Income Support Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

Final Report to the Food Standards Agency (Scotland) Project No. S04005 October 2007 * visiting all sites identified on maps and accompanying store lists; * identifying, locating and describing sites that are within survey areas but not listed; * verifying sites as a suitable survey candidate; * liaison with storekeepers to acquire consent for survey; * surveying shops through the completion of the data collection form. * data entry onto computer spreadsheets * such other activity as is required to successfully undertake retail survey work Abilities: * map reading. * interpersonal skills for liaison with storekeepers. * moderate physical fitness. Surveyors engage in active work, standing for some periods of time and walking some distances in urban areas. They also can be exposed to all types of weather. Travelling is part of the job and surveyors may either commute long distances or may need to stay away from home overnight. * keyboard skills and basic spreadsheet skills * must have a reliable vehicle.

2025, European journal of public health

health problems in general, but less is known on changes in potentially disadvantaged groups over time. We investigated changes in anxiety and depression symptoms during the first year of the pandemic in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Australia by prior mental disorders and migration status. Methods: Overall, 4,674 adults answered a web-based survey in May-June 2020 and were followed by three repeated surveys up to February 2021 in these countries. Information on sociodemographic, living conditions, psychosocial factors, diagnosis of mental disorders before, depression and anxiety symptoms during the pandemic and migration status (being a resident or not) was collected. Weighted general estimation equations modelling was used to investigate the association between prior mental disorders, migration status, and symptoms over time. Most participants were <40 years old (48%), women (78%), and highly educated (62%) with some variations across countries. The baseline prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms ranged between 19%-45% and 13%-35% respectively. In most countries, prevalence remained unchanged throughout the pandemic and was higher among people with prior mental disorder than without even after adjustment for socioeconomic, psychosocial, living and health factors. We observed interactions between previous mental disorders and symptoms of anxiety or depression over time in Germany (p = 0.01) and in Spain (p = 0.04). No prevalence difference was noted by migration status. Conclusions: Depression and anxiety symptoms were worse among individuals with prior mental disorders than without, but there was no clear trend of mental health worsening in the observed groups during the first year of the pandemic. Still, monitoring mental health should be continued in the longterm, with special focus on vulnerable groups. Depression and anxiety symptoms were higher in individuals with prior mental disorders during the first year of the pandemic in an international sample of six European countries and Australia. There were no clear trends of mental health worsening in any of the observed groups in neither of the countries between May-June 2020 and February 2021.

2025

Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

2025

Under the bond scheme, a pre-determined series of payments would compensate farmers for lost revenues resulting from policy change. Unlike the Single Payment Scheme, payments would be fully decoupled: recipients would not have to retain farmland, or remain in agriculture. If vested in a paper asset, the guaranteed, unencumbered, income stream would be similar to that from a government bond. Recipients could exchange this for a capital sum reflecting the net present value of future payments, and reinvest in other business ventures, either on-or offfarm. With a finite, declining flow of payments, budget expenditure would reduce, releasing funds for other uses.

2025

This paper outlines the main labor market regulations, social protection programs and tax regimes and how they affect formalization, inequality, income volatility, and firm size and productivity in Brazil. We argue that the current social protection system creates incentives for low-skilled workers to remain informal, increase turnover, and may contribute to the large income volatility. Moreover, special tax regimes and special contributory systems for poor independent workers may subsidize small and less productive firms, thus resulting in misallocation of labor and capital, as well as increasing inequality. Overall, the social protection system in Brazil is redistributive, but its progressive features could be enhanced, especially regarding the pension system. Reforms in the whole system could increase efficiency and reduce inequality at the same time. JEL Code: D22, E24, H24, J46, N36

2025

This research examines the link between measured child outcomes and child support laws to ascertain whether children with child support orders are impacted by the child support collection methods and/or the level of rigor utilized in collecting child support. The first phase of research involved evaluating the varying child support laws and related data of each state. The second phase of research involved evaluating health, education and crime data for children in each state. This research seeks to find the child support and collection methodologies that prove more beneficial for the well-being of children and will likely show that in states where child support laws and collection enforcement laws are stricter, children have better outcomes.

