Interactive Monitoring System Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Computing Research Repository

In this paper, we are presenting a new model for interactive music. Unlike most interactive systems, our model is based on file organization, but does not require digital audio treatments. This model includes a definition of a constraints system and its solver. The products of this project are intended for the general public, inexperienced users, as well as professional musicians,

2025, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Pervasive Embedded Computing and Communication Systems

The main idea of smart environments is to deliver proper assistance to the resident users while performing their daily life tasks. Thus, task models are convenient as a starting point for developing applications for those environments, as they give the developer the opportunity to focus on the users and their tasks. In such an environment, mutual dependencies between different types of entities are taking place and affecting the way the user is executing the tasks. Therefore, other models (e.g. device model, location model …etc.) have to be developed and linked to the task model in order to truly illustrate how the tasks are executed in those environments. Due to the increasing number of models and the dependencies among them, modeling an interactive application to be operated in such an environment is a tedious and overwhelming process. In this paper, we present an attempt to overcome the modeling complexity by fostering the concept of reuse on a high level of abstraction using task patterns. We extend the former definition of task patterns by integrating the environmental preconditions and effects within the pattern structure in order to maximise the benefit of the usage of those patterns.

2025

Interactivity of corporate website is important as marketing products through it become popular. Moreover, the usage of Artificial Intelligence application is growing in many sectors. In order to improve the interactivity and effectiveness of corporate website in providing information, a conversational bot called SamBot is developed. As a part of Artificial Intelligence application, it can respond to users’ question and prolong the conversation with its intelligence. It is integrated to Samsung IoT Showcase website as the corporate website. SamBot contains the knowledge of Samsung marketing domain which is useful to deliver appropriate answer to the users’ questions. Its knowledge base includes Samsung promotion, Samsung product Frequently Asked Question, and general knowledge. In default, a conversational bot will generate random answers if matching knowledge cannot be found. In this research, the authors would like to overcome this problem by improving its knowledge maintenance ca...

2025, Advanced Science Letters

This paper describes research work in implementing a conversational intelligent agent on the web focusing on a top-down natural language query approach. While the present World-Wide Web provides a distributed hypermedia interface to the vast amount of information on the Internet, there is a lack of appropriate metadata to that content. Instead of being a giant library as intended, increasing sections of the Web are looking like a giant dump. A multi-level natural language query system is described in this paper for the representation of knowledge in specific and open domains. The six layers system includes spell check, Natural Language Understanding and Reasoning, FAQChat, Metadata Index Search, Pattern matching and case-based reasoning, and, semi-automated matching approach. Extracts from queries on the field of pandemic crisis, Bird Flu H5N1 is demonstrated.

2025, Applied Physics Letters

We measure the spin dephasing of holes localized in self-assembled (InGa)As quantum dots by spin noise spectroscopy. The localized holes show a distinct hyperfine interaction with the nuclear spin bath despite the p-type symmetry of the valence band states. The experiments reveal a short spin relaxation time s hh fast of 27 ns and a second, long spin relaxation time s hh slow which exceeds the latter by more than one order of magnitude. The two times are attributed to heavy-hole spins aligned perpendicular and parallel to the stochastic nuclear magnetic field. Intensity dependent measurements and numerical simulations reveal that the long relaxation time is still obscured by light absorption, despite low laser intensity and large detuning. Off-resonant light absorption causes a suppression of the spin noise signal due to the creation of a second hole entailing a vanishing hole spin polarization. V

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

It is known that the existence of a Lyapunov-type density function, called Lyapunov densities or Lyapunov measures, implies the convergence of Lebesgue almost all solutions to an equilibrium. Considering the evolution of densities using Perron-Frobenius operator, the Lyapunov density approach can be formulated clearly. In this paper, we consider discrete-time dynamical systems and prove a a Lyapunov density theorem with less assumption than the ones that exist in the current literature.

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

For a given invariant set of a dynamical system, it is known that the existence of a Lyapunov-type density function, called Lyapunov density or Rantzer's density function, may imply the convergence of almost all solutions to the invariant set, in other words, the almost global stability (also called almost everywhere stability) of the invariant set. For discrete-time systems, related results in literature assume that the state space is compact and the invariant set has a local basin of attraction. We show that these assumptions are redundant. Using the duality between Frobenius-Perron and Koopman operators, we provide a Lyapunov density theorem for discrete-time systems without assuming the compactness of the state space or any local attraction property of the invariant set. As a corollary to this new discrete-time Lyapunov density theorem, we provide a continuous-time Lyapunov density theorem which can be used as an alternative to Rantzer's original theorem, especially where the solutions are known to exist globally.

