History of Law Research Papers (original) (raw)

There are many histories of the police as a law-enforcement institution, but no genealogy of the police as a form of power. This book provides a genealogy of the modern police by tracing the evolution of ‘police science’ and of police institutions in Europe, from the ancien régime to the early 19th century. Drawing on the theoretical path outlined by Michel Foucault at the crossroads between historical sociology, critical legal theory and critical criminology, it shows how the development of police power was an integral part of the birth of the modern state’s governmental rationalities and how police institutions were conceived as political technologies for the government and social disciplining of populations. Understanding modern police not as an institution at the service of the judiciary and the law, but as a complex political technology for governing the economic and social processes typical of modern capitalist societies, this book shows how the police have played an active role in actually shaping order, rather than merely preserving it.

- by Giuseppe Campesi
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- Criminology, Criminal Law, Historical Sociology, Governmentality

The article presents an analysis of bankruptcy as an important event of the market relations during the Bulgarian National Revival period. The problems arising around bankruptcies are the main motives for the creation of modern commercial law. The many bankruptcies in Europe in the early 19 th century caused by the wars and the crises necessitated the codification of the commercial law. Then the French 'Code de commerce' appeared, promulgated in 1807. The first commercial laws of most countries in Europe and the world were created on the model of the French 'Code'. The Ottoman Commercial Law, promulgated in 1850, was also created on the basis of French 'Code de commerce'. Most of its content is aimed at bankruptcies. The article presents data on bankruptcies of Bulgarian merchants and companies in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s-how, when, and for what reasons they happen. Bankruptcies of some of the rich and well-known Bulgarian companies are also presented. At the end of the article the following main conclusions are made: 1/ On the Bulgarian market, as part of the Ottoman market, the bankruptcy was documented only in the third quarter of the 19 th century, i.e. after the promulgation of the Ottoman Commercial Law. 2/ Most bankruptcies are caused by the general economic situation in the region and in Europe-the crises in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s, uncollected debts from traders and companies, bankruptcies of partners. The reason for the bankruptcies is also the poorly kept commercial documentation of the traders and the companies. 3/ There are also intentional bankruptcies ("cunning bankruptcies" as defined by the Ottoman Commercial Law), but the data about them are incomplete and doubtful, as the real situation in most cases remains hidden from the authorities and the commercial courts. 4/ Bankruptcies directly concern the main professional and moral categories, assessed as important during the era-the honesty, locality, reputation, self-consciousness of the commercial class. A larger study is needed to show in which direction these categories are developing in the process of formation of the Bulgarian economic culture after 1878.

- by Ivan Roussev
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- Economic History, Ottoman History, Commercial Law, Late Ottoman Period
- by Javier García Martín
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- History of Law, History of Legal Doctrines
- by Elio Tavilla
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- History of Law

ABSTRACT: This video re-enactment draws upon preserved late Dynasty 20 papyri and other data regarding robberies of royal tombs in the West Bank of Thebes and the Valley of the Kings, including official accusations of corruption within all levels of society from the pharaoh’s tomb builders (at Deir el-Medina), to other towns persons, the police, officials, priests, and even the mayor of West Thebes. This documentary response sheet contains a series of sequential questions drawn from the video, TLC: Ancient Egyptians, episode 2: Tomb Robbers (shown in-class; also available online via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAqXqsXcTds [50 minutes]). These sequential questions aim to maximize both student attention to various pertinent points made throughout the documentary and greater retention of the materials covered by the documentary. In addition, the documentary has been vetted for overall content accuracy (albeit updated and/or corrected in-class), and selected to provide supplementary visual aids (e.g., images of regions, sites, finds, and other materials; re-enactments), and other data to aid in student comprehension of the course lectures and readings from the textbooks. REVISED: Adding time marker for each question, plus value for reflection question (March 2017).

