International Relations Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand your own emotions as well as others. Emotional intelligence is important to effectively manage behavior, to navigate social situations, and to make personal decisions. Emotional intelligence is made up of four core skills that pair up under two primary competencies: personal competence and social competence.

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- Psychology, International Relations, Accounting

Précis
Africa faces the usual panoply of challenges endemic in developing countries with too few instruments and too few resources, while also grappling with the perennial problem of managing development. These are sequencing of policy reforms, all subject to the political constraints of containing the disruptive impacts of policy reforms to acceptable levels. This is a particularly important problem for Africa given the very narrow margins for manoeuvre imposed by fiscal and external deficits, subsistence levels of household income for much of the population and a complex political weave in the regions social fabric. Getting the priorities right and managing change are thus particularly vital issues for African integration. Hence, infrastructure development (energy, ICT, roads, railways, hydro dams, power transmission and industry – sugar factories, metallurgy, fertilizer plants…), a consumer goods revolution is just beginning in much of Africa. Emerging export industries—in mining, manufacturing and exportable services— are already making their mark as sources of growth in the economy and will soon overtake traditional foreign exchange earnings from minerals and agricultural goods. However, two overwhelming pressures in Africa's current economic climate—inflation and challenging new regulations—are putting strains on private business and could potentially dent the country's positive growth prospects. Hence, Africa should modify regulatory policies that inflate business costs and depress urban consumer incomes, go for bolder and more unconventional agricultural policies and put in place a smarter set of policies for the financial sector. Much of the public investment laid out in the two cases are needed, justified , and on the whole appropriate, but how such investment is to be financed remains only partially addressed and the issue of who should carry out the investments is—in at least three specific cases—quite questionable. The case for government investments in public goods such as roads and power infrastructure is undeniable, as it is laying the essential founda-tions—the necessary conduits and circuitry—of a modern economy.

Cyber conflict between states is a growing trend. There is a large body of research on cyber conflict, but there is very little quantitative analysis to support the theories or to assist in predicting future use of cyber operations. Using a logistic regression analysis, this thesis studies cyber conflicts between dyadic rivals from 2001 to 2011 to answer under what conditions cyber incidents occur between dyadic rivals in the past in the hopes to better analyze and predict future cyber incidents. The data demonstrate that the geographic proximity between dyads increases the probability of a cyber incident occurring while any or both of the dyads holds membership in NATO causes a decrease in the probability that cyber operations occur between dyadic rivals. The share of military personnel, military expenditure, and energy consumption is not enough to explain cyber incident trends. The results also show that many of my variables are conditional upon each other for their significance. It is imperative that states address the issues surrounding cyber conflict as the trend is increasing. At the present, the fear of retaliation will always be present as some argue that cyber defensive capabilities will never overtake cyber offensive capabilities as the latter is constantly transforming and evolving while the former is constantly playing “catch up.”

- by Barry Newell
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- International Relations, International Relations Theory, NATO, Political Science

