and exploration outside Europe became more frequent, as did written accounts of travellers´ exploits. Travel writing was an immensely popular literary genre at the time, since it was one of few ways of gaining knowledge about peoples and cultures outside of Europe. In this paper, five such pieces of travel writing -written by Swedes who had travelled in the Ottoman Empire between 1657 and 1779 -are examined, with the aim of gaining insight into attitudes towards the religions native to the region: Islam, Judaism and different Christian denominations. During this period, Lutheranism was the only accepted religion in Sweden (with a few exceptions), while the Ottoman Empire, even if its Turkish elite was Muslim, by contrast was religiously very heterogenous. By analysing what five different Swedish travellers -the diplomat Claes Brorsson Rålamb (1622-1698), the ministers Sven Agrell (1685-1713) and Michael Eneman (1676-1714), the botanist Fredric Hasselquist (1722-1752), and the travel writer Jacob Jonas Björnståhl (1731-1779) -wrote about the various, non-Lutheran religions they came into contact with, knowledge might be gained about the world views of Swedes at the time; how their common Lutheran background -as well as the new ideas of the Enlightenment -made them react towards religious rituals and ideas alien to them. The conclusion of the paper shows how criticism based on Lutheran ideas is discernible throughout the period, even though it become less frequent towards the end of the 18th century. Ideas of the Enlightenment and Lutheran ideas are evenly matched in the travel account of Hasselquist, while the former kind of ideas are in majority in that of Björnståhl. Another conclusion is that the critical remarks in the travel accounts undergo a significant change during the period, from being mainly directed against external religion -mostly different kinds of rituals -towards being directed against religious ideas -such as fatalism; a process that, most likely, corresponds with the historical change from a world view based solely on Lutheranism towards one based mainly (though not exclusively) on ideas of the Enlightenment.

2025

During its occupation of Algeria, colonial France left a black record of crimes of genocide, plundering and destruction of property, ignorance of generations of Algerians, and systematic displacement of them, especially during the 19 th century. In this article, I will highlight the French confessions of multiple models of genocidal war against the Algerians and plundering. to the treasury of Algiers and the destruction of mosques during this period.

2025, Mineral Revenue Management: Macro Policy and Institutional Framework

This study examines the management of Mongolia's mining revenue within macroeconomic policy and institutional systems. Highlighting the challenges posed by the country's reliance on volatile mining revenues, the research identifies key issues such as fiscal instability, the lack of effective governance, and the economic risks of resource dependence. By analyzing the interplay between resource revenue cycles and fiscal policy, the study underscores the importance of stabilizing economic management to mitigate the "resource curse" and "Dutch disease" phenomena. The research evaluates existing mechanisms, including stabilization and sovereign wealth funds, and proposes strategic reforms to enhance revenue management, promote economic diversification, and ensure sustainable development. This comprehensive analysis contributes to the understanding of resource revenue governance and its implications for fiscal stability in resource-rich developing economies like Mongolia.

2025, Analysis on Mongolia's Fiscal Policy Impacts to the Macroeconomics

This study investigates the macroeconomic impact of fiscal policy in Mongolia, focusing on the interplay between government expenditures and key economic indicators such as GDP growth, inflation, private investment, and employment. Utilizing a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) model, the research examines how fiscal shocks propagate through various economic sectors, including the real, financial, and labor markets. Key findings reveal that sudden increases in government spending initially stimulate household consumption and economic growth but exert downward pressure on private investment. Furthermore, while fiscal expansion leads to a temporary increase in inflation and currency appreciation, these effects stabilize in the medium term due to monetary policy responses. The analysis identifies weak cyclical management and structural limitations in fiscal policy as significant challenges to achieving long-term economic stability. Recommendations emphasize enhancing budgetary transparency, improving expenditure efficiency, and aligning fiscal policy with sustainable economic growth objectives. This research contributes to the literature by providing empirical insights into the dynamics of fiscal policy in a resource-dependent economy and offering actionable recommendations for improving budgetary management in Mongolia.

2025, Legon Journal of the Humanities

This study aims to address combating cultural imperialism and cultural misorientation to preserve Afrikan=Black intangible cultural heritage noting that the priority must be on indigenous Afrikan=Black people to push our own agenda. The study takes the 2019 UNESCO-ICM Open School as a case study in terms of substantive efforts (or lack thereof) to combat cultural imperialism and cultural misorientation. The study addresses matters of terminology, the implications of using the equal sign between Afrikan and non-Afrikan concepts, cultural misorientation and disorientation, false narratives and alien-self/anti-self-disorders, soft power, what must be done in terms of combating these ills. The study concludes with a section addressing the way forward for the Afrikan=Black Warrior Tradition and Afrikan Combat Scientists in light of the preservation of our intangible cultural heritage.

2025, Portuguese Studies Review

Claims for issues not received must be sent to the Editorial Office within three months of the date of publication of the issue. Changes of address should be reported promptly. The Portuguese Studies Review will not be responsible for copies lost owing to a failure to report a change of address. The Review cannot mail subscription copies (particularly surface mail subscriptions) to temporary summer residences or short-term field research addresses.