2025, Proceedings of the SMC Conferences

This paper discusses a multilayered model for strategies for real-time expressive control of sound and visual output. A particular focus is on multimodal interactive systems for performing arts as user-centred systems able to interpret the high-level information conveyed by performers through their expressive gestures and to establish an effective dialog with them taking into account expressive, emotional, affective content. Two kinds of control strategies are discussed enabling the designer of a performance to develop interactive systems able to react to performers' expressive actions, to build a dialog with performers, or to mix purely reactive behaviour with more complex dialogical situations. A further layer of processing allows dynamic adaptation of control strategies to the evolution of the performance. A quick survey of algorithms for expressive gesture processing is also provided. Expressive gestural control strategies are described with reference to current and past research projects at the DIST-InfoMus Lab. Some concrete applications based on the EyesWeb open platform (www.eyesweb.org) are presented as well.

2025

This paper presents some recent developments at DISTInfoMus Lab on multimodal and cross-modal processing of multimedia data streams with a particular focus on interactive systems exploiting Tangible Acoustic Interfaces (TAIs). In our research multimodal and cross-modal algorithms are employed for enhancing the extraction and analysis of the expressive information conveyed by gesture in non-verbal interaction. The paper discusses some concrete examples of such algorithms focusing on the analysis of high-level features from expressive gestures of subjects interacting with TAIs. The features for explicit support of multimodal and cross-modal processing in the new EyesWeb 4 open platform (available at www.eyesweb.org) are also introduced. Results are exploited in a series of public events in which the developed techniques are applied and evaluated with experiments involving both experts and the general audience. Research is carried out in the framework of the EU-IST STREP Project TAI-CH...

2025

This paper presents some results of a research work concerning algorithms and computational models for real-time analysis of expressive gestures in human full-body movement. As a main concrete result of our research work, we present a collection of software modules for the EyesWeb open architecture (distributed for free at www.eyesweb.org). These software modules, collected in the EyesWeb Expressive Gesture Processing Library, have been used in real scenarios and applications, mainly in the field of performing arts. The work has been carried out at the DIST -InfoMus Lab in the framework of the EU IST Project MEGA (Multisensory Expressive Gesture Applications, ww.megaproject.org). The MEGA project is centered on the modeling and communication of expressive and emotional content in nonverbal interaction by multi-sensory interfaces in shared interactive Mixed Reality environments. Analysis of expressiveness in human gestures can contribute to new paradigms for the design of interactive systems.

2025, Springer eBooks

The proliferation of sensor networks in various areas of technology has enabled real-time behavioral monitoring of various physical systems in various length and time scales. The opportunity to use these data dynamically for improving speed, accuracy, and general performance of predictive behavior modeling simulation is of paramount importance. The present paper identifies enabling modeling methods and computational strategies that are critical for achieving real-time simulation response of very large and complex systems. It also discusses our choices of these technologies in the context of sample multidisciplinary computational mechanics applications.

2025, European Transport Conference

This paper reports on the evaluation of alternative algorithms for dynamic, or time-varying, equilibrium traffic assignment. The algorithms are used for pre-trip assignment, which reflects driver familiarity with expected traffic... more

2025, Astronomy and Astrophysics

We present data obtained using the integral field spectrograph, SILFID, on the CFHT for three galaxies: Mkn 789, UGC 4085, UGC 3995. These systems are part of a larger ensemble of interacting/merger candidates, that were specifically chosen to have a range of nuclear activity, IR properties and strength of interaction. Unlike slit spectra, these data arrays provide a direct two-dimensional picture of the wavelengthdependent emission and absorption line properties of the galaxies. With the complement of optical photometry, we analyze for each object the kinematics of the gas component and the details of the ionization structure. Mkn 789 is a recent merger with a fuzzy appearance whose infrared properties make it directly comparable to the powerful FIRGs. It is undergoing large scale star formation that powers a superwind seen as double peaked emission line profiles. We do not find any evidence for UGC 4085 to be a merger, as the two central knots are elongated, showing typical HII region like spectra and the general velocity field indicates a smooth retrogradely rotating disk. UGC 3995 is member of a closely interacting pair of galaxies that shows extended "cone"-like ionized gas morphology along a bar-like structure. Additional velocity components detected in the [OIII] profiles are interpreted as gas inflow along the bar, that may be responsible for activating the Seyfert nucleus. On the basis of these data we argue that the gas dynamics in the central (10-20 kpc) regions is dominated by the more energetic hydrodynamic processes rather than directly related to the merger itself.

