Magnetic Levitation Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Materials Science and Engineering A

The solidification behaviour of Fe 82 Ge 18 and Fe 75 Ge 25 alloys is studied by using an electromagnetic levitation facility. The maximum undercooling attained in the case of Fe 82 Ge 18 alloy is 240 K. Growth velocity of ␣-(bcc) phase is measured using a photodiode technique and shows two distinct regimes. In the case of Fe 75 Ge 25 , the maximum undercooling attained is 165 K. At low undercoolings two recalescence events occur, corresponding to formation of ␣and ε-phase (DO 19 ). At large undercoolings the peritectic reaction (␣ + liquid → ε) is suppressed. Microstructural analysis indicates morphological changes in the microstructure as well as a competition among phases nucleating at different levels of undercooling.

2025

This paper presents the Fuzzy Supervisory Control (FSC) and bias current optimization algorithm developed for a Rotor-Active Magnetic Bearing (Rotor-AMB) system. Since the AMBs are inherently unstable, it is essential to use a controller for a stable levitation. Initially, a closed loop control of Rotor-AMB system is achieved and the whole model is built in a virtual environment (MatlabÒ/ Simulink). With the help of simulation model the system dynamics is analyzed. In addition to that, the effect of bias current on energy consumption is studied for both unidirectional and differential control current strategies. A diffential current control gives better efficiency compared with a unidirectional approach when the bias current is variable. Thus, optimizing the bias current according to the operational conditions is beneficial for magnetically levitated systems. According to the results obtained an energy optimization algorithm (EOA) is developed. Since the system is nonlinear and has ...

2025, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

Ce travail présente une démarche intégrée destinée à l'apprentissage d'une méthode de commande numérique pour un dispositif électrotechnique non linéaire. On s'intéresse ici à l'identification d'un modèle mathématique, établi à partir des... more

2025

Major difficulties in a space missions are the launch cost and the i nability of using the launch vehicle consecutive times. A maglev launch system, Maglifter, uses magnetic fields to levitate and accelerate a vehicle along a track at speeds up to 600 [mph]. It is a feasible and revolutionary first stage propulsion system t hat gives an initial velocity and altitude, reducing dramatically on-board fuel. Furthermore, the Maglifter is inexpensive, costing less than an estimated $100 per full-scale launch, and environmentally clean, using only electrical power from ground sources. It also reduces turn-around time to next launch in quick succession space missions. This paper provides feasibility studies conducted for realization of the Maglifter for a sounding rocket, which can be utilized as a small satellite launch system. It introduces a feasible system configuration of the Maglifter and also develops a computer simulation framework that derives an optimal configuration according to the required thrust, launch mass, track length, and elevation angle of track to provide a desirable initial state vector (velocity, altitude, and angle). Preliminary study results show that the Maglifter is capable to augment a sounding rocket's apogee by 30% or to achieve the same apogee with 53% less propellant for the same weight of the payload. Therefore, the Maglifter can extend various small satellite missions utilizing a sounding rocket.

2025

Levitating screen technology primarily relies on electromagnetic suspension (EMS), which uses magnetic fields to counteract gravity and suspend objects in mid-air. Key methods include:-Suspension using controlled DC electromagnets-Levitation using superconductors-Eddy current-based levitation-Diamagnetic and permanent magnet repulsion (Jayawant, 1981; Earnshaw, 1842) 2. Experimental Data and Research Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of levitating displays using iron core coils and co-located haptic feedback systems (Berkelman et al., 2024). Control systems for electromagnetic levitation are highly nonlinear and require advanced PID, sliding mode, and feedback linearization techniques (Pandey & Adhyaru, 2023). 3. Display Integration Integration of levitating platforms with display technologies includes:-Co-located graphical and haptic displays-Levitating Bluetooth speakers with visual feedback (Floately)-Levitating smart security cameras with 360° vision-Volta and Luna lamps using wireless power and touch sensors

2025

This thesis explores the design and theoretical feasibility of a compact electromagnetic cargo vessel capable of adaptive levitation and high-speed transport. The system integrates electromagnetic lift and propulsion, renewable energy sources (solar and wind), AI-based navigation, and a parametric altitude model to optimize efficiency and safety. The vessel operates in Levy Mode, adjusting its altitude dynamically based on speed and terrain, and is scalable for urban, intercity, and orbital transport. Scientific foundations from NASA, MIT, Tesla's resonance theories, and Schumann resonance studies support the concept. Efficiency and altitude functions are modeled to demonstrate energy optimization and navigational control.