- by Gregory Mumford
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- Ancient History, Archaeology, Egyptology, History of Daily Life

The book strives to provide a historical, comparative, and multidisciplinary introduction to the study of private law. Against the backdrop of the predominant position enjoyed by legal positivism, private law is thus understood as a complex social phenomenon, which intercats with human culture as a whole. The national jurisdictions belonging to the Western legal tradition are mainly depicted, as well as the supranational trends that point towards a global law. Particularly, the rise of a European law is accounted for not only within the framework of the Union's legislature, but also through the development of a rediscovered ius commune that emerges from comparative studies conducted by scholars and from the creative attitude of the courts. A special attention is paid to the sources of uniform law and to the development of soft law as a means of integration of legal systems. Traditional doctrines of juridical facts and duties are finally reinterpreted as devices designed to construct a jurisprudence that extends beyond national borders.

- by Pietro Sirena
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- Jurisprudence, Comparative Law, European Law, Roman Law

Invited talk - University of Vienna (18 January 2022)
From the Adriatic Sea to the mountainous borders with Iran and from the Black Sea to the scorched shores of the Red Sea, the Ottoman domains were home to myriad locations of archaeological importance. The multitude of prehistoric, ancient and medieval civilisations that had left their imprint on Ottoman lands was bound to attract the interest of Europeans. Ottoman subjects were not in themselves left uninterested. Visits, digs, illicit traffic, museums and many more activities attest to this.
As the 19th century was progressing with the number of manifestations of an interest in ancient finds rising, the Ottoman state decided to take it upon itself to regulate this area of human activity. This presentation discusses the legal responses of the Ottoman state to this rising interest and, more specifically, the laws on antiquities of 1869, 1874, 1884 and 1906. It traces their origins, such as the incidents or other factors that motivated the state to promulgate the laws. It aims to shed light on the topics these laws covered, such as definitions on antiquities, the ownership of finds, stipulations on the import and, significantly, export of antiquities, any protective measures, and the regulation of excavations. It also provides a comparison between Ottoman archaeological legislation and that of the Greek kingdom in an attempt to identify points of convergence and divergence. To what extent was Ottoman policy inspired by Greece’s treatment of antiquities? Finally, this presentation does not fail to investigate the reasons for replacing one law with another. In this, a discussion of how each law was implemented in the vast domains of the empire remains crucial.
In all, this presentation aims to provide a comprehensive picture as to the Ottoman legal approaches to antiquities that, together with the development of Ottoman museums, encapsulate Ottoman archaeological policy. In discussing the laws, we shall see how the Ottoman state evolved from being largely a bystander into a guardian of antiquities in its lands.

- by Artemis Papatheodorou
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- Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Greek History, Ottoman History

The author tackles the matter of the legal foundations of three salient aspects of late medieval criminal procedure: the procedure per inquisitionem, which was based on the judge's initiative; the repression of heresy, the gravity of which was elevated by the Church to a crimen laesae maiestatis; finally, the practice of torture, which was common to both secular and anti-heretical procedure. As for the latter, the author provides an in-depth analysis by commenting the points of view of the jurists Bartolus de Saxoferrato (1313/14-1357/58) and Baldus de Ubaldis (1327-1400) by analysing, respectively, the commentaries on the corpus iuris civilis and two consilia. Special attention is given to the second consilium where Baldus provides a report of the torture inflicted in 1387 to the Queen of Aragon. By doing this, the author shows how there was a gap between the judicial practice, including a fairly common application of torture, and the ‘guarantism’ involved by the doctrine.

- by Ferdinando Treggiari
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- History of Law

Collection of contributions on the phenomenon of Piracy in the ancient Mediterranean World, with special reference to its development in the Roman Period as well as to some aspects of its evolution from the Middle Ages to the Present, in... more

- by Ida Gilda Mastrorosa
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- Ancient History, Roman History, International Law, Roman Law
- by Zuzanna Kopania
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- History, Chinese Law, China, Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing Dynasty)
- by Ferdinando Treggiari
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- History of Universities, History of Law, Italian fascism

Immediately after the constitution of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939 – 1945), the Nazis began with interventions in the labor law. Labor law was one of branches of law, which were influenced very much during the German occupation (compared, the civil law remained practically unaffected). This article involves following sections: introduction, labor law according to the Nazi ideology, creating of the forced and controlled labor system, regulations in labor relations and situations of Jewish employees.

