Lateral Loads Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

This report presents the results of theoretical studies performed to understand and be able to predict better the response of "short" drilled shafts. A "short" drilled shaft has been defined as a shaft which undergoes less than two points of zero deflection when subjected to lateral loads. The first portion of this study was directed towards developing simplified procedures for estimating when a drilled shaft would respond as a "short" shaft, taking into account at least approximately the nonlinear response of the soil. The second portion of this study was directed toward improving the present procedure for predicting the response of "short" drilled shafts. Several modifications were made to existing procedures based on "p-y" curves to improve their ability to predict the response of short drilled shafts. These modifications were incorporated into a computer program with other modifications, which are presented in a companion project report.

2025, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research

2025, Analysis of a two pile frame for a horizontal force

The article analyzes a pile frame composed of two bored piles with a diameter of 40 cm. The frame is subjected to a horizontal force. Calculations in three different method are conducted-subgrade reaction approach, 2D plaxis and 3D plaxis, after which a comparison was made between the results of the individual methods. The aim is to see under what conditions a subgrade reaction method is suitable for use without moving away from sure side. Results were also obtained for the distribution of the value of the spring constant by depth, as well as values for the ratio between the resistance of the second and first pile. A proposal has been made for obtaining a p-curve that can be applied to any of the linear approximation methods.

2025, Jurnal Infrastruktur

Outrigger structural systems are quite effective using the lateral loads on tall buildings, one of the main benefits of utilization outrigger is that it can reduce deformation and the danger of inter-story drift caused by lateral loads acting on the building. In this case, wind loads will be viewed as a lateral load because the wind load acting on tall buildings can also cause deformation of the building. The implementation of the outrigger system is viewed from different positions to see the deformation that occurs and the placement of the maximum location. The results of the analysis of wind loads reviewed on these buildings have proven that the use of outriggers in buildings can reduce displacement by 19.58%, and inter-storey drifts by 13.24%, which is applied in a position of ½ of the building height. The optimum location of the outrigger installation can also be determined by calculating the analysis of the maximum deflection that occurs on the 40th floor.

2025, Journal of Bridge Engineering

An outdoor test was conducted on a prefabricated column-pile cap-pile system at a cohesive soil site. The half-scale test unit consisted of a precast bridge column, a precast pile cap, and eight steel piles. The components were connected utilizing socket connections that were preformed in the pile cap with corrugated steel pipes. To evaluate the system performance and the behavior of various connections, the test unit was subjected to combined vertical and lateral loads at service conditions as well as at conditions representing extreme events. The test unit remained undamaged under the loads representing the service conditions, and a plastic hinge was formed in the column under loading conditions representing a seismic event. The column connection and pile connections exhibited excellent behavior as they maintained fixity with the formation of a column plastic hinge. The outdoor test demonstrated that up to 40% of column top displacement was produced by foundation flexibility at the service conditions. The description of the outdoor test and key results are included in this paper.

2025, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research

Due to increase the population, many metro cities face a congestion of structure and critical to carry a lateral force i.e. earthquake forces are experienced by the structures. High rises building of different shape and size are constructed, Podium structure are the structure is used for multi-purpose usage. Up to certain height of podium structure is used for and commercial structure and after that it is used for a residential purpose. In the present study of the work static analysis and dynamic analysis is been done. In dynamic analysis i.e. response spectrum analysis and time history analysis are been done. All the analysis purposes are been done in Etabs 2016 and also time histories of Bhuj, Chamoli is been shown to study the behavior of the different earthquake in building according to the various zones. Podium structure with shear wall models is prepaid and compared to Regular model with shear wall structure so that the Parameter like Base shear, Storey drift, Storey displacement & Time period can easily study by referencing the regular structure.