2025

In this paper, a Passive Magnetic Bearing System (PMBS) is described. The PMBS consists of two passive magnetic bearings: a Permanent Magnet Bearing (PMB) and a Superconducting Magnetic Bearing (SMB). To start, static measurements of radial and axial forces were performed for each of the bearings. A comparison of this results is presented. Afterwards, static and dynamic tests were performed for the whole PMBS. It was found that the SMB stabilizes the system satisfactorily. This results are also presented, and they indicate that it is technologically feasible to use the system, for example, in flywheels. The advantage of using a PMBS is that it offers low friction without the need of a magnetic bearing controller.

2025, The Japan Society of Applied Physics

2025, Solidarité & Progrès

Le train à sustentation magnétique T-Flight, de fabrication chinoise, qui sera le véhicule de transport terrestre le plus rapide jamais construit au monde, a été révélé cet été à Pékin – un projet ambitieux qui devrait réduire considérablement les temps de trajet et consolider la réputation de la Chine en tant que leader mondial des réseaux ferroviaires à grande vitesse.

2025

Some cryocooler applications, such as those for military operations dealing with high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets, motors, or generators, require faster cooldown times than what can normally be provided with a cryocooler designed to accommodate a relatively small steadystate heat load. The current approach to achieve fast cooldown is to use a cryocooler oversized for steady-state operation. This paper proposes a new method applicable only to pulse tube cryocoolers that may decrease cooldown times by a factor of two or three when cooling to temperatures in the range of 50 K to 80 K from room temperature without increasing the size of the cryocooler. Such temperatures are appropriate for HTS magnets, generators, or motors. The proposed method makes use of the resonance phenomenon that occurs with an appropriately sized combination of inertance tube and reservoir volume. With a small reservoir, an LC resonance effect can occur at typical operating frequencies, with C being the compliance (volume) of the reservoir and inertance tube and L being the inertance of the inertance tube. At or near resonance the input acoustic impedance to the inertance tube is low, which allows for a high acoustic power flow at the cold end of the pulse tube for a given pressure amplitude. When the reservoir volume is increased to its normal size, the impedance increases to the value optimized for steady-state operation. A simple ball valve can then be used to change the reservoir volume and to switch from the fast cooldown mode to the steady-state mode. The higher acoustic power flow can be accommodated by the pulse tube and regenerator when they are at or near room temperature. In most cases the higher acoustic power in the fast cooldown mode does not require additional input power to the pressure oscillator because the load impedance is a closer match to that of the oscillator compared to that of the normal load during cooldown.

2025, Weber Electrodynamics and Plasmas

This book introduces the Weber-De Broglie-Bohm Theory (WDBT) - a consistent further development of established approaches that combines Weber Electrodynamics (WED) with De Broglie-Bohm Theory (DBT). The core of the WDBT is radically simple: Electromagnetic effects are not mediated by fields, but by direct, velocity- and acceleration-dependent forces between charges. Combined with the non-local quantum potential of DBT, this creates a coherent theoretical framework that uniformly explains plasmas, quantum phenomena, and astrophysical processes without needing to resort to the ad-hoc assumptions of classical field theories.

2025, Independent Research Paper

The Hyperion Transit System represents a paradigmatic shift in transportation infrastructure, proposing an integrated magnetic levitation (maglev) framework that synthesizes cutting-edge superconductivity enhancements, advanced control systems, and renewable energy integration. This comprehensive study details the theoretical foundations, engineering specifications, and implementation roadmap for a nextgeneration transit network capable of achieving sustained speeds of 600-800 km/h while maintaining unprecedented energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. The system leverages graphenedoped yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) composites to achieve critical current densities exceeding 10⁶ A/cm², coupled with electrodynamic suspension (EDS) mechanisms that eliminate mechanical friction entirely. Advanced inductive power transfer systems enable wireless energy delivery with efficiencies approaching 95%, while integrated piezoelectric energy harvesting systems convert ambient vibrations and thermal fluctuations into usable electrical power. Mathematical modeling demonstrates the system's feasibility through rigorous analysis of Lorentz forces, flux pinning dynamics, and electromagnetic field interactions. Energy consumption projections indicate 45% reductions compared to conventional highspeed rail systems, with corresponding emissions reductions of 75% when integrated with renewable energy sources. The implementation strategy encompasses a phased approach spanning 2026-2040, with cost projections ranging from $25-50 million per kilometer for core infrastructure. Economic analysis demonstrates positive returns within 15-20 years through reduced operational costs and increased ridership capacity.

