Infant and child Mortality Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

This paper discusses some of the findings and policy implications of a recently completed study of socioeconomic differences in infant mortality in eight metropolitan areas of Ohio at three points in time. The study revealed that, in spite of a considerable decline in the overall rate of infant mortality since 1960, the inverse socioeconomic differential remains as wide as ever. This clearly suggests that, although maternal and child health has improved overall, the lower economic groups in our society still do not have equal access either to health care or to other amenities essential to the maintenance of good health. Moreover, consideration of recent and current policy proposals with respect to welfare programs in general, and maternal and child health care programs in particular, leads to the conclusion that this situation is not likely to change in the near future. Finally, some policy recommendations for enhancing the health status of low-income families are offered.

2025

Infant mortality is an important population health statistic that is often used to make health policy decisions. For a small population, an infant mortality rate is subject to high levels of uncertainty and may not indicate the "underlying" mortality regime affecting the population. This situation leads some agencies to either not report infant mortality for these populations or report infant mortality aggregated over space, time or both. A method is presented for estimating "underlying" infant mortality rates that reflect the intrinsic mortality regimes of small populations. The method is described and illustrated in a case study by estimating IMRs for the 15 counties in California where zero infant deaths are reported at the county level for the period 2009-2011. We know that among these 15 counties there are 50 infant deaths reported at the state level but not for the counties in which they occurred. The method's validity is tested using a synthetic population in the form of a simulated data set generated from a model life table infant mortality rate, representing Level 23 of the West Family Model Life Table for both sexes. The test indicates that the method is capable of producing estimates that represent underlying rates. In this regard, the method described here may assist in the generation of information about the health status of small populations.

2025

2025, The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Background Many countries have shown marked declines in diarrhoeal disease mortality among children younger than 5 years. With this analysis, we provide updated results on diarrhoeal disease mortality among children younger than 5 years from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) and use the study's comparative risk assessment to quantify trends and effects of risk factors, interventions, and broader sociodemographic development on mortality changes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Methods This analysis for GBD 2017 had three main components. Diarrhoea mortality was modelled using vital registration data, demographic surveillance data, and verbal autopsy data in a predictive, Bayesian, ensemble modelling tool; and the attribution of risk factors and interventions for diarrhoea were modelled in a counterfactual framework that combines modelled population-level prevalence of the exposure to each risk or intervention with the relative risk of diarrhoea given exposure to that factor. We assessed the relative and absolute change in diarrhoea mortality rate between 1990 and 2017, and used the change in risk factor exposure and sociodemographic status to explain differences in the trends of diarrhoea mortality among children younger than 5 years. Findings Diarrhoea was responsible for an estimated 533 768 deaths (95% uncertainty interval 477 162-593 145) among children younger than 5 years globally in 2017, a rate of 78•4 deaths (70•1-87•1) per 100 000 children. The diarrhoea mortality rate ranged between countries by over 685 deaths per 100 000 children. Diarrhoea mortality per 100 000 globally decreased by 69•6% (63•1-74•6) between 1990 and 2017. Among the risk factors considered in this study, those responsible for the largest declines in the diarrhoea mortality rate were reduction in exposure to unsafe sanitation (13•3% decrease, 11•2-15•5), childhood wasting (9•9% decrease, 9•6-10•2), and low use of oral rehydration solution (6•9% decrease, 4•8-8•4). Interpretation Diarrhoea mortality has declined substantially since 1990, although there are variations by country. Improvements in sociodemographic indicators might explain some of these trends, but changes in exposure to risk factors-particularly unsafe sanitation, childhood growth failure, and low use of oral rehydration solution-appear to be related to the relative and absolute rates of decline in diarrhoea mortality. Although the most effective interventions might vary by country or region, identifying and scaling up the interventions aimed at preventing and protecting against diarrhoea that have already reduced diarrhoea mortality could further avert many thousands of deaths due to this illness. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

2025, Lancet (London, England)

Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and r...