2025, Social Science Research Network

The standard methods of measuring the cost of children are flawed because of the endogeneity of fertility decisions and because Ð even if they were exogenous Ð children bring (or may bring) utility to the household. This paper presents a simple structural model of household allocation of time and income to `children's (quantity and quality) production'. From the estimates one can compute the cost of children as the market value of resources devoted to children. Some policy simulations illustrate the relevance of accounting for the endogeneity of children.

2025

Equilibrium policy simulation with random utility models of labor supply

2025, Journal of economic and social measurement

2025, SSRN Electronic Journal

economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

2025

This study looks into the impact of the Sehat Sahulat Program on the job satisfaction of medical practitioners who are part of this program. The study also investigates the mediating role of workload, ease of process and transparency of process between Sehat Sahulat Program and their job satisfaction. For detailed analysis, a sample of 275 medical practitioners were interviewed from the three largest tertiary care hospitals, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH), and Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC). The results of the structural equation model technique revealed that the Sehat Sahulat Program has a significant influence on the medical practitioner's job satisfaction (professional
life) (β=0.699, t=17.3, p<.05). The results also demonstrate that all three mediating variables partially mediate the relationship between the Sehat Sahulat Program and the job satisfaction of medical practitioners. The study has both research and practical implications. On the research side, this study has looked into the behavioral aspect of health service facilities, which are basically aimed at providing free health facilities to people at large. On the practical side, the study is likely to help practitioners and policymakers capitalize on the strengths of this program and address its weaknesses. By addressing these aspects, the program is expected to achieve its set goals of better health service delivery.

2025

Recent developments in policies towards lone parents in Australia have emphasised the role of employment in increasing income and self-sufficiency. The emphasis on employment is also the case in other OECD countries with a general trend towards benefits for lone parents being made dependent on participation in the labour market. The United States of America has undertaken substantial reforms over the 1990s, to the ways in which social assistance is provided to lone parents. Following the reforms there has been a dramatic fall in the number of lone-mother families in the United States receiving welfare payments and increases in employment rates. This paper reviews the evidence on the impact of the United States welfare reforms on a wide range of outcomes, including the number of benefit recipients, employment rates, income, mental and physical health of mothers and children's wellbeing. Implications of the United States experience of welfare reform for policy in Australia are considered. The importance of differences in Australian institutions, particularly the labour market and income support systems, are highlighted. Research Paper No. 29, November 2002 Australian Institute of Family Studies 1 1 Black and Hispanic lone mothers have experienced as rapid, or more rapid falls in caseloads as have white lone mothers (Finegold and Staveteig 2002). 2 The Interim Report of the Reference Group on Welfare Reform (March 2000) outlines a number of drivers for recent welfare reform in OECD countries. Drivers for welfare reform which are of particular concern in Australia include: persistent unemployment, especially long-term unemployment; increased income support reliance among the working-age population; growing income inequality; persistent poverty and increased polarisation of households into work-rich and work-poor; financial incentives to work; changes in the labour market, including increasing part-time work and more temporary work opportunities; and changes in family formation, especially the increased rates of family breakdown and lone parenthood. Lessons of United States welfare reforms for Australian social policy Australian Institute of Family Studies Research Paper No. 29, November 2002 2 3 This finding is consistent with work by Chalmers (1999) that there is a high incidence of repeat use of the Sole Parent Pension with 65 per cent of lone parents returning to some form of income support (43 per cent returned to Sole Parent Pension). 4 Medicaid is available to poor children in lone and two-parent families.

2025, Khyber Journal of Public Policy

This research paper examines the increasing
vulnerability of Pakistan to climate-related disasters,
particularly floods, as highlighted by the Global
Climate Risk Index 2019. As one of the most
susceptible nations to climate change, Pakistan has
experienced devastating floods that have resulted in
substantial loss of life and property, exacerbating
socioeconomic vulnerabilities and jeopardizing national
development. The analysis underscores the urgent need
for improvements in disaster preparedness, risk
assessment, and climate adaptation measures. It
emphasizes the necessity for a cohesive legal framework,
enhanced collaboration among various governmental
levels, and increased budget allocations for disaster
management institutions. Furthermore, the paper
advocates for investment in modern telecommunication
infrastructure and advanced early warning systems to
improve disaster response capabilities. By addressing
these critical areas, Pakistan can enhance its resilience
to climate-induced calamities and safeguard vulnerable
populations against future risks.

