Magnetic Levitation Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

An innovative six-meter long prototype of the magnetic levitation suspended cryogen transfer line has design, constructed and tested to demo potentials of extending many missions by saving cryogens, or reducing the overall launch mass to accomplish a given mission. The use of magnetic levitation by permanent magnets (PM) and high temperature superconductors (HTS) provides support without mechanical contact and thus, the conduction part of the heat leak can be reduced to zero, which is ultimately the most serious heat leak after thermal radiation has been minimized. The configurations of HTS & PM, the levitation force in different arrangements, the mechanical design of the transfer line, the support/release structures, and the cryogenic testing results are also discussed.

2025

An energy efficient, cost effective cryogenic distribution system (up to several miles) is crucial for spaceport and in-space cryogenic systems. The conduction heat loss from the supports that connect the cold inner lines to the warm support structure is ultimately the most serious heat leak after thermal radiation has been minimized. The use of magnetic levitation by permanent magnets and high temperature superconductors provides support without mechanical contact and thus, the conduction part of the heat leak can be reduced to zero. A stop structure is carefully designed to hold the center tube when the system is warm. The novel design will provide the potential of extending many missions by saving cryogens, or reducing the overall launch mass. The present R&D work is covered by a NASA SBIR Phase I project performed by AMAC International Inc. AMAC has successfully completed all the tests of a prototype transfer line in phase I. Comprehensive investigations of the concept design, arrangements of high temperature superconductor-permanent magnet, material choices, cryogenic cooling, and thermal insulations have been conducted analytically and experimentally. Two demonstration modules have be constructed and tested for magnetic suspension, stabilities, and other important performance. NASA has awarded AMAC a phase II grant as support for the continued prototype development.

2025

In a conventional vacuum-jacketed cryogen transfer line, the major heat transfer is dominated by two modes: i) radiation between the warm outer pipe and the cold inner pipe and ii) thermal conduction through support members and penetrations. Magnetic levitation makes it possible to eliminate the conduction portion by use of non-contact support, consisting of high temperature superconductor (HTS) and permanent magnet (PM). Several transfer line prototypes (including a 6-meter prototype) have been designed and constructed to optimize the levitation and thermal performance. This paper reviews the key design/fabrication issues, such as levitation configuration, levitation force measurement, warm-support design using smart materials, fabrication process, and technical milestones throughout a 3-year period. This novel transfer line offers the potential of significant savings of cryogens and hence reduces the cost of cryogen use.

2025

An energy efficient cryogenic transfer line with magnetic suspension has been prototyped and cryogenically tested The prototype transfer line exhibits cryogen saving potential of 30-35% in its suspension state as compared to its solid support state. Key technologies developed include novel magnetic levitation using multiple-pole high temperature superconductor (HTS) and rare earth permanent-magnet (PM) elements and a smart cryogenic actuator as the warm support structure. These technologies have vast applications in extremely low thermal leak cryogenic storage/delivery containers, superconducting magnetic bearings, smart thermal switches, etc. This paper reviews the development work and discusses future applications of established technologies.

2025

This paper briefly describes the cryogenic Test capabilities of the Magnet Test Laboratory (MTL). The instrumentation for controlling the operating condition of the magnet cryogenic test and for verifying the requirements of the SSC magnet performance is introduced. The development of the thermometer system, particularly the He vapor preasure thermometers with differential pressure transducer,is presented in detail The 10-kA vapor-cooled power leads were optimized thermally, with consideration for the different fin shapes, diameter, lengths, and RRRs of the power lead material. Two mechanical designs are introduced. The anticryostats, so-called warm bore and warm finger, that provide a warm environment to allow the magnetic fieldmeasuring probe run through the 4.2-K beam tube are described. The warm finger for SSC short-magnet cryogenic tests was manufactured and successfully used. Finally, the feed and end cans-used to provide cryogens to the magnet being tested as well as cryogenic vacuum-and the support of other instrumentation are described.