2025, 1 1 o Διεπιστημονικό Συμπόσιο Πότε Πρέπει να Πεθαίνομε; (ΠΠΠ). Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων 28-30 Απρ 2017. ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ st Interdisciplinary Symposium When Should We Die? (WnSWD). Ioannina University Greece 28-30 Apr 2017. PROCEEDINGS

Η απώλεια και το πένθος αποτελεί μια σχολική πραγματικότητα, την οποία καλείται να διαχειριστεί ο εκπαιδευτικός με στόχο την αποφυγή ψυχοπαθολογικών καταστάσεων που εμποδίζουν την ολόπλευρη ανάπτυξη του παιδιού. Ερωτήματα όπως: τι είναι το πένθος; πώς βιώνει το πένθος το παιδί; ποιοι παράγοντες επιδρούν στο βίωμα του πένθους από το παιδί; πώς μπορεί ο εκπαιδευτικός να βοηθήσει τον μαθητή που βιώνει το πένθος; ποιες είναι οι καταλληλότερες ψυχοπαιδαγωγικές προσεγγίσεις του παιδιού που πενθεί; ποιος είναι ο ρόλος του πολιτισμικού περιβάλλοντος του παιδιού που βιώνει το πένθος από μια απώλεια και ειδικότερα της τυπικής και άτυπης θρησκευτικής αγωγής του; κ.ά., προβάλλουν τη διαχείριση του πένθους ως μια πολυσύνθετη ψυχοπαιδαγωγική κατάσταση για την οποία ο εκπαιδευτικός πρέπει να έχει τις απαραίτητες γνώσεις και να διαθέτει ένα πλήθος προσωπικών
δεξιοτήτων.
Στη μελέτη μας αυτή μέσω επιστημονικών και ερευνητικών δεδομένων θα προσπαθήσουμε να δημιουργήσουμε ένα συνοπτικό πεδίο αναφοράς, το οποίο καθένας εκπαιδευτικός θα μπορεί να αξιοποιήσει ώστε: α) να διερευνήσει το πώς κατανοεί το παιδί την απώλεια και τον θάνατο, β) να κατανοήσει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο το παιδί βιώνει το πένθος που του προκαλεί κάθε απώλεια και ιδιαίτερα η απώλεια ενός αγαπημένου και σημαντικού προσώπου, γ) να γνωρίσει τις διεργασίες του πένθους, τις οποίες πρέπει να εκτελέσει το παιδί και να συνειδητοποιήσει τις ανάγκες του παιδιού κατά τη διάρκεια της εκτέλεσης αυτών των διεργασιών πένθους, δ) να οριοθετήσει το ψυχοπαιδαγωγικό πλαίσιο διαχείρισης του πένθους του παιδιού, και τέλος ε) να γνωρίσει κάποιες διδακτικές προσεγγίσεις, τις οποίες θα μπορεί είτε να εφαρμόσει άμεσα είτε να τις χρησιμοποιήσει ως δείγματα που θα τον βοηθήσουν να δημιουργήσει τις δικές του καινοτόμες διδακτι κές προσεγγίσεις για την υποστήριξη των μαθητών του στην αντιμετώπιση των δύσκολων ψυχοσυναισθηματικών καταστάσεων του πένθους στο σχολείο.

2025, IL BOLLETTINO DI CLIO

Il rapporto tra archeologia e demografia è contraddistinto da una serie di difficoltà tecniche e di limiti metodologici. Ma anche di ostacoli culturali, almeno in Italia. Nonostante l’evidenza di tali problemi, alcuni davvero complessi, se si vuole provare a fare storia delle civiltà antiche (in particolare premoderne) coinvolgendo gli aspetti sociali, il contributo che l’archeologia può offrire è insostituibile nel vero senso della parola. Per essere però di una qualche validità, è necessario che gli archeologi e gli antichisti in genere siano consapevoli del valore dei dati demografici e delle procedure specifiche che tale disciplina presenta nell’interpretazione dei dati.
Per alcune fasi della storia umana, come la preistoria, il rapporto tra archeologia e demografia è ampiamente condiviso; per altre, come l’età protostorica, antica e medievale, molto meno, in particolare in paesi come l’Italia; il che porta non solo a equivoci e sottovalutazioni ma anche a
vere e proprie aberrazioni su temi di enorme importanza storica demografica come, per esempio, l’impatto della mortalità infantile, il rapporto tra uomo e donna, la maternità e la contraccezione, la presenza degli anziani nelle comunità antiche.