2025, Khyber Journal of Public Policy

Social security is a vital system of programs designed to
provide assistance to vulnerable populations, addressing
their needs in areas such as healthcare, housing,
education, and food security. In Pakistan, social security
initiatives face challenges due to fragmentation,
inefficiency, and a lack of coordination among the
various programs. Despite the constitutional
commitment to providing basic necessities and
protection for marginalized groups, the government
allocates less than 1% of its GDP to social security,
significantly lower than the average for developing
nations. As a result, approximately 95 million people
remain unprotected by adequate social coverage. This
research highlights the critical need for a more
coordinated and comprehensive approach to social
security in Pakistan. It presents a set of
recommendations aimed at addressing gaps in
healthcare access, income support, food security,
housing, education, and climate change resilience. The
paper also advocates for labor market reforms,
stakeholder collaboration, and robust monitoring
systems to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of
social security programs in the country.

2025, Innovation in Aging

After the Swedish Mental Health Care reform was enacted in 1995, many individuals with severe mental illness were released from long-term care institutions. As a result, they had new living and support situations. Following 236 individuals over time supported investigation of the effectiveness of social support services in caring for these individuals. Surveys were conducted in 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 and annual data were available from national registries. Primary diagnosis was psychosis (over 60%); depression was the second highest diagnosis (20%). Mean age in 1996 was 60.8 (range = 45 to 86) and 47% of the sample were women. Only 36% of the group had more than nine-year compulsory education. Compared with other groups in the larger study, this group was more likely to have never married (66%) and 18% had accumulated more than 10 years in an institution over their lifetime (mean = 6 years). Even after correcting for age, functioning as measured by the Global Assessment of Funct...

2025, Maine Law Review

See 42 U.S.C. § 607(c)(2)(D), (d)(8) (2000). 8. See id. § 601(a). 9. Id. § § 601(a)(2), 602(a)(1)(A)(i). 10. Brito, supra note 3, at 428. 11. Id.

2025, Maine Policy Review

2025

The number and characteristics of parents with intellectual disability from Centrelink income support administrative data i

2025

This investigation is part of a larger project funded by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS) as part of Healthy Start. A national strategy for children of parents with learning difficulties... more

2025

This paper aims to analyse the social assistance systems in five South European countries: France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. After reviewing the existing system of social assistance in each country, we apply a consistent... more

2025, SSRN Electronic Journal

Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent, nonprofit limited liability company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) supported by the Deutsche Post AG. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. The current research program deals with (1) mobility and flexibility of labor markets, (2) internationalization of labor markets and European integration, (3) the welfare state and labor markets, (4) labor markets in transition, (5) the future of work, (6) project evaluation and ( ) general labor economics. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. IZA Discussion Paper No. 289

2025, Spectrum

Welcome to the new SPectrum! This edition inaugurates several important changes, reflected in our new look and focus. First, after covering broad social protection themes such as disability, pensions, and children, we are now focusing on regions. Second, we are shifting toward more in-depth, comprehensive articles. We do this with a continuing commitment to delivering a highly readable magazine that explores key issues and recent developments in social protection. Our first regional edition takes us to Latin America and the Caribbean, where we examine the challenges posed by volatility and risk and explore innovative approaches to reducing vulnerability, particularly among the poor. This regional focus takes us to the birthplace of social funds, one of the first crisis-response tools forged in the social protection toolkit 15 years ago in Bolivia. What's more, it gives an overview of how approaches to social protection have evolved in this diverse, dynamic region to include such tools as workfare, conditional cash transfers (which also had their genesis in the region), and multisector reform programs. This edition also explores new analytical approaches, describes new programs and emerging priorities, and grapples with the continuing challenge of finding effective ways to improve the capacity of individuals, households, and communities to manage risk. We believe social protection tools and strategies have a key role to play in reducing poverty and improving human development. They address the needs of vulnerable populations, generate tools for risk management through social insurance, and provide a springboard for poor people to improve their lives in the face of crisis. As important, the multisector, dynamic nature of social protection allows for integrated approaches to key areas of development, including health, education, finance, and infrastructure. Finding such synergies is crucial if we are to address extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary school completion, and tackle a multitude of health challenges, all key elements of the Millennium Development Goals endorsed by the international community in 2000. We are excited about SPectrum's new approach. Following this issue, the other five World Bank regions will prepare their own issues of SPectrum over the next two years. The Europe and Central Asia region will sponsor the next issue. We hope that the regional focus and the interregional learning will prove valuable to readers. The Social Protection staff for the Latin America and Caribbean region and elsewhere at the World Bank welcome feedback on this issue and suggestions for future ones.

