Libyan Studies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

Ce colloque vise à penser à nouveau frais les études et actions sur les patrimoines archéologiques, manuscrits et immatériels en Libye. Il s’agit d’une part d’identifier les défis auxquels les communautés scientifiques (archéologues et historiens en premier lieu), ainsi que les autorités politiques et ONG, se trouvent confrontées concernant cet héritage culturel. D’autre part, le colloque sera l’occasion de mettre en lumière le travail des nombreux acteurs qui interviennent dans le champ de la conservation patrimoniale, à des niveaux différents et selon des légitimités variées. Il s’agira d’étudier leurs relations et les avancées vertueuses qu’elles permettent, ou les stagnations qu’elles provoquent. Le colloque permettra de souligner les dynamiques en cours quant à la mise en valeur de sites ou d’objets considérés comme patrimoniaux, notamment grâce aux nouvelles technologies de sauvegarde et de documentation, et ce à travers un échange entre chercheurs, experts et divers acteurs engagés dans les domaines du patrimoine.

2025, What should a split state expect from the US this time?

What should a split state expect from the US this time? The British House of Commons in 2016 investigated the UK's involvement in Libya's 2011 civil war. The parliamentary report found that the British conservative government, led by David Cameron at the time, failed to "explain" its Libya policy, describing it as uninformed "by accurate intelligence," overstated "the threat" to Libyan civilians and diligently overlooked that the rebel forces fighting the Libyan government "included Islamist element." When the report was published in September 2016, David Cameroon had already left office and Libya was in tatters, sinking further into regional and tribal divisions, dominated by militias. Yet Cameron, who refused to give evidence to the parliamentary committee, kept defending his policy. In January 2016 he tried to blame Libyans for the failure. They had been, he said, "given the opportunity" to transform their country into a "stable democracy" but had ignored the offer. Back in September 2011, when the war was winding down, he promised that he would not allow Libya to become another "Iraq" but that is exactly what happened. The parliamentary report highlighted Cameron's "failure" to learn the lessons from Iraq's invasion in 2003. As veto powers the UK, France and the United States used UNSC resolution 1973 as a cover for their intentions to force regime change in Libya, contravening the resolution itself, which neither allowed regime change nor any boots on the ground in Libya. By the time Libya had become a huge mess, moving fast into a failed state, it was handed over to the UN.

2025, African Studies Quarterly

This volume on post-2011 Libya benefits not only from the efforts of financial and aid specialists, but also in several cases contributors who are Libyans themselves and who have worked in or visited the country over the past 14 years. An... more

2025, Libyan Studies

This paper describes material recovered over the last few years from sites at Marsa Gezirah, near Misurata, in an attempt to assess their nature. Site A, which has recently suffered severe damage, appears of particular importance as a small port on the edge of the Sebkha, with evidence of brisk commercial activity for the last two centuries BC.

2025, Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences

Aabstract This study aimed to evaluate the environmental status of healthcare facilities in the Municipality of Zliten and analyze their readiness to achieve environmental sustainability. The study followed a descriptive-analytical approach, employing a questionnaire administered to a sample of 192 participants from various professional categories working in the health sector in Zliten Municipality. The results showed that the level of commitment to environmental practices in these facilities remains at 50.4%, particularly in the areas of waste management and green procurement, which stood at 46.6% and 49.8%, respectively. The findings also revealed a clear weakness in strategic planning for sustainability, accompanied by significant challenges hindering this direction-most notably, poor institutional coordination, lack of funding, and shortage of qualified personnel. The results further indicated the existence of a strong negative correlation between the current environmental status and sustainability prospects, meaning that improvements in institutional environmental performance will contribute to supporting sustainability. The study recommended the adoption of clear policies to improve environmental performance, the provision of financial and human resources, and the activation of partnerships with environmental and academic institutions.

2025

INTRODUCTION: The use of social media to disseminate major communications, particularly for campaigns related to days of health importance, is becoming much popular. The use of Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook is gaining an integral place in public life online with hashtag campaigns. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the characteristics of hashtag campaigns related to health in social media and to compare three different campaigns in three commonly used social media platforms, namely, Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional study which analyzed contents of three health-related campaigns in Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. The campaigns were #let's talk (World Health day 2017), Hands up #HIV prevention (World AIDS day 2016), and #No tobacco (World No Tobacco Day 2017). Public posts related to each were searched from three platforms and assessed separately. Source, publicity, credibility, reach outs, and other characteristics were assessed among each campaign and comparison was also done among the three social media. RESULTS: Out of 812 posts, 507 (62.4%) were related to the study. Facebook posts were more related (67.33%), popular (45.05%), and authenticated (28.22%). Among the campaigns, # let's talk was more credible (96.33%) and authenticated (33.94%). Also in that, 57.79% from individual source and 79.82% were awareness related. CONCLUSION: Posts in social media related to hashtag campaigns are more credible, related, and less popular. These factors have to be considered for the campaigns to become an effective tool.

2025, Atlantic Council MENASource

The May 12 assassination of Abdul Ghani al-Kikli, prominent leader of the Stability Support Apparatus (SSA), triggered large-scale urban confrontations between rival armed factions, but this came as no surprise. The escalation occurred against the backdrop of powerful semi-state armed factions, duplicated executive and legislative institutions alive long past their mandate, an absent judiciary, a nationwide economic crisis, and pervasive corruption. What might peace enforcement look like in Libya’s current politico-security landscape?