2025, Lancet (London, England)

2025, European Scientific Journal, ESJ

In Bamako, like in the majority of south of Saharan cities, there is a very fast demographic growth moving from 658 275 inhabitants in 1987 to 1 016 514 in 1998, then 1908104 in 2009 (INSAT, 2010). For a few decades, the town has been suffering from a notorious lack of collective equipments for the collection and cleaning up of domestic waste water. If the issue of access to drinking water is a major problem for the inhabitants of Bamako, the issue of the collection and cleaning-up of waste water remains even more problematical. The problem is more severe in the districts that have long been considered to be precarious then rehabilitated with regard to their location and to the difficult economic conditions of their inhabitants. Initiatives have been taken here and there across the town for a more collective management of waste water with various results. Before the generalisation of these operations in several districts, a test stage has been observed in Bozola with ten or so house...

2025, European Scientific Journal, ESJ

2025, Lancet (London, England)

2025, American Journal of Mathematics and Statistics

This study is a retrospective analysis of the reproductive history data collected from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) for 2013 to study some factors that are likely to be responsible for infant mortality. The essential aim of this study is to estimate the survival rates of infant’s mortality in Nigeria with the objectives of estimating and interpreting survivor/hazard function from survival data, describing and estimating the survival experience of different groups, selecting the best hazard model from the data. The Kaplan- Meier curve was plotted to describe the rate of survival of some of the factors responsible for infant mortality. The log- rank test which is a non-parametric test was used to test the hypothesis to compare the survival distributions of the samples. The log rank test was obtained for the region, type of resident, sex of the child, religion, gender, highest educational level of mother, wealth index, Age at death, age at birth. The Cox-Proportion...

2025, Lancet (London, England)

2025, Sociological Bulletin

During the past 50 years India has achieved considerable social and economic progress. It is also generally assumed that the future progress will be even more rapid and that India will be an important player in the global market. Despite this unbridled optimism, the future for India's unborn female children looks increasingly bleak. In fact, the country is undergoing a social and demographic development of stunning proportion, which can only be expected to have far-reaching social and economic consequences. The numerical relationship between males and females in the population, the sex ratio, is the most basic indicator of equality between men and women in a country at a specific point of time. Changes in this relationship reflect the underlying changes, for better or worse for women, in the country's socio-economic and cultural patterns. To date,

2025

Search: onr:"swepub:oai:services.scigloo.org:74209" > Uncertainty and dis... ... Larsen, Mattias, 1975-(author) Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för freds-och utvecklingsforskning Gooch, Pernille (author) Hatti, Neelambar... more

2025, International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS)

Unwanted pregnancy has serious and adverse health, social, and economic impacts, as well as the risk of maternal and child mortality. In Indonesia, unwanted pregnancy is one of the most troubling public health problems and a major reproductive health problem. The sample consisted of 2002 (12,612), 2007 (14,471), 2012 (14,212), and 2017 (8,838), so the total sample was 50,233 couples of childbearing age by random sample method. This study was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Unintended pregnancies were associated with maternal age, age at first marriage, number of children, maternal education, contraceptive use, contraceptive failure, residence, and the interval between pregnancies. Unwanted pregnancies at the mother's vulnerable age have increased over the past 10 years and decreased after entering the last 5 years, tend to be stable and constant at the age of first marriage. About one and a half women in Indonesia encounter unwanted pregnancies. Unwanted pregnancies fluctuate over 20 years. Women, especially the most vulnerable should be empowered to avoid unwanted pregnancies for their awareness and independence. Programs to expand access and quality of information and counseling centers, access and quality of women's health services, and specific reproductive health services as needed.