2025, Proceedings of the international conference on APL - APL '83

An experimental full screen editor has been written in APL for IBM 3270 display terminals, based on the following principles: a small command repertoire, based on APL syntax an undo facility for correcting mistakes internal dependence upon a small number of editing primitives As written, the editor contains two major commands, thirteen minor commands, and permits all of APL for a macro language. The internal primitives are Erase, Insert Gap, Overlay and Find.

2025, Applied Physics Letters

This work shows that the combination of ultrathin highly strained GaN quantum wells embedded in an AlN matrix, with controlled isotopic concentrations of Nitrogen enables a dual marker method for Raman spectroscopy. By combining these techniques, we demonstrate the effectiveness in studying strain in the vertical direction. This technique will enable the precise probing of properties of buried active layers in heterostructures, and can be extended in the future to vertical devices such as those used for optical emitters and for power electronics.

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

2025, Physical review applied

Despite their ubiquity in nanoscale electronic devices, the physics of tunnel barriers has not been developed to the extent necessary for the engineering of devices in the few-electron regime. This problem is of urgent interest, as this is the specific regime into which current extreme-scale electronics fall. Here, we propose theoretically and validate experimentally a compact model for multielectrode tunnel barriers, suitable for design-rules-based engineering of tunnel junctions in quantum devices. We perform transport spectroscopy at approximately T = 4 K, extracting effective barrier heights and widths for a wide range of biases, using an efficient Landauer-Büttiker tunneling model to perform the analysis. We find that the barrier height shows several regimes of voltage dependence, either linear or approximately exponential. Effects on threshold, such as metal-insulator transition and lateral confinement, are included because they influence parameters that determine barrier height and width (e.g., the Fermi energy and local electric fields). We compare these results to semiclassical solutions of Poisson's equation and find them to agree qualitatively. Finally, this characterization technique is applied to an efficient lateral tunnel barrier design that does not require an electrode directly above the barrier region in order to estimate barrier heights and widths.

2025

The Use-Case Controller pattern deals with the problem of mapping use case specifications to an implementation that is cost-effective and easy to maintain. The pattern suggests delegating the responsibility for managing the use-case flow... more

2025

Rise-Plateau Caloric curves for different Heavy Ion collisions have been obtained, in the range of experimental observations. Limit temperature decreases when the residual size is increased, in agreement with recent theoretical analysis of experimental results reported by other Collabo- rations. Besides, promptly emitted particles influence on temperature plateau is shown. LATINO binary interaction semiclassical model is used to reproduce the inter-nucleonic forces via Pandharipande Potential and fragments are detected with an Early Cluster Recognition Algorithm.

2025, Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages

Approximate search is a valuable component of online dictionaries for learners, allowing them to find words even when they have not fully mastered the orthography or cannot reliably perceive phonemic differences in the language. However, evaluating the performance of different approximate search algorithms remains difficult in the absence of real user queries. We detail several methods for generating synthetic queries representing various user personas. We then compare the performance of several search algorithms on both real and synthetic queries in two Indigenous languages, SENĆOTEN and Michif, that are phonologically and morphologically very different from English.

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

The time-dependent susceptibility for the finite-size mean-field Random Orthogonal model (ROM) is studied numerically for temperatures above the mode-coupling temperature. The results show that the imaginary part of the susceptibility χ ′′ (ν) obeys the scaling form proposed for glass-forming liquids with the peak frequency decreasesing as the temperature is lowered consistently with the Vogel-Fulcher law with a critical temperature remarkably close to the known critical temperature T c of the model where the configurational entropy vanishes.

2025, Lecture Notes in Computer Science

This paper discusses the use of formal models in the process of investigating the ergonomics of the navigation component in interactive systems. The investigation is based upon model analysis and a set of navigation properties. The formalism employed on this work was Coloured Petri Nets. The paper illustrates how the set of ergonomic properties was mapped into the model properties with the support of the formalism tools and specific functions developed to support the interface designer during model analysis. The context chosen as the basis for discussion is the operation of automated systems in the electricity industry; and a case study is presented to illustrate the analysis.

