Lithium Ion Battery Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Bulletin of Materials Science

A novel microporous polymer electrolyte (MPE) comprising blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) [P(VdF-HFP)] and polyethylene oxide (PEO) was prepared by phase inversion technique. It was observed that addition of PEO improved the pore configuration, such as pore size, pore connectivity and porosity of P(VdF-HFP) based membranes. The room temperature ionic conductivity was significantly enhanced. The highest porosity of about 65% and ionic conductivity of about 7 × 10 -4 S cm -1 was obtained when the weight ratio of PEO was 40%. The liquid electrolyte uptake was found to increase with increase in porosity and pore size. However, at higher weight ratio of PEO (> 40%) porosity, pore size and ionic conductivity was decreased. This descending trend with further increase of PEO weight ratio was attributed to conglomeration effect of PEO at the pores.

2025

The potential to use solar photovoltaic system for industrial processes reduces the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels. Geographically, India is in tropical region placed in Asian continent and receives solar energy equivalent to 5000 TkWh/year, which is more than the current total energy consumption of the country. However, the awareness to exploit the solar energy for industrial uses is very limited. Leather making is an energy intensive process. The electrical input used in wet tanning process is about 15-20% of total energy consumption for the production of wet finished leather. In this context, harnessing solar energy for tanning operation is the best option. The objective of this study is to run a rotating tanning drum continuously using SPV power for wet processing. A prototype Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) power plant was set up along with tubular lead acid battery as energy storage to run the tanning drum with geared motor assembly. Several tests were carried out effectively and efficiently using SPV energy with 50-100% solar fraction throughout the year. The specific energy and CO 2 saving were also calculated. The quality of the leather is in par with the leather processed by conventional method. The results obtained from the prototype are promising, and has a scope for the implementation of solar energy in industrial application, particularly in leather industry in India. Thus, this research, indicates promising technical and economical feasibility of using solar PV energy for industrial processes and provides an important step towards sustainable zero emission production in leather industry.

2025, Scientific Reports

Highly monodisperse porous silicon nanospheres (MPSSs) are synthesized via a simple and scalable hydrolysis process with subsequent surface-protected magnesiothermic reduction. The spherical nature of the MPSSs allows for a homogenous stress-strain distribution within the structure during lithiation and delithiation, which dramatically improves the electrochemical stability. To fully extract the real performance of the MPSSs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to enhance the electronic conductivity within the composite electrode structure, which has been verified to be an effective way to improve the rate and cycling performance of anodes based on nano-Si. The Li-ion battery (LIB) anodes based on MPSSs demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 3105 mAh g 21 . In particular, reversible Li storage capacities above 1500 mAh g 21 were maintained after 500 cycles at a high rate of C/2. We believe this innovative approach for synthesizing porous Si-based LIB anode materials by using surface-protected magnesiothermic reduction can be readily applied to other types of SiO x nano/microstructures. F aster, lighter, smaller, more powerful and reliable battery devices are needed for the development of portable electronics, electrical vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy resources . Among all types of batteries, LIBs demonstrate better safety performance compared to other types of battery systems including Li metal batteries. Moreover, LIBs possess a balanced large volumetric energy density (Wh L 21 ) and gravimetric energy density (Wh kg 21 ) simultaneously. Compared with the conventionally used anode material, graphite, which has a limited capacity ,372 mAh g 21 (due to the stoichiometric limit of Li-ion intercalation in LiC 6 ), silicon is considered to be the candidate anode material for future LIBs due to its high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh g 21 (corresponding to Li 22 Si 5 ) and low discharge potential. Silicon is one of the rock forming elements and is the second most abundant element in earth's crust. Applying silicon based anodes to LIBs is considered a feasible route to make more powerful batteries with lower weight, smaller volume and lower cost 8-10 . However, silicon is easily pulverized and has very poor capacity retention due to its large volume change (,300%) during alloying and dealloying with lithium. In addition, the unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and poor electron conductivity of silicon hinder the application of Si-based anodes in real LIB devices . To solve the aforementioned problems, significant research efforts have been focused on optimizing Si-based LIB anodes. Downsizing the dimensions of silicon structures has been proven to be an effective way of avoiding pulverization for both crystalline and amorphous forms of silicon . Extensive research has been conducted on nanostructured silicon such as silicon nanoparticles 14 , silicon nanotubes/nanowires 1,15 , silicon thin films, and 3D porous structures . In addition, porous doped silicon nanowires and nanoparticles demonstrate stable cycling due to a large electrolyte-accessible surface area, short Li-ion diffusion length, and high electron conductivity . However, the aforementioned porous silicon nanostructures are mostly produced via wet etching of single crystal silicon wafers, chemical doping, or chemical vapor deposition, all of which require very expensive starting materials or high processing costs. In this work, we report on the synthesis of highly monodisperse porous silicon nanospheres (MPSSs) via a simple and scalable hydrolysis process with subsequent surface-protected magnesiothermic reduction. The monodisperse and spherical nature of the MPSSs allows for a homogeneous stress-strain distribution within the structure during lithiation and delithiation, which dramatically improves the electrochemical stability. The high porosity offers a large electrolyte accessible surface area, short Li-ion diffusion length, and void spaces necessary for volume expansion. The LIB anodes based on MPSSs demonstrate a very high reversible capacity of 3105 mAh g 21 , and minimal capacity fading was observed over 500 cycles at high rate of C/2 (80% capacity

2025, Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for energy and sustainability