Islam experienced blossoming as well as waning. The Book of Allah transformed a tribal culture into an empire. The ascent of the umma was enabled by turning to revelation. The fall was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to tradition. The ways of the forefathers, recorded in the books of traditions, supplanted the Book of Allah. The turn was triggered by the request of rulers to record the prophetic traditions. As a result, tradition surpassed revelation. The turn represented a shift from an Allah-centric to a prophet-centric paradigm. The turn was assisted by the rejection of reason. The turn produced adverse effects. The rejection of reason made revelation hard to understand and follow. The repression of reason entailed the subjugation of reason to tradition in the exegesis of revelation. The reluctance to engage reason corrupted the knowledge of revelation. The corruption of knowledge extended to the corruption of the sharia. The repression of reason eroded the people’s power to reflect rationally. The repression of reason resulted in a closing of the Muslim mind. The umma’s power to think waned. The result was the corruption of exegesis, jurisprudence and the sharia. The corruption of knowledge is reflected in the proliferation of capital punishments, for example for apostasy and adultery. The proclivity to extremism is reflected in the treatment of acts of terror as “martyrdom operations” by wayward ulama. Exegesis and jurisprudence turned from reason. The rejection of reason, in particular the teaching of causation, plunged umma into stagnation. The rejection of reason was justified by portraying the use of reason to understand revelation as kufr. But Allah exhorts us to use reason to understand revelation. The rejection of reason defies the teaching of revelation. In politics, the bias against reason intensified the repression of the rationalists by Musa al-Hadi in 786. The slaughter of five-thousand philosophers was an event not unlike the Reign of Terror of the Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Sixteen thousand followers of “tradition” were killed at the guillotine with the emergence of the Age of Reason, touted by the European Enlightenment, a millennium afterwards. As a result of the rejection of reason, it was harder to understand and follow revelation. The perception that “all knowledge is in the Quran” did not improve matters. This was problematic. For it automatically withheld the designation of “knowledge” from all knowledge not in the Book of Allah. This perception reflected a corruption of knowledge. It was a reflection of hubris. In response to the bewilderment triggered the prohibition of the use of reason, exegetes alleged that revelation features “ambiguous” passages. The rejection of reason severed the umma from its moorings. Furthermore, it made it hard to understand key terms as “mutashabihat,” “hikma,” and “hawa.” As a result, Muslims turned to tradition, which replaced reason for the purpose of explaining revelation. To justify the treatment of tradition as fit to “explain” revelation, tradition was treated as “revelation.” Tradition was conflated with revelation. Furthermore, treating tradition as a “judge” of revelation reversed the relation of revelation and tradition. The word of God was subordinated to the words of persons. The designation of tradition as “revelation” transformed Islam into “traditional Islam.” The abrogation of the verses of reconciliation by the ayah as-sayf transformed Islam into Islamism. It is necessary to restore revelation to its pre-eminence in relation to tradition, to rehabilitate reason, and to ensure that all legislation is in accord with revelation. The disintegration of the empire was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to tradition. The turn was expedited by the repression of reason.

- by Leslie Terebessy
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- Religion, History, Sociology, Anthropology
- by Christian Langer, FRHistS
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- History, Cultural Studies, Archaeology, Egyptology

The report begins with an overview of the current landscape of U.K.-U.S. connections, including an inventory of institutional partnerships and activities, and a summary of evident trends. Next, a variety of entities and organizations aside from higher education institutions that promote collaboration in the U.K.-U.S. context are described. The discussion then turns to the factors that facilitate engagement, as well as key challenges that often arise in the course of collaborative ventures. The report concludes with a set of recommendations —aimed at
colleges and universities, policy-makers, and other stakeholders—for ways to enhance bilateral ties between individual institutions and the broader higher education communities of which they are a part.

- by Lucia Brajkovic and +1
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- International Relations, Globalization And Higher Education, United Kingdom, Internationalisation of Higher Education

Ten years into a trillion dollar effort to answer the attacks of September 11, 2001, it is difficult to tell whether U.S. counterterrorism is achieving its intended effects, much less explain how it fits within a viable American grand strategy. As dramatic changes unfold in the Arab world, experts still debate whether or not the United States is winning the fight against al Qaeda.

Humour and laughter inform the affective economy of the everyday life in global politics; jokes can occupy an instrumental role in political and diplomatic communication, while various practices of comedy embody and enact hierarchies of power within society. This Special Issue on Humour and Global Politics situates the politics of joking and laughter within the disciplinary debates and emergent research dilemmas of International Relations (IR). In different ways, the articles explore the important and sometimes difficult role played by humour in ordering, performing and-in certain circumstances-subverting the theory and practice of global politics.

- by Alister Wedderburn
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- International Relations, Comedy, Diplomacy, Everyday Life

