Livelihood assets Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2024, University of Tehran

The present study investigates the role of demographic-personal factors and livelihood capitals on the evolution of farmers' resilience to climate change in the Ghezel Ozan River basin located in Zanjan Province. For this purpose, a survey method was used. The statistical population of the study was 36281 farmers living in the studied area. Using Morgan and Krejcie's random sampling table and stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation, 384 farmers were selected as the statistical sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire the reliability of which was determined by Cronbach's alpha method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.705-0.865, which reflects the optimal reliability of the questionnaire. The step by step diagnostic analysis technique was used for data analysis. The results of the diagnostic analysis showed that the variables of human capital, the years of agricultural work experience, economic capital, physical capital and finally, the social capital are influential on categorizing the farmers in terms of their climate change resilience. Generally, it can be said that the prediction accuracy of the model is about 67.2%. For future studies, it is suggested to consider the impact of external factors such as government policies, mass media and market-driven institutional and cognitive factors.

2024

Based on cross-sectional survey data collected from rural households (n = 446), this study analyzes the impact of communitybased tourism (CBT) on sustainable livelihood assets of rural households and poverty. The propensity score matching (PSM) finding revealed that CBT has improved the overall livelihood asset value of participants by 30.4%. The FGT poverty analysis result also showed that multidimensional/asset poverty greatly varies by participation and is found to be high among CBT nonparticipants. Thus, rural poverty reduction through enhancing livelihood assets demands further emphasis by policymakers and tourism development stakeholders at all levels for the sustainability of both household livelihoods and tourism development.

2024, Journal of Entrepreneurial Strategies in Agriculture

Background: Food security is defined by the World Bank as access to enough food for a healthy life, encompassing three elements: availability, access to food, and sustainability in receiving food. Climate change can affect agricultural production, cropping arrangements, and global food security, affecting farmers' income and farm production. Insurance of agricultural products is an effective tool for developing the agricultural sector, regionalization, and preventing migration to cities. However, in Iran, there is a lack of variety in insurance models and services, leading to low farmers' willingness to use insurance products. Price insurance contracts, which guarantee the price level of a product for a certain period, are crucial for reducing price fluctuations in the market. This research aims to investigate the effective features of price insurance and its acceptance by insurance companies, focusing on the success of these new products and the profitability of insurance companies. Methods: The Choice Experiment method is based on two basic parts, including Lancaster's value theory and Random utility function theory. According to Lancaster, a person benefits from the attributes and characteristics of a product compared to the state where he directly uses the product. Therefore, a change in price leads to a change in the Choice of a set of goods over other goods, which creates a higher cost. The theory of random utility function is the second structural part of the selection test method. Based on this theory, all the components of the utility function that result from people's choices are not directly visible to the researcher. In this research, five attributes, moral hazard, franchise, insurance premium estimate, ability to update insurance premium, and price as the main variables in two levels were considered for investigation. In such a way that the audience has two levels for each of the attributes (has the moral hazard /does not have the moral hazard, has the franchise /does not have the franchise, has the insurance premium estimate /does not have the insurance premium estimates, can update insurance premium /cannot update insurance premium, and the price attribute is up to 3000000 Tomans/up to 3750000 Tomans). To collect the necessary data and information, in February 2024, questionnaires were sent to all active private insurance companies in Mazandaran province, which had experienced experts with more than 3 years of relevant work experience, of which 45 questionnaires were completed. The Choice Experiment was valid. The conditional logit method was used to estimate the model. Hence, to ensure the correct use of the conditional logit method to estimate the model, first, using the Hausman-McFadden test, the hypothesis of independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) was examined. For this purpose, first, the model was estimated in an unrestricted form with the presence of all options; Then, by removing one of the options, the model was estimated in a restricted form and according to the 2 (chi-square) statistic, a decision was made about the desired model. If the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the coefficients (in other words, the hypothesis of independence of irrelevant alternatives) is not rejected, the conditional logit method can be used to estimate the model. Results: Based on the obtained results, the value of the chi-square statistic was equal to-1.62, which indicates the confirmation of the null hypothesis and establishing the independence of irrelevant alternatives; Accordingly, conditional logit regression is the most suitable model for investigating the effective attributes of price insurance in its acceptance by insurance companies. According to the results, the sign of the coefficients of the franchise, insurance premium, and price variables is positive and by the theory; Also, the variables of moral hazard and the ability to