2025

Agradeço ao meu orientador, Prof. Joaquim António Fraga Gonçalves Dente, a disponibilidade, paciência e empenho demonstrados, ao Professor Paulo Branco ea minha co-orientadora, Prof.ª Maria Eduarda de Sampaio Pinto de Almeida Pedro pelo... more

2025, Open Physics

Fine particles of ZnFe2O4 were synthesized by a wet chemical method in the (80 wt.% Fe2O3 + 20 wt.% ZnO) system. The morphological and structural properties of the mixed system were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The major phase was determined to be the ZnFe2O4 spinel with particle size of 11 nm. The magnetic properties of the material were investigated by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in the temperature range from liquid helium to room temperature. A very intense, asymmetric FMR signal from ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles was recorded, which has been analyzed in terms of two Callen-lineshape lines. Temperature dependence of the FMR parameters was obtained from fitting the experimental lines with two component lines. Analysis of the FMR spectra in terms of two separate components indicates the presence of strongly anisotropic magnetic interactions.

2025, 52nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

This paper demonstrates the use of a slow-rate image sensor for control of a fast-rate beam steering system. The image sensor is modeled as an integrative intensity sensor, from which fast-rate dynamics may be estimated by appropriate motion-field extraction. These fast-rate state estimates obtained from the slow-rate image sensor are then used for a multi rate model-following controller that achieves desired performance through state-matching. This is in contrast to traditional control schemes for fast-rate systems with image sensors, which rely on the slow-rate time-averaged output measurement during the exposure time of the image sensor (Le., the first spatial moment of the acquired image), discarding the image blur as noise. We demonstrate that the proposed multirate feedback controller, which uses the entire intensity distribution at the image sensor, provides superior tracking performance than a similar multirate controller that uses only the first moment of the image (time-averaged output) as feedback measurements.

2025, IET Publishing - Electromagnetics & Radar Books

The concept for this book emerged from a webinar on Electromagnetic Waves: Successfully Surfing the Subject that the editor gave on behalf of the IET in June 2020. The concept was that experts in specialist areas of electromagnetics would write each chapter; providing insightful summaries of current developments within their specialisms, and then extrapolating these existing trends in a logical and reasoned fashion to forecast the future technological developments in their fields. The challenge was for them to look ahead by anything up to a century or more.
This volume presents the fruits of this plan, by focusing on current and forthcoming trends in ten of the most exciting and important areas of technological development involving the field of electromagnetics.
The book particularly addresses wireless power transfer, magnetic confinements fusion, the applications of metamaterials to improve antennas, lenses and cloaking technologies, powerful superconducting motors, applications of magnetic levitation, electrostatic dissipation in healthcare, electromagnetic propulsion for spacecraft, advances in liquid crystal displays, advanced particle accelerators and technological applications of magnetic monopoles.
It is an important consequence of the Maxwell Equations, which constitute the theoretical framework of electromagnetics, that accelerating or oscillating a charge generates a wave in the electromagnetic field. In a parallel fashion, this book aims to lead the charge in making waves in the field of electromagnetic technology.
New Waves in Electromagnetic Technology is a valuable resource for researchers in the electromagnetics community who are seeking perspectives on the leading edge of scientific thought and a long view on possible future directions in the field.

2025, American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences

The paper proposes workable ideas for development of a single device that can measure values of Gravity, Magnetic Fields and changes in Angular and Linear velocity of a vehicle to be used for inertial navigation system. Moreover, the same device can also be used as in-space propulsion system for satellites that can sustain operations indefinitely; thus paving way for miniaturization of satellites in order to achieve cost effectiveness and prolonged life time of satellites in space, by eliminating the need of propulsion fuels. The system will be powered by onboard solar panels. This will enable not only missions around earth, moon or nearby planets but also deep space missions around solar system as long as power source remains viable. The device utilizes magnetic levitation achieved through combination of permanent and electromagnets whereby momentum of a ball magnetically suspended inside a spherical electromagnet is transferred to satellite due to its acceleration under magnetic f...

2025

Elimination of frictional losses has been receiving large attention to reduce power consumption and the maintenance cost thus increasing the power efficiency. Considering the above facts, Magnetic levitation technology has given the contribution in industry as a part. Now, since Maglev's are highly nonlinear and inherently unstable, the objective is to design a controller that would be an attractive alternative to the existing classical or modern controllers challenging Non-linear control systems without the requirement of any system model or complex mathematical equations governing the transfer function. These requirements raised the design and analysis of Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC). Furthermore, the investigation on Proportional Integrated Derivative Controller (PID) is also reported here and its output is compared with that of Fuzzy controller to control the ball levitation in the air. The proposed controllers for MAGLEV system is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK and implemented on a laboratory-scale magnetic levitation system.