2025, Logixs Journals

Underfive child mortality is one of the world's most severe public health problems, and the developing world disproportionately bears the brunt of underfive child mortality. It is quite unlikely that developing countries will have sufficient resources, at least in the foreseeable future, to significantly
reduce child mortality rates. Fortunately, optimal breastfeeding provides significant protection against child mortality, and it may well be the most practical policy intervention against child mortality in resource-constrained settings. However, the catch lies in the fact that despite the obvious benefits of breastfeeding, optimal breastfeeding is limited across the developing world. I have identified several causal mechanisms that contribute to nonoptimal breastfeeding practices. Additionally, I have drawn upon the literature that has estimated the economic cost of inadequate breastfeeding.

2025

Twins are relatively rare events, but several studies confirm that they contribute substantially to mortality in both neonatal and post-neonatal periods. The excess infant and child mortality rates among twins calls for a need to identify the main causes behind it. In studies involving multiple individuals from the same family, the independence assumption is not plausible unless all important familial factors were measured and controlled for in the model. Hence, it is important to include random effect or frailty in the model to account for the existence of correlation or unmeasured covariates. This study, therefore, employed survival analysis using gamma frailty models. Information on twin under-five mortality was found from the birth history of women who were included in the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health survey. The results of the study show that sex of child, between twins birth order, preceding birth interval, and succeeding birth interval are significantly associated wit...

2024, International Journal of Public Health

2024, Lancet (London, England)

2024

This 99-item bibliography gathers the widely dispersed nursing literature on refugees, including unpublished master's degree theses and conference proceedings. Nurse researchers, more than researchers in other health care fields, have undertaken exploratory studies to document and interpret the health beliefs and health care practices of various groups of refugees. The bibliography is arranged according to the following refugee groups: (1) Afghan; (2) Arab; (3) Cuban and Haitian; (4) El Salvadoran; (5) Ethiopian; (6) Indochinese and general Southeast Asian, including Cambodian, Vietnamese Chinese, Fmong and Mien, Lao, and Vietnamese; (7) Iranian; (8) Polish; and (9) Tibetan. In each section, annotated citations to empirical studies, which represent the cutting edge of nursing interpretation of the refugee phenomena and are the least accessible, precede unannotated citations to practice-focused publications appearing in books or journals. All publications cited are in English. (FHW)

2024, PloS one

This paper extends Alexandr Chayanov's model of changing household demography (specifically the ratio of food consumers to food producers) and its influence on agricultural behavior so that it includes possible adverse effects of a rising ratio on nutritional status and early childhood mortality within the household. We apply the model to 35 years' worth of longitudinal demographic and economic data collected in the irrigated-rice growing village of Na Savang in northern Laos. When appropriate controls are included for other household variables, unobserved inter-household heterogeneity, and changes in local conditions and national policy over the study period, the analysis suggests that a unit increase in the household's consumer/producer ratio induces something like a nine-fold increase in the risk of death among household members aged less than five years. Monte Carlo simulation studies suggest that this may be an over-estimate but also that the effect is probably real...

2024, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science

During the 2012–2016 drought in La Guajira, Colombia, child mortality rates rose to 23.4 out of 1000. Most of these children belonged to the Wayuu indigenous community, the largest and one of the most vulnerable in Colombia. At the municipal level, this study found a significant positive correlation between the average child mortality rate and households with a monthly income of less than USD 100, the number of people without access to health insurance, being part of the indigenous population, being illiterate, lacking sewage systems, living in rural areas, and large households with members younger than 5 years old and older than 65 years old. No correlation was found with households without access to a water source. The stepwise regression analysis showed that households with a monthly income of less than USD 100, no members older than 65 years old, but several children younger than 5 years old, account for 90.4% of the child mortality rate. This study concludes that, if inhabitant...