2025, TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Urgency of the research. The potential of controlling the position of levitating objects has great application in deposition and in various positioning systems. Magnetic levitation eliminates direct mechanical friction between moving parts. Target setting. The measurement shielding method used is one of the methods of determining the position of a levitating object. By combining positioning and regulating elements, we achieve a feedback control. The use of a given type of measurement has advantages in places where the use of other methods is not appropriate. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The problem of magnetic levitation is addressed by several research laboratories with a direct connection to practice. The problem that is currently solved within magnetic levitation is the regulation of the levitating object using various types of regulators. The research objective. Derivation of mathematical model of magnetic levitation and examination of nonlinear system follo...

2025, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

The efficiency of electromagnetic levitation devices can be improved by shortening the path of the magnetic flux which can be done by employing a magnetic circuit. The eddy currents are computed using an integral equation, and the ferromagnetic materials nonlinearity is treated by applying the polarization fixed point iterative method, with a dynamic overrelaxation technique. To substantially reduce the computation time, the eddy current integral equation is solved in the frequency domain, with supplementary terms added to account for the motion, and in the equation of motion an average magnetic force over a period is considered.

2025, International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology

Efficiency, speed, and precision are essential in modern manufacturing. AI Maglev Conveyor system, combining magnetic levitation (maglev) technology with artificial intelligence (AI), revolutionizes automated production processes. This system reduces maintenance costs and downtime by eliminating friction, enhancing operational efficiency. It transports goods swiftly with minimal energy consumption, optimizing resource use and supporting sustainability. AI integration enables real-time monitoring and adaptive control, allowing businesses to respond to production demand fluctuations and streamline supply chain operations. The AI Maglev Conveyor offers smooth, silent operation, accommodating diverse product types and sizes for flexible manufacturing without extensive reconfiguration. AI algorithms optimize routing, reduce cycle times, and improve throughput, creating an agile production line adaptable to market changes. This applied research paper introduces the Maglev Conveyor system, featuring an electromagnetic controller and multiple movers to enhance automation. It offers cost savings as an alternative to setups using six-axis robots or linear motors, with precise adjustments for robotic arm loading. Operating at high speeds minimizes treatment time for delicate components while maintaining precision. Its adaptable design accommodates various materials, facilitating integration of processing stations alongside electronic product assembly. Positioned between linear-axis and robotic systems in cost, the Maglev Conveyor is ideal for flat parts requiring minimal travel, transforming production efficiency across industries. It explores its technical advantages, flexibility, cost reductions, and overall benefits.

2025, Solidarité et Progrès

Imaginer un train qui flotte et avance grâce à des champs électromagnétiques, tout en échappant au frottement de l'air grâce au vide créé dans un pipeline souterrain, il fallait être mordu d'exploration spatiale pour y penser ! Si l'idée d'une catapulte électromagnétique spatiale fut décrite en détail par John Munro dans un roman de science-fiction A Trip to Venus (Un voyage vers Vénus) paru en 1897, c'est en 1904 que le physicien américain Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945), reconnu après sa mort comme l’un des grands pionniers de l’aventure spatiale américaine, pose pour la première fois la question de comment franchir les deux principaux obstacles empêchant l’homme de se déplacer à de très grandes vitesses sur Terre et dans l’espace : la roue et l’air.

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

Planar electromagnetic actuators based on the principle of linear motors are widely employed for micro and nano positioning applications. These actuators usually employ a planar magnetic platform driven by a co-planar electromagnetic coil. While these actuators offer a large motion range and high positioning resolution, their actuation bandwidth is limited due to relatively small electromagnetic stiffness. We report optimization of the design parameters of the electromagnetic coil and the magnetic assembly to maximize the electromagnetic force and stiffness. Firstly, we derive closed-form expressions for the electromagnetic forces and stiffness, which enable us to express these quantities in terms of the design parameters of the actuator. Secondly, based on these derived expressions, we estimate the optimum values of the design parameters to maximize force and stiffness. Notably, for the optimum design parameters, the force and stiffness per unit volume can be increased by two and three orders of magnitude, respectively by reducing the pitch of the electromagnetic coil by a factor of 10. Lastly, we develop an electromagnetic actuator and evaluate its performance using a Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based force sensor. By operating the force sensor in a feedback loop, we precisely measure the generated electromagnetic forces for different design parameters of the actuator. The experimental results obtained align closely with the analytical values, with an error of less than 15%.