Silicon is one of the most promising materials for lithium secondary battery anodes. However, silicon anodes have a critical drawback to their practical application, which is capacity degradation due to pulverization of the active material by the large volume change of silicon during charge-discharge cycles. This paper reviews recent studies on silicon-based anodes that have attempted to overcome this poor cycle durability through structural control such as through thin films, porous structures, core-shell structures, and by alloying with other metals, and by application of proper binders. Among them, binderfree Si-O-C composite films prepared by electrodeposition exhibit outstanding cycle durability. The origin of this excellent durability is discussed in depth from the standpoint of chemical and morphological changes. Consequently, the combination of active materials such as Si and Li 2 Si 2 O 5 and inactive materials such as Li 2 O, Li 2 CO 3 , and organic compounds is suggested to result in outstanding properties as a lithium secondary battery anode. Hiroki Nara received his PhD degree in electrochemistry from Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan in 2008. From 2007 to 2009, he worked as a research associate in Waseda University. Currently, he is a junior researcher (assistant professor) in Waseda University. His research interests focused on electrochemical energy devices, especially on the design of the reactive site on anode materials for lithium secondary batteries and impedance analysis for the structured reactive site and diagnosis of electrochemical devices such as the lithium secondary battery and fuel cell.

2025, ECS Meeting Abstracts

2025, Electrochimica Acta

A facile and scalable method is proposed to prepare microscale Li 2 S-C composite from Li 2 SO 4 through carbon-thermal reduction, followed by a carbon coating process. Multi-solvent recrystallization was utilized to reduce the particle size of Li 2 SO 4 to 2 µm. This fine-grain Li 2 SO 4 helps to shorten the particle size of reduction product from 10 µm to 3 µm. Using fine Li 2 SO 4 also brings the benefit of greatly reducing the over potential during the initial charge process and increasing the kinetics for Li 2 S materials.

2025, Particle & Particle Systems Characterization

The development of electronic devices from naturally derived materials is of enormous scientific interest. Melanin, a dark protective pigment ubiquitous in living creatures, may be particularly valuable because of its ability to conduct charges both electronically and ionically. However, device applications are severely hindered by its relatively poor electrical properties. Here, the facile preparation of conductive melanin composites is reported in which melanin nanoparticles (MNPs), directly extracted from squid inks, form electrically continuous junctions by tight clustering in a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix. Prepared as freestanding films and patterned microstructures by a series of precipitation, dry casting, and post‐thermal annealing steps, the percolated composites show electrical conductivities as high as 1.17 ± 0.13 S cm−1 at room temperature, which is the best performance yet obtained with biologically‐derived nanoparticles. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the MN...

2025, Journal of Power Sources

Comparing aging of graphite/LiFePO 4 -based cells at 22 C and 55 C. Cycle-aging using a synthetic hybrid drive cycle. 22 C and 55 C cells show, e.g., different capacity loss and impedance at EOL. XPS spectra of electrodes cycle aged at... more

2025, International Conference on Business & Economic Development (ICBED)

Introduction: Global Vehicle production exceeds 80-million-unit recent years, where China alone accounts for over 30% of global vehicle sales. Along with traditional automakers such as Toyota, Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, Honda, and Hyundai-Kia, electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers like Tesla, BYD, NIO and Rivian (with autonomous driving using AI and sensor technology) are leading the charge. The EV market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 20% through 2030. The rise of connected cars, ride-sharing platforms and subscription based model both for luxury and commercial brands, with increased focus on carbon emissions reduction, recycled materials and adopting circular economy principles, car companies must rehearse it strategic planning for profit protection and market expansion; regional and global, as well as prepare to face supply chain challenges (semi-conductor shortage), technological disruption and economic uncertainty (fuel price, inflation) Purpose of the research: Based on the diagram of strategic planning process, this study outlines all seven levels/categories of strategies for automobile industries globally. Design/Methodology: The is exploratory research. Primarily 50 random companies are selected, along the websites, secondary data are sought and tabulated. Finally, tables and charts are calculated and placed for the pertinent strategies. Results/Findings: The investigation provides the strategic framework for seven categories of strategies such as Functional strategy (efficiency,

2025

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) to Predict State of Charge for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

2025, ACS Applied Nano Materials

Porous ZnV 2 O 4 nanowires (NWs) were successfully prepared by hydrothermal reaction followed by calcination. Despite the porous structure, these porous ZnV 2 O 4 NWs are single crystal with {220} facets and a wire direction along the c-axis. On the basis of an electrochemical test, these porous ZnV 2 O 4 NWs have better cycling stability and higher specific capacity (i.e., 460 mA h g -1 after 100 cycles and 149 mA h g -1 after 1000 cycles using 1 and 5 A g -1 current densities, respectively) compared to other morphologies (i.e., spherical and coral-like morphologies). As a ternary transition metal oxide, the produced porous ZnV 2 O 4 NWs undergo phase transformation without compromising the resulting capacity. On the other hand, the CV curves at different scan rates indicate a pseudocapacitive electrochemical behavior of the porous ZnV 2 O 4 .

2025

The role of nanocrystalline materials in addressing the current challenges in energy storage has attracted large attention. Besides nanostructured B-type TiO 2 [1], being the fifth polymorph of titanium dioxide, Li intercalated nanocrystalline rutile is considered to act as a potential anode in inherently safe secondary Li ion batteries. In contrast to its coarse-grained counterpart, which is electrochemical-ly inactive, nanocrystalline Li x TiO 2 (rutile) shows a high capacity, high rate performance, and good cycleability when used as an electrode material [2] demonstrating that nanostructuring is a promising strategy to meet the high power and high energy density requirements for Li-based energy storage devices. The advantages of nano-electrodes over those composed of micrometer-sized bulk materials are due to their shorter lengths for both electronic and Li + transport, a higher electrode-electrolyte contact area, and a much better compensation of the strain arising during Li + i...