2025, International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management (IJIREM)

This study investigates the applicability of draft IS 1893:2023 for the seismic design of RC buildings in Nepal, focusing on the base shear coefficients for ‘Zone VI’ bordering Nepal on three sides. Key changes in the code are highlighted that control the design base shear coefficient. One of them is the shift from Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (DSHA) to Probabilistic Earthquake Hazard Assessment (PEHA), which has significantly increased the seismic zone factor. Other changes include updated site classifications, the introduction of serviceability checks, reformed acceleration response spectra, and the provision of minimum design horizontal base shear. The base shear coefficients were obtained using IS 1893:2023 for zone VI for different variations of site categories, structural systems, and importance classes. The obtained coefficients from the code were then compared with the existing NBC 105:2020 and IS 1893:2016 under the fundamental periods. Overall, the base shear coefficients from the IS 1893:2023 (SD) code were found to be the highest in all scenarios followed by the NBC 105:2020 (ULS). Significant margins in the coefficients were seen between these two for the RC SMRF buildings. However, for the dual systems - RC shear wall & RC SMRF buildings, narrow margins were seen. The study reveals implementing IS 1893:2023 in Nepal (Zone VI) would notably increase the base shear, resulting in a potentially more earthquake-resistant design, but also higher construction costs.

2024, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering

The main objective of this paper is to present a general classification scheme of the failure modes of in-filled frames, both with and without openings. For the former, the existing classification is summarized based on a literature review. For the latter, recent experimental results on frames in-filled with unreinforced masonry walls with openings and subjected to slowly applied cyclic lateral loads are used, and a number of different failure modes (crack patterns) of masonry in-filled frames are identified and classified into distinct categories. Such a classification of failure modes improves substantially the understanding of the earthquake resistant behaviour of in-filled frames and leads to better methodological approaches regarding their modelling, analysis and design.

2024, Journal of Ferdowsi Civil Engineering

In many structures, the applied lateral loads are comparable with gravity loads. These types of piles which are subject to high lateral load are usually divided into two categories including long and short piles. The general methods to estimate lateral bearing capacity of short and long piles are based on ultimate bearing capacity and allowable horizontal displacement respectively. In the present research, in order to evaluate lateral bearing capacity of piles subjected to horizontal loads, steel pipes which were embedded in sand soil to simulate piles in the laboratory. A wide range of laboratory tests were performed to investigate the behavior of long piles with different lengths and diameters. The test results were compared with three different theories including Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, Elastic and khmax approaches. The experimental results reveal that khmax approach is more suitable for determination of horizontal displacement and also estimation of lateral bearing capacity for long piles.

2024, Construction and Building Materials

Brick façades enclosures traditionally used in residential architecture in Spain generates stability, insulation and waterproofing problems. Self-supporting enclosures with continuous air chamber solves these problems. The aim of this study is to analyze the mechanical behavior of ventilated enclosure to define design guidelines. The study of a standard three-storey façade using finite element method shows the efforts, displacements and cracking. The areas subject to greater efforts are located on the top floor wall, concentrated around the openings and close to connection keys. Constructive solutions are proposed to build this enclosure from the foundation to the top of the building. We achieve to solve the requirement of stability, incorporating steel reinforcement in the horizontal mortar joints in cracked areas, as well as insulation and waterproofing.

2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the energy absorption characteristics of W6x8.5 (W152x12.6) posts at a reduced embedment depth of 36 in. (914 mm) to that of the standard 40-in. (1,016-mm) embedded W6x8.5 (W152x12.6) posts used in the original Midwest Guardrail System (MGS). A total of eight dynamic component tests were performed – two tests with the 40-in. (1,016-mm) embedment depth and six with a 36-in. (914-mm) embedment depth. For two of the six 36-in. (914-mm) embedment tests, the load height was increased from 24⅞ in. (632 mm) to 28⅞ in. (733 mm). The posts were embedded in a highly compacted, coarse, crushed limestone material. For each test, acceleration data was used to determine the force vs. deflection and energy vs. deflection characteristics of the various post installations. Post-soil interaction forces and energy dissipation characteristics of the steel posts with a 36-in. (914-mm) embedment depth were compared to those for the steel post used i...