2025, ERJ. Engineering Research Journal

The total artificial heart (TAH) is a mechanical device to be integrated with mammal"s blood flow dynamics to reinstate the functionality of biologically defected heart. In this paper, a Halbach array linear synchronous motor (HALSM) is used as a TAH. In this paper, the optimal control of the TAH that utilizes HALSM is studied to investigate its performance driving blood circulation. The optimal control system is relied on enabling the TAH of following certain pattern of blood flow. Analytical formulas for the HALSM developed force is presented depending on space harmonic analysis for the solution of the multilayer boundary field problem. Parameters of the formulas are obtained by means of magnetic field analysis using finite element method (FEM). The dynamic model of the blood circulation driven by HALSM is developed as a main step before control system design. PID controller is designed to control the TAH system. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the optimized controller parameter .Simulated study is carried out for the TAH optimal control as integrated element in the blood cycle of an adult human. The obtained results, presents valuable guide for the design of TAH control system implementing Halbach linear motors.

2025, Nonlinear Dynamics

In the active magnetic bearings (AMBs) supported rotating machinery, touchdown bearings are considered as safety devices to support the rotor in the deficiency of electromagnetic field. Generally, the industrial AMB machines do not have force sensors for touchdown bearings and the system is only equipped with the position sensors to monitor the rotor displacement that disables the opportunity to measure the forces during dropdown events that might be destructive for the safe operation of the rotor system. This study explores the relative severity of dropdowns that are evaluated from a computational rotor model using the rotor displacement data recorded from the position sensors installed in the machine as an input. The model for double-row angular contact ball bearing type touchdown bearings is integrated with the rotor model. The simulation model is verified by comparing the simulated rotor orbits against measured orbits at four different dropdowns. The Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to observe the studied dropdown events in frequency domain revealing from the rotor response the following details: harmonics of the operation speed, rub-impact frequencies, pendulum motion of the rotor and the first two bending frequencies of the rotor settled on the touchdown bearings. The critical speed map also verifies the bending frequencies and identified support properties. The model-based approach can be used to evaluate and compare a single dropdown event with respect to previous events providing an insight for decision making whether touchdown bearing should be replaced.

2025, New Journal of Physics

The application of both a strong magnetic field and magnetic field gradient to a diamagnetic body can produce a vertical force which is sufficient to counteract its weight due to gravity. By immersing the body in a paramagnetic fluid, an additional adjustable magneto-buoyancy force is generated which enhances the levitation effect. Here we show that cryogenic oxygen and oxygennitrogen mixtures in both gaseous and liquid form provide sufficient buoyancy to permit the levitation and flotation of a wide range of materials. These fluids may provide an alternative to synthetic ferrofluids for the separation of minerals. We also report the dynamics of corrugation instabilities on the surface of magnetized liquid oxygen.

2025, International journal of simulation: systems, science and technology

Each Automata model has various applications such as Finite automata which are used in compilers and text processing; Context-free grammar (CFGs) which was originally used in the study of human language, programming language and artificial intelligence; and lastly the Cellular automata used in the field of biology. The study of plants is under the umbrella of biology which in this study focuses on the Vascular plants. The study applied cellular automata model in finding or predicting the family where a particular plant belongs. Using the evolutionary algorithm particularly the Wolfram Classification Scheme, in particular the Moore model has helped the researchers predict what particular key the plant may belong from the 8 key plant classification of angiosperm plants. The study was able to identify that each plant can have one or more key plant classifications. Further, we also used finite automata to determine the plants under each key plant classifications.

2025

S. Tolendiuly, (s.tolendiuly@satbayev.university), S. Fomenko, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan K. Alipbayev, A. Covet, A. Zhauyt, Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications, Almaty, Kazakhstan The main results for the synthesis and study of superconducting high-temperature materials based on cuprates obtained by high-temperature synthesis are presented. The influence of the ratio of the primary components, time and exposure temperature on the output of the superconducting phase (Y123) in the composition was studied. It was found that the initial ratio of components, annealing temperature and aging time have a direct impact on the qualitative and quantitative formation of the conductive phase. The chemical, phase composition and morphology of the obtained samples were carefully studied. Optimal result (maximum conductive phase in Y-Ba-Cu-O system (Y123) size) at a temperature of 920 °С with a retention time of 6 hours.