2025, Economic Record

High welfare withdrawal rates generate high effective marginal tax rates and work disincentives; but reducing withdrawal rates extends welfare to the better-off. We analyse pension taper reduction effects for lone mothers subject to the Australian tax and welfare reforms of July 2000. The changes in work incentives were trivial. Taper reductions extended income support and provided larger family payments to high income lone mothers previously excluded from welfare. Approximately 90 per cent of the better-off group now made eligible for income support had a long history of welfare reliance. The taper reduction encouraged them to stay on welfare longer.

2025

We conducted an experiment that compared different versions of a set of disability questions (including the questions included on the Census 2000 Long Form). Disability items are prone to a number of methodological problems, including inconsistency over time and self-proxy differences. Our experimental versions were designed to reduce these problems. The different versions constituted attempts to simplify the questions in various ways; in addition, some of the questions used a five-point response scale rather than the yes-no format commonly used in survey items on disability. We also varied whether the data were collected from the sample persons themselves or from a proxy from the same household. We administered the questions in a telephone interview to a national sample of households that included at least two adults 40 years old or older. In each cooperating household, we selected two adults in this age range and interviewed one of them about themselves and the other sample adult; we attempted to interview the sample households (again by telephone) a second time two weeks after the initial interview. We found that the wording of the disability questions had a major effect on the apparent prevalence of disability in this population, but, despite our efforts to simplify it, the wording of the questions had little effect on the consistency of responses across interviews or on selfproxy differences. Answers were more consistent across interviews when the same person answered the questions both times -whether that person was a self-respondent or a proxy. Only about two-thirds of those classified as having a disability in the first interview were classified as having a disability in the second. Disability is a complex concept and different respondents may have different views about whether a given person has a disability. As a result, changes in respondents may lead to changes in the disability classification of the target person. On the other hand, changing the wording to simplify the judgment seemed to have only modest effects on consistency across interviews or consistency across respondents.

2025, les cahiers du cread

The implementation of the various agricultural development plans in Algeria (2000Algeria ( -2018) ) will accelerate, structure and widen the support mechanisms targeting in particular the development of the cereal and milk sectors. The main objective of these planswas to catalyze the increase in added value and agricultural growth. This work is characterized by the exploitation and analysis of the data collected on the subsidies actually consumed, their categorization, the characterization of their final destination, the "expost" period taken as a basis for the evaluation of the overall impact of the different programs. It uses modeling, a multiple linear regression model, to measure and analyze the effects on agricultural value added and growth. The results of the model used well demonstrate the positive effect of this production support on agricultural value added. This study should contribute in an objective and rigorous way to the clarification of the debates aroused today in Algeria as for the utility and the effectiveness of these subsidies.

2025

Before 1996, households were typically ineligible for welfare if they had assets worth more than 1,000,where1,000, where 1,000,where1,500 from each vehicle’s value was excluded from this determination. However, the 1996 welfare reform act began allowing states to increase their asset limits and vehicle exclusions. This may prompt low-income households to reallocate resources to or from vehicles. We examine the effects of state vehicle asset rules on vehicle assets. Results show liberalizing asset rules increases vehicle assets and that this increase is driven largely by eligible individuals increasing vehicle assets, with no evidence indicating ineligible individuals reduce vehicle assets to become eligible.