2025, Libyan Studies

This is a summary of a paper given to members and guests of the Society of Libyan Studies in London on 6th June 1984. The authors use the technique of stable isotope analysis of carbon and oxygen in samples of marble taken from carefully selected monuments in Lepcis Magna to compare statue types and architectural decoration. Controversial views on the origins of the sculptors working at Lepcis Magna are also examined in the light of this method.

2025, Libyan Studies

2025, Bulletin de la Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais, t. 82, p. 325-338, 2e trimestre

Les archives de la Société d’Émulation du Bourbonnais (SEB) conservent un rapport inédit des premières fouilles de Glozel (Ferrières-sur-Sichon, Allier) rédigé par Benoît Clément, instituteur à La Guillermie, (Allier), daté du 20 mai... more

2025, The Journal of North African Studies

2025, Africa. Rivista semestrale di studi e ricerche

The Italo-Ottoman war played an important role in mobilising public opinion. In the Americas as well as in Asia, the war sparked a great deal of participation, generated intense polemics and protests, and, to a much lesser extent, garnered support. The study of the reactions to the Italian aggression in Africa has mainly concerned the northern part of the continent. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the great absentee, implicitly conveying the message that this region’s involvement in the conflict was minimal. Indeed, the area was not short of reactions, but one has to use the right sources and look beyond the newspapers. This is the only way
to understand the profound impact that the war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire had on the Horn of Africa. Reactions were not clear-cut: the article explains why Pan-Islamism was not the only option available and why in some areas the Ottoman appeal was deliberately ignored.

2025

This study examines the European Union's (EU) power through the theoretical framework of realism and liberalism, with focus on its external engagements and global influence. Realism emphasizes state-centricity and power dynamics, highlighting that state's standing is determined by economic and military capabilities. However, realist scholars struggle to explain the role of the EU in the international system due to its complex, non-state nature. Liberalism, on the other hand, emphasizes cooperation, interdependence, and the spread of norms and values. The EU's normative power is evident in its global promotion of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. However, challenges persist, such as inconsistencies in foreign policy and the EU's use of hard power, like economic sanctions and military operations. The EU's response to crises, such as the migration crisis and climate change, reveals a subtle approach that balances normative and hard power elements. While it is true that normative influence of EU as a supranational organization remains significant, contributing to the shaping of international norms and values, this work argues that its economic and military capabilities often overshadow its normative efforts.

2025, Applied Linguistics Review

This work suggests that greater permeability exists between the fields of speech-language therapy and foreign language teaching. A materials analysis was carried out to assess the pedagogical potential of a set of resources emanating from the Anglo-Saxon context. Specifically, seven material sources were selected that focus on pragmatic impairment, and the difficulties in learning idiomatic expressions (or idiomaticity deficit); these cover a publication period from 1992 to 2016. In addition, the strengthening of the links between psycholinguistic experimental research and the teaching of languages is asked for, including in the design of didactic materials. In this sense, the paper discusses the way in which a person with a pragmatic impairment, or a foreign language learner, processes an idiomatic phrase, as it considers that these psycholinguistic data are useful not only for clinical intervention, but also for creating effective didactic materials for the teaching of idiomatic expressions in a foreign language. Finally, regarding the materials analysed here, the typology of activities included in the older examples is reminiscent of structural language teaching methods, whereas, in materials published more recently, the influence of communicative methodologies is present.

2025, Annali n. 32 | Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra

30 gennaio 2025). L'evento è stato realizzato grazie anche al supporto finanziario della Direzione Generale Educazione, ricerca e istituti culturali del Ministero della Cultura e della Fondazione Caritro. Le relazioni possono essere visionate sulla pagina Youtube del Museo della Guerra: www.youtube.com/watch?v=41C5DX-G4CxE&list=PLX58JsAmIt20Lf1zkMB7k3Jk6fjTMVhHo. Tre interventi sono inoltre stati pubblicati sul n. 31 degli "Annali" del Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra: G. Grechi, Oltre i confini dell'archivio coloniale: fabulazione critica e storia potenziale, pp. 41-74; P. Manfren, Arte smascherata: uso, manipolazione e distorsione di fonti fotografiche nelle creazioni coloniali del ventennio, pp. 75-93; N. Fontana, Censimento dei fondi fotografici coloniali del Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra di Rovereto, pp. 151-198. 5 Sull'approccio ai beni culturali coloniali e sul tema della decolonizzazione il Museo della Guerra ha recentemente organizzato il ciclo di conferenze Musei e patrimoni coloniali. Tre incontri online per introdurre il tema della decolonizzazione del patrimonio dei musei, con interventi di Gaia Delpino, Rosa Anna Di Lella, Francesco Frizzera, Alessandra Galizzi Kroegel, Camillo Zadra. Gli appuntamenti sono consultabili sulla pagina Youtube del Museo: www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPg6NvjH0ME&list=PLX58JsAmIt23sezhTyW-0G2ANXY4d6TmgQ.

2025, Excavations at Boxfield Farm, Chells, Stevenage, Hertfordshire

A small collection of finds, but includes a well dated collection of hair pins.

2025

Communication à l'atelier de recherche international "Exploitation des ressources et gestion des risques : quelle soutenabilité pour les sociétés anciennes ?" (Aix-en-Provence, 3-4 juin 2025).