2025

The phrase "Subject to" is a general term and has been defined 102 times at different places in the Constitution. It has been used with the words "Constitution," "law," and "Constitution and law" at various places in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. "Subject to the Constitution," "Subject to the Constitution and law," and "Subject to law" are the most frequently used phrases. Although the phrase seems very simple, it carries a deep legal sense and understanding. The term "Subject to" subordinates one provision to another and gives overriding effect to the provision it refers to. It is also used to resolve inconsistency or conflict between two provisions. It signifies the supremacy of the provision to which it is subject.

2025, AMUPAC Ciencia y Salud

Las abejas, mundialmente reconocidas por su deliciosa miel típica de los desayunos americanos
como los panqueques y los waffles. También reconocidas ampliamente por la magnífica
arquitectura que manifiestan en sus panales.

2025

O sector energético apresenta hoje um papel estruturante, integrador e fundamental na Sociedade e na Economia Portuguesa. Neste contexto, as fontes de energia renovável pelo seu carácter endógeno e disperso, assumem um lugar de destaque nas Políticas Nacionais e Internacionais. Unanimemente reconhecido como um sector com enorme potencial de desenvolvimento as Energias Renováveis em Portugal, e no Mundo, têm assumido um peso crescente na potência total instalada. A energia eólica é das fontes de energia renovável existentes, a que assume maior destaque, devido à tecnologia inerente à sua produção tenha evoluído rapidamente nos últimos anos, conduzindo a uma elevada Fiabilidade e Rendimento. Os Produtor em Regime Especial Eólicos apresentam reduzidos Impactos Ambientais e custos de instalação inferiores, comparativamente as outras fontes de produção renovável. O elevado crescimento da potência instalada do Produtores em Regime Especial, apresentam desafios técnicos, ao nível do Sistema de Protecção da Rede de Distribuição de Média Tensão (MT), provocando possíveis reduções da Qualidade de Serviço. O Sistema de Protecção assume um papel fundamental na exploração da rede eléctrica, na medida que o seu correcto funcionamento, em situações de defeito, permite minimizar os danos provocados por esses efeitos. Neste contexto, torna-se indispensável a identificação dos desafios e adaptação do Sistema de Protecção às novas condições de operação e exploração, com o mínimo investimento. Esta dissertação visa o estudo do impacto da integração do Produtor em Regime Especial Eólicos e identificação dos problemas nos Sistemas de Protecção da Rede de Distribuição de Média Tensão. A proposta de soluções para os problemas identificados, é também objectivo da dissertação.

2025, Energies

In the rotating machinery sector, active magnetic bearing (AMB) has drawn great attention due to its benefits over the conventional bearing system. The high-speed technology is enhanced by AMBs, which also reduce maintenance costs and eliminate friction loss. This paper presents a unique, simpler, efficient design and hardware implementation for high-speed applications using two-coil I-type active magnetic bearings. To maintain the 10 mm air gap between the actuator and the rotor, two categories of controllers have been designed for the proposed system to control the position and another for detecting the coil current through the power amplifier. The AMB system is incorporated into a 3D finite element model for determining magnetic properties. The magnetic analysis is then carried out under various situations, and the attractive force characteristics have been evaluated for this suggested system to check the performance of the multicoil AMB system along with the stability analysis. ...

2025, 2008 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference

Applied Materials Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) systems are unique in providing high resolution process data particularly wafer rotation angle and wafer rotation speed as a function of time. This work explores how this information can be used to predict on-wafer process results using an advanced analysis package known as WISR (Wafer Interdiction and Scrap Reduction). WISR is an advanced process control platform for the collection, storage, visualization, and analysis of process parameters from production tools. One of the main analysis features of WISR is the ability to create virtual sensors. Virtual sensors are calculated parameters derived from physical sensors that can provide real-time and statistical representation of process health. The focus of this paper is the ability of WISR to transform time series chamber parameters from the pyrometers and the magnetic levitation controller into thermal wafer images at any time during the recipe execution and provide wafer-to-wafer handoff correction. These abilities constitute a virtual sensor module in WISR known as Virtual Metrology (VM). We describe the implementation of the VM-analysis and show how temperature maps and handoff corrections correlate with offline metrology in RTP critical anneals. This is an innovative new method to significantly reduce wafer processing errors, enhance yield, and minimize production cost.