2024

This study investigated the moment capacity and load-displacement response of the pile-to-cap connection details. Lateral load tests were conducted on four pile caps (3 ft H x 3 ft W x 6.5 ft L) with two 40 foot-long steel pipe piles (12.75 inch OD) with different connection details. Two caps included a reinforced connection detail with six or 12 inch pile embedment while the other two relied exclusively on their respective embedment lengths of 12 and 24 inches. A hydraulic ram was used to apply a cyclic lateral force to each of these pile caps until failure occurred. Load-displacement curves were developed for each cap and bending moments were computed from strain measurements in the piles. The pile cap with piles embedded two diameters (24 inches) into the cap performed successfully. In contrast, a cap with piles embedded only one diameter failed after developing a large crack through the entire cap. The two pile caps with shallow embedment (0.5 to 1.0 diameter) and a reinforcing cage connection still developed at least 40 to 60% of the moment capacity of the pile which was much greater than predicted by PCI design equations based only on embedment. The load-displacement curves and bending moments computed using the computer program GROUP were in very good agreement with measured values when the pile connections were considered to be "fixed-head". However, assuming a "free-head" or pinned connection significantly overestimated displacement even for the connection with only 6 inches of embedment. These results suggest that it is relatively difficult to create a truly pinned connection detail and that some connections which are assumed to be pinned may actually behave more like fixed connections.

2024

Previously, full-scale lateral load tests conducted on pile caps with different aspect ratios showed that placement of a narrow, dense backfill zone against the cap could substantially increase the passive resistance. The objective of this study is to develop design equations to predict the increased passive resistance for these limited width backfills for both 2D and 3D conditions. For this purpose, the finite element program, PLAXIS 2D was used to investigate the 2D or plane strain passive resistance. To validate the procedure, numerical results were calibrated against analytical results obtained from PYCAP and ABUTMENT. The analytical models were additionally validated by comparison with measured ultimate passive resistances. The calibrated model was then used to simulate the passive behavior of limited width gravel backfills. Parametric studies were also executed to evaluate the influence of a range of selected design parameters, related to the pile cap geometry and backfill soil type, on the passive resistance of limited width backfills. Numerical results indicated that significant increases in passive resistance could be expected for long abutment walls where end effects are less pronounced and the geometry is closer to a plane strain condition. Based on results obtained from the parametric studies, a design method was developed for predicting the ultimate passive resistance of limited width backfills, for both plane strain and 3D geometries. Comparisons between measured and numerical results indicated that using the Brinch-Hansen 3D correction factor, R 3D , as a multiplier to the plane strain resistances, will provide a conservative estimate of the actual 3D passive response of a pile cap with a limited width backfill.

2024

This study investigated the increase in passive force produced by compacting a dense granular fill adjacent to a pile cap or abutment wall when the surrounding soil is in a relative loose state. Lateral load tests were performed on a pile cap with three backfills to evaluate the static and dynamic behavior. One backfill consisted of loose silty sand while the other two consisted of dense gravel zones 3 ft (0.91 m and 6 ft (1.82 m) wide between the pile cap and the loose silty sand. The 3 ft and 6 ft wide dense gravel zones increased the lateral resistance by 75 to 150% and 150 to 225%, respectively relative to the loose silty sand backfill. Despite being thin relative to the overall shear length, the 3 ft and 6 ft wide gravel zones increase lateral resistance to 59% and 83%, respectively of the resistance that would be provided by a backfill entirely composed of dense gravel. The dynamic stiffness for the pile cap with the gravel zone decreased about 10% after 15 cycles of loading, while the damping ratio remained relatively constant with cycling. Dynamic stiffness increased by about 10 to 40% at higher deflections, while the damping ratio decreased from an initial value of about 0.30 to around 0.26 at higher deflections.

2024, Transportation Research Record

2024, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering

Outriggers are considered as an effective system to alleviate the responses caused due to the lateral loads on high rise buildings. The concept of hybrid outrigger system which has a conventional and a virtual outrigger at different levels has been proposed. This study analyzes the static and dynamic behaviour of hybrid outrigger system based on stiffness of core, stiffness of outrigger beam and belt wall, length of the outrigger arm, and height of the building as varying parameters, and investigated on optimal positions of hybrid outrigger system under wind and earthquake loads. The dynamic behaviour was evaluated using nonlinear time history analysis, and the static wind and earthquake response using Indian Standard codes. Analytical models of 40, 60 and 80 storeys having building heights of 140 m, 210 m and 280 m, respectively were considered for the parametric study. The optimal positions for hybrid outrigger system were obtained based on the response from absolute maximum inter...

