History of the Modern Middle East Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Saif M. Sattoori

The current study is concerned with one of the most important matters that the Western world ought to examine scientifically and objectively. It is a counterpart to Orientalism in terms of importance. Its origins go back to the early Islamic eras, represented by the efforts of Muslim travelers and historians. The study adopts a historical, analytical, and descriptive approach which is based on a group of geographical and historical sources and references. It is believed that Occidentalism is an independent science that is concerned with studying the West objectively and is not merely a reaction to Orientalism. The confusion between Occidentalism and Westernization has led to a misunderstanding of this field, which requires correcting the terminology and re-distinguishing between the two concepts. The roots of Occidentalism go back to the early Islamic eras, and its motives are diverse. The study concludes that Occidentalism is a stand-alone science that deserves more careful studies to understand its origins, developments, and goals, away from confusion with Westernization. It also represents an effective means of confronting the Western distortion of Islamic culture and history, by studying it in an objective and precise scientific manner. The study recommends the need to strengthen academic studies on Occidentalism and open new horizons to explore its developments and effects on Islamic and global thought.

2025, The Journal of Modern History

2025, مجلة جامعة زاخو للعلوم الانسانیة

The 17th century is considered one of the dark periods in the history of the Kurdish Emirates, because there is no such an inclusive book tackling their history. Unlike the book Sharafnameh written by Prince Sharafkhan Badlisi, which covered the history of Kurdistan throughout the 16th century, there is little information that can be found among some Ottoman and Safavid sources. The Emirate of Soran is one of those emirates that may have received the lion's share of neglect and lack of attention, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries. Therefore, the researcher, who writes on the history of the aforementioned emirate, must search through ancient documents, records, and manuscripts in archives, requiring a consuming time and effort.
This study examines the history of Soran in one of its most important eras, which was the era of Princess Khanzadeh Khatun, the first woman to hold the position of Sanjakbey in the Ottoman Empire. However, the published and available information about this princess is rare to an extent that some regarded her as a fictional heroine in the Kurdish oral literature.
The research paper is divided into two main sections. Section one is devoted to tackle the life of Khanzadeh Khatun and her administrative, political and military role. Section two examines the four princes of the Sanjaks in Soran, namely: Harir and Dowian, Erbil, Shamamak and Koya. It is worth noting that most of the information in our study is published for the first time.
The study has mainly depended on the Ottoman placement records (also known as the Ruus registers) and the records of directing the timariots (timar), the chieftains (zeamet), and the Sultan orders preserved in the Muhimme Dafteri, the various Ottoman documents, as well as the Safavid and Ottoman sources that dealt with topics from the history of the Emirate of Soran during the reign of the princess Khanzadeh Khatun.

2025, The Islamic Journal of Women and the Family

Couples' psychological rights are the basis of their duties. It means that rights and duties are mutually exclusive. This analytical-documentary research was conducted with the aim of explaining couples' psychological rights from the perspective of Quranic verses and narratives and their educational duties using the Ijtihadi method; thus, all the related written sources were studied and the educational interpretation of the verses and narratives about the subject of the research were reviewed and analyzed, and an Islamic approach to couples' psychological rights and their educational duties were deduced from them. The results showed that in the educational view of Islam, humans' duties are necessary for the rights and are exclusive to their psychological rights, and because the attention of couples to the psychological rights and the related educational duties provides the basis for their well-being and happiness, it is of great importance. The educational duties related to couples' psychological rights, which were deduced from the verses and narratives in the present research, are as follows: providing peace, honor and dignity, positivity, attention to blessing, cooperation, good manners, forgiveness, self-sacrifice, grooming, affection and sexual satisfaction.