2024, University of Tehran

2024, Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences

2024, Journal of Emergency Management (JOEM)

Drought is one of the natural hazards that has far-reaching consequences. Due to the dependence of the rural economy on the agricultural sector, the vulnerability of farmers to this risk is very high. Researchers say the most important way to reduce farmers' vulnerability is to diversify their sources of income. Therefore, the present study investigates the role of diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural income sources on the vulnerability of farmers in rural areas to drought. The research method is structurally descriptive-analytical and practical in nature. Independent variables are the diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural economic activities and the dependent variables are vulnerable to three economic, social and ecological dimensions. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.94 indicates the optimal reliability of the research instrument. In this study, 271 rural farmer families in 15 villages of Chenaran city participated in the research. The results of analysis of variance showed that "non-agricultural diversity" has reduced the vulnerability of rural farming households. So that the average vulnerability in households with diverse non-agricultural income sources is 3.72, semi-diverse 3.88 and non-diverse 18.4. Also, crop diversity has not had a statistically significant effect on the vulnerability of rural farming households in the face of drought. According to the results of the analysis of the "non-agricultural diversity" route, the rate of vulnerability of rural farming households has decreased by -0.23. Because farmers with a variety of non-farm income sources are less vulnerable to crises and sudden shocks such as drought, it is important for planners to adopt appropriate strategies to strengthen the diversity of non-farm economic activities in drought-prone areas.

2024

I declare that 'An analysis of the impact of land registration and certification on the sustainable use of farmlands in northwestern Ethiopia: a case study' is my own work and that all sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. I also hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis has not already been submitted, either in whole or in part, for any other degree in this University or other institute of higher learning.

2023, تحقیقات مرتع و بیابان ایران

Adverse climate change, drought, and floods have a negative impact on natural resources, crops, and livestock production as the main sources of livelihood for the villagers. Therefore, it is important to study the perception of rural communities about the occurrence of climate change and its relationship with a sustainable livelihood. The present study was conducted for this purpose by descriptive-survey research method. In this study, 297 residents Age 35 years and older in 10 villages of the Oghan watershed in Golestan province were surveyed. The data collection tool of the questionnaire was developed by the researcher; its content validity was confirmed using the opinions of university academics and natural resources experts. The results showed that age, number of livestock, history of animal husbandry, length of stay in the village, and income of individuals with their perception of the symptoms of climate change have a positive and significant relationship. Findings of structural equation model evaluation showed a causal relationship between the perception of the occurrence of climate change symptoms and individuals' livelihood changes so that with increasing awareness of villagers about the occurrence of climate change symptoms, their livelihood is facing more changes.

2023, Sustainability

Rural tourism, which is often interpreted as rural development initiatives, has been extensively studied in a Japanese context; however, this has been typically observed at a community level, and the host households were assumed as homogeneous. Therefore, this article explores rural tourism’s potential as a tool for territorial development in Japan, and augments established literature by studying how rural tourism contributes to sustainable livelihoods at the household level in an aging community and a developed economy. For this purpose, a qualitative study observed a farm inn group in the town of Noto, a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) site in Japan. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) rural tourism in a remote/isolated region has changed the host households’ livelihood assets; (2) the economic benefits from rural tourism are marginal to host households; and (3) the benefits other than income earnings exceed the economic benefits for aging communities. The re...

2023, Agricultural Economics

2023, Journal of environment and earth science

This paper employed cross-sectional survey research design to examine the awareness of residents in small-scale mining communities on the perceived environmental impacts of small-scale mining, with particular emphasis on Amansie West District in Ashanti region of Ghana. Awareness is not only necessary predisposing factor for behavioural change but that knowledge can also dramatically improve attitude, misconception and consequently enhance small-scale mining practices. To achieve this objective, the investigator relies on information collected both quantitatively and qualitatively through in-depth interviews and questionnaires administration with 60 household heads sampled in stratified communities; based on common characteristics within small-scale mining communities in Amansie West District, coupled with documented data from published and unpublished articles. The study not only identify an inexplicably higher number of residents in the District engaged in small-scale mining but also realized that, 91.7 percent of the household heads sampled mentioned that the small-scale mining operations have had varied impacts on their environment, especially, their lands which are regarded as key element of physical capital in livelihood strategies for the dwellers in the (small-scale mining) communities. The residents however, showed awareness of varied degrees of potential health risks of small-scale mining activities in their respective communities. Although mitigation efforts have had limited impacts; it is expected that the policy recommendations in this paper if adopted and strictly adhere to will help reduce, if not completely ameliorate the environmental ramification of small-scale mining in Ghana.