2025, 北大法学論集

The March 1st 1919 Movement for Korean independence was one of the most significant and dramatic protests against Japanese colonial rule in the peninsula. Korean Christians together with Ch'ondokyo (the religion of the Tonghak) believers played a leading role in the planning of the demonstration in Seoul on March 1st 1919, during which a Declaration of Independence was read, and in the subsequent 1) independence demonstrations throughout Korea. The participation of Christians in the March 1st Movement helped identify closely Christianity with Korean nationalism and Korean aspirations for 2) independence. However, the failure of the non-violent March 1st Movement to obtain independence led some young Koreans, previously influenced by Christianity, to turn to socialism and armed 3) struggle in order to gain their country's freedom. The March 1st Movement served to reveal the limitations of Christianity in providing a practical means to bring about the termination of Japanese colonial rule. This was important, for although foreign missionaries propagated Christianity in terms of its Christian message, the attraction of the religion for many Koreans was at least partially based on an unfounded hope that Christianity could help make Korea free. Protestant missionaries played an important ancillary role in the March 1st Movement by publicizing in the international press accounts of atrocities committed by the Japanese in suppressing the 4) Movement. However, while the Japanese press in its first reaction ~t~28(3'J52)586

2025

Diseño interior y cubierta: RAG Reservados todos los derechos. De acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el art. 270 del Código Penal, podrán ser castigados con penas de multa y privación de libertad quienes sin la preceptiva autorización reproduzcan, plagien, distribuyan o comuniquen públicamente, en todo o en parte, una obra literaria, artística o científica, fijada en cualquier tipo de soporte.

2025

COMMUNICATION la découverte de mardama(n) et de son importante documentation, par m me betina faist La conférence d'aujourd'hui s'organise en six parties : 1. La découverte de Mardama(n) 2. Mardama(n) avant la découverte 3. Les fouilles kurdo-allemandes 4. L'archive du gouverneur 5. La province de Mardama au xiii e siècle av. J.-C. 6. L'importance des informations épigraphiques 1. la découverte de mardama(n) La découverte de la ville du Proche-Orient ancien de Mardaman ou Mardama, comme elle s'appelait par la suite, est due à une triste occasion. La guerre civile qui fait rage en Syrie depuis 2011 a rendu impossible tout projet archéologique dans le pays et a entraîné « l'émigration » des archéologues d'Europe, d'Amérique et du Japon qui y travaillaient vers des régions moins menacées. La partie irakienne du Kurdistan en a particulièrement profité. Le site où se trouvait la ville de Mardama(n) s'appelle aujourd'hui Bassetki et appartient à la province de Duhok, qui se trouve à la frontière avec la Turquie et était une région complètement inexplorée sur le plan archéologique jusqu'à ces dernières années. Bassetki se trouve à environ 70 km au nord de Ninive, célèbre ville de l'ancienne civilisation mésopotamienne, située en face de l'actuelle Mossul. Le site de Bassetki a été envisagé en 2013 lors de sondages sur le terrain par une équipe de Tübingen dirigée par Peter Pfälzner. Deux raisons ont été déterminantes pour y mener des fouilles : 1. Bassetki est le plus grand site archéologique de la région, avec une superficie totale d'environ 50 hectares ; 2. En 1975, lors de la construction d'une route, on y a trouvé la partie inférieure du corps d'une statue en cuivre qui est connue sous le nom de « statue de CRAI 2022, 2 (avril-juin), p. 827-839. 1. Pour une présentation plus détaillée, voir P. Pfälzner et B. Faist, « Eine Geschichte der Stadt Mardama(n) », in mu-zu an-za 3 -še 3 kur-ur 2 -še 3 ḫe 2 -ĝal 2 . Altorientalische Studien zu Ehren von

2025

The realization of the third hegemonic cycle of the world-system in the axis of exceptional American capitalism, on the one hand, reproduced the peripheral-semi-peripheral coordinates of Iran in the asymmetric geometry of world development, and on the other hand, the change of the world hegemonic core, the systemic reconstruction of the general metamorphosis of Iran's development in line with the structural dependence of the British core in The second hegemonic cycle shifted towards the core of the United States. Following the collapse of the imperial system and the establishment of the Islamic system in the form of hegemonic systemic pressure and adaptation of the development patterns of Bretton Woods institutions, the disorder of development in Iran was restored. With these considerations, the main question of the current article is raised as follows: How has the formation of Iran's development changed during the long-term crisis of late capitalism? The analysis of the article shows that in the late capitalist era of the expansion of the world-economy, the promotion of the neoliberal development model and the systemic pressures of the United States against the Islamic Republic of Iran had dispersive effects on the growth and development of Iran, and this change in the systematic cycle of national accumulation and the reproduction of the dynamics of the socio-economic formation of Iran is disorder. has created a complex The current research tries to analyze the proposed question and hypothesis based on the complex systems analysis method.

2024, Katowice : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego eBooks

Przekuć słowo w czyn. Zachowanie jako wyznacznik gruzińskiej tożsamości narodowej w XIX wieku 12 września 1801 roku za sprawą manifestu wydanego przez cara Aleksandra I królestwo wschodniogruzińskie utraciło swoją autonomię, stając się częścią Imperium Rosyjskiego. W późniejszych latach podobny los spotkał również pozostałe organizmy państwowe dawnej Gruzji, dotkniętej w XV wieku rozpadem feudalnym, dzielącym dawne imperium na pomniejsze królestwa 1 . Należy jednak wyraźnie zaznaczyć, że odebranie państwu wschodniogruzińskiemu autonomii i uczynienie z niego guberni rosyjskiej nie dokonało się na drodze podboju. Doszło do tego raczej na podstawie uznania przez cara za nieważne negocjacji prowadzonych wcześniej przez jego ojca Pawła I z gruzińskim królem Giorgim XII odnośnie do losów państwa wschodniogruzińskiego 2 . Władcy gruzińscy