2025, Journal of the Institute of Engineering

The magnetic field of different geometry of the permanent magnet is analytically calculated by using basic principles of the magnetism in very easier approach. Concept of origin shifting and geometrical shape transformation are used to formulate the formula for cuboidal, cubical and cylindrical permanent magnets. This concept can be used for the analysis of magnetic field distribution in space around for permanent magnet as well as electromagnet in a very easier approach. Handy and simplified software is made to calculate the magnetic field due to permanent magnet and electromagnet at any desired position on space. Magnetic field visualization is also done in both magnitude and direction by using MATLAB.

2025, Fox Field Model

The Fox Field Model challenges the traditional concept of gravity by proposing that objects remain grounded not due to a universal force of mass attraction, but through individualized interactions with Earth's dynamic magnetic field. This paper explores the concept that every object, based on its unique mass, density, electromagnetic signature, and elemental structure, is grounded by resonance and energetic entrainment with Earth's circulating toroidal field. This model bridges gaps in gravitational theory, especially where traditional physics fails to explain unique material behavior, levitation anomalies, and electromagnetic influence on consciousness and awareness.

2025

Magnetic levitation systems have recently become the focus of many research interests not only because they are most suitable for high precision engineering applications but also due to the fact that they represent a difficult challenge to control engineers. As a result, most previous shldies have focused on the control stabilization problem. In this paper, we address the issue of performance with respect to uncertainty in order to achieve a desired rigidity. The proposed controller is an adaptive hackstepping controller. The adaptive hackstepping controller provides system stability under model uncertainty, and achieves the desired servo performance. The experiments show that the proposed control achieves a superior behavior than other control.

2025, Wireless Sensor Network

The energy of a radio wave is reduced through the dispersion, the refraction and the absorption because the medium transferring the vibration of a radio wave is the seawater. In the end the reduced energy of a radio wave causes the reduced transmitting length for communication, the long postponed communication and the frequent error. The subsea communication for the marine environment monitoring which must overcome the weak points of the RF wave and the most practical method for the marine sensor network realization is to use the acoustic wave method, but the energy consumption rate of the acoustic wave communication method is about 100 times greater than the one of the RF wave method. So, the power supply of the sensor node in the marine sensor network system is the most important interest field. In this study, the sample which consists of an acrylic elastomer (VHB4905 film from 3 M), conductible carbon grease(from MG chemical) and electric wire for the basic study of an energy harvesting strategy and technique using EAP actuator was fabricated, and the conductible carbon grease was used for an electrode. The characteristics of the fabricated sample were analyzed through the experiment. We also mixed carbon grease with aluminum powder for conductibility improvement, and the effect of the mixed electrode was confirmed through the conductivity measurement.

2025, Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control

Part I of this paper presents a dynamic model of magnetically-levitated (maglev) vehicle/guideway interaction. The vehicle employs a superconducting electromagnetic suspension system with canted magnets to provide simultaneous levitation and guidance in the face of guideway irregularities and cross-wind gusts. The dynamic simulation model includes a five degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle model, a superconducting magnet model, and a multi-span flexible guideway model. The formulation accounts for the dynamic loading on the guideway due to time-varying, distributed magnetic forces imposed by the vehicle. The maglev vehicle/guideway model is the basis for designing and testing a proposed preview control strategy in Part II of this paper.

2025, Review of Scientific Instruments

We describe the design, construction, and performance of three generations of superconducting Ioffe magnetic traps. The first two are low current traps, built from four racetrack shaped quadrupole coils and two solenoid assemblies. Coils are wet wound with multifilament NbTi superconducting wires embedded in epoxy matrices. The magnet bore diameters are 51 and 105mm with identical trap depths of 1.0T at their operating currents and at 4.2K. A third trap uses a high current accelerator-type quadrupole magnet and two low current solenoids. This trap has a bore diameter of 140mm and tested trap depth of 2.8T. Both low current traps show signs of excessive training. The high current hybrid trap, on the other hand, exhibits good training behavior and is amenable to quench protection.