2025

Complex polymer electrolytes (CPE) consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) as polymer host, zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (zinc triflate) as dopant salt and iron oxide nanoparticles as fillers were prepared by solution casting technique using acetone as solvent. The various compositions of the complex polymer electrolyte films prepared are (75 wt.% PVDF-HFP + 25 wt.% zinc triflate) + x wt.% Fe 2 O 3 where x = 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Complex impedance analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to study the effect of the concentration of Fe 2 O 3 nanofiller on the conductivity of the complex polymer electrolytes and amorphous nature of the PVDF-HFP polymer host. The results of the FTIR study suggest that the Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles interact with the polymer-salt system to increase the amorphous nature of the PVDF-HFP polymer host and improve ionic mobility. This is supported by the conductivity values obtained for the comple...

2025

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ... Title: Non-aqueous Glycerol Based Nation Dispersion for Fuel Cell Applications ... Author(s): Yu Seung Kim, Kwan-Soo Lee, Christina Johnston, Tommy Rockward (MPA-11) Andrea... more

2025, 1st International Conference/Exhibitions of the Department of Mechatronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 27th – 28th February, 2025

To solve the problems of energy crisis, sustainable energy has been developed and gained extensive attention. As an important player in sustainable energy, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in many fields, such as electric cars and battery energy storage systems, due to their merits including high energy density, low self-discharge rate, low cost and rechargeable operation. Given the low-voltage and low-power characteristics of the battery cell, numerous cells must be connected in series and parallel to boost the pack's capacity for high-voltage, high-power applications. However, the same type of batteries made by the same manufacturer exhibit inconsistent performance when used due to variations in production processes, temperature, and other factors. To address this phenomenon, an effective evaluation of active battery cell equalization is required to improve the overall capacity and performance of the battery pack. battery equalization is an important standard for a battery management system to work properly. This study examines battery equalization topology and active equalization circuits, summarizing their operating principles and research advancements.

2025, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70 to 80 percent of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is one of the largest considerations when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the lithium ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures (T<0°C) contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms like lithium plating. Nowadays, only few battery thermal managements have been properly considering with low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at sub-zero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100Ah LiFeMnP04 lithium-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests (-20°C and 25°C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20°C and mid-range of stateof-charge (SOC) (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single cell electro-thermal model to establish in future works a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0°C.

2025, Sustainability

The increasing demand for electricity and the electrification of various sectors require more efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions. This paper focuses on the novel rechargeable nickel–zinc battery (RNZB) technology, which has the potential to replace the conventional nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd), in terms of safety, performance, environmental impact, and cost. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of RNZBs by modeling their lifecycle cost (LCC) from cradle to grave. This paper also applies this LCC model to estimate costs along the RNZB’s lifecycle in both cases: per kilogram of battery mass and per kilowatt hour of energy released. This model is shown to be reliable by comparing its results with costs provided by recognized software used for LCC analysis. A comparison of LCCs for three widely used battery technologies: lead–acid, Li-ion LFP, and NMC batteries, which can be market competitors of NiZn, is also provided. The study concludes that the NiZn battery was found to be the cheapest throughout its entire lifecycle, with NiZn Formulation 1 being the cheapest option. The cost per unit of energy released was also found to be the lowest for NiZn batteries. The current research pain points are the availability of data for nickel–zinc batteries, which are in the research and development phase, while other battery types are already widely used in energy storage. This paper recommends taking into account the location factor of infrastructures, cost of machinery, storage, number of suppliers of raw materials, amount of materials transported in each shipment, and the value of materials recovered after the battery recycling process to further reduce costs throughout the battery’s lifecycle. This LCC model can be also used for other energy storage technologies and serve as objective functions for optimization in further developments.

2025, Journal of Power Sources

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t < Overcharging a lithium-ion battery above w4.5 V transforms the Li x C 6 anode to LiC 6 . < Discharge of Li x C 6 differs significantly between conventional and overcharging. < The... more

2025, 8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia

A steady-state analytical model of the recently proposed "Time shared li-ion cell balancing circuit" is presented in this paper. This paper provides the necessary analytical proof of the cell balancer circuit to be used in future Plug-in Hybrid vehicles (PHEV) or utility energy storage applications. The model presented here bridges the simulation and experimental results obtained previously. In addition, the prototype of a four-cell lithium-ion battery balancer circuit with reduced component count has been constructed, and the test results have been verified with the analytical model. Although the "proof of concept" circuit was built to balance only four cells, the analytical model suggests that any number of series connected cells could be used in a string and balanced. Moreover, the analytical model can be extended to characterize the circuit parameters for any number of cells without any apparent issues. This model was also being verified using the simulation and experimental results with only 2% error margin.

2025, Exploration Geophysics

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) present the important advantage of being able to approach the seafloor more closely than surface vessel surveys can. To collect bathymetric data, bottom material information, and sub-surface images, multibeam echosounder, sidescan sonar (SSS) and subbottom profiler (SBP) equipment mounted on an AUV are powerful tools. The 3000 m class AUV URASHIMA was developed by the Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). After finishing the engineering development and examination phase of a fuel-cell system used for the vehicle’s power supply system, a renovated lithium-ion battery power system was installed in URASHIMA. The AUV was redeployed from its prior engineering tasks to scientific use. Various scientific instruments were loaded on the vehicle, and experimental dives for science-oriented missions conducted from 2006. During the experimental cruise of 2007, high-resolution acoustic images were obtained by SSS and SBP on the URAS...