Kriege und moderne militärische Konflikte bergen das wirkmächtige Potential den Verlauf der Geschichte in einer derart gestauchten chronologischen Abfolge der Geschehnisse zu verändern, die es für Gesellschaften schwer macht, sie in ihrer Gesamtheit und ihren überaus komplexen Konsequenzen zu fassen. Mindestens ebenso schwierig ist es für kleinere sozialen Entitäten, die blutigen, schockierenden, traumatischen und tieftraurigen persönlichen Erfahrungen, die ein Krieg mit sich bringt, zu begreifen. Dennoch sind die Assoziationen, die mit dem historischen Ereignis und der Erfahrung Krieg einhergehen, vielfältiger und facettenreicher, als man zunächst annehmen könnte. Wie das Kriegsgeschehen und sein mittelbares sowie unmittelbares Nachspiel erlebt werden, ist abhängig davon, aus welcher Perspektive man einen Krieg und seinen Ausgang erlebt. Welche Motive ein Staat, eine Nation oder eine Gesellschaft gehabt hat, die Krieg führte, mit welchem Ergebnis dieser Krieg zu einem Ende kam und welche kollektiven oder auch persönlichen Erfahrungen mit ebendiesem Kriegsende verbunden waren, spielt daher die maßgebliche Rolle, wenn man über die Rezeptionsgeschichte und die Erinnerungskultur einer Nation an einen Krieg spricht und sich dieser Problematik mithilfe eines kunsthistorischen, archäologischen, architektonischen oder auch soziologischen Zugangs nähert.

The paper examines the nexus among the concepts of democracy, globalisation and technology, arguably the three most interdependent notions affecting the way and speed in which global dynamics and diplomatic practises were transformed. It analyses the evolution of non-state actors' engagement in multilateral processes between the Stockholm Conference in 1972 and the Rio+20 Conference in 2012. The experience of the Major Group for Children and Youth (MGCY) at the Rio+20 Conference is introduced as a case study to illustrate the practical application of the nexus and its impact on stakeholder engagement. The analysis recognises that the nexus offers a real opportunity to improve diplomacy means and practices and encourage further exploration into the nexus’ full potential.

- by João Felipe Scarpelini
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- International Relations, Technology, Globalization, Youth Studies
- by Fanar Haddad and +1
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- International Relations, Middle East Studies, Islamic Contemporary Studies, Identity politics

Because of its extensive Mediterranean history, France had a particular responsibility when the Arab revolutions broke out in 2011. The strategies defined by Paris in Libya and Syria, implemented through foreign policy, have proved to be less effective than expected. Although distinct, both were pursuing the same aim: the expansion of friendly democratic regimes in the Southern European neighborhood bloc.

- by Julien Théron
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- Strategy (Military Science), International Relations, Terrorism, Geopolitics
- by Liz Jackson
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- International Relations, Multiculturalism, International Law, Human Rights

While often caused by conflict, crises are treated by the EU as a phenomenon of their own. Contemporary EU crisis management represents a watering down of normative EU approaches to peace- building, reduced to a technical exercise with the limited ambition to contain spillover effects of crises. In theoretical terms this is a reversal, which tilts intervention towards EU security interests and avoids engagement with the root causes of the crises. This paper develops a novel crisis response typology derived from con- flict theory, which ranges from crisis management to crisis resolution and (critical) crisis transformation. By drawing on EU interventions in Libya, Mali and Ukraine, the paper demonstrates that basic crisis management approaches are pre-eminent in practice. More pro- mising innovations remain largely confined to the realms of dis- course and policy documentation.

- by Sandra Pogodda and +1
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- International Relations, Crisis Management, European Union (International Studies), Ukraine

This article adopts the theoretical framework of complex realism to trace the evolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy and developmental activities in Africa between the 1980s and the 2000s. Contrary to common assumptions, the deradicalization of the Islamic Republic's foreign policy in Africa began not under the moderates in the early 1990s, but under the conservatives in the mid-1980s. This period marked the first time that the Islamic Republic instrumentalized development to advance its strategic interests in Africa—a policy that has continued despite the factionalization of Iran's political elite. Based on one year of archival research and interviews in Iran, this article is the first to investigate the history and activities of the Islamic Republic's rural development organization, Construction Jihad, in Africa. It posits that development, instead of arms or ideology, has enabled Iran to make the farthest inroads into the continent due to Africa's sizeable agrarian economies, widespread rural poverty, and formidable developmental challenges.