2025, Southern Economic Journal

Economic conditions and welfare reform / Sheldon Danziger, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

2025, The journal of applied research on children : informing policy for children at risk

Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake among adults and/or children in the household. No reported indications of food-access problems or limitations among children (household may be food insecure). Reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet of children. Little or no indication of reduced food intake of children. Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake of children. While school-aged children may accurately report food security status that their caregivers may misreport, 11 it is also likely that parents underreport low food security status of their younger children. In our experience with qualitative research, caregivers are often reluctant to admit that their children may not be getting enough food due to shame or due to the fear that their children might be removed from the home by authorities. We have also learned from our research participants that parents may be so stressed and anxious about their dire circumstances that they cannot truly gauge, nor admit to others, just how much their own children are suffering. Results from our ongoing qualitative, participatory action research with 44 mothers of young children suggest that child food insecurity is 2

2025, INAPP - Technical Report

This work aims to define a method for processing the available INPS archives. It involves providing data to INAPP, within the SISTAN framework for the communication of personal data (including identifying information). This represents the first step in the project titled "Monitoring and evaluation of income support measures for involuntary unemployment and temporary work suspension through the integration of administrative archives." After addressing the methodological aspects related to reconstructing benefits, recipients, and the reference population for income support in cases of involuntary unemployment, this note focuses on the process of reconstructing data on benefits. The benefits are related to the set of income support measures in the event of temporary suspension from work while maintaining the employment relationship (Short Time Works).

2025

How has agricultural policy changed over the years? Prior to the closing of the western frontier and for the first,150 years of this nation's history, government involvement in agriculture was primarily limited to: (1): land ownership, .and settlement policy,' (2) scientific input., .and (3> basic regulations. So, the U-Sb essentially had a market oriented policy Disciplines Agribusiness | Agricultural and Resource Economics | Economic Policy | Economic Theory This report is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/econ_las_staffpapers/203

2025

he United States is commonly believed to be a food-secure nation. However, for the past decade, hunger and food insecurity have been major concerns in the Northwest. Many people in Oregon and Washington were surprised in the late 1990s when these states were found to have the highest hunger and food insecurity rates in the country. Recent studies conducted by OSU Rural Studies researchers found that this situation has been improving. For example, food insecurity and hunger have declined in Oregon in recent years while increasing slightly in the rest of the U.S. (Figure ). The downward trend in Oregon is good news, but the studies found that households with certain socioeconomic characteristics continue to have difficulty providing enough food for everyone in their family.

2025, Social Science Research Network

Given the ageing of the populations in many Western countries, older people constitute an important group in the analysis of poverty. In this chapter, we examine the poverty incidence among older people across LIS countries, relying on data from the Luxembourg Income Study. The data show that poverty rates are substantially reduced by redistribution via tax/benefit systems (mainly via pension benefits). Furthermore, the data show that old-age poverty rates and the antipoverty effect of pensions vary substantially across countries. Finally, in almost all countries, the poverty rates based on disposable income declined between 1985 and 2013. The reason for this reduction in old-age poverty is the increase of the poverty reducing effect of pension benefits). Interestingly, the trend in the poverty rates of the working age population differs from that of older people; in most countries of our sample, the poverty incidence increased for the working age population. However, it should be noted that in most Western countries, poverty rates for older people are still at a higher level than for the working age population.

2025, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

2.5. Analyse comparative de l'efficacité des outils de gestion du risque 2.5.1. Analyse d'impact du lissage 2.5.2. Option de vente sur le prix du blé 2.5.3. Assurance rendement sur le blé 2.5.4. Assurance chiffre d'affaires sur le blé 2.5.5. Assurance chiffre d'affaires sur exploitation 2.6. Coordination des outils pour une gestion du risque agricole 2.6.1. Analyse de la combinaison assurance chiffre d'affaires et épargne de précaution 2.6.2. Analyse du filet de sécurité Conclusion Bibliographie Annexe 1 : Gestion historique du risque climatique et sanitaire en France Annexe 2 : La politique américaine en matière de gestion du risque agricole Annexe 3 : Etude historique de la variabilité de la marge agricole Annexe 4 : Estimation de la valeur des outils de gestion du risque

2025, Wieś i Rolnictwo

Average incomes in the agricultural sector are still much lower than average wages in non-agricultural sectors in the most of the EU Member States, which is contrary to one of the CAP’s initial objectives of “ensuring a fair standard of living for the agricultural community”. The main aim of this paper is to verify whether EU membership and the use of CAP funds helped reduce relative income gap of farmers. The second aim is to analyse which factors influence this income gap and how. Our study is based on EAA data for EU-27 for the period 1995–2015 and makes use of three panel data regression models estimated for all EU Member States, the “old” ones (EU-15) and the “new” ones (EU-12). Our results show that the social goals of the CAP support have not been achieved in the EU-15; however, they have been achieved under the SAPS in the EU-12.