2025

The study provides insight into the Arab Spring in Libya that erupted in Tunisia and extended to the other Arab countries during the second decade of the 21st century. A terrible public response to corruption, economic stagnation, repression, sectarian deprivation, and many other causes influenced the revolution to spark. Based on secondary data collected from reviewed literature, this paper explores the nexus of Passive Revolution and Regional Hegemony based on the dreadful present and uncertain future of Libyans and the efforts of different powerful states to establish their regional hegemony in Libya. The central argument of the study is that, Libya‘s political, social, and economic decline are the primary consequences of the Arab Spring. Based on this central argument, this study adopts the ̳Nexus of Passive Revolution and Regional Hegemony‘ as its theoretical framework. By adopting qualitative method, it attempts to analyze thematically the differences in themes, such as GDP, GNP, FDI, government debt, and so on. A comparative analysis of the pre and post Arab Spring periods is conducted to determine the overall change of the socioeconomic pattern and to assess how deeply various sections of Libya have been harmed. In the process of investigation, it has been revealed that the latent causes of the Arab Spring in Libya are behind the overt causes. This study focuses on exploring the diplomatic interests of NATO allies in the MENA region and the reasons that made Gaddafi an eye-sore to the west. The Libyan people wanted to establish democracy by overthrowing authoritarians and family dictatorships. But after ten years, the warplanes of Russia, France, America, and even Turkey and Saudi Arabia are in the sky of Libya. The Arab Spring has failed in the Arabian Peninsula, and their democratic aspirations have not materialized yet. After all these years, the realization is that the flower of the spring did not bloom. The Arab Spring that sparked such optimism is no longer present. Libya is a battlefield for players in international politics at the moment. Therefore, this study offers some recommendations to the international organizations to resolve the existing crisis.

2025, Premium e-Journal of Social Sciences

This article analyzes Syria's investment climate and its capacity to attract capital for reconstruction efforts following years of conflict. It examines the key factors and fundamental principles essential for creating a conducive investment environment in Syria. Additionally, the study explores the relationship between the investment climate, global competitiveness, and the ability to attract both domestic and foreign investment. The analysis also identifies current challenges faced by Syria's investment environment and highlights select successful international practices in this area. The research utilizes both analytical and descriptive methodologies. The findings suggest that establishing an attractive and supportive investment environment is vital for promoting reconstruction initiatives in Syria.

2025, ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies

The restrictive, violent evolution of the Libyan migration and border regime has been strongly determined by the externalisation efforts of European policymakers. Yet self-organised initiatives of migrants in Libya, and the more-than-local solidarity spaces they establish, generate counter-externalisation dynamics aimed at transforming such a regime and steering it in the opposite direction. To shed light on these dynamics, the paper provides an overview of self-organised forms of protest and mobilisation of people on the move in Libya in the last two decades. While these migrant initiatives result from endogenous forms of solidarity, they also inspire and trigger different forms of exogenous, pro-migrant solidarity from different categories of actors across places. Thus, solidarity follows multiple directions and creates specific solidarity spaces at different scales. Spatialities and directionalities produced by the interplay between solidarity and more-than-local migrant or pro-migrant mobilisations can be conceptualised as acts of counter-externalisation, reacting to the externalised regime of migration containment that has been established in Libya since the early 2000s. The paper first introduces the Libyan migration regime from the perspective of European border externalisation. Then, it reconstructs the history of migrant mobilisations in Libya from the Gaddafi period to the present day, including more recent developments such as the establishment of the movement "Refugees in Libya" and its international support network "Alliance with Refugees in Libya." The concluding section analyses the spatial configurations of solidarity emerging from migrant mobilisations in Libya against the background of European border externalisation.

2025, In: G. Messina, E. Nicosia and C.M. Porto (eds.), Oltre la globalizzazione – Sud/South, Società di Studi Geografici, Florence 2024, pp. 785-790

Questo intervento ripercorre alcune tappe della storia delle mobilitazioni autonome di migranti in Libia, soffermandosi sul movimento Refugees in Libya e sulla relativa rete di sostegno internazionale Alliance with Refugees in Libya. Tali pratiche di contestazione dei confini – sintomatiche dell’agency e della resistenza dei migranti – sono analizzate sia come frutto di diverse forme di solidarietà (intesa come pratica relazionale e spaziale), sia come generatrici delle stesse e dei relativi spazi. L’intervento evidenzia le spazialità e direzionalità che caratterizzano le mobilitazioni autonome dei migranti così come le dinamiche di solidarietà che da queste scaturiscono, e contrappone le une e le altre alle spazialità e direzionalità del processo di esternalizzazione dei confini europei.

2025, International Journal of Political Science, Law and International Relations (IJPSLIR)