2025, International journal of extreme manufacturing

Traditional electrode manufacturing for lithium-ion batteries is well established, reliable, and has already reached high processing speeds and improvements in production costs. For modern electric vehicles, however, the need for batteries with high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities at cell level is increasing; and new production concepts are required for this purpose. During the last decade, laser processing of battery materials emerged as a promising processing tool for either improving manufacturing flexibility and product reliability or enhancing battery performances. Laser cutting and welding already reached a high level of maturity and it is obvious that in the near future they will become frequently implemented in battery production lines. This review focuses on laser texturing of electrode materials due to its high potential for significantly enhancing battery performances beyond state-of-the-art. Technical approaches and processing strategies for new electrode architectures and concepts will be presented and discussed with regard to energy and power density requirements. The boost of electrochemical performances due to laser texturing of energy storage materials is currently proven at the laboratory scale. However, promising developments in high-power, ultrafast laser technology may push laser structuring of batteries to the next technical readiness level soon. For demonstration in pilot lines adapted to future cell production, process upscaling regarding footprint area and processing speed are the main issues as well as the economic aspects with regards to CapEx amortization and the benefits resulting from the next generation battery. This review begins with an introduction of the three-dimensional battery and thick film concept, made possible by laser texturing. Laser processing of electrode components, namely current Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

2025, Electrochimica Acta

The electrochemical performance of glucose-derived hard carbon (GDHC) anode has been evaluated using Li-and Na-salts in ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate electrolyte mixtures. The LiPF 6 /EC: PC (1:1) system exhibits high capacity at low current densities (400 mAh g À1 at 25 mA g À1 ) and also good power characteristics retaining 150 mAh g À1 capacity at 2 A g À1 current density. The best overall performance was achieved with 1 M NaPF 6 /EC:PC (1:1) electrolyte based system with capacities of 175 mAh g À1 at 0.1 V vs Na/Na + and 330 mAh g À1 at 1.5 V vs Na/Na + . The electrode has been physically characterized ex-situ using SEM, Raman and TOF-SIMS methods TOF-SIMS analysis revealed that the solid electrolyte interphase is more inorganic on the negative electrode in the Na-cell than on the negative electrode the Li-cell. The positive ion-specific images established by TOF-SIMS analysis show the nonhomogeneous distribution of various fragments from the pristine GDHC, which is caused by slightly inhomogeneous mixture of GDHC and conducting carbon black (Super P 1 ) particles.

2025

In lithium-ion cells, heat is generated via joules losses and exothermic electro-chemical reactions, causing cells to self-heat and risk premature aging or catastrophic failure. However, heat generation is not constant throughout the cells discharge, due to the complex chemical reactions and changes in the micro structure of the active materials of the electrodes. Nonlinear or complex systems thermodynamic behavior is commonly represented by efficiency maps, generated from empirical data. These empirical models are used to estimate a system heat generation at a given operating state. Although very common in many fields of engineering, efficiency maps are yet to be used for lithium-ion batteries. This paper presents a simple method to achieve accurate estimation of thermodynamic efficiency over the full range of use. In this method, the thermodynamic losses are assumed to be proportional to the measured ohmic resistance of the cell. This empirical method is intended to be a fast and ...

2025

Green electricity sources (photovoltaic, wind) are available for warehouse energy infrastructures: we could use this green electricity in lighting, in HVAC (heating, ventilating, air conditioning), and in charging forklifts and any electrical equipments in a traditional warehouse system. The key factor is the cooperation with the electrical grid, where a lot depends on special tariff system. In our model -based on the GreenTrucks Laboratory dataswe could illustrate the levels of cooperation, considering future electricity-driven vehicle fleets also: in that case, warehouses should operate as cross-docking inventories of electrical energy.

2025, Electrochimica Acta

We report on an effective approach to speed up the measurement of thermodynamic characterization curves (entropy of reaction D r S(x)) of rechargeable batteries, in particular commercial 18650 lithium ion cells. We propose and demonstrate a measurement and data processing protocol that reduces the time required to record entropy profiles from time scales of weeks to time scales of hourswithout loss in accuracy. For time consuming studies such as investigations on ageing of battery cells, entropy profile measurements thus become as feasible as conventional electrochemical characterisation techniques like dV/dQ or cyclic voltammetry. We demonstrate this at the examples of two ageing protocols applied to a commercial high power and a commercial high energy cell, respectively: (i) accelerated calendric aging by storing cells at 100% state of charge at 60 C and (ii) continuous cycling with a 1C current at 25 C. 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

2025, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050925010956

The performance of Electric Vehicles (EVs) undergoes rapid changes over time. EVs are equipped with an Energy Storage System (ESS) consisting of a battery, controller, charger, BMS, and a dynamically designed vehicle. The performance of an EV primarily depends on the mentioned parameters. Researchers are keen on designing and developing rigid, efficient, and long-lasting vehicles. Within the ESS field, lithium-ion batteries are known for their extended lifespan, making battery model parameter estimation a crucial aspect of EVs. Currently, many scholars present great relation studies on equivalent circuit models (ECM) for ESS i.e Li-ion batteries. They are focus on the primarily order model with resistor and capacitor (RC) and the secondarily order model with RC, which are commonly used in thevenin's model. This paper aims to simulate both I st and II nd order models with RC. MATLAB/Simulink software is utilized for simulation and analysis, providing insights into the correct evaluation of State of charge (SOC) and terminal voltage of the Energy Storage System in the cell (ESS). The paper concludes by presenting an accurate LIB model for thevenin's model parameter estimation, comparing the outputs of both models and providing comments. The simulation methodology helps in identifying the best method for accurate SOC estimation and analyzing the differences between conventional and computational methods under various operating conditions.