- by Eric Lob
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- International Relations, Development Studies, Iranian Studies

Despite their other theoretical differences, virtually all scholars of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) agree that the organization's members share an almost religious commitment to the norm of non-intervention. This article disrupts this consensus, arguing that ASEAN repeatedly intervened in Cambodia's internal political conflicts from 1979 to 1999, often with powerful and destructive effects. ASEAN's role in maintaining Khmer Rouge occupancy of Cambodia's UN seat, constructing a new coalition government in exile, manipulating Khmer refugee camps and informing the content of the Cambodian peace process will be explored, before turning to the 'creeping conditionality' for ASEAN membership imposed after the 1997 'coup' in Phnom Penh. The article argues for an analysis recognizing the political nature of intervention, and seeks to explain both the creation of non-intervention norms and specific violations of them as attempts by ASEAN elites to maintain their own illiberal, capitalist regimes against domestic and international political threats.
[the full version is available via my website, http://www.leejones.tk]

- by Lee Jones
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- International Relations, Southeast Asian Studies, Sovereignty, Cold War

Islamist violent extremist (IVE) groups are frequently involved in civil conflicts. Indeed, some groups owe their origins to conflict, and tens of thousands of Islamists have chosen to participate in conflicts taking place in foreign countries in the past 35 years. Increasingly, IVE groups appear to have the capacity to influence the conflicts they are involved in, and are influenced in turn by their experiences. As a result, for those working on conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction, the involvement of IVE groups raises questions of whether traditional responses remain adequate. Drawing on three country case studies – Nigeria, Kenya and Iraq/Syria, this article examines the similarities and differences between IVE groups and other conflict actors, and what this means for development, state-building and peacebuilding responses.

- by Thomas Maguire and +1
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- African Studies, International Relations, Development Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies

he Alliance for Engagement project focuses on the potential for the US-Japan alliance to play a constructive, positive role in relations with China. This paper will trace several related arguments that assess the implications international relations theory has for the project's goals. 1 By grounding our policy prescriptions in historically tested, logically rigorous theory, it is possible to reduce the prospects for repeating the tragedies of history.

- by Christopher Twomey
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- International Relations
- by Brandon K Gauthier
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- History, International Relations, Learning and Teaching, Political Science
- by Ilaria Zamburlini
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- International Relations, Development Studies

This book provides an in-depth and multi-disciplinary analysis of the evolving relationship between China and the Middle East. Despite its increasing importance, very few studies have examined this dynamic, deepening, and multi-faceted nexus. James Reardon-Anderson has sought to fill this critical gap. The volume examines the ‘big picture’ of international relations, then zooms in on case studies and probes the underlying domestic factors on each side. Reardon-Anderson tackles topics as diverse as China’s security strategy in the Middle East, its military relations with the states of the region, its role in the Iran nuclear negotiations, the Uyghur question, and the significance and consequences of the Silk Road strategy.

- by Center for International and Regional Studies (CIRS) and +3
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- International Relations, Middle East Studies, Silk Road, Silk Road Studies

In this paper, I argue that IR needs to pay greater attention to the theorisation of emotion, and that a focus needs to be on having a rich understanding of the ‘generalisable’ mechanisms through which a state’s ‘collective emotions’ are... more

- by Yong-Soo Eun
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- Emotion, International Relations

This article examines dynamics of financial surveillance and risk-based regulation in the context of ongoing activities to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. Close analysis of the situation in the UK reveals entangled forms of co-regulation and ultimately co-production of surveillance that challenge ‘institutional boundaries’ of the state regarding policing and intelligence practices. It is argued that ongoing transformations in the anti-money laundering field reveal a dual movement that combines forms of indirect administration with a process of ‘neoliberal bureaucratization’.The article aims to show how current policies against ‘dirty money’ still paradoxically work on the basis of heterogeneous goals and misapprehensions between ‘professionals of security’ and ‘professionals of finance’.

- by Suganya Durairaj
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- International Relations

This artistic endeavor wanders from the observation that missionaries and philanthropists share a stream of ontological continuity that leads both to use vulnerabilities to draw victims into genocidal relationships that transmit Artificial-Domineering Worldview(s) (A.D. Worldview[s]) and an associated sickness of consciousness that causes people who contract the sickness to become de-spirited prey that loses its sovereignty. This wandering then explores contemporary religious and secular educational philosophies that symbolize the missionary and philanthropist archetypes/stories/characters. This wandering concludes that, while both the missionary and the philanthropist claim to be helping people towards virtue, the genocidal relationships missionaries and philanthropists form with beings who they relate to as prey (as it rather than who) cause the death of our goodly human nature and the potentials for social and environmental justice therein.