The world saw a great revolution sparked in Tunisia, anchored in deep rooted political, economic and social factors as well as the emergence of social media networks, ultimately igniting the Arab Revolution of 2011. At the end of the year, three long tenured undemocratic rulers, Ben Ali, Hosni Mubarak, and Muammar Gaddafi were removed from power in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya respectively. In Libya, a full scale eight months of civil war, the intervention of the international community, the death of a dictator in the Libyan 'February 17 Revolution' of 2011, followed, unlike states in the region that have been in a similar pattern, by long lasting instability which is still unsolved. The UN has been following the case of Libya closely, since the outbreak and its attempt to mediate for peace among different factions in the post-revolution crisis was commendable in the midst of the problem of inclusiveness. Lack of inclusiveness in the establishment of the Government of National Accord in 2015/16 is boosting the current threat of Libya called ISIS/L. Those who were disappointed with the establishment of the government and power division are joining the terrorist groups. So, composition of the new governments should be reconsidered. Factors caused and exacerbated post-Gaddafi Libyan crisis are basically attributed to pre and post-revolution conditions that are related with the legacy of administration of Gaddafi, geographical and ethnic composition of the state, thirsty for power, external actors role or intervention and, most importantly, the weakness of transitional government. The state is failing due to the death of national identity. Fractured state security and deteriorating economy caused civilians either leave their home or live under miserable conditions. Not only the state, the crisis or civil war has been highly affecting the security, socioeconomic and political conditions of the broader region. It was this issue, which inspired this work to provide an in-depth analysis on basic factors contributed for the relapse of Libya into security, social, economic and political crises after the death of Gaddafi in 2011. In conclusion, the paper has forwarded the way out for Libya.

2025, International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies

Although there are a number of studies on English writing skills, the relation among metalearning, cognitive holding power and writing skills is not well understood. Thus, this study investigated the relation among metalearning capacity (high versus low) and cognitive holding power (CHP; first-order versus second-order) in explaining the English Language writing skills of Egyptian preservice teachers. W e constructed and validated new measures of metalearning and English writing skills, and adapted an existing measure of CHP for use with our Egyptian sample. Participants with high metalearning capacity demonstrated better writing skills than those with low metalearning capacity. In addition, participants with second-order CHP exhibited better writing skills than those with first-order CHP. The two factors made independent contributions (i.e., did not interact) because, we argue that metalearning operates at the level of the individual learner whereas CHP is an attribute of the larger instructional environment (as orchestrated by the teacher). These findings generalize and extend our current understanding of the role of metalearning and CHP in developing writing skills to a new population, and establish the utility of newly developed and adapted instruments and adapted instruments. They also set the stage for future interventions for developing better English writing skills in preservice teachers.

2025

Part iii. PERCEPTION ANd REPRESENTATION Of POWER, ETHNIC ANd CULTURAL IdENTITIES 8. roman imperialism in africa from the third Punic War to the battle of thapsus (146-46 BC) M.S. Hobson 9. african geography in the triumph of Cornelius Balbus A. Merrills 10. a Catholic stronghold? religious and ethnic identities at tipasa G. Sears Part iV. ECONOMIES ACROSS NORTH AfRICA: PROdUCTION, TECHNOLOgY, ANd TRAdE 11. Oil production at Dionysias and in Fayum: tradition and technological innovation across the Ptolemaic and roman periods L. Bigi 12. les ateliers d'amphores de Zitha et le potentiel économique de la tripolitaine tunisienne E. Jerray 13. imported building materials in north africa: brick, stone and the role of return cargoes B. Russell Part V. CREATINg A LASTINg IMPRESSION: ARCHITECTURAL ANd dECORATIVE MOTIfS 14. stones of memory: the presentation of the individual in the cemeteries of Cyrene M. Oldjira and S. Walker 15. Beyond Ghirza: roman-period mausolea in tripolitania J. Nikolaus 16. architectural decoration at sala (Chellah) and in mauretania tingitana: Punic-Hellenistic legacies, roman official art, and local motifs N. Mugnai 17. ripresa e continuità di tradizioni ellenistiche nell'architettura e nella decorazione architettonica tardoantica in africa e altre province dell'impero romano P. Pensabene 18. imperial statues in urban contexts in late antique north africa A. Leone COnClusiOn 19. De Africa Romaque: some concluding thoughts R.B. Hitchner DE AFRICA ROMAQUE prelims.indd 6 21/11/2016 11:36 2.1. Map of Roman provinces of Africa, with main sites mentioned in text marked. 12 2.2. distribution of urban sites in the Roman Empire. 13 2.3. Numidian proto-urbanism. A: Althiburos; B: Mdidi; C: Bagat. 15 2.4. distribution map of garamantian oasis settlements. 17 2.5. North Saharan oases close to the Roman frontier with attested Roman activity and potential pre-Roman origins. 18 2.6. Models of urbanization and agricultural take-up in Africa. A: the traditional colonialist model; B: proposed new model taking more account of indigenous agency in first millennium BC. 22 3.1. North-east Africa with the Nile Valley, oases, and coastal regions of Marmarica and Cyrenaica. 29 4.1. Cross-section of burial mound at Sidi Slimane. 44 4.2. Cross-section of burial mound at Sidi Allal al Bahraoui. 45 4.3. Spherical cap. 47 5.1. Map with principal sites mentioned in the text. 59 5.2. fortifications of Lixus: western side of the 'sector of the big blocks', orthorectification. 60 5.3. Plan of Tamuda: Hellenistic-period settlement (c. second century BC) and Roman fort (c. second century Ad). 61 5.4. Typology of opus africanum. 63 5.5. Capitolium of Sala: tabernae on lower south side. 66 5.6. Capitolium of Sala: building technique in one of the tabernae on the lower level. 66 5.7. Temple of Zilil: opus africanum wall, orthorectification. 67 5.8. Capitolium of Sala: one of the hypothetical reconstructions of the plan. 67 5.9. Capitolium of Sala: position and function of the piers. A: links between perpendicular walls; B: points where the weight of the south colonnade discharged on the vaults of the tabernae. 67 5.10. Capitolium of Sala: 3d reconstruction of the southern side of the complex. 68 6.1. Location of fayum, with ancient dionysias and modern town of El fayum. 74 6.2. Main settlements in fayum and extent of the lake in the Ptolemaic period. 77 6.3. dionysias, map of the site with the graphic digitization of the satellite image analysis and the results of geomagnetic prospections. 79 list of figures DE AFRICA ROMAQUE prelims.indd 7 21/11/2016 11:36 viii De Africa Romaque 7.1. Strutture tardoantiche nell'Agorà documentate nel 1929, dall'angolo nord-orientale della piazza. 7.2. Pianta dell'Agorà con rappresentazione delle case eseguita nel 1929 da I. gismondi. 7.3. Agorà, Casa xI, dettaglio del pavimento a mosaico dell'ala nord-sud del corridoio. 7.4. Strutture tardoantiche nel ginnasio documentate nel 1935, dall'angolo sud-orientale della piazza. 7.5. Pianta del ginnasio con rappresentazione delle case eseguita nel 1938 da A. Buonomo. 7.6. ginnasio, Casa I, sale con pavimentazione musiva nel portico sud. 8.1. Coins struck at mints of the Iberian Peninsula before Ad 40 and found in Mauretania. 8.2. The main regions of centuriation in Tunisia in relation to the seven free cities, the Fossa Regia, the Marian settlements, and the possible aggregate size of the gracchan colonization. 9.1. Map showing the likely origins of identified toponyms in Balbus' triumph. Context and Objectives