2024, Journal of Bridge Engineering

This paper deals with analyses and reduced scale tests carried out to validate the design of flexible protection structures for bridge piers against ship impact. The protection system analyzed is part of the fixed link currently under construction across the Parana River between the cities of Rosario and Victoria in Argentina, and it will protect a cable-stayed bridge and parts of the approach viaduct against impact of aberrant vessels with sizes up to 100,000 DWT. The protection system was designed on the basis of dissipated energy and consists of groups of steel-encased large diameter concrete piles connected at the top by a reinforced concrete platform. The impact energy is to be absorbed by large horizontal displacements of the pile caps that involve large deformations of the surrounding soil and geometrically and material nonlinear response of the pile shafts themselves. The paper focuses on modeling the nonlinear characteristics of the response of the structure, and on its assessment by means of 1:15 scale model tests performed in both the laboratory and in the field to account for the displacements and deformations undergone by the pile shafts.

2024, Journal of Bridge Engineering

2024, Acta Geotechnica

Presented in this paper are results of two centrifuge tests on single piles installed in unimproved and improved soft clay (a total of 14 piles), with the relative pile-soil stiffness values varying nearly two orders of magnitude, and subjected to cyclic lateral loading and seismic loading. This research was motivated by the need for better understanding of lateral load behavior of piles in soft clays that are improved using cement deep soil mixing (CDSM). Cyclic test results showed that improving the ground around a pile foundation using CDSM is an effective way to improve the lateral load behavior of that foundation. Depending on the extent of ground improvement, elastic lateral stiffness and ultimate resistance of a pile foundation in improved soil increased by 2-8 times and 4-5 times, respectively, from those of a pile in the unimproved soil. While maximum bending moments and shear forces within piles in unimproved soil occurred at larger depths, those in improved soil occurred at much shallower depths and within the improved zone. The seismic tests revealed that, in general, ground improvement around a pile is an effective method to reduce accelerations and dynamic lateral displacements during earthquakes, provided that the ground is improved at least to a size of 13D 9 13D 9 9D (length 9 width 9 depth), where D is the outside diameter of the pile, for the pile-soil systems tested in this study. The smallest ground improvement used in these tests (9D 9 9D 9 6D), however, proved ineffective in improving the seismic behavior of the piles. The ground improvement around a pile reduces the fundamental period of the pile-soil system, and therefore, the improved system may produce larger pile top accelerations and/or displacements than the unimproved system depending on the frequency content of the earthquake motion. Keywords Cement deep soil mixing Á Centrifuge testing Á Cyclic loading Á Ground improvement Á Pile foundations Á Seismic loading Á Soft clays Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

2024, Journal of Recent Activities in Infrastructure Science

The demand for tall buildings in urban areas has been on the rise due to increased population densities and the rising cost of land. In Bangladesh, this trend has become increasingly evident in recent decades, with the construction of tall buildings of more than 20 stories becoming necessary, especially in cities like Dhaka. A tall building can be analyzed by different structural systems. In this research, a 40-storey RCC building is modeled and analyzed by ETABS 17.0 using three different structural systems: framed, shear wall-framed, and tube-in-tube. The analytical results have been compared under BNBC 2020. Necessary checks like the soft storey, torsional irregularity, serviceability, etc. have also been performed. The research shows that the tube-in-tube system has the highest resisting capability against dead loads, live loads, wind, and seismic loads. Tube-in-tube showed minimal lateral displacement, a big concern for constructing super-tall buildings. It also provided the best results in the case of torsional irregularity, soft storey, and serviceability checks. The results of this study will be useful to structural engineers, architects, and urban planners who are involved in designing and constructing tall buildings.