- by Luke Barnesmoore
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- Critical Theory, Christianity, Human Geography, Anthropology

This paper exam ines the pertinent issue of insecurity in Nigeria and its implication for socio-economic developm ent. Available data on the level and dimensions of insecurity in Nigeria reveals an increase over time, which constitutes serious threat to lives and properties, hinders business activities and discourages local and foreign investors, all which stifles and retar ds Nigeria"s socio-economic developm ent. This rising wave of insecurity has not abated but has assum ed a dangerous dimension which is threatening the corporate existence of the country as one geographical entity. In the light of the above the paper recommends that government must be proactive in dealing with security issues and threats, through m odern m ethods of intelligence gathering, and sharing among security personnel, training, logistics, motivation, and deploying advanced technology in managing security challenges. The real solution lies in governm ent accelerating the pace of economic development through creating an economy with r elevant social, economic and physical infrastructure to support business and industrial growth.

InterAção-Na sua tese de doutorado intitulada Geopolítica das Organizações de Cooperação em Defesa: limites e possibilidades na América do Sul e na sua dissertação de mestrado "A Cooperação em Defesa na América do Sul como base para a Integração do Continente", há elementos conver-gentes e divergentes na avaliação da cooperação em defesa na América do Sul durante o período da sua produção acadêmica. Conte um pouco so-bre as similaridades e diferenças nesses dois tra-balhos acadêmicos. Vinicius M. Teixeira-Trabalhos acadêmicos co-mo esses estão sujeitos às mudanças de governos, interesses e conjunturas internacionais. No primei-ro momento, durante o mestrado, iniciado em 2011, vivíamos um momento promissor para essas pesquisas, quando tínhamos um governo interes-sado na promoção da Cooperação em Defesa em companhia de nossos vizinhos. Ainda nesse perío-do, os eventos acadêmicos dedicavam espaços es-pecificamente a esse debate, reunindo pesquisa-dores de diversas formações e de países da região. Já no doutorado, iniciado em 2014, esses ambien-tes começaram a desaparecer, ficando restritos a nossas associações dedicadas ao tema, o que era sintomático do esmorecimento desse debate a ní-vel regional e início das crises que passaram a as-solar a América do Sul. Como esse segundo projeto era relacionado também à Geopolítica mundial, foi possível sua atualização, passando a entender o projeto de cooperação em defesa da região como parte de um processo global, ao mesmo tempo que sua paralização obedecia a interesses externos e demonstrava mais uma vez a América do Sul co-mo um território secundário frente às disputas que se mantém concentradas na Eurásia, ficando a nossa região alinhada no suporte aos interesses da organizações ocidentais sem nada ganhar com is-so. Em ambos os trabalhos penso que deixo claro a necessidade da convergência entre os países da América do Sul, a começar pela cooperação em defesa, para que possamos nos fortalecer e resistir a determinadas pressões oriundas de outras regi-ões, que já se encontram organizadas nesses mes-mos moldes. Contudo, devido aos momentos dife-rentes de suas conclusões, cada um expõe as ex-pectativas dominantes de seu tempo, sendo que no primeiro se espera a evolução desses projetos e no segundo visualizamos seu esfacelamento. Cer-tamente é um tema com muito a se explorar, tan-to pelas mutações dos interesses, como para reto-mar projetos perdidos e que poderiam guiar nos-sos governos para a convergência estratégica. Acredito que nossos professores e outros amigos pesquisadores tem muito a contribuir para isso. IA-Qual ou quais foram os erros estratégicos da política externa brasileira no que concerne a coo-peração em defesa na América do Sul? VMT-A cooperação, e em especial, a coopera-ção em defesa, são difíceis de serem atingidos. A concordância entre as partes para que o objetivo de um plano de cooperação possa ser atingido de-ve obedecer ao compartilhamento de obrigações, Página 7 ISSN 2357-7975 http://dx.