2023, مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی

Drought has always played an important and effective role in the field of food security and livelihood of the villagers because nearly two billion people live in arid and semi-arid regions of the world (about 41%). Since the behavior and strategies of farmers in the face of drought are different in regions and for each crop, so to manage the phenomenon of drought better and reduce the vulnerability of farmers, it is necessary to increase our knowledge in this area. On the other hand, in most studies on the vulnerability of farmers to drought, less attention has been paid to its social dimension. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the social vulnerability of corn farmers in Kermanshah to drought. The statistical population of this study consisted of all corn farmers in Kermanshah (1108). The sample size of 375 people was determined based on Krejcie and Morgan table using three-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. The formula of May Bar and Valdes (2005) was used to assess the social vulnerability of corn farmers. According to the results, it can be said that risk perception factors, economic factors, health factors, social factors and infrastructure factors, respectively, have had the greatest impact on farmers' vulnerability. In addition, farmers have the highest vulnerability in the parameters related to risk perception and the lowest vulnerability in the parameters related to the infrastructure factor.

2023

The widespread acquisition of land for large-scale/commercial production of biofuel crops in Ghana has raised concerns from civil society organizations, local communities and other parties, regarding the impact of these investments on local livelihoods. This paper assessed the effect of large-scale acquisition of land for production of Jatropha curcas on farmers' livelihoods in Ghana. The study was conducted in 11 communities spanning the major agro-ecological zones and political divisions across Ghana. Methods of data collection included questionnaire survey, interviews and focus group discussions. Results show that several households have lost their land to Jatropha plantations leading, in some cases, to violent conflicts between biofuel investors, traditional authorities and the local communities. Most people reported that, contrary to the belief that Jatropha does well on marginal lands, the lands acquired by the Jatropha Companies were productive lands. Loss of rights over land has affected households' food production and security, as many households have resorted to reducing the area they have under cultivation, leading to shortening fallow periods and declining crop yields. In addition, although the cultivation of Jatropha led to the creation of jobs in the communities where they were started, such jobs were merely transient. The paper contends that, even though the impact of Jatropha feedstock production on local livelihoods in Ghana is largely negative, the burgeoning industry could be developed in ways that could support local livelihoods.

2023, Asadullah Sadat

The study of livelihood strategies plays an important role in the analysis of poverty reduction policies and the development of livelihood assets. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the choice of livelihood strategies in rural areas of Zharai District, Kandahar province, Afghanistan. The required data were gathered from 384 heads of household within 11 villages. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that included questions to measure the types of livelihood assets and livelihood strategies. The results of the one-sample t-test showed only social capital is in a favorable condition. The results of factor analysis lead to the classification of livelihood strategies and the extraction of four livelihood groups including "livelihood strategy based on agriculture and natural resources", "livelihood strategy based on self-employment", "wage-based livelihood strategy" and "external aid-based livelihood strategy". The multinominal logit model was estimated in three models. In the first model, the results showed that the likelihood of choosing livelihood based on agriculture and natural resources (as opposed to livelihoods based on external aid) increases with the improvement in natural capital. In the second model, the results indicated that the likelihood of choosing self-employed livelihood (as opposed to external aid-based livelihoods) increases with improvement in human, social and physical capitals. In the third model, the results showed that the likelihood of choosing a wage-based livelihood (as opposed to livelihood based on external aid) increases with the improvement in social capital. The development of various agricultural processing industries is proposed as alternative livelihood strategies.