2025, IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications

This study estimates the axial magnetic suspension loss and efficiency of a one-axis actively positioned single-drive bearingless motor in the rotational speeds of 1000 to 30 000 r/min. Bearingless motors have the advantage of enhanced efficiency owing to the absence of friction loss caused by mechanical ball bearings. In this study, the input powers of a bearingless motor with radial passive magnetic suspension and that of a motor with ball bearings were measured. Moreover, the mechanical ball bearing loss was also measured. Furthermore, the axial magnetic suspension loss in the single-drive bearingless motor was estimated. The efficiencies of both test motors were compared. Additionally, the ratios of the axial magnetic suspension loss and the ball bearing loss with respect to their input powers were evaluated.

2025, IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity

2025, International Journal of Advanced Studies

This article presents digital control algorithm to quench the chaotic behavior in nonlinear magnetic levitation system. The system dynamic modeling is reviewed. Results of the open loop system behavior are summarized. A digital control algorithm is proposed and closed loop system is simulated and analyzed using its state trajectories. The proposed control algorithm is simpler in structure, has optimized convergence time, eliminates the chaotic behavior of system and allows the system to synchronize with an external reference signal. The experimental validation of the theoretically proposed controller is also presented by implementing the discrete time realization of the control algorithm using digital controller interfaced in the real-time, using MATLAB/Simulink, in the Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) mode of operation. The feasibility of the proposed design is theoretically and experimentally verified by its efficiency performance and ease of digital implementation.

2025, Bulletin of the American …

Using the dipole-dipole interaction model, we obtained analytical expressions for the levitation and lateral forces act on a small magnet for anti-symmetric magnet/spherical superconductor system. Breaking the symmetry of the system,... more

2025

An innovative six-meter long prototype of the magnetic levitation suspended cryogen transfer line has design, constructed and tested to demo potentials of extending many missions by saving cryogens, or reducing the overall launch mass to accomplish a given mission. The use of magnetic levitation by permanent magnets (PM) and high temperature superconductors (HTS) provides support without mechanical contact and thus, the conduction part of the heat leak can be reduced to zero, which is ultimately the most serious heat leak after thermal radiation has been minimized. The configurations of HTS & PM, the levitation force in different arrangements, the mechanical design of the transfer line, the support/release structures, and the cryogenic testing results are also discussed.

2025

An energy efficient, cost effective cryogenic distribution system (up to several miles) is crucial for spaceport and in-space cryogenic systems. The conduction heat loss from the supports that connect the cold inner lines to the warm support structure is ultimately the most serious heat leak after thermal radiation has been minimized. The use of magnetic levitation by permanent magnets and high temperature superconductors provides support without mechanical contact and thus, the conduction part of the heat leak can be reduced to zero. A stop structure is carefully designed to hold the center tube when the system is warm. The novel design will provide the potential of extending many missions by saving cryogens, or reducing the overall launch mass. The present R&D work is covered by a NASA SBIR Phase I project performed by AMAC International Inc. AMAC has successfully completed all the tests of a prototype transfer line in phase I. Comprehensive investigations of the concept design, arrangements of high temperature superconductor-permanent magnet, material choices, cryogenic cooling, and thermal insulations have been conducted analytically and experimentally. Two demonstration modules have be constructed and tested for magnetic suspension, stabilities, and other important performance. NASA has awarded AMAC a phase II grant as support for the continued prototype development.

2025

In a conventional vacuum-jacketed cryogen transfer line, the major heat transfer is dominated by two modes: i) radiation between the warm outer pipe and the cold inner pipe and ii) thermal conduction through support members and penetrations. Magnetic levitation makes it possible to eliminate the conduction portion by use of non-contact support, consisting of high temperature superconductor (HTS) and permanent magnet (PM). Several transfer line prototypes (including a 6-meter prototype) have been designed and constructed to optimize the levitation and thermal performance. This paper reviews the key design/fabrication issues, such as levitation configuration, levitation force measurement, warm-support design using smart materials, fabrication process, and technical milestones throughout a 3-year period. This novel transfer line offers the potential of significant savings of cryogens and hence reduces the cost of cryogen use.

2025

An energy efficient cryogenic transfer line with magnetic suspension has been prototyped and cryogenically tested The prototype transfer line exhibits cryogen saving potential of 30-35% in its suspension state as compared to its solid support state. Key technologies developed include novel magnetic levitation using multiple-pole high temperature superconductor (HTS) and rare earth permanent-magnet (PM) elements and a smart cryogenic actuator as the warm support structure. These technologies have vast applications in extremely low thermal leak cryogenic storage/delivery containers, superconducting magnetic bearings, smart thermal switches, etc. This paper reviews the development work and discusses future applications of established technologies.