2025, Haaretz

Part 1 of an essay co-written with Lior B. Sternfeld for Haaretz, published online May 8, 2025. כשהציונות נתפשה, כמעט, כתנועת שחרור פוסט-קולוניאליסטית שבעים שנה אחרי ועידת אסיה-אפריקה המיתולוגית בבאנדונג, ההתרחשויות באותה תקופה מכרעת... more

2025, The Journal of Modern History

2025, Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi / Bulletin of Palestine Studies

The development of Palestinian historiography in the Mandate period is closely related to the debate about how and when a distinct Palestinian identity has emerged. The findings of the scholars who have examined Palestinian historiography of the Mandate period through history books point to a later date for the development of the Palestinian identity than the one suggested by the scholars who have focused on that identity per se. The present study aims to contribute to this debate by focusing on the specimens of historiography published in Palestinian Arab newspapers in the 1920s, namely before the proliferation of books that treated the history of Palestine as a distinct geographical entity. It shows that in these specimens there were signs of an unmistakable attachment to Palestine and its history, as distinct from Bilād al-Shām, coupled with a strong emphasis on their Arab character. Rather than supporting the studies dating the formation of a “Palestinian Arab” identity to the 1930s at the earliest, it tends to corroborate the arguments that such an identity had crystallized by the years following the Great War at the latest, that the “Palestinian” geographical and “Arab” ethnic components within this identity were fused without one submerging the other, and that the Palestinian identity was separated from the broader Bilād al-Shām identity.

2025

contents Chronology 239 Archives 241 References 244 Illustrations 263 Index 274 I would have been unable to complete this book without a great deal of help from various quarters. Above all, I owe a huge debt of gratitude to Michael Brenner for his many years of support. My stay as a visiting scholar at the University of California in Berkeley, funded by the daad, was of crucial importance to this project. I am enormously grateful to Martin Jay for our many engaging discussions about Friedrich Pollock and, far from least, for his granting me access to his private collection. I was also able to spend a significant amount of time at the Deutsches Literaturarchiv in Marbach, allowing me to consult the papers of numerous relevant individuals and devote a significant amount of time to the manuscript. I particularly thank Caroline Jessen for her support in this context.

2025

The History Department of Biola University Holocaust Remembrance Day Luncheon, April 24, 2025. "Beauty for Ashes: Understanding the Israel-Hamas War" by Judith Mendelsohn Rood. A post-Shoah theology of reconciliation requires a generous... more

2025

Comment le sort des armes dans la guerre hybride est déteminé sur un échangeur de Serres garni par Foucault où une modalité de Grothendieck prescrit la place de Turing comme ring.

2025, The Journal of Modern History

2025, Middle East Journal

2025, Edinburgh University Press

This article examines the story of a private Palestinian Arab school
Al-Dusturiyyah that was established in Palestine during the end of Ottoman
rule, in Jerusalem in 1909, by the influential educator Khalil Sakakini (alSakakini). My main argument is that this Arab national democratic school
was ahead of its time and was a pioneer in terms of the educational principles
and progressive educational philosophy that stood behind its establishment.
Furthermore, I argue that it was a significant testimony to the awareness of
some enlightened and progressive Palestinian educators to the weakness and
failure of the Ottoman government schools in Palestine and to their vigorous
efforts to establish an alternative modern Palestinian Arab Education. Very
little has been written about this important and influential school. Hence the
importance in writing this article as part of the serious effort made during
the last few decades by Palestinian and non-Palestinian scholars to refute the
malicious claim that in Palestine there was not a Palestinian people but a
group of primitive divided people devoid of any culture or education.

2025, Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies

This article examines the story of a private Palestinian Arab school Al-Dusturiyyah that was established in Palestine during the end of Ottoman rule, in Jerusalem in 1909, by the influential educator Khalil Sakakini (al-Sakakini). My main argument is that this Arab national democratic school was ahead of its time and was a pioneer in terms of the educational principles and progressive educational philosophy that stood behind its establishment. Furthermore, I argue that it was a significant testimony to the awareness of some enlightened and progressive Palestinian educators to the weakness and failure of the Ottoman government schools in Palestine and to their vigorous efforts to establish an alternative modern Palestinian Arab Education. Very little has been written about this important and influential school. Hence the importance in writing this article as part of the serious effort made during the last few decades by Palestinian and non-Palestinian scholars to refute the malicious claim that in Palestine there was not a Palestinian people but a group of primitive divided people devoid of any culture or education.