2025, IJARSCT

An experimental study on the application of air multiplier popularly known as bladeless fan in the automobile field and in the process comparing it with the conventional bladed fan that is used on a large scale in the industry are investigated. It consists of a brushless electric motor along with asymmetricallyaligned blades attached to a rotor. The frame is sloped at such an angle that by this pressure is increased. The surrounding air is rapidly sucked or 'entrained' inside resulting in a stronger air flow. By this process the air multiplier, multiplies the flow of air. This is how the air multiplier increases the flow of air by 15% compared to a conventional fan. The results of the comparison between the mainstream bladed fan and the bladeless fan are shown with the important factors such as efficiency, quietness, speed of the air flow and nature of the air flow are shown. These findings are then incorporated to apply the air multiplier in use in automobile industry to eliminate the use of bladed fans in the applications of HVAC fans, radiator fans, headlight cooling fans. The theoretical assumption is that the air multiplier will have a higher air flow output with a lower energy consumption. It will also have a continuous air flow and the issue of buffeting that is evident in the case of bladed fans will be nominated.

2025

In this paper real time monitoring and state of charge(SOC) estimation of Li-ion battery parameters is done with the help of different techniques such as internal resistance method, open-circuit voltage method, coulombs counting method, modified coulombs counting method. With the advancement in technology and continuous surge in amount of Carbon-dioxide in the environment by the use of fossil fuel, many industrial applications like automobile are now relying on chemical Battery as their foremost energy sources. Our purpose is to interface voltage detecting sensor in circuit which is being operated by battery through voltage divider approach with the microprocessor Raspberry pi 3 and for sensing voltage part uno board is used which will transmit data serially to the Raspberry Pi which will control and monitor the ADC device.. As lithium-ion based batteries exhibit splendid electrical attribute like high energy density, steep voltage but they are highly prone to deeply discharging iss...

2025, Advances in Engineering and Intelligence Systems

In this paper, some problems of electric vehicles (EVs) are simultaneously and comprehensively examined and solved. In the first step, after introducing EV technology as the future step for the transportation industry and discussing its challenges for the electricity industry, the vehicle to grid (V2G) is explained. Then, their advantages and requirements are discussed. In the second step, a novel method based on probabilistic techniques is proposed for forecasting the charge load curve of EVs in the electricity distribution grids. The stochastic distribution function parameters used in this method are estimated through processing the information obtained from the owners of the conventional EVs. To confirm the robustness of the proposed method, it is implemented on a small statistical population. In the third step, the time and level of battery charging are controlled by stochastic planning of the charging the hybrid EV (HEV) in the parking and via considering variable electricity prices. This stochastic planning aims to minimize the costs of charging EVs from the viewpoint of their owners. Moreover, EV parking can discharge the EVs’ batteries in high-price time intervals to meet a part of the grid’s demand. Results show that the costs and consumed load peak are considerably reduced due to the similarity between the load curve and the variable electricity market prices.

2025, Journal of Alloys and Compounds

In this work, core/shell structured CoFe 2 O 4 /onion-like C nanocapsules have been successfully fabricated by the arc discharge method and air-annealing process and confirmed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The core/shell structure effectively withstands the volume change of CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles during the cycling process. Moreover, the onion-like C shells reduce the charge transfer resistance and facilitate electron and ion transport throughout the electrode. As a result, CoFe 2 O 4 /onion-like C nanocapsules exhibit excellent performance as a potential anode material for lithium ion batteries and deliver a reversible capacity of 914.2 mA h g À1 at 0.1C, even after 500 cycles and recover its original capacity when the rate returns from 4C to the initial 0.1C after 120 cycles.

2025, Electrochimica Acta

Porous (P-) and dense (D-) lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) powders as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries have been synthesized by spray drying followed by solid-state calcination. Electrochemical testing results showed that the discharge capacities of P-Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 are 144 mAh/g, 128 mAh/g and 73 mAh/g at the discharging rate of 2C, 5C and 20C, respectively (cut-off voltages: 0.5-2.5 V). The corresponding values for D-Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 are 108 mAh/g, 25 mAh/g and 17 mAh/g. The higher capacity of the P-Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 at high charge/discharge rates was attributed to the shorter transport path of Li ions and higher electronic conductivity in the P-Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 as a result of its smaller primary particle size and higher surface area compared with those of the D-Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 .

2025, Journal of Power Sources

In situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) was used to study the SEI film formation on highly crystalline TIMREX ® SLX50 graphite negative electrodes during the first electrochemical lithium insertion using either 1 M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) with either dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or propylene carbonate (PC) as co-solvent. In the case of the propylene and ethylene carbonate containing electrolyte, DEMS measurements indicate strong formation of ethylene and propylene gas below 0.75 V versus Li/Li + , which does not decrease at lower cell potential and in the subsequent charge/discharge cycles. Whereas for the dimethyl carbonate containing electrolyte, ethylene gas formation could be observed already above 1 V versus Li/Li + . Post mortem scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of the electrodes show strong exfoliation of the graphite electrode when they are discharged in the ethylene/propylene carbonate electrolyte, indicating the formation of an unstable SEI layer. The addition of vinylene carbonate (VC) as a film forming additive significantly decreases the gas formation at the graphite electrode in the propylene carbonate containing electrolyte. The exfoliation was suppressed by the vinylene carbonate additive. We show that the combination of different in situ and ex situ methods can provide new useful information about the passivation process of graphite, as well as the solid electrolyte interphase layer formed, during the first electrochemical insertion of lithium into graphite negative electrode materials.