2025

This paper briefly describes the cryogenic Test capabilities of the Magnet Test Laboratory (MTL). The instrumentation for controlling the operating condition of the magnet cryogenic test and for verifying the requirements of the SSC magnet performance is introduced. The development of the thermometer system, particularly the He vapor preasure thermometers with differential pressure transducer,is presented in detail The 10-kA vapor-cooled power leads were optimized thermally, with consideration for the different fin shapes, diameter, lengths, and RRRs of the power lead material. Two mechanical designs are introduced. The anticryostats, so-called warm bore and warm finger, that provide a warm environment to allow the magnetic fieldmeasuring probe run through the 4.2-K beam tube are described. The warm finger for SSC short-magnet cryogenic tests was manufactured and successfully used. Finally, the feed and end cans-used to provide cryogens to the magnet being tested as well as cryogenic vacuum-and the support of other instrumentation are described.

2025

Agradeço ao meu orientador, Prof. Joaquim António Fraga Gonçalves Dente, a disponibilidade, paciência e empenho demonstrados, ao Professor Paulo Branco ea minha co-orientadora, Prof.ª Maria Eduarda de Sampaio Pinto de Almeida Pedro pelo... more

2025, Open Physics

Fine particles of ZnFe2O4 were synthesized by a wet chemical method in the (80 wt.% Fe2O3 + 20 wt.% ZnO) system. The morphological and structural properties of the mixed system were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The major phase was determined to be the ZnFe2O4 spinel with particle size of 11 nm. The magnetic properties of the material were investigated by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in the temperature range from liquid helium to room temperature. A very intense, asymmetric FMR signal from ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles was recorded, which has been analyzed in terms of two Callen-lineshape lines. Temperature dependence of the FMR parameters was obtained from fitting the experimental lines with two component lines. Analysis of the FMR spectra in terms of two separate components indicates the presence of strongly anisotropic magnetic interactions.

2025, 52nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

This paper demonstrates the use of a slow-rate image sensor for control of a fast-rate beam steering system. The image sensor is modeled as an integrative intensity sensor, from which fast-rate dynamics may be estimated by appropriate motion-field extraction. These fast-rate state estimates obtained from the slow-rate image sensor are then used for a multi rate model-following controller that achieves desired performance through state-matching. This is in contrast to traditional control schemes for fast-rate systems with image sensors, which rely on the slow-rate time-averaged output measurement during the exposure time of the image sensor (Le., the first spatial moment of the acquired image), discarding the image blur as noise. We demonstrate that the proposed multirate feedback controller, which uses the entire intensity distribution at the image sensor, provides superior tracking performance than a similar multirate controller that uses only the first moment of the image (time-averaged output) as feedback measurements.

2025, IET Publishing - Electromagnetics & Radar Books

The concept for this book emerged from a webinar on Electromagnetic Waves: Successfully Surfing the Subject that the editor gave on behalf of the IET in June 2020. The concept was that experts in specialist areas of electromagnetics would write each chapter; providing insightful summaries of current developments within their specialisms, and then extrapolating these existing trends in a logical and reasoned fashion to forecast the future technological developments in their fields. The challenge was for them to look ahead by anything up to a century or more.
This volume presents the fruits of this plan, by focusing on current and forthcoming trends in ten of the most exciting and important areas of technological development involving the field of electromagnetics.
The book particularly addresses wireless power transfer, magnetic confinements fusion, the applications of metamaterials to improve antennas, lenses and cloaking technologies, powerful superconducting motors, applications of magnetic levitation, electrostatic dissipation in healthcare, electromagnetic propulsion for spacecraft, advances in liquid crystal displays, advanced particle accelerators and technological applications of magnetic monopoles.
It is an important consequence of the Maxwell Equations, which constitute the theoretical framework of electromagnetics, that accelerating or oscillating a charge generates a wave in the electromagnetic field. In a parallel fashion, this book aims to lead the charge in making waves in the field of electromagnetic technology.
New Waves in Electromagnetic Technology is a valuable resource for researchers in the electromagnetics community who are seeking perspectives on the leading edge of scientific thought and a long view on possible future directions in the field.