2025, American journal of mechanical engineering

The motivation of this paper is to design and fabrication a cost effective magnetic levitation (shortly called Maglev) system using PLC. For this purpose a stand, a 12 volt electromagnet, eddy current displacement sensor which input voltage is 24 volt and output voltage range is 0 to 10 volt for 0 to 10 mm displacement, Siemens Logo PLC setup board including CPU, cable, analog expansion module, an amplifier circuit & Logo soft software are used. Sensor senses the displacement of a target and gives corresponding signal in terms of voltage. This sensor output voltage is used as input in PLC input terminal. CPU works according to ladder diagram which is installed in program memory. The electromagnet is connected to the analog expansion output terminal. The current is controlled by PLC according to sensor signal which passes through the electromagnet. When distance between the sensor and target is increased the output sensor voltage is increased. PLC receives this voltage and decrease t...

2025, EC Cardiology

Rotor vibration control during start-up, acceleration and deceleration phases are one of the key problems besides stable levitation, in high-speed applications of bearing less switched reluctance motor (BSRM) . Global sliding mode controller (GSMC) is proposed to control the speed and position of BSRM. Sensor less operation is achieved with sliding mode observer. Rotor displacement tracking error functions were used in the sliding mode switching functions. New sliding mode displacement control and speed tracking equations obtained using extra exponential fast decaying nonlinear function and conventional linear sliding mode switching. Simulation is carried on hybrid 12/14 BSRM with the proposed controller and observer. 12 stator poles and 14 rotor poles were selected. Pole arc was 25.71. FEM analysis showed Torque pole arc was 12.85. Air gap length was 0.25 -0.5 mm. Stator diameters -112/60.2, stator yoke thickness 7.7 mm, shaft diameter of 18 mm, coil width of 4 mm, rotor pole arc of 12.85, axial stack length of 40 mm, rotor yoke thickness of 9.7 mm-were the major design parameters. FEM of motor parameters under different loads for speed, torque load, switching angle, voltage, phase resistance and moment of inertia was performed. Separated single winding, wide suspending force region, higher power density, natural decoupling of torque from suspending force, low magnetic motive force, low core cost of hybrid 12/14 BSRM makes it ideal as motor for total artificial heart as destination therapy.

2025, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)

This paper presents a vehicle-mounted vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) designed to generate power in motion and at cutoff locations. Particularly, its application to military vehicles is explored to provide uninterrupted electrical power for radio communication equipment and lighting needs in remote areas. The design uses a helical wind turbine for its compactness, lightweight, and suitability for vehicle mounting without heavy support structures. These turbines have low starting wind speeds, minimal vibration, portability, affordability, and low maintenance requirements. Utilizing fiberglass blades, the turbine unit measures 103 mm in height and 27.5 mm in diameter, achieving optimal rpm and torque for given wind speeds. Operating within the wind speed range of 10 km/h to 40 km/h, the VAWT produces an output voltage ranging from 5 V to 55 V, with a maximum wind turbine power output of 1120 watts at a wind speed of 12 m/s. The final generator output power obtained with the above wind turbine output of 1120 watts is 352 watts. A prototype unit has been tested and mounted on an all-terrain vehicle for evaluation. The paper provides detailed design steps, calculations, and insights for optimizing performance and facilitating large-scale implementation in the future.

2025, Review of Scientific Instruments

Multifrequency and high field/high frequency (HF) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a powerful spectroscopy for studying paramagnetic spin systems ranging from organic-free radicals to catalytic paramagnetic metal ion centers in metalloproteins. Typically, HF EPR experiments are carried out at resonant frequencies ν=95–300GHz and this requires magnetic fields of 3.4–10.7T for electronic spins with g≈2.0. Such fields could be easily achieved with superconducting magnets, but, unlike NMR, these magnets cannot operate in a persistent mode in order to satisfy a wide range of resonant fields required by the experiment. Operating and maintaining conventional passively cooled superconducting magnets in EPR laboratories require frequent transfer of cryogens by trained personnel. Here we describe and characterize a versatile cryogen-free magnet system for HF EPR at magnetic fields up to 12.1T that is suitable for ramping the magnetic field over the entire range, precision scans around...