2025

The current COVID-19 pandemic, which was initiated regionally at Wuhan, China, has become a global pandemic by infecting people of almost around the world. Human societies are facing threats for their survival and livelihood. Aim: To determine the knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 among the general public in Benghazi City. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over four months period from the first of July till the end of October 2020. Five hundred participants were selected by using a convenient sampling technique. The age distribution ranged from 15 -65 years with a mean age of 35yrs (SD ±12.54), (53%) were females and (47%) were males. (44.4%) of the participants got their information from social media. In general, the overall knowledge score of the majority of the respondents was good knowledge regarding COVID-19. As for deficiency of information about the preventive measures, we need to intensify awareness by conducting seminars to increase the knowledge among the population to tackle the spread of diseases in the community.

2025

Libya entered a new era on February 17, 2011.

2025, Third Generation in International Relations – Independent Research Series

This paper explores the strategic and symbolic significance of the 2025 assassination of Abdel Ghani Al-Kikli, one of Tripoli’s most prominent militia leaders. Far from signaling the end of Libya’s militia-dominated era, Al-Kikli’s killing marked the beginning of a new phase: one in which disparate militias began consolidating power, recognizing their shared vulnerability in the face of political marginalization and international negotiation efforts. Through a ten-scene analytical framework, the study traces the transformation of Libyan militias from fragmented local actors into a cohesive political force with transnational alliances, financial influence, and state-embedded leverage. The paper argues that any path to national stability must begin by acknowledging—not ignoring—the militia ecosystem as it exists today.

2025

2025, المجلة الدولية للعلوم والتقنية

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة مدى إدراك اهمية استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي عند إجراء عمليات المراجعة في ليبيا, ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي, وتم تصميم استبانة محكمة كأداة رئيسة لجمع البيانات الأولية, وتم توزيعها على عينة من المراجعين الخارجيين بالمنطقة الوسطى, وتوصلت الدراسة لعدة نتائج أهمها أنه لا يوجد اهتمام باستخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في المراجعة من قبل المراجعين الخارجيين في ليبيا مخاوف بشأن أمن وخصوصية البيانات عند استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في المراجعة وايضا ارتفاع تكلفة تطبيق تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي وتتطلب استثمارات كبيرة, كما أوصت الدراسة بضرورة زيادة الوعي لدى المراجعين الخارجيين لأهمية استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في المراجعة.

2025, LibMed blog

a recension of Muḥammad al-Zuwārī's talk on Wednesday 16 April 2025 in our Webinar

2025

Abstract Background: Well alignments of the teeth in the dental arches achieves good esthetics and stability, and a perfect tooth position provides ideal conditions for good health and optimal care of teeth. However, crowding of teeth is considered as the most common type of malocclusion. Aims: To quantify crowding by assessing the tooth size arch size discrepancy in crowded and non crowded arches. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on study casts obtained from sixty randomly selected students from College of Dentistry– University of Sulaimani in Kurdistan of Iraq with their age ranged from 19-24 years who were divided into crowded and noncrowded groups. For each group cumulative and individual tooth width and arch length were measured. They have been diagnosed and selected according to some specific criteria. Results: The study showed significant difference in the arch length measurement between the non crowded & crowded (P>0.01). No significant difference of the mes...

2025, Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi

In the book Afrika’da Askeri Darbeler ve Dış Müdahale, Murat Yiğit, firstly, who deals with the concept of military coup, points out that the role of the outside world has an important impact on the realization of military coups and draws attention to the fact that coups are a phenomenon that is open to all kinds of interventions and influences from outside. In this respect, author, while dealing with the issue of turning military coups into a tool of foreign intervention, aims to answer both the factors and elements of foreign interventions based on military coups and the dimensions of foreign intervention required in the use of military coups as a tool of intervention by foreign actors in the international system and what are the basic indicators in the analysis of this intervention in the book. For this purpose, Yiğit aims to question the impact of external interventions on the occurrence of military coups and coup attempts in the historical context, particularly in West African countries. Also, author, examines the presence and influence of the United States and France as prominent actors in the military coups and coup attempts that have taken place in the region.