2024

The decreasing child female to male ratio (FMR) has been one of the important concerns in India's demography in recent times. The general public concern of late is the apparent association of child FMR and fertility decline. The states of India are in different stages of fertility transition and some of them are experiencing sex selective abortions. It will be worthwhile to identify the states, which contribute to the decline in child sex ratio at the all India level. A decomposition exercise is attempted in this study and problem states are identified. States with initial low FMRs and faster population growth have contributed to all India FMR decline to some extent but it only explained a very small part of the observed decline. Based on sex ratio at birth, we conclude that the decline in all India child female to male ratio is due to significant changes in the regional pattern of sex ratios at birth.

2024, JAMA network open

IMPORTANCE Armed conflicts are directly and indirectly associated with morbidity and mortality due to destruction of health infrastructure and diversion of resources, forced displacement, environmental damage, and erosion of social and economic security. Colombia's conflict began in the 1940s and has been uniquely long-lasting and geographically dynamic. OBJECTIVE To estimate the proportion of infant and child mortality associated with armed conflict exposure from 1998 to 2019 in Colombia.

2024, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR)

Introduction To understand the prevalence of stress and identifying the prevalence of different differentials of stress among bereaved parents of died under-five children is of utmost importance. This paper is based on the data from Karachi VASA under-five mortality study. The cases of this study are bereaved parents of deceased under-five children belonging to randomly selected 12 slums of Karachi city. Methodology A total of 321 parents excluded out form enrolment in VASA study were undergone stress assessment using Sadaf Stress Scale (SSS). It was found that 100% of them were truly stressed in one form or the other and the distribution is equally affecting all the slums (with slight variations). Females were found highly stressed (72%) than males (28%). The most prevalent types of stress identified were emotional (67%), traumatic (17.2%) and mental stress (7%). Out of all the stressed parents, a high proportion belongs to highest severity. The highest prevalence of the severity of traumatic stress shows that the large proportion of stressed parents have gone to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), especially among mothers. Conclusion The results are quiet disturbing. The data shows that there is a high prevalence of traumatic, physical and emotional stress among bereaved parents (especially mothers) of deceased children. The prevalence of traumatic stress and its severity shows that a high proportion of stressed parents have gone to PTSD, which again have a huge impact on the overall mental health of the affected and the close family members.

2024, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR)

Background Pakistan stands along top ten countries responsible for two-third of global child mortality burden. To improve Child Mortality (CM) estimates in Pakistan, there is an exigent need to understand the in-depth reasoning behind mortalities. In Pakistan, the data on cause-ofdeath (CoD) for a large number of child mortalities in Pakistan is either not available or not suitable for use. Pakistan uses an alternative technique called Verbal autopsy (VA). Since VA only determines the biological cause of death (BCoD), and does not capture multitude of other modifiable social, cultural and health system determinants, it has a limited importance. Such non-biological determinants are captured by another technique i.e. Social Autopsy (SA). Objective By integrating VA with SA, extended set of mortality related determinants will be explored, in addition to strengthening death notification coverage and assigning CoD in such missed out mortalities. Method Under the working group of Health Advocacy Council for Women and Children (HACWC) in collaboration with Child Registry of Pakistan (CROP), mixed method (QUAN-QUAL) interventional study will be carried out in urban-slums of Karachi city using VASA-integrated under-five mortality investigative technique. Parents of dead children will be interviewed. Second stage of study will be followed by qualitative interviews with different cadres of stakeholders. Expected Outcomes By focusing the specific determinants related to case-management and care-seeking process (identified by The Pathway to Survival Framework-TPtoSF) an in-depth understanding of related determinants can be achieved, which will help in crafting potential interventions required to limit the barriers that increase the chances of CM in developing nations.