2025, American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences

The paper proposes workable ideas for development of a single device that can measure values of Gravity, Magnetic Fields and changes in Angular and Linear velocity of a vehicle to be used for inertial navigation system. Moreover, the same device can also be used as in-space propulsion system for satellites that can sustain operations indefinitely; thus paving way for miniaturization of satellites in order to achieve cost effectiveness and prolonged life time of satellites in space, by eliminating the need of propulsion fuels. The system will be powered by onboard solar panels. This will enable not only missions around earth, moon or nearby planets but also deep space missions around solar system as long as power source remains viable. The device utilizes magnetic levitation achieved through combination of permanent and electromagnets whereby momentum of a ball magnetically suspended inside a spherical electromagnet is transferred to satellite due to its acceleration under magnetic f...

2025

Elimination of frictional losses has been receiving large attention to reduce power consumption and the maintenance cost thus increasing the power efficiency. Considering the above facts, Magnetic levitation technology has given the contribution in industry as a part. Now, since Maglev's are highly nonlinear and inherently unstable, the objective is to design a controller that would be an attractive alternative to the existing classical or modern controllers challenging Non-linear control systems without the requirement of any system model or complex mathematical equations governing the transfer function. These requirements raised the design and analysis of Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC). Furthermore, the investigation on Proportional Integrated Derivative Controller (PID) is also reported here and its output is compared with that of Fuzzy controller to control the ball levitation in the air. The proposed controllers for MAGLEV system is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK and implemented on a laboratory-scale magnetic levitation system.

2025, ERJ. Engineering Research Journal

The total artificial heart (TAH) is a mechanical device to be integrated with mammal"s blood flow dynamics to reinstate the functionality of biologically defected heart. In this paper, a Halbach array linear synchronous motor (HALSM) is used as a TAH. In this paper, the optimal control of the TAH that utilizes HALSM is studied to investigate its performance driving blood circulation. The optimal control system is relied on enabling the TAH of following certain pattern of blood flow. Analytical formulas for the HALSM developed force is presented depending on space harmonic analysis for the solution of the multilayer boundary field problem. Parameters of the formulas are obtained by means of magnetic field analysis using finite element method (FEM). The dynamic model of the blood circulation driven by HALSM is developed as a main step before control system design. PID controller is designed to control the TAH system. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the optimized controller parameter .Simulated study is carried out for the TAH optimal control as integrated element in the blood cycle of an adult human. The obtained results, presents valuable guide for the design of TAH control system implementing Halbach linear motors.

2025, Nonlinear Dynamics

In the active magnetic bearings (AMBs) supported rotating machinery, touchdown bearings are considered as safety devices to support the rotor in the deficiency of electromagnetic field. Generally, the industrial AMB machines do not have force sensors for touchdown bearings and the system is only equipped with the position sensors to monitor the rotor displacement that disables the opportunity to measure the forces during dropdown events that might be destructive for the safe operation of the rotor system. This study explores the relative severity of dropdowns that are evaluated from a computational rotor model using the rotor displacement data recorded from the position sensors installed in the machine as an input. The model for double-row angular contact ball bearing type touchdown bearings is integrated with the rotor model. The simulation model is verified by comparing the simulated rotor orbits against measured orbits at four different dropdowns. The Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to observe the studied dropdown events in frequency domain revealing from the rotor response the following details: harmonics of the operation speed, rub-impact frequencies, pendulum motion of the rotor and the first two bending frequencies of the rotor settled on the touchdown bearings. The critical speed map also verifies the bending frequencies and identified support properties. The model-based approach can be used to evaluate and compare a single dropdown event with respect to previous events providing an insight for decision making whether touchdown bearing should be replaced.

2025, New Journal of Physics

The application of both a strong magnetic field and magnetic field gradient to a diamagnetic body can produce a vertical force which is sufficient to counteract its weight due to gravity. By immersing the body in a paramagnetic fluid, an additional adjustable magneto-buoyancy force is generated which enhances the levitation effect. Here we show that cryogenic oxygen and oxygennitrogen mixtures in both gaseous and liquid form provide sufficient buoyancy to permit the levitation and flotation of a wide range of materials. These fluids may provide an alternative to synthetic ferrofluids for the separation of minerals. We also report the dynamics of corrugation instabilities on the surface of magnetized liquid oxygen.