- by JOSÉ R E N A T O F E R R A Z D A SILVEIRA and +1
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- International Relations, Geopolitics, Brazil, World War II

On the History of Political Philosophy is a lively and lucid account of the major political theorists and philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, medieval, renaissance, and early modern periods. Topics include discussions concerning human nature, social justice, the origin of law and human rights, the rise and development of different forms of government, idealism and realism in international relations, the distinction between just and unjust war, and the sources of public authority and the nature of legitimate sovereignty. The organizing principle of the book is the idea that the great political thinkers were searching for the best political order and a criterion for human conduct in both domestic and international politics. Demonstrating the continued relevance of historical ideas to today's problems, the author traces ongoing discussions about politics by examining the ideas of key political theorists. The book is intended for use in courses on political philosophy or the history of political philosophy.
https://www.routledge.com/On-the-History-of-Political-Philosophy-Great-Political-Thinkers-from-Thucydides/Korab-Karpowicz/p/book/9780205119745

El interés del presente libro reside en analizar el impacto y la recepción que el conflicto árabe-israelí ha tenido en el escenario político argentino. En este sentido, las investigaciones buscarán reconocer la particularidad de las definiciones producidas por los diversos actores atendiendo el carácter específico en el contexto de su elaboración. Entre los aportes que pretende brindar la presente compilación se encuentran los de reconocer la dinámica del debate acerca de la “cuestión israelí”, la “causa palestina” y el sionismo en el escenario político nacional en un período amplio de la historia argentina: desde mediados de la década del 40´ hasta los albores de la gestión kirchnerista.

- by Emmanuel Kahan
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- International Relations, War Studies, Recent History, Argentina History

Regardless of its military might, the current availability of powerful, easily-concealed weapons makes it difficult for any nation to ensure peace at home or abroad. Moreover, there is growing concern that fear-based strategies of defense and peace-making cannot create or maintain lasting peace. Against this dismal backdrop, recent research documents the effectiveness of a new peace-creating technology which is profound in its concept, affordable, and easily implemented. Over forty presented or published studies on this technology, which was derived from ancient Vedic knowledge by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, confirm its ability to reduce conflict, promote international cooperation, reduce societal disorder, and improve quality of life. The research is so compelling that, for the first time in modern history, alternative, nonthreatening strategies for securing peace can be realistically proposed.

- by David R Leffler
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- Sociology, Political Sociology, Psychology, Military Science

The global warming issue has been an ongoing topic for decades and is very controversial. Different participants regarded climate changes as normal phenomena that have been present throughout history. Nevertheless, a majority of scientists seem to think that the global warming, or the “greenhouse effect“, is in fact still taking place and the world’s average temperature is rising alarmingly. This process could have several outcomes. One of them could be the opening of the so called North-Western route through the Arctic from Northern Europe to the Pacific. Another result could be emerging opportunities to explore the whole area and its continental shelf followed by exploitation of vast natural resources. Is it the opening of a new frontiers or the start of a new “Great Game” among nations; this time in the Arctic area?

- by Risto Gabrielsson and +1
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- International Relations, Arctic

Nowe uwarunkowania, dokumenty programowe, reforma Bundeswehry

- by Aleksandra Gasztold (Zięba)
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- German Studies, International Relations, Security, Security Studies

Neo- or structural realism is famously said to lack a theory of the state. Resisting the urge to devise one, I would instead argue that structural realist theories—most notably the original theory of Kenneth Waltz—implicitly contain a theory of the state. What has eluded commentators is that this theory is prescriptive rather than descriptive. Insightful readers like Goddard and Nexon and Rathbun have unpacked Waltz’s (nondeterminative) prescriptions for state behavior in the international system. This article will unpack those prescriptions for state order. Two conclusions emerge from this analysis: (i) structural realism implicitly reads essential features of the modern state into what are otherwise proclaimed to be nonspecific like units in anarchy and (ii) the ideal-typical state prescribed by Waltz’s theory most resembles Hobbes’ Leviathan. Making these connections explicitly may indicate why certain historical systems are a better “fit” for Waltz’s analytical construct and also serves to properly situate structural realist theories within the larger framework of political (not international relations) liberalism.

Todos los artículos son de responsabilidad de sus autores y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de la Academia. Autorizada su reproducción mencionando el Cuaderno de Trabajo y el autor. Antes de imprimir este Cuaderno, piense en el... more

- by Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor
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- International Relations, International Law, Geopolitics