2025, The Journal of Modern History

2025, Diplomasi ve Strateji Dergisi/The Journal of Diplomacy and Strategy

I. Dünya Savaşı ile birlikte Orta Doğu’da yeni bir düzen oluştu. Bu yeni düzenin bir üyesi ise İsrail adında bir Yahudi devletiydi. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından bağımsızlığını kazanan İsrail devleti, Orta Doğu siyaseti için günümüze kadar süren büyük bir kaos oluşturdu. Yeni İsrail devletinin bütün komşuları, düşmanları olan Arap devletlerinden oluşuyordu. İsrail ise bölgedeki yalnızlığını, Müslüman, ama Arap olmayan ülkelerle gidermeye çalıştı. Bu doğrultuda İsrail’in bölgede kendisine en yakın gördüğü ülke ise Türkiye idi. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun vârisi olan Türkiye için Soğuk Savaş’ın patlak vermesiyle tek güvenlik sorunu, bölgede herhangi bir komünist devletin veya yapının olmamasıydı. Bu yüzden İsrail ile diplomatik ilişkiler kurmasında herhangi bir beis yoktu. Bu makalede, İsrail’in kuruluş sürecinin Orta Doğu’daki etkilerinin yanı sıra Türkiye’nin İsrail’i ivedi bir şekilde tanımasının dinamikleri irdelenmiştir. Yapılan literatür taraması ve doküman analizi sonucunda her iki ülkenin de bölgesel ve küresel politik çatışmalardan dolayı birbirleriyle ilişkilerini geliştirmek zorunda kaldıkları, ancak bu ilişkinin başka iç ve dış politik olaylara yansıdığı gözlenmiştir.

2025, The Journal of Modern History

Government may claim and sometimes exercise its monopoly over the legitimate use of violence, but much of the time political rule can seem an elaborate charade, in which leaders only ratify policies decided elsewhere and fictions of compliance mask more complex networks of domination, inaction, or protest. In no area was authority so erratic as in British-controlled Kenya, where a "dignified" rhetoric of "native paramountcy" masked an "efficient" interest in labor control and economic growth on the part of settlers and (usually) the government. Indirect rule could thus devolve in practice into either arbitrary rule or no rule at all, as a patchwork of mediating social groups enforced, altered, or ignored the laws proceeding from an impervious Government House. The fictions of rule were exposed in 1926, when missionary pressure and some level of official concern about the prevalent practice of clitoridectomy led the governors of the East African dependencies to meet together to devise a strategy to combat the practice. Noting that one Kikuyu "native council" had passed a law requiring the licensing of all operators and restricting the extent of cutting to "simple clitoridectomy" (as opposed to the usual practice of removing the entire external genitalia), the governors endorsed this shift to the "less brutal" form. The new guidelines were adopted without protest by a range of councils and with a gratifying circulation of regulations and papers.' Imagine the surprise of the "native commissioners," then, when the * Although the concerns and interpretation of this essay differ markedly from those of her own work, I wish to acknowledge my debt to Jocelyn Murray, whose excellent (and still unpublished) dissertation remains the most thorough study of the events discussed here. For helpful comments on versions of this essay, I wish to thank

2025, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi

Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet devirlerinde yaşamış muallim, gazeteci, seyyah ve mebus.

2025, Catholic Historical Review

2025

Anadolu üzerine ilk folklorik ve diyalektik çalışmalar Avrupalı araştırmacılar tarafından başlatılmış; Maksimov, Kunos, Giese, Kowalski, Räsänen gibi Batılı bilim insanları bu konuda çalışmalar yapmışlardır. Yerli araştırmacıların çalışmalarını Osmanlının son dönemlerine tarihlendirmek mümkünken Cumhuriyet sonrası dönemde bu çalışmaların hız kazandığı söylenebilir. "Anadolu'da Kullanılan Sözlerin Birazı" adlı çalışma da Osmanlının son döneminde yapılmış ilgi çekici çalışmalardan biridir. Çalışmanın sahibi Hafız Hasan Hulusi 108 adet sözcüğü bölgenin gramatikal özelliklerini de vererek kayda geçmiştir. Eserin müellifi hakkında elimizde herhangi bir bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte, eserden elde edilen söz varlığı ve dil verilerine göre çalışmanın Denizli yöresinde yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hafız Hasan Hulusi Türk diline gönül vermiş, Türk dilini savunan bilinçli bir entelektüeldir. Dinî ve ilmî bilimlere hâkim olduğu, Batı dillerinden Rusça, Fransızca ve Almancayı bildiği görülür. Erken dönem diyalektoloji çalışmaları arasında ilk sırayı alacak olan bu eser müellifin "üstād-ı faziletmendimiz" dediği bir sözlükçünün talebi doğrultusunda el yazısıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Sözcükleri alfabetik sıraya göre bir deftere kaydeden Hafız Hasan Hulusi çalışmasının bir bölümünü yörenin fiil çekimlerine ayırmıştır. Çalışma şimdilik erken dönem derleme çalışmalarında küçük bir bölgenin gramer özelliklerini de barındırması yönüyle ilktir.