2024

Blast-induced liquefaction and full-scale axially loading tests were performed around two drilled shaft foundations constructed at the Turrell Arkansas Test Site, located within the New Madrid Seismic Zone. The drilled shafts were instrumented with strain gauges to provide the data necessary to evaluate the behavior of the axially loaded deep foundation elements when subjected to liquefaction. The liquefaction-induced dragloads and downdrag were measured, and the progression of the neutral plane was monitored, as the excess porewater pressure dissipated. The load and resistance distribution curves as a function of depth and time, and drilled shaft settlement curves for each drilled shaft during pre-loading and following blasting were obtained and are discussed. The post-blast resistance values that were measured immediately after blasting were approximately 30-percent of the measured pre-blast positive shaft resistance values. The shaft resistance within liquefied layer reduced from being 100-percent resisting shaft resistance to approximately 70-percent contributing shaft resistances. A design methodology to facilitate proper design of drilled shafts within deep soil deposits located in seismic areas is presented.

2024, Modern Concepts in Material Science

Since in situ coring was out of the scope of the project, obtaining block samples from shallow excavations was identified as a viable alternative. Several construction projects in Las Vegas were identified and communication with the contractors was established. After evaluating several options, a site was selected, and sample collection was coordinated with the contractor. Details of the location and field collection of block samples, their transport to the Rock Preparation Lab of the Mining Engineering Department at the University of Nevada Reno, the coring of samples and further preparation of the 53 specimens to be tested are presented by Saint-Pierre [1]. Unconfined Compressive Strength Tests Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) teste were performed using a Tinius Olsen displacement controlled, hydraulically powered load frame. The equipment uses manual controls with digital output. Compressive strength testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM D7012. The strain rate was maintained as constant as possible and failure of test specimens never occurred before two [2] minutes nor after 15 minutes. Figure 1: Specimen with Mounted Compressometer Surrounded by Series of LVDTs.

2024, Journal of Engineering

An analytical approach based on field data was used to determine the strength capacity of large diameter bored type piles. Also the deformations and settlements were evaluated for both vertical and lateral loadings. The analytical predictions are compared to field data obtained from a proto-type test pile used at Tharthar –Tigris canal Bridge. They were found to be with acceptable agreement of 12% deviation. Following ASTM standards D1143M-07e1,2010, a test schedule of five loading cycles were proposed for vertical loads and series of cyclic loads to simulate horizontal loading .The load test results and analytical data of 1.95m in diameter test pile proved efficiently to carry a working load of 450 tons. The calculated lateral displacements based on a specified coefficient of subgrade reaction are compared to the measured values from dial gauges and strain gauges placed at various locations along the length of the pile.

2024, Construction and Building Materials

In-plane Elastic Flexibility of Cross Laminated Timber Floor Diaphragms This is the author's postprint. The published article is: D'Arenzo, G. et al. (2019) 'In-plane elastic flexibility of cross laminated timber floor diaphragms',... more

2024, Construction and Building Materials

2024, Jurnal Infrastruktur

2023, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research

There may be a high demand for highrise buildings in modern society and therefore the proceeded demand for development and highrise buildings has established the requirement for more extraordinary and efficient construction systems. One such system is that the Outrigger system. These lateral loads are wind and seismic loads. To forestall this lateral load on high-rise buildings and appropriate working construction system must be identified. For lateral resistance of high buildings there are many construction working systems. In tall buildings the stiffness and the drift of the building is even more important and useful. The aim of the paper is to detailed and conceptualizing the varied configurations of belt truss structures system and to integrate current tall structures into longer by use of belt truss system. Additionally many issues associated with outriggers and belt truss systems are also discussed in the paper in detailed. A close scrutiny of literature accessible within the field of Outrigger system is applied and therefore the summary and gaps encountered and discussed within the study are listed during this paper. This paper introduces a substitute concept of virtual Outrigger system. In which using the belt truss structural within the RCC construction building so as to extend the performance of the building under the dynamic loads is researched. The assorted benefits of using virtual Outrigger over traditional ones are emphasized. Knowledge of Basements as a Virtual outrigger is further reviewed inside the paper.

