Manchu Studies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, History of Science and Technology

This paper documents the resilience of fenye (分野, lit., "field allocation") and its applications through the nineteenth century in China. Despite literati (and eventually imperial) criticisms that the fenye system of correlative cosmography was outdated and unworthy of belief, fenye retained a sizeable audience through the close of the Qing period. At the top, the Qing imperial state continued to reference fenye correlations in its official communications late into the dynasty. In local society, literati looked to newly issued dynastic sources of astrological knowledge to update local gazetteers; in the nineteenth century, these trends were pronounced along frontier areas lacking longstanding gazetteer records. Finally, people engaged in the practice of fengshui looked to fenye knowledge to update the values and layout of the compass, the historical origins of which related to geomantic practices. In the Qing period, the compass was both theoretically and physically altered under the influence of Jesuit-introduced "Western Learning" (Xixue 西學). The paper contends that the status of fenye in pre-twentieth century China was seldom an allor-nothing proposition between a celebrated component of imperial orthodoxy and an outdated relic in inexorable decline: people critiqued fenye, used fenye, and updated fenye.

2025, Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of Vexillology, Beijing, China, August 2024

Historically both Japan and China had military flags
with Chinese characters (kanji in Japanese) written on
them. Medieval Japanese military banners with the
kanji name of a deity, such as Great Bodhisattva
Hachiman (八幡大菩薩), gained the power of the deity
by religious ritual. They were twice as wide as the
13th century samurai banners with the family crest
(mon). That deity-name-written banner of the shogun
or the emperor was called a mihata and had a political
role to justify battle with samurai. According to
The Military Note, 《多賀高忠軍陣聞書》, written by
Takatada Taga in 1461, the supreme commander and
commanding officer raised his banner with the name
of the deity written above his family crest. As the
governmental power of both shogun and emperor
gradually weakened in the 15th and 16th centuries,
regional samurai lords strengthened their power and
raised banners with the name of the deity they
believed in written above their family crest.

2025

Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Засагт хан аймгийн Баатар засгийн хошууны хүн амын овгийн бүрэлдэхүүний талаар өгүүлсэн болно.

2025, Historia Mongolarum

2025, Journal of Research for Christianity in China

“圣经诠释的中国化”学术工作坊纪要（王悦曈、于雅轩）

2025

Beginning in the early seventeenth century, the Qing Empire gradually expanded its territories toward Inner Asia and its maritime frontiers. This expansionism and the pressure of rapid population growth within Qing China proper created favorable conditions for Han Chinese immigration into the frontier regions, giving rise to different forms of settler nativization dependent on the region. The term "nativization" as coined in the present article means the phenomenon of a settler acquiring the identity of the native peoples in the ethnocultural, institutional, and legal sense. But for the Qing court, settler nativization led to challenges in maintaining its prohibition policies in the borderlands and segregation policy toward its multi-ethnic subjects. Drawing on Mongolian and Chinese sources, this article explores the nativization of Han settlers on the Qing Mongolian and Taiwan frontiers, discussing the differences in the modes of nativization as well as the reaction of the Qing court. This article argues that the Han Chinese settlers utilized similar adaption strategies despite facing different environments, cultures, and peoples on the two frontiers, with the prohibition policies also playing a significant role in settler nativization. The differences in the channels, frequency, and degrees of nativization largely depended on two factors: (1) the level of Qing respect for the native cultures and institutions and (2) the level of autonomy of local elites.

2025, 満族史研究 Manzokushi kenkyū

C o n d i t i o n a l E x p r e s s i o n s i n M a n c h u i n t h e E a r l y Q i n g P e r i o d : I n t h e C a s e o f Mod i f y i n g M a n c h u Ad j e c t i v e s m a n g g a a n d j a ( P a r t 2 ) . . . . . .