2025, Yosefi, M. “Friend, teacher, “shaykh”: Goldziher and the founders of Islamic Studies in St. Petersburg.” In Building Bridges: Ignaz Goldziher and His Correspondents. Islamic and Jewish Studies around the Turn of the Twentieth Century, ed. Hans-Jürgen Becker, Kinga Dévényi, Sebastian Günther, und ...

The paper explores the scholarly and personal connections that linked Ignaz Goldziher to three generations of pioneers in Islamic studies in St. Petersburg. It examines the unique aspects of Goldziher’s correspondence with Baron Viktor von Rosen (1849–1908), Alexander von Schmidt (1871–1939), and Ignaty Kratchkovsky (1883–1951). This is complemented with recollections of these scholars as recounted by their contemporaries and disciples. Through this approach, the paper achieves two main objectives: First, it sheds light on the significant contributions of the renowned Hungarian scholar to the establishment of Islamic studies in Russia, as well as the support provided by scholars in St. Petersburg to Goldziher’s work and what became his intellectual legacy. Second, it situates the development of Arabic and Islamic studies in St. Petersburg within the broader context of the Western European tradition in these fields.

2025, ZION ציון

מועדון 'מנורה', שייסדו בירושלים משוחררי הגדודים העבריים בצבא הבריטי בשנת 1923, פעל עד לשנות השמונים של המאה העשרים. המועדון, שזכה להכרה רשמית כסניף של הלגיון הבריטי, היה מרכז חברתי ותרבותי של האליטה היהודית בפלשתינה. מייסדיו וחבריו, מקהילת יוצאי בריטניה ביישוב, העניקו לו צביון תרבותי דומה ל'קלאבים' הבריטים. מאמר זה דן בשני נושאים עיקריים: בשאיפתם של חברי 'מנורה' לייבא רכיבי תרבות בריטית ולהטמיע אותם בתרבות העברית המתהווה, ובאופי היחסים בין השלטון המנדטורי לחברה היישובית, כחברה ילידית ייחודית. המאמר מצביע על קשר דו-ערכי בין שתי המגמות הללו: שאיפת המועדון לשמר דפוסים בריטיים אליטיסטיים נבדלים מצד אחד, ומצד אחר, עיצוב הדימוי הציוני של המועדון וטיפוח האליטה הציבורית הישראלית לאחר קום המדינה.

2025, Journal of The Philosophy of History

2025, The Journal of Modern History

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and... more

2025, מידה

ידיד ותיק מליטא שאל אותי איך הפכנו ממדינה שלא מתנהלת מול טרוריסטים למדינה שנכנעת לדרישותיהם. הסיפור על שחרור החטופים הרוסיים מלבנון ב-1985 מספק תשובה מטרידה

2025, Historical Sciences Studies

With the constitutional decree in 1906 until the end of the Qajar period, which we refer to as the constitutional era, five parliaments of the National Assembly were formed in Iran, and the minutes of the parliaments of this era reflected... more