2025

design methodology and a prototyping tool dedicate to adaptive

2025

In this paper, the authors show a design methodology for adaptive interfaces. This methodology allows to completely specify, and then generate the interface. The specification consists of two stages : a stage of Petri net modelisation of the interface dialogue, from a static task modelisation under MAD or UAN, and a stage of specification of the presentation, using Abstract Interactive Objects. A Petri net interpreter uses the dialogue and the presentation specification in order to generate the interface. With those tools, development of adaptive interface becomes easier.

2025, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization

In this paper we generalize a one-dimensional optimal control problem with DNSS property to a two-dimensional optimal control problem. This is done by taking the direct product of the model with itself, i.e. we combine two similar system dynamics under a joint objective functional that is separable in both states and controls. This framework can be applied to the construction of various optimal control problems, such as optimal marketing of related products, optimal growth of separate but interacting economies, or optimal control of two related capital stocks. We study such a system for a particular case drawn from the domain of drug control. The main result of this paper is that in this domain even a modest amount of interaction can sometimes make a very big difference. Hence, drawing conclusions by simplifying the real world into two independent, one-dimensional models may be problematic. Methodologically the combination of two systems with DNSS property leads to a fascinating series of situations with multiple optimal steady states and associated threshold behavior. These instances reflect some important recent developments in optimal dynamic control theory.

2025

To order the complete compilation report, use: ADA406591 The component part is provided here to allow users access to individually authored sections f proceedings, annals, symposia, etc. However, the component should be considered within... more

2025

First introduced more than 15 years ago, toolkits for prototyping are intended to facilitate rapid prototyping. These toolkits are often framed as means to support and speed up the creative process by allowing designers to quickly create and evaluate potential future products. However, little is known about how the introduction of prototyping toolkits influences group-based ideation and selection of ideas in the creative design process. To examine this, we carried out an experiment with 20 participants in 5 groups, in which two groups employed prototyping toolkits. Surprisingly, the introduction of a toolkit did not show any significant effect on participants’ performances in the ideation and selection activities. The lack of effect is discussed in the light of the intended role of the prototyping toolkits.

2025, Astronomical Society of the Pacific eBooks

We describe an on-going Herschel 200-700 µm spectroscopic survey of a flux-limited sample of 125 local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), targeting primarily at CO line emission from warm and dense molecular gas. The program will provide important statistical data on the interplay between warm molecular gas, IR luminosity, star formation rate and efficiency, AGN, and the diverse properties of LIRGs. Of the 30 sample galaxies observed so far (18 by us; 12 taken from Herschel archive), about 15% show a dominant or significant hot CO gas component emitting at J > 10, that is likely heated by AGN. The other 85% is dominated by a warm gas component with CO line emission peaking at J ∼ < 8, likely powered by starburst. While the spectral shapes of the warm gas component show little overall dependence on the total IR luminosity L IR , the relative contribution from the hot component appears to correlate positively with L IR . The tightest one-to-one correlation between CO line luminosity and L IR seems to be for CO(7-6), implying that the bulk of L IR should be correlated with warm molecular gas of such density and temperature that its CO line emission peaks around J ∼ 7.

2025, Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Designing interactive systems

Participatory Design is a design approach that provides a popular set of techniques for designing interactive systems in collaboration with end-users. Technology probes are one of such techniques, developed recently to encourage users' engagement with design ideas while capturing interaction. In this paper, we describe a technology probe called Zebra, which aimed at exploring the design of an observation tool for fieldwork with busy professionals. We deployed Zebra in the coffee room of our lab and observed researchers' reactions to the proposed concepts it embodied, both as researchers and as participants. We found that participants engaged with the probe in ways ranging from playful performances, through to abandoning the social space. Based on analysis of the collected qualitative and quantitative data, we present our reflections on the Zebra probe, how it eased the burden of engagement in the design process, and helped us better understand the potential of the observation tool for participatory design with busy professionals.

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

We show that, given a finitely generated group G as the coordinate group of a finite system of equations over a torsion-free hyperbolic group Γ, there is an algorithm which constructs a canonical solution diagram by constructing canonical (corrective extensions of) Γ-NTQ-groups. These groups are toral relatively hyperbolic Γ-limit groups. The diagram encodes all homomorphisms from G to Γ as compositions of factorizations through Γ-limit quotients (constructed by defining their generators inside canonical NTQ groups) and canonical automorphisms induced on the freely indecomposable factors of these quotients by canonical automorphisms of the corresponding NTQ-subgroups. Additionally, we show that a group is a Γ-limit group if and only if it is an iterated generalized double over Γ.