2024, Lancet (London, England)

2024, Journal of Health and Social Issues (JOHESI) Vol. 7 No. 1, March, 2018 Department of Sociology, Faculty of The Social Sciences Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti (EKSU)

Several studies have been conducted to urge efforts at reducing the rate of infant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Scientific innovations and research for efficient immunization has been able to reduce the spread of poliomyelitis across the world and make this vaccine preventable disease a history. One hundred nursing mothers were interviewed on Socio cultural factors influencing immunization of children. Knowledge of immunization was observed to be average among the study population. Identified factors that limit immunization coverage include; attitude, culture, beliefs, religions, politics, economy, conspiracies, boycotts and human suspicions. Despite reasonable knowledge on immunization and its role in disease prevention, there is a need to improve availability of information on the importance of immunization and to change parents' negative beliefs and attitudes towards achieving total immunization coverage.

2024, The Lancet Infectious Diseases

2024

Gender-Biased sex selection and unBalanced sex ratios at Birth in south asia: case studies of the situation and promisinG approaches to restore Balance shireen Jejeebhoy rajib acharya sharmistha Basu aJ francis Zavier Population Council, India ubaidur rob md. noorunnabi talukder md. irfan hossain forhana rahman noor Population Council, Bangladesh Zeba a. sathar Gul rashida sabahat hussain anushe hassan Population Council, Pakistan mahesh puri anand tamang

2024

The study examined the impact of child healthcare investment on infant mortality in Nigeria. Secondary data covering the period from 1995 to 2023 were used for the study. The data set were first tested for stationarity properties to avoid spurious regression estimates using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. In addition, the study employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) Bound test technique to ascertain long-run relationship between public healthcare investment and infant mortality as well as examine the impact of healthcare investment relating to child support programmes (CSPINV), children immunization (IMMINV), improving Nutrition (NUTINV) and education (EDUINV) on infant mortality in Nigeria. The ARDL Bound testing confirmed that, there is long-run relationship between healthcare expenditure and infant mortality in Nigeria for the period of study. The ARDL long-run coefficients further confirmed that, public investment on child support programmes (CSPEX) and improving Nutrition (NUTINV) exhibited long run positive impact on infant mortality in Nigeria. On the other hand, public investment on children immunization (IMMINV) and education (EDUINV) exhibited long-run negative impact on child mortality in Nigeria. The estimated co integration error correction term (ECT) was negative and statistically significant indicating that, the speed of adjustment at which the previous year's shock of the explanatory variables converging back to the long-run equilibrium in the current year is approximately 31%. In line with the findings, the study recommended for the Nigerian government to make concerted efforts towards proper health-fund coordination to enhance nutrition security, corroborate with traditional, non-governmental as well as international organization to intensify sensitization on immunization programs and activities, mobilize and monitor disbursement of funds meant to finance programmes that will support child rights, healthy development and general wellbeing of the children.