- by Jaromír Tauchen
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- History, Czech History, Legal History, Labour Law

Parliamentary history between public law and politics (book review)

- by Milán Pap and +1
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- Parliamentary History, Book Reviews, Public Law, History of Law
- by Andrey José Taffner Fraga
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- Calvinism, Federalism, Federalismo, History of Law

В диссертационном исследовании раскрыто понятие юридической догматики и определены функции, выполняемые ею в рамках правовой системы; выявлены социокультурные основания традиции романо-германской юридической догматики; произведена историческая реконструкция генезиса догматической юриспруденции в романо-германском правовом семействе; установлены факторы, способствовавшие ее воспроизводству и развитию; рассмотрено значение романо-германской юридической догматики для общей теории права.

- by Антон Михайлов
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- Comparative Law, Legal History, Natural Law, Legal Theory

This article reveals legislative history of Civil Code of Lower Canada 1866, which is legal base of civil rights of this Canadian province. Article also analyses backgrounds of the work, characterizes a development process and reception... more

- by Anna Klimaszewska
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- Legal History, History of Slavery, Translation, History of Law

Il saggio intende dimostrare che, subito dopo la pubblicazione, da parte di Alberico Gentili, dei De iuris interpretibus Dialogi sex (1582) e delle Lectiones et Epistolae (1583-1584) i rapporti fra Jean Hotman e il giurista di San Ginesio divennero molto difficili e burrascosi. Lo dimostrano alcune epistole scritte da Hotman ad autorevoli giuristi (ad es. Bodin), e ad alcuni umanisti (Bergmann, Payne, Cuffe, Th. Savile) contenenti critiche molto dure e severe ai Dialogi gentiliani. Malgrado ciò, e malgrado le opposizioni dei puritani, Gentili riuscirà ad ottenere la cattedra di Civil Law a Oxford.Il saggio contiene anche notizie circa il tentativo compiuto, dal Gentili, di ottenere un insegnamento a Tubinga nel 1580.

- by Giovanni Minnucci
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- History, Modern History, Cultural History, Cultural Studies

Lo studio della giustizia criminale ha conosciuto nel corso degli ultimi decenni una sensibile revisione sotto i profili dell’oggetto della ricerca e della selezione delle fonti . Il campo d’indagine si è infatti spostato dalle istituzioni giudiziarie ufficiali al ruolo pubblico della giustizia penale, intesa come funzione, permettendo così di cogliere la pluralità di metodi e di sedi di risoluzione delle controversie . Per quanto concerne l’età moderna, uno dei fenomeni criminali più studiati è indubbiamente il banditismo, che tra la fine del Rinascimento e il XVIII° secolo interessò l’Italia e l’Europa con periodici picchi di violenze diffuse. Il persistente operare delle bande sul territorio condusse molti Stati a creare organi giudiziari capaci di agire rapidamente e con minori formalità legali contro la criminalità organizzata. Questo saggio vuole illustrare sinteticamente la politica di repressione del banditismo intrapresa dalla Repubblica di Genova tra Cinque e Settecento. In particolare s’intende far luce sul funzionamento della Giunta contro banditi, organo poco studiato al quale fu affidata la gestione dell’ordine pubblico statale, descrivendone gli antecedenti istituzionali e linee d’azione giudiziaria e amministrativa.

Prosopographical Apparatus, in: Robert Gramsch, Erfurter Juristen im Spätmittelalter. Die Karrieremuster und Tätigkeitsfelder einer gelehrten Elite des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts (Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance,... more

Prosopographical Apparatus, in:
Robert Gramsch, Erfurter Juristen im Spätmittelalter. Die Karrieremuster und Tätigkeitsfelder einer gelehrten Elite des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts (Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 17), Leiden / Boston 2003, Personenkatalog auf CD-Rom, Nr. 649.