2025, ARTis ON 15

The exploitation of archaeology according to imperialist ambitions had a significant impact on the modus operandi adopted in archaeological missions, in restoration and consolidation works, in advertising, and in artistic heritage research in the conquered lands. In light of these considerations, this interview will focus on policies adopted by colonialist Italy in the context of safeguarding artistic and architectural heritage in Libya.

2025

où en sommes-nous de l'écriture de l'histoire et que sommes nous en train d'écrire, de publier, d'investiguer, où va la recherche, quelles en sont les centres d'intérêt, les orientations académiques, l'arrière-fond, les domaines d'étude, les objectifs, le bilan de la recherche, la formation, les sujets de master de thèse et d'habilitation, l'application des sciences connexes à l'histoire, les nouveaux procédés de la recherche, le travail de terrain, de laboratoire, la pluri-inter-disciplinarité de l'histoire croisée avec la géographie, la sociologie, la philosophie, l'anthropologie, et toute autre discipline proche, la place et positionnement de nos universités, des centres et instituts de recherches dans le concert de la communauté scientifique historique internationale, nos limites et contraintes, nos ambitions etc. ?

2025

Wild olive or oleaster (Oleaeuropaea L. var. Sylvestris) is considered one of the common plant species contributing to the biodiversity of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. The objective of the present study is to evaluate phenotypic variability and hence the genetic variation of wild olive (oleaster) in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used tocompare the fruit and seed characteristics of 12 wild populations growing and naturally spreading in the study area.Theresults reported that the first three PCs recorded eigen values more than 1 and explained the 94.61% of variation. PC1 had 48.09%, PC2 explained 28.66% and PC3 had17.86% of the total variation. Based on morphological traits analysis, it can be concluded that oleaster exhibits a higher genetic diversity. The dendrogram derived from the morphological data serves as a valuable tool for elucidating the phylogenetic relationships among oleaster populations in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar.

2025, PROTOHISTOIRE DE LA TUNISIE : ÉTAT DES LIEUX, APPROCHES ET PERSPECTIVES DES RECHERCHES

For a century, research into the Protohistory of North Africa and the
Sahara has focused on the study of necropolises without forcibly managing
to establish chronological landmarks over such a vast area. Excavations,
particularly in the Saharan regions and in a number of necropolises and
centers of settlement in northern Africa, have succeeded in reaching
increasingly remote chronologies, which seem to be essential for writing
the history of protohistoric groups. For their part, these studies have
shed light on certain socio-cultural specificities of major importance in
this period.
In fact, it was not until the second half of the 1980s and during the 1990s
that systematic inventories were drawn up, well-targeted excavations
were carried out and a new approach was adopted revealing a sedentary
lifestyle for certain groups in northern Tunisia and Algeria, and especially
Morocco. They have revealed new chronologies, established typologies
and elucidated certain socio-cultural aspects of the various Libyco-
Numidian groups. Nevertheless, many aspects of Protohistory remain
unclear.
To what extent, given the current state of research and the different
approaches characterizing ancient Near Eastern, Mediterranean and
European civilizations, can we apply these same pre-established sociocultural
backgrounds to Libyco-Numidian groups ? In what sense can we
define this period and dig further the question of periodization, whose
beginnings and endings need to be more precisely defined ?

2025, Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences

Introduction: Lip print patterns are individualistic and unique and can be used for identification of individuals. Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out the different types of lip patterns, know the most common one and to know whether it has any gender predilection among adults of Sebha city. Materials and Methods: A total of 104 adults aged 18-35 years participated in this study. Lip prints were recorded and analyzed for lip print patterns. Statistical analysis was carried out using the computer software Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 (Chicago, Illinos, USA). Results: Type I lip print pattern was seen in 53.37% and 60.07% of lip quadrants in males and females, respectively. 27 (25.96%) subjects had same lip print pattern in all the four quadrants. Conclusion: Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's Type I lip print pattern was most common type of lip print pattern in the studied population, whereas Type I' was found to be the least common.

2025, Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine

The present study was aimed to investigate the association of mental well-being and depression with periodontal clinical attachment loss among young adults in postwar urban population of Sebha city, Libya. Mental well-being and depression were assessed using Arabic versions of World Health Organization (WHO) five well-being index and major depression inventory (ICD-10), respectively. Random sample of 149 subjects were studied. Degree of periodontal attachment was measured at six sites per tooth using a rigid manual periodontal probe. A total of 59.11% of the studied samples had healthy mental well-being state, whereas 40.81% had poor mental well-being. The severity of depression was stronger in males than in females. In the present study mental well-being, depression, and all its categories did not have any significant effect on periodontal attachment loss. Further studies and health interventions can be planned based on this data.

