Mamluk History Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Table of Contents (revised edition 2019) Abbreviations List of Illustrations in the Text List of Maps (after page …) Foreword Introduction Four Roads to Damascus The setting Legends of a birth For want of a spade Chapter 1... more

Table of Contents (revised edition 2019)

Abbreviations
List of Illustrations in the Text
List of Maps (after page …)
Foreword

Introduction
Four Roads to Damascus
The setting
Legends of a birth
For want of a spade

Chapter 1 – The Emergence of Damascus (9000 – c1000 BC)
The first villages
Ta-ms-qu in Upu
The mother of all battles
A wider catastrophe

Chapter 2 – Dimashqu – Damascus from the Aramaeans to the Assyrians (c1000 – 732 BC)
After the turmoil
An Aramaean Empire (Eleventh Century–733 BC)
Aram-Damascus vs Israel
Neo-Assyrian Empire (964–c800 BC)
The city of the god
Damascus in Aramaean Times
The temple
Resurgent Assyria (8th century BC)
Epilogue: An altar for Jerusalem

Chapter 3 – A Greater Game – Assyrians, Persians, Greeks (732 – c300 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Empire (732–636 BC)
Neo-Babylonians (Chaldeans) (626–539 BC)
Persian (Achaemenid) rule (539–333 BC)
Damascus during the twilight of the Ancient Near East
After Issus (333–331 BC)
A Hellenic millennium

Chapter 4 – The Sowing of Hellenism – Ptolemies and Seleucids (300 – 64 BC)
Ptolemaic rule – Third Century BC
Damascus between rival dynasties
Seleucid rule – second century BC
The persistence of the plan
A Greek city
Temple of Zeus
A Hellenistic civilisation?

Chapter 5 – Towards a Pax Romana (64 BC – AD 30)
Rome Intervenes
Pompey’s settlement
The east Mediterranean theatre
Damascus and the struggle for empire
Stabilising the Damascus region
Urge to monumentalise
Civic works

Chapter 6 – Metropolis Romana (AD 30 – 268)
Who were the Syrians?
The city and temple of Jupiter
Importance of cult centres
First Christian mission
An imperial city
Syrian consorts
The eastern question
Population
City and country

Chapter 7 – Holding the Line (AD 269 – 610)
Nature of the Persian threat
Hard and soft frontiers
A Christian city
Cathedral of Saint John
Decline and disintegration
Who were the Arabs|?
‘Do it yourself’ defence doctrine

Chapter 8 – ‘Farewell, Oh Syria’ (611 – 661)
Damascus – The First Bulwark
The great field army perishes
Arab aims
Heraclius retreats
Arab administration

Chapter 9 – The Umayyads (661 – 750)
Muʿawiya and the new order
The Umayyad prism
The ʿAlite revolt
Acquisition of the Church of Saint John
The building of the Mosque
The fantastic garden
Threshold of Paradise
A ninety year empire
A glorious failure?

PART TWO

Preface to Part Two - When did the ancient end?

Chapter 10 – Decline, Confusion and Irrelevance (750 – 1008)
Ostracism (750–877)
Teaching Damascus a lesson
Sullen revolt
Turkish inroads, Tulunids (877–905)
Shiʿism
Fragmentation (905–964)
Fatimids (969–1071)
Seljuks (1055–1104)
Arrival of the Burids (1104)
First madrasas

Chapter 11 – Islam Resurgent (1098 – 1174)
Bulwark Against the Crusaders?
Early Burids (Tughtagin 1104–28)
Burids versus Zengids (1128–48)
Jerusalem-Damascus-Aleppo
The Second Crusade (1148) – ‘Fiasco’
Citadel of the faith
Jihad!
Nur al-Din (1154–74)
Nur al-Din’s monuments
A new ‘Golden Age’

Chapter 12 – Saladin and the Ayyubids (1174 – 1250)
Saladin’s rise
Hattin (1187)
‘The last victory’
The Ayyubid succession
Al-Muazzim ʿIssa (1218–28)
Jerusalem betrayed
Al-Ashraf (1229–38)
Back on the periphery (1238-50)
Courtly society

Chapter 13 – Mamluks (1250 – 1515)
The Central Asian threat
Baybars (1260–77)
Return of the Mongols
The Mamluk system
A new prosperity
Foreigners
Mamluk building
Tengiz’s governorship (1312– 40)
Decline (1341-82)
Burji Mamluks (1382–1516)
Siege of Tamerlane (1401)
A Venetian window
Collapse

Chapter 14 – The Ottoman Centuries (1516 – 1840)
Military rule
The Hajj
Midan
Stability of population
Reshaping Damascus
Municipal services
A new role (1706–58)
‘Age of the Aʿyans’
Cathedrals of commerce
Acre’s rise – and fall
European ambitions – Egypt intervenes

Chapter 15 – Reform and Reaction (1840 – 1918)
Tanzimat – reform and reaction
1860 massacre
A ‘Little Istanbul’
Telegraph, road and rail
To Mecca by train?
The great fire of 1893
Suq al-Hamidiye
The Damascus house
Command for monument protection
Arab awakening
‘To Damascus!’ – the great ride
Whose Damascus?

Chapter 16 Epilogue – Countdown to Catastrophe (1919–2011)

1919
1925
1948
1970
2011

Appendices
Glossary of Terms and Names
Maps of City and Environs
Bibliography

Index