- by Robert Gramsch-Stehfest
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- History, Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Prosopography

G. Cazals, « "Le voilà dans l’Éthiopie" De l’ailleurs dans les plaidoyers de la Renaissance », dans Les recueils de Plaidoyez à la Renaissance entre droit et littérature. Actes du colloque organisé à Avignon, 5-6 juin 2014, Genève,... more

- by Géraldine CAZALS
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- Law and Literature, Oratory, History of Law, Litterature de Voyages

Artkuł prezentuje zagadnienia z zakresu historii prawa karnego i tzw.
archeologii prawnej oraz przedstawia ich źródła oraz wpływ na kształtowanie się
i rozwój kultury prawnej w wiekach średnich na ziemiach polskich. Zagadnieniem
kluczowym jest ewolucja kary i pojawienie się systemu kompozycji, w ramach
której dochodziło do zawarcia ugody między sprawcą zabójstwa i rodziną (krewnymi) zabitego. Elementem zawieranej ugody był nakładany na sprawcę zabójstwa obowiązek wystawienia kamiennego krzyża lub kapliczki. Te elementy: krzyże i kapliczki, miały charakter ekspiacyjny, dlatego też powszechnie używa się nazwy krzyże i kapliczki pokutne. Tych kamiennych świadków średniowiecznego
wymiaru sprawiedliwości karnej jest w Polsce kilkaset

- by Jarosław Warylewski
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- Criminal Law, History of Law
- by Guillaume BERNARD
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- Philosophy Of Law, History of Law, Penal Law, Droit Penal

saturs un ievadvārdi no autores, Dr. iur. Inetas Ziemeles, Dr. hist. Gunta Zemīša

- by Sanita Osipova
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- Constitutional Law, Social History, History of Law, Sociología

Elek Dósa, Doctor of Law, was teacher of the Reformed College in Marosvasarhely, chiefwarden of the Foundation School In Makfalva and the Maros Reformed Dioceseas well as the vice president of the House of Representatives, the president of the Codification Committee of the Parliament, and the Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Being a powerful jurist of Transylvanian Reformed Church, one of his most important quests was to unite the Hungarian and Transylvanian Reformed Churches. He dedicated his life to education and science. He was one of those who first educated Calvinist canon law. His unique book, The Transylvanian Home Evangelico-Reformed Church Law was an outstanding work which was praised by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

- by Péter Nagy
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- History of Law, History of Transylvania

В периода 1956-1971 г. в България тече конституционен дебат. След 1960 г. един от основните дискусионни въпроси в дебата е този за официалното наименование на държавата. Едната възможност е да се запази старото име - Народна република България; другата - под някаква форма в името да се включи определението "социалистическа". В хода на спора ясно се очертават две групи в политическия и държавен елит на страната - първата, чийто лидер е акад. Тодор Павлов е "за" промяната; другата, начело на която се оказва партийния и държавен ръководител Тодор Живков, е "за" запазване на старото наименование, което и се реализира. Макар на пръв поглед спорът да изглежда формален, зад него се крият съществени разлики в политическите и идеологически позиции на спорещите, за които авторът на статията е предложил свое обяснение.

На примере "Метафизики нравов" Иммануила Канта выдвигается тезис о сходстве в развитии института права собственности на недвижимое имущество в Германии XVIII века и в современной России. В качестве главного признака указывается на отсутствие представления о земельном участке как о составной вещи. Выдвигается гипотеза, что образование отдельной отрасли земельного права в рамках частного права обуславливается признанием в качестве первоначального титула — права собственности на земельный участок без связи с находящимися на нём объектами недвижимости.