2025, Journal of Statistical Physics

las for the correlation functions of the partially asymmetric simple exclusion process. Here we give a fairly general recipe of how to get these formulas and extend them to the whole time evolution (starting from the generator of the process), for a certain class of interacting systems. We then analyze the algebraic relations obtained to show that the matrix approach does not work with some models such as the voter and the contact processes.

2025, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

Consider N particles moving independently, each one according to a subcritical continuous-time Galton-Watson process unless it hits 0, at which time it jumps instantaneously to the position of one of the other particles chosen uniformly at random. The resulting dynamics is called Fleming-Viot process. We show that for each N there exists a unique invariant measure for the Fleming-Viot process, and that its stationary empirical distribution converges, as N goes to infinity, to the minimal quasi-stationary distribution of the Galton-Watson process conditioned on non-extinction.

2025

The VAIDAK medical imaging and model reconstruction toolkit manipulates medical image volume data and constructs accurate surface and solid models of skeletal and soft tissue structures. It takes CT (Computed tomography), MRl (magnetic resonance imaging), or laser surface imaging data as input and incoporates both heuristic and exact methods for contouring of image data, active thresholding, tiling and polygon reconstruction. It also incorporates a scanner to view image data and interactively pick threshold values, a browser feature to modify the contours, an editor for the boundary polygons of a reconstructed solid object and a render window to change lighting and display modes.

2025, Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Diverse sensors are available in ubiquitous computing of which resources is inherent in environment. Among them, image sensor acquires necessary data using camera without any extra devices, which is a different aspect from other sensors. It can provide additional services and/or applications by using a location of code and ID in real time image. Focusing on this, Intuitive interface operating method in ubiquitous computing environment that has plenty of image codes is suggested. GUI using image sensor was designed, which works real-time interactive operation between user and the GUI without any additional button or device. This interface method recognizes user's hand images in real-time by learning them at a starting point. The method sets interaction point, and operates the GUI through hand gestures defined previously. We expect this study can be adopted to augmented reality area and real time interface using user's hand.

2025, Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Theoretical Investigation on the Electronic Structure of Alq3/Al Interface SUSUMU YANAGISAWA, Osaka University, YOSHITADA MORIKAWA, Osaka Univ., RICS-AIST -Alq 3 [tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum] is one of the most widely used electron transport and emissive material in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). From the experimental observation of an extra gap state at the Alq 3 /Al interface, a strong chemical interaction between the Alq 3 molecule and the Al surface was suggested. Contrary to the experimental studies, previous DFT calculations concluded that the interaction was physisorptive. One possible reason for the discrepancy between the theoretical and the experimental results is the complexity of the experimentally used electrode surfaces. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the surface roughness on the electronic properties of the Alq 3 /Al interface by examining various possible electrode structures. We examined three structures for the Al substrate, the flat Al(111) surface, the Al(332) stepped surface, and the Al adatom adsorbed Al(111) surface. Alq 3 molecules are bound to Al substrates through their O atoms and about 0.3-0.6 electrons are transferred from the Al substrates to Alq 3 . Upward configurations, in which molecular permanent dipole moments are directed to the vacuum side, reduce the work function by 1.0-1.5 eV, in reasonable agreement with experimental results. The characteristic of the molecular orbitals of Alq 3 were kept upon adsorption, which seems inconsistent with the gap state derived from the interfacial chemical interaction observed in the UPS and MAES experiments. Further details will be presented.

2025, 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37221)

Oral communication is transient but many important decisions, social contracts and fact findings are first carried out in an oral setup, documented in written form and later retrieved. At Carnegie Mellons University's Interactive Systems Laboratories we have been experimenting with the documentation of meetings. This paper summarizes part of the progress that we have made in this test bed, specifically on the question of automatic transcription using LVCSR, information access using non-keyword based methods, summarization and user interfaces. The system is capable to automatically construct a searchable and browsable audiovisual database of meetings and provide access to these records.

2025, FORTSCHRITTE DER AKUSTIK

Continuous incremental improvements lead to the deployment of automatic speech recognition (ASR) applications such as dictation or speech dialog systems several years ago. The business case however is usually based on efficiency, instead of an added value for the user such as new services or an improved experience, for which high accuracy systems are needed.