2025, 《中国历史地理论丛》

From 1877 to 1880, just after Zuo Zongtang reconquered Xinjiang, drought and Locust plague swept through Turpan and its surrounding areas, including Changji, Hutubi, Manas, Yangiand Kuche. The locust plague resulted in crops failure. In 1878, Turpan peasant could only finish half amount of two main kinds of land tax, The reorganized government took a rapid and effective response to relieve victims and to control and prevent locust plague. This historical event was worthy to be paid attention, On the one hand, a more severe drought and locust plague also struck north China at the same time, It can be called the same drought event in climate history, On the other hand, some adjustments of Xinjiang’s ruling policies in the late Qing Dynasty could saw through the government response in this locust plague, Different from the 18" century and the first half of 19th century,management system and ruling policy in Xinjiang were becoming more and more same as the proper of China from 1877. Xinjiang was on the way to establish a province.

2025, 9th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EURASIAN SOCIAL SCIENCES

n 1583, Nurhaci (奴儿哈赤, b.1559–d.1626), the leader of the Jurchens, launched his first military campaign with a small detachment of fewer than a hundred men after his father and grandfather were killed by Ming officials. In the ensuing years, he laid the foundations of a new state by unifying the various Jurchen tribes under his rule. Following his initial successes, Nurhaci introduced a new organizational structure in 1601 known as Niru (Chinese: Niulu 牛录), based on a decimal military system. The Jurchens used the term Niru to refer to their large hunting bows and operated in groups of ten during hunts. Drawing inspiration from this arrangement, Nurhaci established his basic military unit as the Niru. By December 1609, he divided his 1,200-man force into four Nirus of 300 men each, assigning to them banners of four colors—yellow, blue, red, and white—for the purpose of military training. By 1615, as the number of Nirus in Nurhaci’s army, composed of Jurchens, Mongols, and Han Chinese, exceeded 400, the original four-banner system was expanded to eight. This reorganization gave rise to the Eight Banners system (Manchu: Jakün Güsa; Chinese: 八旗), which functioned as both a military and administrative structure. The four additional banners included three featuring yellow, blue, and red emblems bordered with white circles, and one white banner bordered with a red circle. According to a Manchu source dated 1621, the Eight Banners comprised a total of 231 Nirus (approximately 69,300 soldiers), 18 of which (5,400 soldiers) were composed of Mongols. Through this military organization, the Jurchens achieved significant victories over both the Mongols and the Ming, laying the groundwork for the establishment of the Manchu Empire. This study aims to examine this military organization based on primary sources in Manchu, Chinese, and Mongolian.

2025, Távol-keleti Tanulmányok

2025

Az uralkodók tisztelete és a szakralitásukba vetett hit számos kultúrában megtalálható. Úgy tartották, hogy a nép jóléte és boldogsága nagyban függ uralkodójától: nemcsak az általa hozott törvények és rendelkezések miatt, hanem a természetre és a természetfelettire gyakorolt hatása révén is. 2 A 18-19. században egyértelműen kimutatható a mandzsu uralkodók vallási rendszerben értelmezett tisztelete. Ennek eredetét érdemes megvizsgálni. 3

2025

Buddha fürdetésének ünnepe széles körben elterjedt, régóta meglévő szertartás. Kínai területeken a Jin (晉) dinasztia (265-420) korától már adatolható. A rituálé konkrét időpontja változó, Buddha születésnapjára, a negyedik holdhónap nyolcadik napjára esik. A szertartással kapcsolatban fellelhetők többek között mongol, tibeti, kínai és mandzsu nyelvű szövegek is. A neves német orientalista, Ferdinand Lessing (1882-1961) több változat kiadását is tervezte, azonban halála megakadályozta ebben a munkában, csupán egy rövidebb tanulmánya jelent meg e téren. Ebben ismerteti a szertartás leírásának nyugati forrásait, melyek közül a legkorábbi a német Simon Peter Pallasé (1741-1811), majd következik az orosz Alekszej Matvejevics Pozdnyejevé (1851-1920). 1 A legkorábbi mongol nyelvű szöveg összeállítója Mergen Gegen Lubszandambidzsamzan (Mergen Gegen Lubsangdambijamzan, 1717-1766) 2 volt. 1783-ban, az összegyűjtött írásait tartalmazó kötetben jelent meg a Sitügen-dür ugiyal ergücin unsilγ-a (Hitbéli támasz mosdatásának szertartása) című munkája. 3 A rövid mű valójában összefoglalása a szertartásnak. A mosdatás szertartása lényegében egy tisztító rituálé, melyből néhány dolgot emelnék csupán ki. A helynek, ahol ezt végrehajtják, egyrészt fizikai síkon kell tisztának lennie, erre példa: "a mosdató csarnokban tiszta, üde illat van, a padló is makulátlan", 4 másrészt az emberi érzékszervek által fel nem tárható világot is meg kell tisztítani, ezt pedig Vadzsraszattva tisztító dháranijával 5 lehet elérni. 6 A szertartás