- by Denis Pogorelov
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- Land Law, History of Law
- by Cristina Vasta
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- Criminal Justice, Women's Studies, Domestic Violence, Violence
- by Giacomo Pace Gravina
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- History of Law, Sicilia, Costituzione Siciliana 1812, Rosaroll
- by Andrea Azzarelli
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- Italian Studies, Contemporary History, 19th Century (History), Italy

Il s'agit de comprendre la naissance d'une discipline scientifique et académique : le droit pénal. Prenant appui sur la chaire de droit criminel de Toulouse et son premier occupant, Victor Molinier, cette recherche entend démontrer qu'une... more

- by Mathieu Soula
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- Cultural History, Criminology, Criminal Law, Criminal Justice

De tous les « socialismes utopiques », le fouriérisme est celui qui a bénéficié du plus grand retentissement en Amérique. Importé par Albert Brisbane, disciple américain de Charles Fourier, il entraîne la formation d’une trentaine de Phalanxes 1 sur le sol nord-américain entre 1842 et 1845. Parmi celles-ci : Brook Farm. Cette communauté créée en 1841 par George et Sophia Ripley afin d’appliquer les principes de la spiritualité transcendantaliste se convertit au fouriérisme en 1844 et devient rapidement l’un de ses représentants les plus importants 2 . Rencontre du fouriérisme et de l’héritage communaliste américain 3 , Brook Farm constitue une grille de lecture idéale afin d’étudier l’importation de la pensée de Fourier aux États-Unis. Dans cette communication, nous exposerons à travers l’étude de Brook Farm le processus d’ « américanisation » du fouriérisme, rendu conforme au mœurs étasuniennes. Cela nous permettra également d’illustrer l’application de cette doctrine « utopique » au sein d’une communauté intentionnelle, caractéristique du mouvement fouriériste américain et expliquant le rapide succès de celui-ci.

- by Etienne Lamarche
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- History of Law, Histoire du droit, Charles Fourier, Utopian Socialism

Code civil is the result of a monumental legal activity in France initiated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 and realized in the following years by a commission of experts led by Cambacérès. Among them there were other renowned lawyers, such as Tronchet, Portalis, and Malevill. The Napoleonic Civil Code, adopted on 21 March 1804 after much debate and intensive work, confirmed some of the principles of 1789: the freedom of the individual, equality before the law, laicization of the state, and unlimited and non-forfeitable (forever-enduring) property rights. The Code also enabled the constitution of the bourgeois family by strengthening the father and husband's authority and introducing limited divorce rules. Nevertheless, it still considered the married woman, in relation to her husband, as inferior. Under the new civil law, the woman was fully submitted to her husband´s paternalistic protection: she could not dispose freely of her property or plead in her own name before a court of law without the consent of her husband. The Code civil, called by Napoleon “My Code", which was published in 1807 again under the name of the French Emperor as the Code Napoléon, is still considered to be the most important legacy of the Napoleonic government not only in France but also in countries occupied by the French. During the 19th and 20th centuries, it served as a model for many other civil-law texts adopted in various states across continents.

- by Marian Hochel
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- Modern History, French History, Civil Rights, French Revolution and Napoleon
- by Laura Moscati
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- History of Law
- by Hans-Peter Haferkamp
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- History of Law, Schuldrecht

Эта книга – очередное издание известного труда историка советской и пост-советской правовой системы, профессора университета Торонто Питера Соломона. Впервые на русском языке эта работа была опубликована в 1998 году, на английском книга вышла в 1996. В середине 1990-х годов исследование Соломона внесло вклад в дискуссию о советском правосудии сталинского периода, участниками которой были Габор Риттершпорн, Йорам Горлицкий, Олег Хлевнюк, Харольд Берман, Юджин Каменка и другие. С тех пор дискуссия на Западе значительно продвинулась, однако далеко не все исследования, посвященные этой проблеме, известны в России. Между тем, в последние годы активно развиваются эмпирические социо-правовые исследования, которые нуждаются в теоретико-
методологической базе. При общем дефиците русскоязычной научной литературы по практике правоприменения, истории и социологии права хотелось бы, чтобы труд Питера Соломона не остался незамеченным.

- by Elena Bogdanova
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- Sociology of Law, Soviet History, Law and Society, Socio-legal studies