2025, Journal of Mennonite Studies

The first page of Sandra Birdsell's The RZISSI~I~CIEI* is written as all article from a 191 7 Russian newspaper, with the headline "Massacre at Privol'noye." Althougl~ this account is fictional, it accurately reflects the violent chaos that accompanied the revolution. The article contains a list of the names and ages of eleven victims, many of them children. Then the reader turns the page and is cluicl;ly swept into a story that takes place seven years earlier, a beautifully rendered stoly of evelyday life, in which many of the persons on that grim list play vital, compelling roles. Thus, from the vely beginning, the reading experience is suffused with a keen and constant reminder of impermanence. Like any coming-of-age novel, the arc of this story moves us from private to public concerns. But in this particular historical setting, the consequences are devastating. Tile main character, Katya Vogt, is eight years old in the opening scenes. Her father is the overseer for a wealthy Mennonite landownel; and class distinctions are clearly the source of much tension. But in the near-sighted eyes of young Icatya, Privol'noye is a kind of paradise: "What went on beyond the borders of her Russian Mennonite oasis was not worth noticing" (5). Often, Katya's myopic viewpoint limits the narrative scope to a tiny arena: "The cold air was a hand pushing against her breastbone, her breath a white cloud in front of her face, her scarf matted with crystals and rough against her chin" (1 5). Yet this slnali space is rich with details that not only reveal much about the domestic life of the times, but also speak of the intimate connections that tie the child's world together: Icatya knew there was a mouse hole in the pantry behind a bottom drawer,

2025, Football in the Middle East

2025

O trecere rapidă prin evenimentele care au dus la revenirea în forță a curentelor islamului politic în lumea arabă în anii 1970, cu precădere în Egipt.

2025

המאמר דן בהתפרקותה ההדרגתית של סוריה מאז פרוץ מלחמת האזרחים ב-2011, שהוביל לנפילת משטרו של בשאר אל-אסד. סוריה מחולקת כעת למספר אזורים, כאשר ארגונים אסלאמיים שולטים בחלקים משמעותיים מהשטח. המאמר מקביל בין המצב הנוכחי לחלוקת סוריה על ידי המנדט הצרפתי בתחילת המאה ה-20. כמו כן, הוא מדגיש את הדוקטרינה האסטרטגית של "ברית המיעוט" שנראה כי היא מתקדמת בשל הצעדים האחרונים של מדיניותו של בנימין נתניהו, שמטרתה ליצור בריתות עם קבוצות מיעוט כמו הדרוזים, הכורדים והמרונים כדי להבטיח יציבות וביטחון אזוריים. המאמר מציע שדוקטרינה חדשה זו יכולה להוביל למזרח תיכון מאוזן ובטוח יותר.

2025

In the 1540s, Giambattista Gelli and Pierfrancesco Giambullari introduced a controversial theory concerning the foundation of Florence. Marshaling spurious textual sources and archaeological remains, they claimed that the city was Etruscan, challenging the long-standing belief in its Roman origin. In a painstaking rebuttal, Vincenzo Borghini rejected their sources, methods, and conclusions. Their three treatises are among the earliest efforts to develop critical methods to establish an artifact's culture of origin, whether Etruscan, Roman, or medieval. While history has looked more favorably on the work of Borghini, all three manipulated the histories of artifacts to serve competing narratives of Florence's past.

2025, Beyond Borders: Conflict Resolution, Politics, and Cultural Dynamics in Africa

Considering how religion has come to the forefront of international relations, this exploration aims to contribute to the scholarly discourse on religion by focusing on the Holy See. IR theories that have been utilised to analyse the actions of religious actors, and specifically the Vatican, illustrate their impact on several aspects of international relations. As the Arab Spring unfolded, the Holy See saw Egypt, with its significant Coptic Christian community, emerging as a focal point in a seminal moment of Middle Eastern history. This chapter explores the Holy See's approach during a pivotal moment of development in the Middle East, discussing how a religious actor reacts to political changes. The Holy See faced multifaceted challenges in balancing its desire to assist Christians in danger, defend developing nations, and resist radical transformations. Egypt, with its significant Coptic Christian population along with Catholics in the country, became a focal point of the Holy See's attention, influencing its perception of the Arab uprisings. Even though the Arab Spring took unexpected turns, including the rise