2025, Proceedings of the workshop on hands-free speech communication (HSC-2001), Kyoto Japan

2025, Proceedings of the first international conference on Human language technology research - HLT '01

2025, Journal of Statistical Physics

2025, ACM Transactions on Graphics

We present a technique, based on precomputed light transport, for interactive rendering of translucent objects under all-frequency environment maps. We consider the complete BSSRDF model proposed by Jensen et al. [2001]. which includes both single and diffuse multiple scattering components. The challenge is how to efficiently precompute all-frequency light transport functions due to subsurface scattering. We apply the two-pass hierarchical technique by Jensen et al. [2002] in the space of non-linearly approximated transport vectors, which allows us to efficiently evaluate transport vectors due to diffuse multiple scattering. We then include an approximated single scattering term in the precomputation, which previous interactive systems have ignored. For an isotropic phase function, this approximation produces a diffuse transport vector per vertex, and is combined with the multiple scattering component. For a general phase function, we introduce a technique from BRDF rendering to fac...

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

We extend Panella and Roy's work for massless Dirac particles with positiondependent (PD) velocity. We consider Dirac particles where the mass and velocity are both positiondependent. Bound states in the continuum (BIC)-like and discrete bound state solutions are reported. It is observed that BIC-like solutions are not only feasible for the ultra-relativistic (massless) Dirac particles but also for Dirac particles with PD-mass and PD-velocity that satisfy the condition m (x) v 2 F (x) = A, where A ≥ 0 is constant. A Dirac Pöschl-Teller and a harmonic oscillator models are also reported.

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

2025, EICS'10 - Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are critical components of today's software. Developers are dedicating a larger portion of code to implementing them. Given their increased importance, correctness of GUIs code is becoming essential. This paper describes the latest results in the development of GUISurfer, a tool to reverse engineer the GUI layer of interactive computing systems. The ultimate goal of the tool is to enable analysis of interactive system from source code.

2025, Computer Physics Communications

2025, Steinkopff eBooks

We here review some of our recent results on fluid-like and crystalline ordered colloidal suspensions. We have investigated the structure and the dynamical properties of strongly interacting charged latex particles. The interaction can be varied experimentally over a wide range and in a precisely controlled way, It gives rise to pronounced correlations between the particles, leading to ordered mesoscopic structures which bear striking similarities with atomic or molecular liquids and solids. These coIloids therefore can be envisaged as model systems for condensed matter. Nevertheless, typical coIIaida1 time and length scales as found in weakly interacting systems are retained throughout the whole T. Palberg (m) . R. Simon -

2025, Progress in Colloid & Polymer Science

2025, Bulletin of the American Physical Society

The spin structure and spin dynamics of excitons in an ensemble of (In,Al)As/AlAs quantum dots (QDs) with type-I band alignment, containing both direct and indirect band gap dots, are studied. Time-resolved and spectral selective techniques are used to distinguish between the direct and indirect QDs. The exciton fine structure is studied by means of optical alignment and optical orientation techniques in magnetic fields applied in the Faraday or Voigt geometries. A drastic difference in emission polarization is found for the excitons in the direct QDs involving a -valley electron and the excitons in the indirect QDs contributed by an X -valley electron. We show that in the direct QDs the exciton spin dynamics is controlled by the anisotropic exchange splitting, while in the indirect QDs it is determined by the hyperfine interaction with nuclear field fluctuations. The anisotropic exchange splitting is determined for the direct QD excitons and compared with model calculations.

2025

This paper extends the Galactic Energy Flow Framework to the scale of galaxy clusters, demonstrating how energy dynamics within the auxiliary modulation coordinate explain cluster-scale gravitational phenomena without invoking dark matter. We analyze the Intracluster Medium (ICM) as a primary carrier of energy flow, showing that it accounts for 80-90 percent of the baryonic energy contribution to space-time curvature in clusters. Our mathematical model reveals how energy propagates through cluster volumes via a "bubble-within-bubble" architecture, with individual galactic energy structures nested within the larger ICM energy field. Using entropy-resolved resonance profile principles, we calculate energy density distributions, space-time curvature, and gravitational lensing effects across cluster scales. We provide a detailed case study of the Bullet Cluster, demonstrating how our framework explains the observed separation between X-ray emitting gas and gravitational lensing centers through differential energy flow dynamics in the auxiliary modulation coordinate. The framework accurately predicts cluster-scale phenomena including weak and strong gravitational lensing, Xray emissions, and velocity dispersions of member galaxies. Our findings reveal that galaxy clusters represent cosmic-scale energy processing networks, with supermassive black holes providing localized energy injection that sustains global cluster dynamics through the auxiliary modulation coordinate dimension.