2025, Journal of Population Economics

This paper studies the effect of welfare programs on work incentives and the labor supply of adults in developing countries. The document builds on the experimental evaluations of three programs implemented in rural areas: Mexico's PROGRESA, Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social (RPS) and Honduras' Programa de Asignación Familiar (PRAF). The impact of welfare on labor supply has been widely studied in developed countries, where most recent initiatives attempt to mitigate negative effects on work incentives. The programs under study are conditional cash transfers (CCT), which combine monetary benefits with incentives for curbing child labor and fostering the accumulation of human capital. Unlike their counterparts in developed economies, however, they do not account for potential impacts on the labor supply of adults, and there is little systematic evidence on this aspect despite a wealth of empirical studies on their intended outcomes. Comparable results for the three countries indicate mostly negative but small and non-significant effects of the programs on the employment of adults, no reallocation of labor between agricultural and other sectors, and a reduction in hours worked by adults in eligible households in RPS. Moreover, PROGRESA had a positive effect on beneficiaries' wages. The programs did not imply major disincentives to work, despite substantial transfers, but they had some effects on local labor markets. This mechanism is related to recent findings on the indirect impact of CCTs on ineligible households, and implies that future evaluation studies and designs should account for the equilibrium effects of the interventions.

2024

This study estimates earnings losses of displaced workers using administrative data which tracks 833,004 workers in California between 1989 and 1994. The study finds that earnings losses: i) are 17-25 percent 3-5 years after displacement, ii) are related to the economic conditions at the time of displacement, and iii) vary by firm size, change in industry of employment, and number of subsequent separations.

2024, International Tax and Public Finance

This paper considers the practical problem of distributing a fixed budget for poverty alleviation to a population whose poverty status is not directly observable. The solution we propose improves on the techniques that are commonly used in practice by taking both the concavity of the social welfare function and the entire conditional distribution of poverty status into account, and by endogenously determining the optimal transfer levels. We provide an algorithm to calculate the optimal transfers for any population of benefit applicants. Finally, we explain how our method is a generalization of statistical classification techniques and thus provide an intuitive discussion of the defects of currently operational methods.

2024, Public Finance Finances Publiques

Income Support for the Unemployed in Hungary Jo h n M i c k l e w r i g h t BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOM ENICO (FI)

2024

Please note As from January 1990 the EUI Working Paper Series is divided into six sub-series, each sub-series is numbered individually (e.g. EUI Working Paper LAW No. 90/1).

2024, Tax policy: papers presented at the …

Is taxation of capital income inefficient? And if so, why do democratic governments persist with such taxation? In this paper, we evaluate the likely impact of capital taxation in the United Kingdom. The theoretical argument displaying... more

2024, OECD working papers on finance, insurance private pensions

Insurance and Private Pensions provide timely analysis and background on industry developments, structural issues, and public policy in the financial sector, including insurance and private pensions. Topics include risk management, governance, investments, benefit protection, and financial education. These studies are prepared for dissemination in order to stimulate wider discussion and further analysis and obtain feedback from interested audiences.

2024, Social Science Research Network

Many microeconometric models of discrete labour supply include alternative-specific constants meant to account for (possibly besides other factors) the density or accessibility of particular types of jobs (e.g. part-time jobs vs. full-time jobs). The most common use of these models is the simulation of tax-transfer reforms. The simulation is usually interpreted as a comparative statics exercise, i.e. the comparison of different equilibria induced by different policy regimes. The simulation procedure, however, typically keeps fixed the estimated alternative-specific constants. In this note we argue that this procedure is not consistent with the comparative statics interpretation. Since the constants reflect the number of jobs and since the number of people willing to work changes as a response to the change in taxtransfer regime, the new equilibrium induced by the reform implies that the constants should also change. A structural interpretation of the alternative-specific constants leads to the development of a simulation procedure consistent with the comparative statics interpretation. The procedure is illustrated with a simulation of alternative reforms of the income support policies in Italy.