2025, Journal of Power Sources

Gas evolution has been examined for different types of battery-related electrode materials via in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). Besides standard graphite also a novel silicon-based negative electrode was examined and it was shown that the evolution of hydrogen and ethylene is considerably reduced on this material compared to graphite. Oxygen evolution was proven to happen on the oxidative reaction of a Li 2 O 2 electrode, besides a certain oxidation of the electrolyte. The 4.5 V plateau upon the oxidation of Li[Ni 0.2 Li 0.2 Mn 0.6 ]O 2 was likewise proven to be linked to oxygen evolution. Also in this case electrolyte oxidation was shown to be a side reaction. Layered positive electrode materials Li(Ni,Co,Al)O 2 and Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O 2 were also examined. The influence of different parameters on the CO 2 evolution in lithium-ion batteries was shown up. The amount of CO 2 formation is increased by high temperatures and cell voltages, while the addition of vinylene carbonate (VC) decreases it. Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O 2 shows much less CO 2 evolution than Li(Ni,Co,Al)O 2 .

2025, Ionics

Standard graphite TIMREX ' ~ SLX 50 was oxidised at 500-800 ~ under air atmosphere in a muffle and a rotary furnace. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEMI. Raman spectroscopy, and X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) were used to study the changes in surface morphology and crystallinity. The results show a slight increase of the L~ value and a decrease of the rhombohedral fraction with increased heat-treatment temperature (HTT). XRD measurements show no significant change in L, values within the bulk of graphite samples. Above 700 ~ SEM images of graphite reveals holes and cavities, whereas heat-treatment temperatures below 700 ~ do not significantly affect graphite materials paranmters.

2025, Batteries

Electric vehicle (EV) markets have evolved. In this regard, rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries become critical in EV applications. However, the nonlinear features of Li-ion batteries make their performance over their lifetime, reliability, and control more difficult. In this regard, the battery management system (BMS) is crucial for monitoring, handling, and improving the lifespan and reliability of this type of battery from cell to pack levels, particularly in EV applications. Accordingly, the BMS should control and monitor the voltage, current, and temperature of the battery system during the lifespan of the battery. In this article, the BMS definition, state of health (SoH) and state of charge (SoC) methods, and battery fault detection methods were investigated as crucial aspects of the control strategy of Li-ion batteries for assessing and improving the reliability of the system. Moreover, for a clear understanding of the voltage behavior of the batter...

2025, Materials Letters

NiO nanocrystals anchored on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated via a polyvinylpyrrolidone assisted co-precipitation route. At a current density of 100 mA g -1 , the composite anode delivers an initial reversible capacity of 962 mA h g -1 and retains the capacity to 601 mA h g -1 after 50 cycles. In contrast, the reversible capacity of the pure NiO particles faded to 380 mA h g -1 immediately and then gradually decreased to 278 mA h g -1 after 50 cycles. The significantly improved electrochemical performance of the NiO/CNT nanocomposite is attributed to the formation of conductive networks by CNTs, and large surface areas of NiO nanoparticles grown on CNTs which stabilizes these nanoparticles against agglomeration and reduces the diffusion length for lithium-ions. The present results indicate that NiO/CNT nanocomposite has potential applications in lithium-ion battery anodes.

2025, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

This study examines the key factors contributing to the short operational lifespan of the light vehicle (LV) fleet managed by Engineers and Planners Company Limited at the Tarkwa Mine in Ghana. The research aims to identify the environmental, operational, and maintenance factors that negatively impact vehicle durability, and to offer recommendations for improving fleet management practices. A mixed-method approach was used, incorporating quantitative analysis of vehicle lifespan data, maintenance logs, and failure rates, alongside qualitative insights from interviews with fleet managers, maintenance staff, and vehicle operators. The findings revealed that harsh environmental conditions, including rough terrain and high temperatures, played a major role in accelerating vehicle wear and tear. Additionally, overloading of vehicles and inconsistent maintenance practices significantly contributed to increased failure rates. Vehicles that missed preventive maintenance sessions had a notably higher failure rate compared to those that followed maintenance schedules. The study also uncovered issues with part selection and procurement policies, where components not designed for the demands of the mining environment were frequently selected, leading to premature mechanical failures. The recommendations emphasize the importance of enforcing load limits, adopting preventive maintenance schedules, investing in advanced diagnostic tools, and revising procurement policies to prioritize durable parts suited for harsh mining conditions.

2025, Cristiano pinheiro dos santos

Criar uma transmissão elétrica envolve diversos componentes
Aqui está um resumo das etapas gerais

2025, Spektra: Jurnal Fisika Dan Aplikasinya

Telah dilakukan pembuatan lembaran katoda dari serbuk LiFePO4 komersial dan anoda dari serbuk Graphite. Lembaran difabrikasi membentuk sel penuh baterai dengan tipe sampel uji berbentuk Pouchcell. Konfigurasi sel adalah LiFePO4//LiPF6//graphite, LiPF6 digunakan sebagai elektrolit cair. Karakterisasi sel dilakukan meliputi uji cyclic voltrametry, charge discharge dan EIS (electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Nilai yg dihasilkan adalah kapasitas mencapai sekitar 80 mAh/gr, dengan tegangan Voc stabil pada nilai 3.28 V. Nilai discharge capacity yang bisa diambil hingga 5C lebih dari 40%, dengan life cycle pada 50 siklus kehilangan kapasitas hanya kurang dari 5%.