2023

2023, Rural Development Strategies

The focus on rural development and the empowerment of rural communities is a crucial issue for underdeveloped societies. In the past, it was believed that these communities could overcome poverty and backwardness through interventions and comprehensive plans that provide sustainable livelihoods. However, it is now clear that the internal power and capacity of rural communities play a vital role in achieving development and creating sustainable livelihoods. This article aims to classify the ability and development potential of villages in Malekshahi city based on socioeconomic indicators. The research method employed in this study is a survey, targeting households in the Malekshahi villages. The sample size consists of 580 samples, determined using Cochran's formula. The sampling method employed is matched sampling, with samples selected randomly. Data collection took place in 2020. The findings of the study indicate that the villages in Malekshahi exhibit stronger social indicators, such as cohesion, participation, trust, skills, and education, compared to economic indicators, such as employment, access to credit, income, and institutional structures. Therefore, it is recommended to implement an empowerment program that focuses on providing sustainable livelihoods. This program should leverage the local social and human capital while addressing barriers to accessing financial credit and facilitating the circulation of small funds within rural communities. By doing so, rural communities can enhance their economic indicators and create a more sustainable and prosperous environment.

2023, Land Use Policy

It is an undeniable fact that large scale land acquisition for agricultural production and urban development in Ghana is on the upsurge. The receiving end of the effect of land acquisition on household livelihoods are those living on or proximal to the acquired lands. Using primary data collected from four districts in the northern region of Ghana, this study estimated household livelihood security (HLS) index for households living in communities with and without large scale land acquisition. HLS index for the two groups were estimated using household livelihood framework. Welch's t-test was used to test the hypothesis that communities without land acquisition have greater HLS index than their counterparts in communities with land acquisition. Also, conditional recursive mixed-process (CMP) was used to estimate the effects of large scale land acquisition on HLS index. The findings evinced that food security index, economic security index, sanitation security index, water security index, health security index, shelter security index and social security index for households living in communities without land acquisition is significantly higher than their counterparts in communities with land acquisition. The results also revealed that land acquisition has significant negative effects on the livelihood of households. It is therefore recommended that pragmatic steps should be taken to sensitize the release of land by allodial land title holders to buyers. Allodial title holders of land should pay appropriate and reasonable compensation to usufruct title holders of land to minimise the effects of land acquisition on household livelihoods. Also, compensation or alternative employment should be provided to the community members for loss of landbased activities and livelihoods.

2023

رهیافت معیشت پایدار در طول سال‌های گذشته، یکی از بهترین روش‌ها برای پرداختن به مسائل فقر و توانمندسازی فقرا بوده است و یکی از رویکردهای تحلیلی جدید در زمینه توسعه روستایی است. هدف کلی از تحقیق حاضر شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر معیشت پایدار کشاورزان در شهرستان شازند است. پژوهش حاضر بر اساس هدف، از نوع کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش، توصیفی-تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر سرپرست خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان شازند (22101=N) است که حجم نمونه با خطای نمونه‌گیری 05/0 و با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، 377 خانوار محاسبه شد. برای تعیین روستاها و انتخاب خانوارهای نمونه از طریق روش تحلیل خوشه‌ای نسبت به طبقه‌بندی روستاها اقدام و روستاهای نمونه به طور کاملا تصادفی انتخاب شد و در نهایت به نسبت جمعیت آن‌ها نمونه‌گیری از هر روستا انجام شد. روش گردآوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانه‌ای و ابزار میدانی آن پرسشنامه بود. به منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات از نرم‌افزار SPSS برای روش‌های آماری آزمون T تک نمونه‌ای و رگرسیون خطی استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که وضعیت معیشت پایدار خانوارهای روستایی مطلوب نبوده و عامل سا...

2023

تالاب شادگان، به‌عنوان یکی از تالاب‌های بین‌المللی کنوانسیون رامسر، تنوع زیستی کشاورزی بی‌نظیری در حوزه‌ی خود دارد که علاوه بر زراعت و دامداری، ماهیگیری، شکار پرنده، نی‌بری و برداشت علوفه نیز منافعی هستند که نصیب حاشیه‌نشینان آن می‌گردد. اما این بهره‌برداری‌ها، تهدیدهای زیادی برای حیات تالاب به‌همراه داشته است. لذا لزوم انجام فعالیت‌های مشارکتی مردم‌نهاد در حفاظت و مدیریت تالاب محسوس می‌باشد که این امر جز با شناخت سطوح نگرش و دانشی حاشیه‌نشینان میسر نخواهد بود. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل نگرش خانوارهای روستایی و شناسایی عوامل مؤثر در خصوص تنوع زیستی کشاورزی در حوزه‌ی تالاب شادگان، به روش پیمایشی صورت گرفته است. جامعه‌ی آماری شامل کلیه‌ی خانوارهای روستایی حوزه‌ی تالاب بوده است (950=N). نمونه‌ی آماری با استفاده از جدول مورگان، 273 خانوار به روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شدند (273=n). ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه بود که روایی آن‌‌، توسط پانل متخصصان دانشگاه رامین مورد اصلاح و تأیید قرار گرفت. پایایی آن نیز با انجام آزمون پیشآهنگ در دهستان خنافره با استفاده از ...