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

Humankind produced 63.7 million metric tons of aluminium in 2019 1 , nearly all via an electrochemical process in which electrical current liberates molten Al from dissolved alumina. That year, Al production required 848 TWh of electricity 1 , 3% of the worldwide total 2 , and caused 1% of human greenhouse gas emissions 3 . Much of the electricity and emissions originate from energy loss in the poorly conducting electrolyte where aluminum oxide is dissolved. Thinning the electrolyte layer could decrease loss 4 but has been limited by the Metal Pad Instability (MPI) 5 , which causes Al cells to slosh out of control if the electrolyte is not sufficiently thick. Here we show that adding an oscillating component to the current disrupts the MPI in realistic simulations, allowing stable operation with electrolyte layers at least 12% thinner. This occurs when oscillation excites standing waves, which decouple the resonance that drives a growing traveling wave, characteristic of the MPI. Maintaining oscillation can prevent MPI; initiating oscillation can halt an MPI in progress. Our findings could significantly increase the efficiency of virtually all aluminium refining cells without the need for expensive reconstruction, thereby decreasing energy use by 34 TWh/year (2.1 MJ/kg Al) or more and greenhouse gas emissions by 13 Mton/year or more.

2025, Physical Review B

A model for the calculation of the magnetic levitation force for finite type-II superconductors in the critical state is presented in a series of two papers. In the first paper, we describe the main features of the model and understand the effect of demagnetizing fields in the magnetic properties of finite superconductors by considering the case of a superconducting cylinder in the presence of a homogeneous applied field. Field and current profiles are calculated from a minimization of the magnetic energy in the superconductor after a change in the applied field. Results are presented for both constant and field-dependent critical currents. The procedure is general enough to be applied to the case of nonuniform applied fields, as long as the cylindrical geometry is preserved.

2025, Transportation systems and technology

Background: In Superconducting Magnetic Levitation (SML) transportation systems, such as the MagLev-Cobra prototype, the levitation force plays an important role, both for efficiency and safety reasons. Aim: Determination of the maximum load on the magnetic suspension. Methods: To determine how much load the magnetic suspension system supports, numerical simulations, based on computational models, and laboratory experimental tests are normally used. The most commonly way for characterization of a SML bearing is the measurement of the levitation force as a function of distance between a Superconductor (YBCO) [1, 2] and a Permanent Magnet Guideway (PMG). The measurement of levitation as a function of distance, the banana curve, has a hysteretic behavior with the results depending of the history of measurement: whether the distance between the superconductor and the PMG is decreasing the force is higher than when the distance is increasing, the force is higher with faster movements and...

2025, GUHCT Supplement: Formal Axioms, Cross-Domain Computational Mapping, and Falsifiable Experimental Criteria (Room-Temperature Superconducting)

We propose a unified theory-driven strategy to design, simulate, and realize a room-temperature superconductor based on lithium-intercalated graphane bilayers. Our approach integrates the Theoretical Harmonic Resonance Field Model (THRFM)... more

2025, Adjunct Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology

We propose SuperMagneShape, a method for creating interactive applications using MagneShape. MagneShape is a magneticallyactuated pin-based shape-changing display. It utilizes the forces produced by its magnetic components to control the levitation heights of passive magnetic pins, eliminating the need for an electric actuator for each pin. Although the MagneShape pin array is simple and inexpensive, rapid change of the magnetic pattern that drives the device is challenging. Proper display of shapes and characters requires appropriate magnetic patterns generated by a dedicated pattern generator and a time-consuming magnetization process. To minimize the complexity of the process, as well as the time taken between input and output, we designed a high-density pin array and a magnetic belt conveyor system. When the user handwrites a magnetic pattern in the shape of the letter "A" on a section of the magnetic belt, the imprinted magnetic pattern is conveyed under the high-density pin array and causes the pin array to display an "A" shape moving along it. We have also implemented games where the hand-drawn shape presents physical action as it is conveyed under the pin array. • Human-centered computing → Displays and imagers; User interface toolkits; Systems and tools for interaction design.