2023, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research

High-rise buildings are more vulnerable to collapse due to high wind and earthquake pressure. In such a building risk of failure can be minimized by adopting lateral load resisting system. In this study, we compared three lateral load resisting frame i.e. diagrid frame and chevron braced frame with conventional frame system. The seismic analysis is done on these three frames. The structures are analyzed by linear static method. The building is considered to be irregular in plan. For irregular plan, C-shape plan, T-shape plan considered. The results are obtained after analysis are compared by various parameters like storey drift, absolute displacement, base shear, moment and axial forces. The First Comparison is between diagrid system, chevron braced system and conventional frame system for C-Type and T-Plan separately and after that second overall comparison is between C-Plan and Tplan. The analysis is done on by using STAAD Software. The result of work showed that diagrid system resist lateral more efficiently than chevron braced system and conventional frame system as it yields the least value for absolute displacement, storey drift, top storey shear and base shear.

2023, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings

In this article, dynamic parameters (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of tall buildings that consist of framed tube and shear walls are obtained using a simple approximate method. The three-dimensional structure is replaced by an equivalent cantilever beam, considering both bending and shear deformations. On the basis of dynamic equilibrium, the governing differential equation of motion is obtained and converted to its corresponding weak form. B-spline functions are then utilized to approximate the weak form and to obtain the final matrix form of the problem. Finally, by applying essential boundary conditions, the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes are calculated. To demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, numerical examples are solved, and the results are compared with those obtained from SAP2000 computer analysis. The results show that the proposed method is efficient and accurate enough to be used in preliminary design.

2023, Transportation Research Record

2023, International Journal of GEOMATE

An experimental study was undertaken to examine the behavior of RC-frames employing precast foam concrete reinforced with diagonal CFRP as an infill wall under ASTM E2126-02a cycle testing methodology (ASTM 2003) in order to anticipate the onset of earthquake-related disasters. The study aimed to determine the failure rate and mechanism based on FEMA 356. An RC frame with precast foam concrete acting as an infill wall without retrofitting (WTI) and an RC frame with precast foam concrete acting as an infill wall and CFRP retrofitting at a width of 36 cm (WTC) were constructed as two different types of examples. The results showed that whereas the WTI produced a maximum load value of 44.88 kN at push loading and 52.30 kN at pull loading, the WTC produced a maximum load value of 102.87 kN at push loading and 80.09 kN at pull loading. The diagonal CFRP retrofitting increased the RC frame's capacity to support in-plane horizontal cyclic stresses when foam concrete precast was used as an infill wall. The test specimen with the CFRP retrofitting underwent a shear failure that started with the CFRP strip debonding and ended with a shear structural collapse. The infill wall had an in-plane failure and a diagonal crack with shear collapse. This demonstrates that the maximum load that the RC specimen could withstand after being retrofitted with CFRP rose for each structural performance grade.

2023, Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia

This paper presents and discusses the results of an experimental study aimed at characterizing the mechanical properties of an innovative and patented concrete masonry solid block with non-conventional geometry. The measured response in the new non-conventional block is compared with a conventional solid block. The experimental program was planned to verify whether the new block complies with the minimum values prescribed by the NSR-10 Colombian Code for being used as an unreinforced structural masonry block. The verification includes tests of water absorption and compressive strength of blocks, compressive strength of prisms, and flexural bond strength of standard beams. The similitudes or differences between the two types of blocks and prisms were evaluated using ANOVA tests. The results obtained demonstrated that both types of blocks comply with the requirements prescribed by NSR-10. Moreover, the flexural bond strength of the new block is roughly two times higher than that of th...

2023, DFI Journal - The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute

Despite the wide use of helical piles with large diameters, the available studies documenting their lateral performance are few. To date, helical piles with shaft diameters up to 1200 mm have been successfully used in Alberta, Canada. The results of a lateral pile load test programs and the field monitoring of helical and driven piles with shaft diameters varied between 219 and 508 mm, installed in firm to very soft clay to very hard clay till were presented in this study. Load testing programs were carried out at five different sites. Effect of pile installation on the lateral capacities of helical piles was also evaluated. Direct comparison between lateral resistances of helical and driven piles was performed. The results of the load tests were compared to a p-y curve model using LPILE 2016 (LPILE. 2016. A program for the analysis of piles and drilled shafts under lateral loads. Austin, TX: Ensoft Inc.). Based on the results of this study it was found that helical piles can develop considerable resistance to lateral loads and their lateral resistances are almost exclusively controlled by the shaft size.