2025, Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics

Ping-Chang Su 蘇平章, Hung-ping Tsao曹恆平and Lawrence K. Wang 王抗曝(2025). “The Slaphappy Frog Encounters the Black Swan《癩青蛙邂逅黑天鵝》”, In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics", Lawrence K. Wang 王抗曝 and Hung-ping Tsao曹恆平 (editors). Vol. 7, No. 5B, May 26, 2025, 26 pages; Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA; lenox.institute@gmail.com; DOI:10.17613/nc698-r3s23; DOI (newest version): 10.17613/0yk1p-06q95 ABSTRACT: This publication is one of the academic works accomplished by the classmates of Experimental Class 5 at the Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University (HSNU). These old classmates studied together at HSNU from 1952 to 1958, and some have since passed away. To celebrate their past and current friendships, they are publishing their untold stories and poems, disseminating the loving brotherhood that started from a young age to the entire world. "The Slaphappy Frog Encounters the Black Swan" is a poetic reflection on love, nostalgia, and the unpredictability of relationships. The narrative follows the protagonist's youthful romance, recalling cherished moments along a riverbank under starlit skies. A symbol of affection—an intricately designed porcelain vase—becomes central to the relationship, embodying the intensity of love and its eventual heartbreak. The story explores the fleeting nature of emotions, contrasting idealistic devotion with the reality of change. Ultimately, it is a meditation on love’s impermanence, its vibrant highs, and its inevitable dissolution. ( Authors’ note: “Slaphappy Todd Yearning For Swan Meat” is a Chinese idiom, meaning one is carried away by one's wishful thinking and overestimates one's abilities. However the authors change Todd to Frog, dye Swan with Black, insinuating such encounter is in fact well matched. Therefore the closing colorful episode is by no means nonsensical continuation.) 這本出版物是由國立臺灣師範大學附屬高級中學（HSNU）實驗五班的同學完成的學術作品之一。這些老同學於1952年至1958年在HSNU共同學習，其中一些人已經去世。為了慶祝他們過去和現在的友誼，他們正在出版他們未曾講述的故事和詩歌，將從小開始的深厚友誼傳播到全世界。《癩青蛙邂逅黑天鵝》是一篇詩意盎然的回憶錄，描繪愛情、懷舊與人生無常。故事講述主人公年少時的戀情，憶起在星空下水岸共遊的美好時光。精心製作的彩瓷花瓶作為愛的象徵，見證了激情與感傷的交織。然而，愛情如流光般稍縱即逝，終究難逃分離。故事刻畫情感的脆弱與人生的變遷，在甜美與苦澀間，留下深刻回憶，也映照愛情的夢幻與現實。「癩蛤蟆想吃天鵝肉」是中國的一句成語，意即一個人被他的妄想牽引因而過度高估了他自身的能力。然而作者易蛤蟆為蛙，染天鵝成黑，暗喻此番邂逅乃屬門當戶對，因而收尾的添香一節顯非狗尾續貂。

2025, Diana Lary (Ed.), The Chinese State at the Borders

2025, Studies in Languages and Cultures / 言語文化論究

In this paper, eight Tunguso-Japonic etymologies are presented and analyzed. What these etymologies have in common is that the Tungusic etymon is clearly polymorphemic, in the sense that it consists of a root that has been extended by at least one suffix, whereas the corresponding Japonic counterpart is undoubtedly monomorphemic. Due to their substantially different morphological structure, these etymologies robustly corroborate the hypothesis that the directionality of borrowing in the language contact scenario was from Tungusic to Japonic.