2025

Projekt byl zaměřen na seznámení se s problematikou plovoucích konstrukcí, podle pořízených podkladů a znalostí získaných během studia, byla provedena studie existující plovoucí konstrukce. Byl proveden posudek konstrukce přebrané z podkladů. Větší prostor byl věnován dnu konstrukce v posudcích. Ostatní konstrukce navrženy jen předběžně.The project aimed to familiarize yourself with the issue of floating structures, according to the procurement documents and knowledge acquired during studie, a study of existing floating structures. Review was conducted design adapted from documents. More space was devoted bottom structure in the assessment. Other structures designed only provisionally.

2025

In this work a novel method is introduced for the computation of magnetic flux density and magnetic force of attraction. In the first step, equations for the magnetic flux density are derived using scalar and vector potential along with Helmholtz decomposition equation. Concept of origin shifting and geometrical shape compensation is used to formulate the formula. This concept is further used for the analysis of magnetic field distribution in space around for permanent magnet. Secondly, Equation of force in one dimension is used to model the system both electrically and mathematically to obtain the overall transfer function. In order to reduce the settling time, PID control system is used. Finally, an excellent and robust nature of levitating system is demonstrated by means of simulation studies in MATLAB and measurement results.

2025, Proceeding of the Electrical Engineering Computer Science and Informatics

A permanent magnet is levitated following the electromagnetic suspension principle using the attractive magnetic force of a wire-wound electromagnet with a hall-effect sensor for position feedback. Taking the hall-effect voltage as an analog parameter and feedback signal to the microcontroller, the strength of the electromagnet is controlled by adjusting the current using the Pulse Width Modulation technique in order to levitate the permanent magnet. The stability of the levitated magnet is enhanced by the use of PID algorithm in the embedded system. Use of Laplace transform for simplification of differential equations and Taylor series for the linearization of system function supports the mathematical computation required for the levitation. Furthermore, by making the feedback signal from hall-effect sensor dependent only on the magnetic field of levitating magnet, an advancement in levitation phenomenon is achieved that aids the levitation with a greater flexibility of changing the position of the levitating magnet along the gravitational axis within a specified range.

2025, Materials Science and Nanotechnology

2025, AIP Conference Proceedings

A 10 T racetrack magnet (HFDB-03) wound with pre-reacted Nb 3 Sn Rutherford cable has been fabricated and tested at Fermilab. This magnet is the third one in a proof-ofprinciple series for the use of the React-and-Wind technology in common-coil dipole magnets for future accelerators. It consists of two flat racetrack coils (28 turns each) separated by 5 mm. The maximum field on the coil, at the short sample limit of 16530 A, is 10 tesla. The cable has 41 strands with 0.7 mm diameter and the minimum bend radius in the magnet ends is 90 mm. The predecessor of this magnet (HFDB-02) reached 78 % of the short sample limit at 7.7 T. The mechanical design was improved and the fabrication procedure was slightly modified in order to address possible causes of limitation. In this paper we present the mechanical design and analysis of HFDB-03, the modifications to the fabrication procedure and the test results.

2025, AIP Conference Proceedings

2025

This paper describes the results of design and analyses performed on 120-mm Nb 3 Sn and NbTi quadrupole magnets with parameters relevant for the LHC IR upgrade. A realistic radiation heat load is evaluated in a wide luminosity range and translated into the magnet quench performance. The simulation results are supported by thermal measurements on a 90-mm Nb 3 Sn quadrupole coil.

2025, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

2025, Navigation Physics : Journal of Physics Education

The purpose of this research is to produce a development product in the form of a Magnetic Levitation Train miniature model that can be used by teachers and students in the physics learning process on magnetic force material in class XII. This study uses research and development methods. The research was conducted through several stages, namely the first stage reviewing curriculum standard notes. The second stage is the design of the tool, making a miniature model of the Magnetic Levitation Train and the use of a miniature model of the Magnetic Levitation Train in the learning process. The third stage is the implementation stage, the miniature model of the Magnetic Levitation Train was tested on high school student of class XII to measure students against the miniature model of the Magnetic Levitation Train as a tool to help students understand the concept of magnetic force. The instrument uses a Likert Scale. With three stages, the researcher succeeded in making a miniature model o...