2023, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

An earthquake structures are mandatory to avoid significant damages (i.e., collapse) and aims that structure withstand a major earthquake without collapse. The design approach adopted is to ensure that the columns of the structure more capable to resist moments than beam; to avoid progressive collapse of structure due to failure of columns in lower level; it is necessary the columns have stronger than beams (strong column weak beam). The concept of SCWB is to ensure that plastic hinge formed in the beam not in the column; this help in dissipating the more energy along with providing ductility to the structure. If the plastic hinge is formed on the both ends of column then, the column is not able to spread the plasticity and collapse which are leads to global failure. The failure modes in all past earthquake is exactly opposite i.e, strong beam weak column; and comes to sway mechanism and fails to collapse. For this it is foreseen that the values of ratio of Mc/Mb (ratio of sum of ul...

2023, AIP Conference Proceedings

Wind and Earthquake loadings are two major types of lateral dynamic excitations experienced by high rise buildings. High rise buildings refer to a conceptual design, approximate analysis, preliminary design and optimization to safely carry gravity and lateral loads. The design of high-rise buildings is basically done with reference to urban population. As the height of structure increases, the structural material required to resist lateral loads increases drastically, hence it becomes more sensitive to the lateral loads, especially wind and earthquake loads. So, these high-rise buildings should be protected from these loads to resist structural and nonstructural earthquake damage. In this paper, there is a study on comparison on seismic and wind loading on high rise buildings.

2023, 13th World conference on earthquake …

Recent earthquakes have produced extensive damage in a large number of existing un-reinforced masonry (URM) buildings, showing the need of retrofit techniques for masonry structures. We tested under diagonal compression twenty-four URM panels reinforced with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates and sheets. Panels with two configurations of the reinforcement were subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. This paper reports the results of the tests in terms of strength, mechanism of failure, stiffness, and energy dissipation. External CFRP reinforcement decreases the thickness of the cracks and increases the shear strength and stiffness of the panels.

2023

The lateral response of pile foundations in sand is commonly analyzed using p-y elements attached to the pile, typically using the API sand p-y relationship. The API relationship was developed for static loading conditions, with cyclic correction factors intended to represent degradation due to many slow loading cycles. However, the API model is often applied for dynamic loading conditions (e.g., earthquake shaking) because suitable alternatives have not been formulated. This study demonstrates that the API sand functional form is inappropriate for dynamic analysis of piles, and presents a new functional form that better captures the nonlinear p-y behavior of piles in sand during earthquake loading. The new functional form is in the process of being implemented in OpenSees, an open source finite element modeling platform that is freely available to users.

2023, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

Compare the performance of Diagrid structural system and chevron braced frame by using Staad pro software. To analyses the stability of structure in seismic zone according to comparison between bending moment diagram, shear force variation. The STAAD-PRO software is used to develop 3D rendering model and to carry out the analysis. The lateral load such as earthquake to be applied on the buildings are based on the Indian standards. The study is performed for seismic zone-IV (Delhi) as per IS 1893:2002 (Earthquake load).

2023

In the present work, the experimental test results of five simple and reinforced adobe walls are shown, two of this walls were made with handmade adobe pieces, the other tree walls were constructed with manufactured adobe pieces. For each... more

2023, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

Structural analysis is Nowadays a primary requirement to identify whether the planned and modelled structure would be able to withstand any natural or man made calamities namely earthquake and wind effects. While this considerations there has been rise in development of irregular high rise structures which further leads the engineers to conduct set back analysis. In this paper we are presenting review of literatures related to utilization of different techniques to isolate setback structures.