2024, European Scientific Journal, ESJ

La gestion des déchets solides ménagers se pose avec insistance dans
la ville d’Obala, du fait de sa croissance démographique et de sa
consommation. Aujourd’hui, ce secteur se caractérise par une faible
organisation des acteurs, une insuffisance des moyens adéquats et une absence
de stratégies durables. La présente étude vise à mettre en exergue le mode de
gestion des déchets ménagers sur l’environnement dans la ville d’Obala dans
le Département de la Lekié au Cameroun. Dans ces travaux, une enquête
transversale descriptive subdivisée en deux, enquêtes géographiques et
sociologiques, a été réalisée. L’échantillonnage utilisé s’est basé sur le choix
au hasard des ménages, ainsi 30 ménages par quartier ont été mobilisés pour
cette étude. Au total 120 ménages ont été choisis aléatoirement dans quatre
(04) quartiers sur les sept (07) que compte la ville d’Obala. Les entretiens ont
été conduits auprès des responsables de la commune urbaine ainsi qu’avec 30
agents de la mairie en charge de la collecte des ordures. Les résultats révèlent
que 53,3% des ménages enquêtés sont sous la charge des femmes. Par ailleurs,
92% de la population stocke leurs ordures ménagères solides dans les conteneurs à la maison avant de s’en débarrasser et ces ordures solides
finissent dans les rues, caniveaux, canaux et cours d’eaux à 98%, d’où la
présence de plusieurs dépôts sauvages identifiés dans la ville. L’incinération à
ciel ouvert, une source de pollution, est pratiquée à 99% comme mode
d’élimination des ordures à Obala. La caractérisation des déchets de la ville a
montré un taux élevé de la matière organique (53,1 %) comparé aux plastiques
(20%). Concernant la connaissance de quelques maladies dues à la gestion des
déchets ménagers, 63% des répondants aux enquêtes ont relevé le paludisme,
25% la diarrhée et 12% d’autres maladies. L’étude montré que la gestion de
déchets ménagers est inadéquate et constitue un réel problème de salubrité et
de santé publique impliquant une menace pour le développement de la ville
d’Obala, et pourtant, ces déchets ménagers offres des possibilités de
valorisation énormes aux vues de leur typologie.
Solid household waste management is a pressing issue in the city of
Obala, due to its growing population and consumption. Today, this sector is
characterized by poor organization of players, inadequate resources and a lack
of sustainable strategies. This study aims to highlight the environmental
impact of household waste management in the town of Obala, in Cameroon's
Lekié Department. In this work, a descriptive cross-sectional survey
subdivided into two, geographical and sociological surveys, was carried out.
The sampling used was based on the random selection of households, so 30
households per district were mobilized for this study. A total of 120
households were randomly selected in four (04) of Obala's seven (07) districts. Interviews were conducted with officials of the urban commune, as well as
with 30 mayoral officers in charge of refuse collection. The results reveal that
53.3 % of households surveyed are runs by women. Moreover, 92% of the
populations store their solid household waste in containers at home before
disposing of it, and this solid waste ends up in the streets, gutters, canals and
waterways at 98%, hence the presence of several unauthorized dumps
identified in the town. Open-air incineration, a source of pollution, is 99% of
Obala's waste disposal method. Characterization of the city's waste showed a
high rate of organic matter (53.1%) compared with plastics (20%). Concerning
knowledge of some diseases caused by household waste management, 63% of
survey respondents reported malaria, 25% diarrhoea and 12% other diseases.
This study reveals that household waste management is inadequate and a real
problem in terms of hygiene and public health, thus, a source of threat to the
development of the town of Obala, despite household waste’s enormous
potential for recycling.

2024, The Lancet Infectious Diseases

2024, Lancet (London, England)

2024, Demography India

Throughout the world India’s demographic scenario is a highly concerning issue for researchers and policymakers. Here fertility declined steadily for several decades but at a slower pace. To identify the actual scenario of a slower fertility pace, this study investigates the fertility stall condition at the state level of India from 1992-93 to 2019-21.A fertility stall is a situation where fertility is stagnant or increased after starting transitions. Using data collected by 1992-93, 1998-99, 2005-06, 2015-16, and 2019-21 rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), the study indicates that eight states during NFHS II to III, two states during NFHS III to IV and five states during NFHS IV to V experienced fertility stall. In general, increasing poor households, U-5 deaths, declining proportion of women in paid employment, the marginalized socio-economic category, higher son preference from the reproductive preference category, and increasing adolescent childbearing, unmet need for family planning from the family planning category significantly influence the fertility stall in Indian states. In spatial pattern, socio-economic variables are a more concerning issue for fertility stalls in northeastern states, meanwhile, son preference is more associated with the stall in low fertility provinces of southern India. This indicates that reaching low fertility in India will increase the likelihood of son preferences in the future. No significant link was observed between the presence of stall and trend in modern contraception and the desire for higher family size, though these factors were highly crucial for fertility stall according to the previous researches.

2024, Lancet (London, England)

2024

2024, Lancet (London, England)

2024, JAMA Network Open

2024, Lancet (London, England)

2024, The Lancet Infectious Diseases