2025

En 902, les Kutama lancent une vaste campagne militaire contre les Aghlabides. Cette offensive, dirigée par ash-Chi'i avec les chefs Kutama, vise à renverser la dynastie Aghlabide pour de bon et à prendre le contrôle de l'Ifriqiya. En 902, alors que le Mahdi était encore à Salamyah, le da'i et les cheikh frappent un coup décisif contre les Aghlabides. Profitant de l'absence de l'émir Aghlabide Ibrahim II, parti mener le jihad en Sicile (Talbi 321)Le 1er août 902 , l'émir Ibrahim II conquit Taormine, dernier bastion chrétien de Sicile, avant de traverser le détroit de Messine pour rejoindre la Calabre. Cependant, lors du siège de Cosenza (DARCHAOUI 87), il mourut le 19 octobre ce qui va chambouler le trône. À Tunis, son fils Abdallah II qui était un militaire chevronné qui en 882-883 écrasa la révolte des Louata, en 893-894 recut pour mission de massacrer de manière traitre les gens de Belezma, en 896 il prend part à l'écrasement des Nafusa (tribu de la branche botr), en 897 il redirigea une razzia sur le territoire de cette même tribu, en 899 il était à Biskra et enfin il mener le djihad en Sicile de 900 à 902 jusqu'a ce qu'il se fasse rapeller en Ifriqiya afin d'hériter du trone des Aghlabides et de prendre le pouvoir le 5 mars 902 (talbi 538). Cette abscence et instabilité permet au Da'i d'assiéger la ville de Musa b. 'Abbas, seigneur de Mila. Les troupes vainquirent les forces fidèles au seigneur de la ville et à leurs alliés. En effet Abu Abd Allah mena de violents combats contre eux, au cours desquels les Kutama capturèrent les faubourgs de Mila. (description de Mila par Al-Bakri 152-153) Tous ceux qui étaient dans la ville se retranchèrent dans la citadelle. Lorsqu'ils virent qu'ils ne pouvaient plus résister, Musa b. 'Abbas négocia une garantie de sécurité. Abu 'Abd Allah leur accorda, promettant d'épargner leurs vies tant qu'ils ne troubleraient pas l'ordre(IFTAH 111-112)(DARCHAOUI 84)(talbi 628). Les portes de la ville furent ouvertes, et les Kutama y entrèrent. Lorsque les tribus Kutama entrèrent dans la ville, elles tuèrent des chefs Kutama qui s'étaient réfugiés avec Musa b. 'Abbas car ils étaient discident à la dawla du da'i parmi ces chefs on compte : Farah b. Jiran ainsi que deux membres des Ijjani (IFTAH 111) (Tribu Kutama)(Histoire des Berbère., I., trad. De Slane., 2e éd., Alger., 2001., p.202) : Yusuf b. Mahmud et Wazra b. Nasr.(talbi 628) Al nu'man rapporte qu'Abu Zaki fut l'instigateur de ces assassinats, car il craignait que ces notables de l'Ijjana ne deviennent plus puissants que lui (DARCHAOU 84). Abu Abd Allah relâcha Musa b. 'Abbas et lui souhaita le meilleur. Il nomma ensuite un Kutama on le devine au vu de sa nisba est de la tribu des Ijjani : Abu Yusuf Maknun b. Dubara al-Ijjani gouverneur de Mila, il est l'oncle paternel d'Abu Zaki.(Talbi 628) Après avoir nommer un gouverneur, Abu Abd Allah retourna à Tazrut (dar al-hijra) à la tête de ses troupes.(IFTAH 111)( Mahdi PAGE 106 ) La chute de Mila alarma et fut un affront pour les Aghlabides, l'émir Abd Allah II décida, d'envoyer une expédition de 12 000 hommes (IFTAH 112) des jund entre cavaliers et fantassins encadrée par ses meilleurs officiers de Kairouan afin de reprendre Mila. En octobre 902, diriger par le prince aghlabide Muhammad surnomé al-Ahwal (il est surnommé ainsi à cause d'une manière de fixer du regard), fils ((même si ibn al-Athir nous rapporte qu'il serait le frère de Abd Allah II)) de l'émir Abd Allah II (DARCHAOUI 85) (talbi 538), un Kutama du nom de Fath b. Yahya al-Masaliti qui était un ennemi acharné du da'i et diriger une garnison de Kutama c'étant réfugié à Tunis car ne voulant pas professer le chiisme.(talbi 629) l'armée quitta Tunis au mois de dhu al-Qadah (entre le 7 octobre et le 5 novembre) et emprunta la route vers Sétif, en passant par Belezma. Lors de sa marche le prince distribua des cadeaux somptueux au différentes tribu berbères, qui n'est pas sans rappeler Rome qui distribuait des diadèmes, des sceptres en Afrique du Nord (voir Ch. A. Julien, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, I, 263), cette méthode permit à Muhammad d'enrôler de nombreux combattants si bien que son armée qui au départ comptait 12 000 hommes avait doublé (Talbi 629) lorsque Abu Abd Allah apprit que Musa b. 'Abbas avait envoyé son fils pour organiser cette réponse militaire. Il ordonna donc son arrestation et le fit surveiller de près. Lorsque la vérité de cette conspiration fut confirmée et que les troupes ennemies se rapprochèrent, Abu Abd Allah ordonna l'exécution de Musa b. 'Abbas en captivité. Son corps fut jeté dans un grenier souterrain de la ville.(IFTAH 112) (DARCHAOUI 85)(Talbi 631). Abu Hawal petit-fils de l'émir Ibrahim diriger c'est troupes avec une discipline martiale, lui qui était réputé prudent et habile. A chaque étape il marqué des formations de combat, et chaque campement il ordonnait la construction de tranchées avant la tombée de la nuit, et des gardes surveillaient les entrées des tranchées. La nuit, les fantassins patrouillaient à l'intérieur des tranchées avec leurs boucliers, tandis que les cavaliers circulaient à l'extérieur. Un millier de cavaliers montaient la garde jusqu'à l'aube, ce dispositif fut maintenu jusqu'à la rencontre des deux forces dans le territoire des Malusa (tribu Kutama) . Face aux bien équipées du gouvernement, l'armée Kutama du da'i ne fit pas le poids.(talbi 630) Après deux défaites, ils se replièrent sur Tazrout. Mais comme cette localité non fortifiée ne pouvait leur offrir de protection, ils prirent tout ce qu'ils pouvaient et fuirent, à travers la neige profonde, vers Ikjan (darchaoui 86). Les troupes de l'émir trouvèrent Tazrout abandonnée, incendièrent dar al-hijra (maison de l'émigration) et détruisirent le château du da'i, Abu Hawal les réduisit en cendres, pensant anéantir ainsi l'esprit des Kutama. (talbi 540) Pourtant, la résistance s'organisera à Ikjan, bastion imprenable d'Abu Abd Allah. Mila fut également vidée des "partisans". C'est probablement la neige et le fait qu'ils se rendent en terrain Kutama ou ils ont l'habitude du terrain et où ils sont très nombreux qui va forcer les Aghlabides à interrompre leur campagne après ces victoires et à retourner à Tunis(DARCHAOUI 86-88). À Ikjan, le village du clan Saktan et ancien refuge du da'i, redevint alors le centre de la da'wa. Un nouveau qsar y fut construit pour servir de centre à dar al-hijra, et les "partisans" de toutes les tribus Kutama se regroupèrent autour d'Abu 'Abdallah, comme ils l'avaient fait auparavant à Tazrout. Les da'is se dispersèrent à nouveau, tandis que des espions furent envoyés en Ifriqiya pour