2023, Journal of Research and Rural Planning

Purpose- Currently he occurrence of recent droughts in Iran and the severity of its damage indicate the vulnerability of farmers. The economic-environmental damages and the resilience farmers to this incident are evident in diverse ways. Therefore, recognizing the resilience of the population influenced by drought can offer a tool to prevent life-threatening disaster in high-risk areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic resilience of rural households to drought in plain of Kermanshah and answer the following questions. What is the extent of economic resilience of rural households in Mahidasht to drought? What are the most important factors affecting the economic resilience of rural households to drought? Design/methodology/approach- This is an applied research and a descriptive-analytical method along with library analysis and field surveys were adopted for data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of 5081 households, out of whom 357 sample...

2023

This paper aspires to explain the development of water management system in the highlands of Mae Suk sub-watershed and to evaluate the relationships of access to irrigation water and livelihood assets as well as farmers' livelihood strategies using a sustainable livelihood framework (SLF). The primary data based on interviews with farm households using a structured questionnaire and focus group discussion were collected in four villages of two different ethnic groups in Mae Suk sub-watershed, Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai. Farm households were classified according to upland and lowland communities, irrigated area representing access to water as well as farm and non-farm income by using cluster analysis. During dry season, water competition is growing as commercial irrigated vegetable production has been more intensive in both lowlands and uplands. Irrigation systems have been developed to cope with the increasing demand. Adoption of water conveyance system using pipes with grav...

2023

This study analyses the impact of land registration and certification scheme on sustainable use of farmlands in Debre Mawi and Densa Bahta rural kebeles of Amhara region in northwestern Ethiopia, with a view to contributing to the theoretical debate on tenure security and more realistic policy advocacy on the sustainable use of farmlands. Within the framework of qualitative research methodology, the case study approach helps to observe and understand the relationship between land titling and sustainable use of farmlands in Densa Bahta and Debre Mawi kebeles of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. Specific methods employed were focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and observation, complemented by context analyses of relevant documents. It was found that land titling has contributed to a high perception of security of land tenure among study respondents. However, results show that land titling has both positive and negative impacts on sustainable use of farmlands. The positive impac...

2023, Pizhūhish/hā-yi Rūstāyī

Rural women, as one of the most important social groups, play an important role in the rural development process. Economically, rural women, in addition to being agricultural producers, can sustain their livelihood by controlling resources and household income. The purpose of this study was to investigate the index of women's empowerment in agriculture and its role in improving the sustainable livelihood of rural households. The study follows the quantitative paradigm and empirical research method in terms of purpose. Also, in terms of data collection and analysis, it is a survey based on a descriptive-correlational analysis. The statistical population of this study was rural women involved in agricultural work in Tuyserkan county of Hamadan province (20 villages) from which 140 people were randomly selected as a sample. Data were collected using a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts' opinions and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's ...

2023

2023, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development

Introduction Given the growing global hunger in recent years, creating and increasing resilience among disadvantaged and impoverished communities, emphasized in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, is a significant concern to most... more

2022, Sustainability

2022, Journal of environment and earth science

Tree growing on farms in Kenya is an important land use that has evolved over the last 100 years into multi-billion subsistence and commercial oriented enterprises. The smallholder farms in medium and high potential areas are facing serious shortage of quality farming land that has created severe competition among various competing land uses mostly agriculture and farm forestry. Therefore the economic competitiveness of farm forestry as a land use is assumed to be proportional to the size of household land allocated to its use. Understanding household decisions making in allocation of land to competing land uses has increasingly become an important subject to resource economists and policy makers. Therefore a study was undertaken in 2011/2012 to evaluate the socioeconomic decisions making in relations to farm forestry in two counties in high potential agricultural areas of western Kenya. The two counties were selected for the study differed settlement in history, agricultural land ...