2025, Araştırma Raporu

İLKE Vakfı İslam İktisadı Araştırma Merkezi (İKAM) tarafından hazırlanan “Finansal, Toplumsal ve Fıkhi Boyutlarıyla Boykot” başlıklı rapor, boykotun ekonomik, sosyal ve fıkhi boyutlarını detaylı bir şekilde ele alıyor. Raporda, boykot hareketlerinin finansal piyasalara ve şirket bilançolarına etkileri, küresel ticarette doğurduğu sonuçlar ve İslam hukuku açısından değerlendirilmesi inceleniyor. Türkiye’deki boykot hareketlerinin büyük ölçekli firmalara yansımaları ve sektörel analizler raporun öne çıkan bölümleri arasında yer alıyor. Çalışma, boykotun ekonomik bir güç olarak nasıl kullanılabileceğini ve uzun vadede sürdürülebilir bir stratejiye dönüşmesi için atılması gereken adımları detaylandırıyor.

2025, האומה 236

For years, several Soviet spies operated in Israel, including Ze’ev Avni, Marcus Klingberg, and Shabtai Kalmanovich. Now, the research division of Nativ, an agency that maintained contact with Jews in the Soviet Union and encouraged aliyah, has revealed another spy who caused significant damage to Israel — Leon (Leo) Blumenfeld.
Blumenfeld, born in Estonia, betrayed several Zionist movement members to Soviet authorities, some of whom were executed. Blumenfeld officially joined Soviet intelligence in 1946 and was noted for his ability to gather information on Zionist organizations in and outside Estonia.
After immigrating to Israel in 1952 at age 34, he was among the first to inform the Soviet Union about the existence of Nativ, leading to the exposure of its cell in Moscow. This resulted in the expulsion of three Nativ operatives from the Soviet Union in 1955.
Within a few years, he established connections with senior Israeli officials, including those in the defense establishment, and passed extensive information to the Soviets.
Blumenfeld died in 1968 in the Soviet Union at the age of 51.

2025, The Journal of Modern History

2025, Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 62, No. 2, Summer 2023, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 195-212

2025, Middle East Critique

The multi-vector development discourse about ‘the Gulf’ as
booming in an emerging multi-polar world sets a very high bar
for the scholars who sustain the function of this anomaly in the
Global South. Recognizing that a variegated propaganda-for-sale
is at play in the production of an ideological Gulf narrative, we
have invested in this Special Issue, titled ‘The Gulf and the World.’
We have sought to identify the prevailing hegemonic discourse
devised to render palpable the geopolitical relationship between
a Western capitalist project and their allies in the Gulf. The resulting
findings situate the myth of a selective group of Westernleaning
states circulating within often disparate, even rival, scholarly
approaches. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have
not only monopolized scholarly notions of the Gulf, but also
engendered in developmental terms a disjointed, if not crumbling,
MENA region. At this juncture, its character as a contemporary
‘anomaly’ carries concrete function in creating a new
analytical prism that reinserts the Gulf’s strategic value as a particular
operational node for the imperialist fracturing of the wider
region in terms of socio-cultural, economic and political cohesion.
As hinted throughout, scholarship on the Gulf contraption
requires new frames of analysis.

2025, The impacts of Gaza war

The Gaza war has had far-reaching and complex impacts on Israel, the Palestinians, and the broader international community. For Israel, the conflict has escalated security concerns, strained diplomatic relations, and deepened regional instability. Palestinians, particularly those in Gaza, have suffered severe humanitarian crises, with widespread loss of life, displacement, and infrastructural destruction. The war has amplified the already dire living conditions, perpetuating cycles of violence and displacement. On a global scale, the war has exacerbated geopolitical divisions, with countries aligning on opposing sides, thus affecting international relations and regional diplomacy. The conflict has also disrupted global trade, particularly in the Middle East, and increased risks of terrorism and extremism, as groups exploit the situation for recruitment and propaganda. Amid these challenges, the international community remains deeply divided on how to address the root causes of the conflict and find a sustainable path to peace. This abstract examines the multidimensional impacts of the Gaza war on Israel, Palestinians, and the world, highlighting the urgent need for diplomatic intervention and a long-term resolution to ensure stability and peace in the region.