2025, Perspektivtrends 2/24

Donald Trumps erringt einen Erdrutschsieg. Am selben Tag zerbricht in Berlin die Ampel. Beides wurzelt in der Doppelkrise des Liberalismus: Auf der globalen Ebene läutet die Erosion der amerikanischen Hegemonie das Ende der liberalen internationalen Ordnung ein. Die geoökonomischen Schockwellen dieses Umbruchs bringen die Wirtschaftsmotoren der westlichen Volkswirtschaften zum Stottern. Die daraus resultierenden materiellen Verwerfungen und Ängste vor dem sozialen Abstieg sind der Nährboden für die rechtspopulistische Revolte gegen den ausgelaugten liberalen Mainstream.

2025

This study was conducted in the Wadi Al Libya the environmental conditions and the possibility of establishing important environmental and human potential, and the most important of these potentials is biodiversity (plant and animal) in addition to its content of archaeological sites and distinctive geomorphological sites, The s nature reserves and environmental degradation, as well as a comprehensive survey of plants and animals squares were taken in each site with a tolerance of (5 x 5 m)(Where the soil properties were studied, as well as List the most important water sources in the region and take samples from them for chemical analysis with extensive field monitoring throughout the study period, After the field study, analysis and geographical distribution of natural resources and knowledge of the nature of the region, the study reached a number of results, the most important of which is that the region is exposed to a significant deterioration in the vegetation cover and Check it out witnesses to decrease in the numbers of animals although the area has been severely degraded due to the dry climate, human activities and mismanagement of the region's resources for decades, this area still has many remarkable environmental and human protected area to preserve biodiversity with the sustainable use of its natural resources by the local population, reserve in the Western Wadi Al development for current and future generations. However, the remaining obstacles that must be solved are the lack of environmental awareness among dealings with such fragile and sensitive areas, as well as the lack of interest of government agencies, which is represented in the lack of continuous funding and the failure to implement strict legislation and procedures to preserve these environmentally important areas. Copyright©2024, Asmaa Salah Ali et al. This is an open use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided

2025, مجلة المنتدى الأكاديمي(العلوم التطبيقية )

Libya's solar energy potential is vast and largely untapped. By strategically harnessing this resource, Libya can move towards a sustainable energy future that reduces its dependence on fossil fuels, lowers carbon emissions, and promotes economic growth. This study assesses Libya's solar energy potential by analyzing solar radiation data from twenty-three cities across the country using data from the NASA database. This study suggests that Libya is highly suited for solar energy, with various regions showing estimated solar radiation values ranging from 1,936 kWh•m-2 for Khums to 2,459 kWh•m-2 per year for Al-Kufrah. Southern regions, particularly Al-Kufrah 24,256,829 J•m-2 •day-1 , Marzuq 24,128,866 J•m-2 •day-1 , and Gat 22,698,253 J•m-2 •day-1 , exhibit the highest solar radiation levels, making them prime candidates for large-scale solar projects. In contrast, northern cities such as Khums 19,097,772 J•m-2 •day-1 , Al-Bayda 19,327,052 J•m-2 •day-1 , and Tripoli 19,547,572 J•m-2 •day-1 show comparatively lower solar radiation, indicating reduced feasibility for solar installations. Seasonal variations, especially during summer, show peak solar energy potential, emphasizing the need for strategic planning and potential incorporation of energy storage solutions. The study's findings align with regional solar radiation trends observed in similar climates, validating the model's accuracy. This study provides critical insights for policymakers and investors, supporting Libya's transition towards renewable energy and contributing to its sustainability goals.

2025

Sample chapter deposited. Chapter 7: 'Conclusions', pp.208-214. The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.