2022, Technium Social Sciences Journal

The Pru district has been affected by large-scale land acquisition activities as most smallholder farmers have been affected. However, this study teased out the coping and the adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to mitigate the effects of large-scale land acquisition in the Pru district in the Bono East Region of Ghana. The study employed a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) approach, where farming households and smallholder farmers were interviewed. Focus group discussions were also conducted to solicit data from farmer-based associations to help in the attainment of the objectives of the study. Primary and secondary sources of data were employed in the study. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study found out that smallholder farmers cope and adapt to a situation differently as most cope with the re-location of farms too far places by leaving the house early and reducing the number of days of visit as smallholder farmers bought motorbikes as the...

2022, Pizhūhish/hā-yi Rūstāyī

The purpose of this study was to assess the relative importance of factors affecting the differentiation of income levels and the success of investment in agricultural businesses in the villages of Islamshahr. Differences in the rates of effectiveness and profitability of agricultural activities exacerbate economic dispersal, difference in the levels of farmers' livelihood, and the imbalance among the economic costs of agricultural jobs in a rural area. Regarding the diversity of cropland sizes in the region, the stratified sampling method was used to appropriately select a sample size of 195 people who took part in interviews and completed questionnaires. In this study, based on a descriptive and inferential approach, the three-branch model framework and the multiple discriminant analysis were used to evaluate the relative importance of the factors that affect the inequality of income levels of rural farmers. The results showed that most of the farmers were land owners and held...

2022

One of the strategies for rural development is promoting agro-industries in rural areas. Also agro-industries can create sustainable rural livelihoods. Agro-industry refers to any activity involved in cultivation plus under controlled conditions of agricultural and horticultural crops. Development of agro-industries is considered important in the economic planning and development of countries. Promoting and supporting family agro-industry livelihood systems could provide alternative livelihood opportunities for rural people and enhance the possibility of local development. This descriptive-analytical research aims to analyze the effects of agro-industry on the improvement of livelihood assets of agro-industry members in Khuzestan Province. Using Cronbach α, the reliability of questionnaire was calculated as 0.92. A con-firmatory factor analysis and the structural equation model using the LISREL were performed to measure different effects of agro-industry on sustainable livelihoods a...

2022, Journal of Environment and Earth Science

The activities of multinational companies have affected the livelihood of smallholder farmer in the Pru East, though a lot of research work has been done on large scale land acquisition but this study focus on how it affects livelihood asset of smallholder farmers in the Pru East District. Over the past ten years, the Government of Ghana have leased out large tracts of land for investors, mainly foreign investors. Survey research approach was used for the study. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed and a sample size of 332 households was used for the study. The study used five indicators of the Livelihood Effect Index (LEI) espoused by Downing et al., (2001) to determine the effects of large-scale land acquisition on the livelihood of smallholder farming households. Large scale land acquisition has a significant positive moderate effect on the employment, healthcare and food security but, has a significant negative high effect on income levels of smallholder farming households. However, large scale land acquisition has no significant effect on the nutritional status of farming households in the Pru East district of the Bono East region. Kobre and Kadue communities with an LEI of 0.53 suggests that livelihoods of farming households in these two communities are the most effected with large scale land acquisition. The study also recommends that MMDAs must formulate by-laws to ensure that large scale land investors employ people from the host communities of the projects.

2022, Journal of Environment and Earth Science

As a general rule, food security is built on three pillars which are Availability, Accessibility and utilization. The ability to ensure adequate food security hinges on the ability to identify vulnerable households. The degree of vulnerability of an individual, household or group of persons is determined by their exposure to the risk factors and their ability to cope with or withstand stressful situations. This study was a component of a project whose aim was to transfer technology and scale up water harvesting and greenhouse farming in the area with one of its objectives to establish the levels of household food insecurity. Using a proportionate sample of 381 households two major tools were used to collect data. These were a structured interview schedule which was used to collect demographic information and a modified Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was used to collect information on household food insecurity. In the study it was established that 60.3 percent of the households were getting their food mainly from the farms. Only 39.4 percent relied on the market as their main source of food and 0.3 depended on donations. The households in Kitui had a HFIAS score of 6.86 and falling in the class of severely food insecure with hunger.