2025

Solar energy and wind energy are the two most viable renewable energy resources in the world. Good compensation characters are usually found between solar energy and wind energy. This paper recommends an optimal design model for designing hybrid solar-wind automobile and also using a regenerative motor for employing battery banks for calculating the vehicle optimum configurations and ensuring that the annualized cost of the vehicle is minimized while satisfying the custom required loss of power supply probability (LPSP).

2025, Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica

620mAh•g -1 , 充电(脱锂)容量为 560mAh•g -1 , 库仑效率达到 90.3%, 具有较好的循环性能. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示, 在泡沫铜基底上制备的 Cu 6 Sn 5 合金电极具有比通常的铜片基底更好的结构稳定性, 经过 50 周充放电循环后无明显的脱落现象.

2025

The current article reports a facile, ultrafast, and cost-effective, solid-state microwave (MW) synthetic route for the conversion of perovskite hydroxide (CoSn(OH) 6) to crystalline metal oxides (Co 3 O 4 and SnO 2) with the help of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets. In a domestic MW oven, the Co 3 O 4 /SnO 2 /rGO (CSO-rGO) nanocomposite was synthesized within a quick reaction time of only 30 s. The study deeply focused on analyzing the surface morphology, metal oxide attachment on the surfaces of rGO nanosheets, the specific surface area, and the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor devices from the CSO-rGO nanocomposite. As a positive electrode for supercapacitors, the synthesized hybrid electrode displayed a good capacity (146.4C/g) and enhanced cycling stability (103.2 % after 15,000 cycles). Moreover, the corresponding aqueous hybrid supercapacitor device with MW-synthesized rGO as a negative electrode displayed a maximum energy density of 27 Wh/kg and promising cycling stability of 102.4 % after 10,000 cycles. As a whole, compared to the common time-consuming synthetic approaches, the MW-assisted synthetic approach is highly beneficial in terms of short reaction time, costeffectiveness, and straightforwardness. The MW synthesis methodology employed in this study can be utilized for analogous composite electrodes that incorporate other layered conductive architectures in addition to metal oxides.

2025

[0001] This invention pertains to non-aqueous rechargeable lithium manganese oxide batteries with greatly improved cycling performance at elevated temperatures, and methods of producing such batteries. Specifically, the invention pertains to using deposits of certain metal compounds, particularly ones containing Y, Bi, Pb and La, on the surface of a spinel cathode as means to stabilize the spinel surface, thereby avoiding the capacity loss. [0002] Various types of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium ion batteries are available commercially for consumer electronics applications. Lithium ion batteries use two different insertion compounds for the active cathode and anode materials. Presently available lithium ion batteries are high voltage systems based on LiCoO 2 cathode and coke or graphite anode electrochemistries. However, many other lithium transition metal oxide compounds are suitable for use as the cathode material, including LiNiO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 . Also, a wide range of carbonaceous compounds is suitable for use as the anode material. These batteries employ non-aqueous electrolytes comprising LiBF 4 or LiPF 6 salts and solvent mixtures of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and the like. Again, numerous options for the choice of salts and/or solvents in such batteries are known to exist in the art. [0003] The rechargeable lithium battery industry has found that LiMn 2 O 4 can be a more desirable cathode material than LiCoO 2 , because of its low cost and its relative harmless effect on the environment. Therefore, research efforts to use LiMn 2 O 4 as the cathode material of choice have increased. [0004] Typically LiMn 2 O 4 based batteries have good performance at room temperature. However, at elevated temperatures they suffer a gradual loss of delivered capacity with cycle number, herein referred to as capacity fade or the capacity fade rate. Researchers in the art have devoted substantial effort to reducing this loss in capacity. [0005] There are many patents/ patent applications and articles in the literature claiming that doping with a foreign metal or a combination of metals during the synthesis of LiCoO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 improves capacity and/or capacity fade. For instance, U.S. Patent No. 5,147,738 (Yoshinori Toyoguchi) claims improved cycle life of LiCoO 2 batteries by using cathode active material containing Li x Co 1-y M y O 2 " where M=W, Mn, Ta, Ti, Nb; Japanese published application serial number 09134723 (Okada et. al. ) uses Li y Mn 2-x M x O 4 , cathodes where M=Fe, Ti, Ni, Ta, Cr, W, Pb, etc. to obtain large total discharge capacity; U.S. Patent No. 5,759,720 (Glenn Amatucci) discloses capacity and capacity fade improvement at 55°C for lithium rechargeable batteries using lithium aluminum manganese oxy-fluoride cathodes. [0006] Addition of Bi is known to improve the stability of manganese oxides used in the so called RAM (Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese) battery technology. In the context of such aqueous alkaline cells, D.Larcher et. al. (J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 145, No. 10, study the effects of Bi, Pb and Tl doping, on the stability of λ-MnO 2 (the de-lithiated form of LiMn 2 O 4 ) when stored in aqueous acidic media. Larcher et al. characterize stability by measuring the rate at which Mn is dissolved from the solid phase, and no capacity fade measurements where carried out in electrochemical cells. Brief mention is made of the storage characteristics of Bi doped LiMn 2 O 4 in non-aqueous acidic electrolyte, and it appears from the reported X-ray data that the stability was not improved by Bi doping. [0007] Matsushita Electric Co. Ltd. 's laid open Japanese application serial number 05047384 (Yamaura et. al. ). claims improved overdischarge at high temperature by using their cathode. The cathodes here are made from powder obtained from simply mixing spinel powder with metal oxide powder. The mixed powders are not heat treated before they are made into a slurry for cathode coating. This is definitely not a surface coating technique. [0008] Coating the surface of LiMn 2 O 4 to obtain specific effects has been investigated. For example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,705,291 (Amatucci et al. ) the self discharge rate of batteries stored at 55°C is reduced by treating the surface of the lithium intercalating cathode material with a passivating layer containing an annealed coating composition of boron oxide. The inventors show no evidence that capacity fade is improved by this treatment. [0009] Coating the surface of spinel with alkali carbonate films formed by heating under CO 2 is reported in US Patent No. 5,733,685 (Wang et al). improved storability is claimed for such materials in cells with lithium metal anodes when stored at 60°C. The inventors show no evidence that such materials give improved capacity fade at elevated temperatures in lithium ion cells. [0010] Thus far, the compounds and methods attempted in the prior art either give marginal improvements in capacity fade rate at elevated temperatures or attempt to solve other problems facing lithium manganese oxide batteries. [0011] Rechargeable batteries exhibit a loss in delivered capacity as a function of the number of charge/ discharge cycles. Herein, the fractional loss of capacity per cycle is referred to as the capacity fade rate. The instant invention