2023, Journal of Composites for Construction

Compared to reinforced concrete, relatively few experimental studies have been conducted to document the behaviour of masonry columns under combined axial load and flexure. Furthermore, by introducing new techniques such as using carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRP) wraps, it is possible to enhance the behaviour of reinforced masonry columns considerably. Therefore, this paper focuses on improving the seismic performance of reinforced masonry columns using CFRP wraps. In current experimental study, three 1.4m reinforced masonry columns were constructed and tested when subjected to constant axial force and cyclic lateral excitations. The columns have a cross-section of 390mmx390mm and were constructed using bull-nosed concrete units. The first column, which had no CFRP wraps, was used as a control specimen while second and third columns were wrapped with 2 and 4 layers of CFRP sheets respectively. The columns were subjected to a constant axial force of 200 kN. From the tests, it was observed that CFRP wraps improves confinement of masonry column, which leads to more ductile behaviour and improvement in lateral load capacity.

2023

Technical Reports are published for timely dissemination of research results and scientific work carried out at the Department of Civil Engineering (DCE) at Aalborg University. This medium allows publication of more detailed explanations and results than typically allowed in scientific journals. Technical Memoranda are produced to enable the preliminary dissemination of scientific work by the personnel of the DCE where such release is deemed to be appropriate. Documents of this kind may be incomplete or temporary versions of papers-or part of continuing work. This should be kept in mind when references are given to publications of this kind. Contract Reports are produced to report scientific work carried out under contract. Publications of this kind contain confidential matter and are reserved for the sponsors and the DCE. Therefore, Contract Reports are generally not available for public circulation. Lecture Notes contain material produced by the lecturers at the DCE for educational purposes. This may be scientific notes, lecture books, example problems or manuals for laboratory work, or computer programs developed at the DCE. Theses are monograms or collections of papers published to report the scientific work carried out at the DCE to obtain a degree as either PhD or Doctor of Technology. The thesis is publicly available after the defence of the degree. Latest News is published to enable rapid communication of information about scientific work carried out at the DCE. This includes the status of research projects, developments in the laboratories, information about collaborative work and recent research results.

2023, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

India has a sizable population that is dispersed throughout the nation, and this population's high need for energy production results in the need for a sizable transmission and distribution system. The present work for the design of transmission towers with foundations for two distinct zones, each with a different basic wind speed and kind of terrain. The requirement of the members has also been optimised. With the aid of Staad.pro and MS Excel's VBA, this present work has completed. Three distinct bracing systems were contrasted based on a number of factors, including deflection, weight, the quantity of joints, and cost. STAAD.pro has used to analyse the tower under various loading conditions, and Excel-VBA interface has used to construct the connections and base. The technological analysis and economic design of transmission line tower constructions have been the main aims of the present work. Under the specified loading conditions scenarios for both zones, the K bracing tower showed the least deflection in terms of the deflection criterion.

2023, Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia

2023, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

2023

Le conventionnel Je veux dire que l'homme a un tyran, l'ignorance. J'ai voté la fin de ce tyran-là. Ce tyran-là a engendré la royauté qui est l'autorité prise dans le faux, tandis, que la science est l'autorité prise dans le vrai. L'homme ne doit être gouverné que par la science. L'évêque Et la conscience Le conventionnel C'est la même chose. La conscience, c'est la quantité de science innée que nous avons en nous. Les Misérables. Victor Hugo Dedico este trabajo a mi amada esposa Elvia y a mis queridos hijos Tonatiuh y Jesús porque el tiempo utilizado en este trabajo es el mismo que les falté, A mi paciente papá Martín y a mis estimados hermanos Sotero y Marciano de quienes he aprendido tantas cosas, A mi mamá Lucía (q.e.p.d.) y a mi hermana La Guera (q.e.p.d.) quienes me dieron la vida y continúan a mi lado.

2023, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

In the framework of this project, an attempt was made to find out the influence of the shape, size and direction of the rectangular columns of the construction plan on the general stiffness and seismic response of the building suffering from the earthquake. A multistory RC building is modeled using ETABS software with different column shapes (square and rectangular), column sizes (different cross-sectional area at building height), and column orientations to determine the effect of each on the stiffness and seismic response of the building. The analytical results of each model were compared in terms of base movement, overburden displacement, layer deflection and time period.