2022, Journal of Environment and Earth Science

There has been tremendous adverse impact of fire outbreaks across the world over the last two decades. The human cost has been devastating and economic losses have exceeded an annual average of US$2500 million. Regardless of its importance in plant community regeneration, wildfires have been tremendously devastative to human societies and Earth's ecosystems. To adequately manage wildfires and reduce their adverse effects, estimating the probability of occurrence of wildfires and critically assessing the spatially variable environmental conditions that affect the propagation and impact of these fires is imperative. This study integrates the broader biophysical and environmental variables with anthropogenic factors to model and predict spatial variation in hazard, vulnerability and risk of wildfires in the Savannah, Northeast and Northern regions of Ghana. These areas are characterised by endemic poverty and agrarian activity, which is the major source of livelihood for about 71% of the population. Disasters such as wildfires are therefore detrimental, severely undermining the natural capital relied on for livelihoods and further aggravating the high poverty rates in these regions. Against this backdrop, a GIS-based Multi Criteria Decision Making Analysis method (GIS-MCDA)-the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to map wildfire hazard and risk within these regions to aid response and mitigation. A wildfire risk map was then produced by developing and integrating hazard and vulnerability models. Results indicate that about 71.7% (48035) of the study area is highly exposed to wildfire hazard and about 13% of the study region is likely to experience the greatest risk when wildfires occur, although this is concentrated around urban settlements. It is recommended that future studies integrate intersectional social and economic characteristics to provide a more robust definition of vulnerable and at-risk communities and cultural infrastructure.

2022, Journal of Economic Modeling Research

Economic vulnerability shows the exposure of the economy to exogenous shocks and deviations from the path of growth and development. On the other hand, the resilience of the economy is the ability to recover the mentioned path of growth and development. Therefore, these two factors determine the level of welfare of the economy. Since the production factor productivity is the most important variables in determining the level of welfare of the economy, it is important to be measured the taking effect of the economic productivity from economic vulnerability and resilience. Therefore, in the this study, with employing the Panel GMM method for the period 2005-2014 and for eighteen oil-rich countries, the impact of economic vulnerability and resilience on labor productivity has been considered. The results of this study show that economic resilience has the significant and positive effect while the economic vulnerability has the significant and negative effect on the productivity of labor factor of production. Oil-rich countries, especially Iran, should be focused on reducing their economic vulnerability. To reduce economic vulnerability, shifting from single-product economy to export-diversified economy and reduce dependence on strategic goods will be suggested. To improve economic resilience, focusing on macroeconomic stability, improving institutional quality, improving the structure of markets, and improving human capital will be recommended. It is clear that these policy-induced recommendations would be so hard, but failing to achieve them, it leads to the bitter experiences such as decline in oil revenues, especially the sanction conditions.

2022, Disclosure in Health and Illness

2022, Journal of Environment and Earth Science

The activities of multi-national companies have affected the livelihood of smallholder farmer in the Pru East, though a lot of research work has been done on large scale land acquisition but this study focus on how it affects livelihood asset of smallholder farmers in the Pru East District. Over the past ten years, the Government of Ghana have leased out large tracts of land for investors, mainly foreign investors. Survey research approach was used for the study. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed and a sample size of 332 households was used for the study. The study used five indicators of the Livelihood Effect Index (LEI) espoused by to determine the effects of large-scale land acquisition on the livelihood of smallholder farming households. Large scale land acquisition has a significant positive moderate effect on the employment, healthcare and food security but, has a significant negative high effect on income levels of smallholder farming households. However, large scale land acquisition has no significant effect on the nutritional status of farming households in the Pru East district of the Bono East region. Kobre and Kadue communities with an LEI of 0.53 suggests that livelihoods of farming households in these two communities are the most effected with large scale land acquisition. The study also recommends that MMDAs must formulate by-laws to ensure that large scale land investors employ people from the host communities of the projects.

2022

The rush for land has escalated the last decade, with Sub-Saharan Africa as the most targeted region. Governments, local elites and foreign corporations are increasingly taking control over large a ...

