Laparascopic surgery Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

TECHNICAL FIELD - This application relates to the field of coatings that prevent fogging on solid surfaces without altering the characteristics of the covered surface. The coatings may be used on devices and equipment for sports and recreation, the medical field, military and industrial safety
applications. Such devices and equipment include windows and mirrors of automobiles, motorcycles, boats, airplanes, and trains. In industrial and instrumentation application: protective windows, domes, and lenses of gauges, dials, meters. In medical applications: intraocular lenses, endoscopic/laparoscopic lenses, protective eyewear, contact lenses for visual correction, medical implants, surfaces, and medical and surgical tools.
BACKGROUND
The problem of condensation with fogging: Hydrophobic versus hydrophilic surfaces. Protective eyewear, glasses, sunglasses, swimming goggles, diving goggles, helmet visors, windshields, intraocular lenses, medical scopes, and high-precision instrumentation are just several applications where visual distortion due to fogging with condensation poses a problem.
Control of fogging due to condensation on polymer and glass surfaces has seen development, testing and patenting of solutions for a broad spectrum of optical, vision, visor, goggle and lens materials, including optical glasses, borosilicate glass, polycarbonates, tinted thin film coatings, and other polymers for athletic visor and vision-wear. These can require optimization of the robustness and resiliency to create permanent anti-fog coatings, and optimization of adhesion on polycarbonates and surfaces with difficult geometries such as very high curvature. Therefore, anti-fog technologies and their applications have to be conceived and optimized by
adapting to a broad range of specifications for use, use duration, etc., and require working directly with a variety of end users to create such adaptability. End users for anti-fog technology include, but were not limited to: surgeons, professional athletes, recreational users, professional safety users, fire-workers, emergency personnel, biohazard handlers, medical and surgical personnel, and instrumentation dials and domes manufacturers.
Control of fogging should be tested using the specific conditions of condensation experienced by each group end users, such as body or outdoor temperatures, and water vapor pressures and various fluids present during use, such as bodily fluids, sweat, blood, skin oils and human tears or fluids produced from machinery. U.S. patent application Ser. No. No. 13/674,307 (hereinafter '307 application) describes an emulsion that physically changes the surface topography so that condensation behavior can be controlled. The result in the '307 application is a hydrophilic surface that manipulates water droplets so that the water droplets form a thin translucent film on the hydrophilic surface. The'307 application describes a wet anti-fog technology, where the emulsion is applied when the
surface requires an antifogging coating and should not be dried on the surface. When the emulsion of the '307 application is dried, the polymers come out of the solution and precipitate so that the coated surface is no longer optically transparent and fails to maintain optical quality.
Specifically, the emulsion described in the '307 application is optimized for temporary application and for ease of application. The emulsion described in the '307 application was designed for medical applications, including but not limited to vitro-retinal surgery as well as endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures and surgeries. Thus the emulsion described in the '307
application does not permanently coat the surfaces with anti-fog technology. Accordingly, there is need for a dry permanent anti-fog technology that manipulates water so the water droplets form a thin translucent film on a surface rather than produce fogging on the surface while maintaining optical quality. First, the invention consists of permanent anti-fog coatings, including but not limited to their materials components, composition, adaptive formulation and several methods of fabrication.
The permanent anti-fog is referred to as “FogKnox™”. It includes but is not limited to very high quality optical transmission films that are distortion-free, and exhibit a very high degree of transparency. FogKnox™ includes but is not limited to dry, permanent and very highly uniform optical anti-fog coatings, which can be delivered in wet (fluid) or solid from. Both wet and solid form preserve and improve instantaneously visualization on edges of lenses, dials and surfaces and wide-angle lens. Only after drying is the anti-fog a permanent, non-removable solid film. In a separate embodiment, the anti-fog coatings can be made removable for applications where
lenses and devices on which they are applied need to be resurfaced, called KnoxFog™. The antifoam coatings can also be made semi-permanent, so it can be scrubbed, thus removable by scrubbing, detergent washing and/or sonication, for medical applications, and are then called
VitreOx™. Second, the invention includes, for all above mentioned anti-fog coatings, their method of application in large scale, medium scale or small scale manufacturing, via several possible coating processes, adaptive compositions, adjustments of physical properties and surface
preparation procedures, which are disclosed as the second part of the invention. Third, all the above coatings can also be applied on existing, already manufactured optical devices, tools, dials, goggles, vials, bottles and scopes, via the third element of the invention, specific delivery device and its cartridge of anti-fog coatings materials. The delivery device
includes a coating delivery and element to allow for quick drying element attachment to the metered delivery automated mechanism to apply the coating in a few seconds, and let it dry within minutes.