2025, International journal of simulation: systems, science and technology

Each Automata model has various applications such as Finite automata which are used in compilers and text processing; Context-free grammar (CFGs) which was originally used in the study of human language, programming language and artificial intelligence; and lastly the Cellular automata used in the field of biology. The study of plants is under the umbrella of biology which in this study focuses on the Vascular plants. The study applied cellular automata model in finding or predicting the family where a particular plant belongs. Using the evolutionary algorithm particularly the Wolfram Classification Scheme, in particular the Moore model has helped the researchers predict what particular key the plant may belong from the 8 key plant classification of angiosperm plants. The study was able to identify that each plant can have one or more key plant classifications. Further, we also used finite automata to determine the plants under each key plant classifications.

2025

S. Tolendiuly, (s.tolendiuly@satbayev.university), S. Fomenko, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan K. Alipbayev, A. Covet, A. Zhauyt, Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications, Almaty, Kazakhstan The main results for the synthesis and study of superconducting high-temperature materials based on cuprates obtained by high-temperature synthesis are presented. The influence of the ratio of the primary components, time and exposure temperature on the output of the superconducting phase (Y123) in the composition was studied. It was found that the initial ratio of components, annealing temperature and aging time have a direct impact on the qualitative and quantitative formation of the conductive phase. The chemical, phase composition and morphology of the obtained samples were carefully studied. Optimal result (maximum conductive phase in Y-Ba-Cu-O system (Y123) size) at a temperature of 920 °С with a retention time of 6 hours.

2025

The phrase "Subject to" is a general term and has been defined 102 times at different places in the Constitution. It has been used with the words "Constitution," "law," and "Constitution and law" at various places in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. "Subject to the Constitution," "Subject to the Constitution and law," and "Subject to law" are the most frequently used phrases. Although the phrase seems very simple, it carries a deep legal sense and understanding. The term "Subject to" subordinates one provision to another and gives overriding effect to the provision it refers to. It is also used to resolve inconsistency or conflict between two provisions. It signifies the supremacy of the provision to which it is subject.

2025, AMUPAC Ciencia y Salud

Las abejas, mundialmente reconocidas por su deliciosa miel típica de los desayunos americanos
como los panqueques y los waffles. También reconocidas ampliamente por la magnífica
arquitectura que manifiestan en sus panales.

2025

O sector energético apresenta hoje um papel estruturante, integrador e fundamental na Sociedade e na Economia Portuguesa. Neste contexto, as fontes de energia renovável pelo seu carácter endógeno e disperso, assumem um lugar de destaque nas Políticas Nacionais e Internacionais. Unanimemente reconhecido como um sector com enorme potencial de desenvolvimento as Energias Renováveis em Portugal, e no Mundo, têm assumido um peso crescente na potência total instalada. A energia eólica é das fontes de energia renovável existentes, a que assume maior destaque, devido à tecnologia inerente à sua produção tenha evoluído rapidamente nos últimos anos, conduzindo a uma elevada Fiabilidade e Rendimento. Os Produtor em Regime Especial Eólicos apresentam reduzidos Impactos Ambientais e custos de instalação inferiores, comparativamente as outras fontes de produção renovável. O elevado crescimento da potência instalada do Produtores em Regime Especial, apresentam desafios técnicos, ao nível do Sistema de Protecção da Rede de Distribuição de Média Tensão (MT), provocando possíveis reduções da Qualidade de Serviço. O Sistema de Protecção assume um papel fundamental na exploração da rede eléctrica, na medida que o seu correcto funcionamento, em situações de defeito, permite minimizar os danos provocados por esses efeitos. Neste contexto, torna-se indispensável a identificação dos desafios e adaptação do Sistema de Protecção às novas condições de operação e exploração, com o mínimo investimento. Esta dissertação visa o estudo do impacto da integração do Produtor em Regime Especial Eólicos e identificação dos problemas nos Sistemas de Protecção da Rede de Distribuição de Média Tensão. A proposta de soluções para os problemas identificados, é também objectivo da dissertação.

2025, Energies

In the rotating machinery sector, active magnetic bearing (AMB) has drawn great attention due to its benefits over the conventional bearing system. The high-speed technology is enhanced by AMBs, which also reduce maintenance costs and eliminate friction loss. This paper presents a unique, simpler, efficient design and hardware implementation for high-speed applications using two-coil I-type active magnetic bearings. To maintain the 10 mm air gap between the actuator and the rotor, two categories of controllers have been designed for the proposed system to control the position and another for detecting the coil current through the power amplifier. The AMB system is incorporated into a 3D finite element model for determining magnetic properties. The magnetic analysis is then carried out under various situations, and the attractive force characteristics have been evaluated for this suggested system to check the performance of the multicoil AMB system along with the stability analysis. ...