2022, Journal of Rural Research

The developments in rural society over the past decades indicate instability and the existence of major socio-economic challenges in the process of sustainable development of rural areas. The neglect of diversity and continuous change in the socio-economic conditions of country rural communities and neglect of socio-economic infrastructure of rural society has added to the problems and challenges of rural development. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to socio-economic sustainability for planning and managing rural areas. The purpose of doing this study is to analyze the socio-economic stability of rural areas in Ilam province using GIS. For sampling, out of 378 villages with more than 20 households, 37 villages were selected as a sample and 250 questionnaires were completed by the villagers. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and for data collection two methods of field study and ‌ library study were used. Also, data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of a one-way analysis of variance show that there is a significant difference between economic and social sustainability indicators in different dimensions. Also, the results of factor analysis show that the number of indicators that indicate the factors affecting the sustainability of villagers are reduced to 12 special factors and the results of multiple regression analysis indicate that social components (0.217) have the greatest effect and economic components (0.042) have the least effect on the sustainability of villages in the study area.

2022

FAO and World Bank promote livestock rearing as a way of poverty alleviation and food security especially among rural poor. Villagers are usually involved in mixed crop-livestock farming. Interviews with villagers in the HableRud basin revealed that some changes have happened and comparing with past decades, fewer villagers keep livestock. They believed that number of villagers who kept livestock in pen has also drastically increased. This study was conducted to understand if natural capital holdings have any impact on villagers' dependence on rangeland or not and also to identify the important natural capitals contributing to villagers' dependency on rangeland, some unstructured and structured interviews with local people were conducted. Comparisons between the two groups of villagers namely, dependent and independent on rangeland in terms of the identified indicators, the independent samples T-test and Mann Whitney U were applied for parametric and nonparametric data, resp...

2022, Journal of Rural Research

The purpose of this study is to determine strategies for empowering local communities in rural areas of Bazan, Javanrood County. The principal research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α <0.7). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and it is an applied-developmental study. The required information and data were collected using documentary and field surveys by distributing the questionnaire. There are relatively good strengths and opportunities for empowering local communities in Bazan rural district: "Creating the necessary grounds for the participation of villagers in marketing and sales of handicraft products" and "Supporting the economic strength of the villagers in the form of organizations and production cooperatives" are the most important strategies proposed to empower local communities in Bazan rural areas. Establishing necessary conditions for the villagers’ involvement in marketing and sales of handicraft products is proposed as one of the strategies for empowering local communities in the rural areas. Small rural industries are feasible and have a high employment relative to investment. It is estimated that with a certain amount of investment in this category of industries, it is possible to create much more jobs than in large industries.

2022, Journal of Rural Research

Social health is one of the most important dimensions of public health in society along with other mental, spiritual, medical, etc. dimensions. It plays a significant role in the sustainable development of society in order to prevent social harm and pave the way for the participation of individuals in all areas of society. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the social health of rural households in Shiraz and the factors affecting it. The research method is survey and the statistical population consists of rural households in Shiraz city, the number of which is 384 households based on Morgan table and selected by stratified random sampling method. Based on the reported values of fitness indicators, it was found that the model of confirmatory factor analysis of the research, based on five dimensions, has a suitable and acceptable fit (RMSEA = 0.04) and the components can be used to estimate social health and therefore the structure used to measure social health has an acceptable validity. The measured model showed that social health can be a function of five factors of social cohesion, social acceptance, social participation, social adaptation and social prosperity derived from Keyes theory of social health and all selected indicators of research except one indicator in the component of social acceptance, have shown their significant effects in measuring social health. Based on the results of the regression test, the adjusted coefficient showed that 64.9% of social health changes are explained by independent variables. Finally, suggestions for promoting social health are provided.

2022

2022, Journal of Natural Sciences Research

This study investigated how total land size owned influenced Jatropha curcas adoption in Yatta District. The study applied quantitative research method where questionnaires were administered to 240 respondents selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out using regression analysis and chi square test. It was found that farmers who had adopted Jatropha curcas cultivation were significantly low at 15.4%. It was also found that total land size owned was not a major factor influencing land size allocated to Jatropha cultivation since total land size owned accounted for only 28% variance of land size allocated to Jatropha cultivation and 78% of respondents were not willing to convert their pasture lands to Jatropha farms. An area of 248 acres was under Jatropha cultivation in the district which is equivalent to 0.038% of the total district area coverage. It was concluded that adoption of Jatropha in Yatta District was low. There was a negative correlation between total land size owned and land size allocated to Jatropha cultivation. Total land size owned did not have substantial influence on size of land allocated to Jatropha cultivation as willingness to convert pasture land to Jatropha farms, lack of alternative land for farming, land tenure and control and population density influenced on land size allocated to Jatropha cultivation.

2022