2025, International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO)

Bearing-less induction motors (BLIMs) are suitable candidates for high-speed applications but suffer from low torque density and complex control issues due to the interaction of torque and levitation forces. To address these challenges, this paper presents a new control strategy that combines vector control and direct torque control (DTC) for torque management, alongside a novel force control method based on finite element analysis (FEA). The proposed approach minimizes interference between torque and force magnetic fields by employing a parallel winding structure and distinct control units for torque and force. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces torque ripple and improves steady-state performance compared to conventional vector control and DTC. Furthermore, the force control unit outperforms a dual field-oriented control (FOC) method in regulating rotor position, offering better suspension force control and faster stabilization. This work contributes to the development of more efficient control strategies for BLIMs, enhancing their performance in industrial applications.

2025, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Conference

The International Space Station (ISS) will require periodic reboost due to atmospheric aerodynamic drag. This is nominally achieved through the use of thruster firings by the attached Progress M spacecraft. Many Progress flights to the ISS are required annually. Electrodynamic tethers provide an attractive alternative in that they can provide periodic reboost or continuous drag cancellation using no consumables, propellant, nor conventional propulsion elements. The system could also serve as an emergency backup reboost system used only in the event resupply and reboost are delayed for some reason. The system also has direct application to spacecraft and upper stage propulsion. Electrodynamic tethers have been demonstrated in space previously with the Plasma Motor Generator (PMG) experiment and the Tethered Satellite System (TSS-IR). The advanced electrodynamic tether proposed for this application has significant advantages over previous systems in that higher thrust is achievable with significantly shorter tethers and without the need for an active current collection device, hence making the system simpler and much less expensive. (Author)

2025, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

This paper proposes a novel permanent magnet planar motor with moving multi-layer orthogonal overlapping windings. This novel motor topology can achieve a 5 degree-of-freedom drive by using two sets of x-direction windings and two sets of y-direction windings, in a core-less configuration. The orthogonal multi-layer construction guarantees a high utilization of the magnetic field and realizes decoupling between x-direction thrust and y-direction thrust. The topology and operating principle of the planar motor are introduced in this paper. A reliable analytical tool for fast and accurate modelling of the motor is established based on the equivalent current method and the expressions of forces are derived. The force characteristics of the two-layer and the three-layer windings topologies are compared and design guidelines of planar motor are proposed. The analytical and 3D FEM results are validated with the experiments results of a tested prototype.

2025, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

A mechatronic device based on magnetic servo levitation (MSL) is proposed for long range and wide bandwidth actuation. The force capability of this type of actuator can be significantly larger than a linear motor or voice-coil actuator of similar dimensions. A novel parametric model of the electromagneto-mechanical coupled system has been developed to describe its behavior over a large range of motion and frequency, as opposed to more conventional attractive force small-perturbation models. It also provides a convenient way of devising a feedback linearizing control scheme that eliminates the need for high biasing currents present in most magnetic bearing systems. This paper presents a feedback-linearized controller coupled with a Kalman filter as a first approach to solve the tracking problem for such an actuator. Good tracking performance have been found both in simulation and experiments.

2025

A new algorithm for identification of discrete time Hybrid Systems in the Piece-Wise Affine (PWA) form is introduced. This problem involves the estimation of both the parameters of the affine submodels and the partition of the PWA map from data. At the first stage we propose a modified version of the k-plane clustering algorithm proposed in to provide initial data classification and parameter estimation. Then we apply the refinement algorithm proposed in repeatedly to the estimated clusters in order to improve both the data classification and the parameter estimation. The k-plane approach clusters the data in the data space instead of feature space and is computationally very efficient. Also the possible modifications on the algorithm which yield to a recursive version for online identification of PWA Hybrid systems are discussed.

2025

Prezentujú sa dynamické vlastnosti novovybudovaného 14-polového spojitého mosta z predpätého betónu na rýchlostnej ceste R1 v Slovenskej republike v úseku Nitra – Selenec. Popisuje sa dynamická testovacia procedúra, metódy vyhodnocovania a spracovanie meraných časových priebehov kinematických veličín – vertikálnych a horizontálnych posunov, pomerných pretvorení získaných pri vynútenom kmitaní mosta od účinku pohyblivého skúšobného zaťaženia, aj od rázových účinkov na konštrukciu mosta.Dynamic properties of the newly built 14-pole continuous prestressed concrete bridge in the Slovak highway R1 in section Selenec – Beladice is presented. Dynamic test procedures, methods of evaluating and processing of measured time record of kinematic quantities – vertical and horizontal displacements and strains obtained during the forced vibration of the bridge from the effect of the moving test load, and the shock effects on the structure of the bridge are described