2025, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

Temperature and charging time are critical parameters during charging period of a battery as temperature rise affects battery life. In a particular charging method, setting high current minimizes charging time but raises temperature. In this study attention is given to multistage constant current charging approach to shorten charging time while maintaining battery temperature below preset range. Battery charging characteristics of various methods are studied, and their performance is compared. The proposed multistage charging method is compared with constant current constant voltage and traditional multistage charging method. The experimental results obtained show that, the proposed method reduces the charging time by 42.22 % and 9.3 % as compared to the constant current constant voltage and conventional multistage charging method respectively, while limiting the rise in battery's temperature to 5°C above room temperature. Further in the proposed method, battery temperature is r...

2025

The purpose of this thesis is to offer a critical review of existing and emerging recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries (LiBs), based on a literature research. Additionally LiBs as sources of secondary raw materials are described, and the current status and possibilities of mechanical processing methods in LiBs recycling is studied. Five industrial and four emerging technologies are analysed in detail based mainly on information provided by scientific articles and patents. LiBs are used increasingly for providing energy to portable applications and electric mobility. The operation principle of LiB is based on the layered active electrode materials that enable Li-ion insertion and transfer between the electrodes during discharge and charge. The performance and properties of LiB are especially dependent on the active cathode material. In present commercial LiB cells it consists of one of the five different compound types containing Co, Ni, Mn and Fe in different proportions...

2025, Applied sciences

A fast and accurate capacity estimation method for lithium-ion batteries is developed. This method applies our developed semi-empirical model to a discharge curve of a lithium-ion battery for the determination of its maximum stored charge capacity after each discharge cycle. This model provides an accurate state-of-health (SoH) estimation with a difference of less than 2.22% when compared with the electrochemistry-based electrical (ECBE) SoH calculation. The model parameters derived from a lithium-ion battery can also be applied to other cells in the same pack with less than 2.5% difference from the complex ECBE model, showing the extendibility of the model. The parameters (k1, k2, and k3) calculated in the work can also be used to study the changes in battery internal structure, such as capacity losses at normal conditions, as well as cycling at high temperatures. The time for estimation after each discharge cycle is only 5 s, making it is suitable for on-line in-situ estimation.

2025

STATE-OF-CHARGE ESTIMATION OF THE LITHIUM-ION BATTERY USING NEURAL NETWORK BASED ON AN IMPROVED THEVENIN CIRCUIT MODEL This paper focuses on the real-time estimation of the State of Charge (SOC) in Lithium-Ion battery. When it comes to highly complex electrochemical reaction inside the battery, the conventional first order battery model is not accurate and cannot respond to the battery's conditions correctly because of the simplicity of the model, especially in the beginning and ending of charge/discharge stages. So, the neural network (NN) is selected to estimate the SOC dynamically due to its strong nonlinear fitting ability. The NN strategy also was used to implement the parameter identification for the battery model. In order to obtain accurate and robust SOC estimations, the correct order of the equivalent circuit model was chosen. SOC mean square error (MSE) method can determine the proper order of the battery model for the online SOC estimation. This paper compared the NN strategy with adaptive extended Kalman filter for the online SOC estimation. It shows that the proposed NN strategy can estimate the SOC of battery with high effectiveness and accuracy. Haoliang Zhang August 2018 support, guidance, and encouragement through my graduate study. I would like to thank to Dr. Jonghoon Kim who provided the experimental data and helped me improved the algorithm. I want to thank Dr. Nagy Bengiamin who helped me to enhance my ability of the system modelling. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Daniel Bukofzer who helped me to enhance my background of the mathematics and circuit analysis. I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, Zhao Zhang and Chunxian Qu for their love, support, and encouragement while pursuing my course of study. Last, but by no means least, I thank my fiancée, Jin Ren, for having allowed me the time and space, which I have needed over the last 2 years to complete my study without accompanied her.