2025, Studies in Languages and Cultures / 言語文化論究

The Tungusic language family consists of approximately a dozen endangered languages that are spoken in Siberia and northern China. Old Japanese and the Tungusic languages share a body of nominal and verbal morphology. In the current paper, the hypothesis that this shared morphology is the result of linguistic contact between Tungusic and Japanese, or borrowing from Tungusic into Japanese, is discussed and substantiated. To corroborate the linguistic contact hypothesis, fifteen etymologies are examined against the yardstick of Yaron Matras’s (2007: 37-62; 2009: 218; 2011: 208-224) borrowing hierarchies, which are scales of borrowability. It can be observed that most shared morphological elements score relatively high in eight relevant borrowing hierarchies. Consequently, it is conceivable that these shared morphological elements can be attributed to linguistic contact (linguistic convergence).

2025

18-19世纪，在“中华文明起源”和“扶桑即美洲”等争论中,《山海经》进入了西方人的学术视野，并持续推动着法国对中国早期景观和领土想象的地理科学探索。百余年来，何赖思、拉克伯里、巴赞、罗尼、布勒努夫、施古德、葛兰言、雷米·马修、魏德理等人的法文研究从地理学、人种学、政治学、文献学等多元角度阐释这部中国早期地理书写，作为外部成果提出了新颖的研究角度和思维方式,证明了在对中华文明历史脉络的认识中,地理、历史、民族、政治等方面密不可分,与我国现当代学者的成果相得益彰。这些研究既显示... more

2025

With the support of all parties including the Danish YMCA，the International Committee of YMCA in U.S.A. and Canada（ICYUC）and Fengtian Province Education Department, the Mukden YMCA（MY） was founded in March 1914 in the Chinese dwellings near Great South Gate of Mukden in northeast China. With the attempt of the MY general secretary J. E. Platt, Zhang Zuolin transferred Jingyou Palace to the MY in 1916，and the MY purchased Youde Shop in 1919 as the land for the construction of the MY headquarters. The project funds include 37,000 M＄ from the ICYUC, 100,000 M＄ from the local fundraising fund and 8866.18 M＄ from the Danish YMCA. The MY donated far more than the ICYUC and won the support of the Danish YMCA, so the ICYUC employed Harry H. Hussey to design the sketches and elevations of the building, and the MY employed Prip Møller to make the construction drawings based on Harry Hussey 's sketches and act as the construction supervisor. This replaced the customary role of division of labor of the Building Bureau of the ICYUC in New York in collaboration with its subsidiary, the Building Bureau of the National Committee of YMCA in China in Shanghai. The project was finally started in May 1925 and completed in September of the following year. Under the support of the MY and the effect of the Chinese traditional architecture and the Chinese Christian Localization Campaign, Prip Møller adopted many distinct traditional Chinese architectural elements and practices, perhaps and Danish traditional timber architecture，even altered the ICYUC of the approved first sketch, so the project became a breakthrough of a few representative works in modern Chinese YMCA buildings of western typical style, and also has a link between the past and the future during the architectural design career of Prip Møller.

2025, National Central University

After annexing China in 1644, the Great Ch'ing in China proclaimed itself
the legitimate master of China and regarded the Tang-lîng government in Taiwan
as a specter of Ming Dynasty haunting China’s sea coast. The Great Ch’ing in
China and Tang-lîng in Taiwan possessed different beliefs of their own terms. The
international environment China and Taiwan faced was shaped by the interplay of
their material variables and information variables that is their military capability
and motives. Emperor Kang-hsi as a minority ethnic group in China governed the
Empire comprising Han, Manchurian and Mongolian societies with distinctive
approaches. The Great Ch’ing disciplined the body and thought of Han Chinese
subjects with harsh measures. The referent of political, military, economic and
societal security is the Empire itself instead of the subjects. Hence in the context
of security the Great Ch’ing ’s policy is determined by the subjective judgement
of the emperor. China failed in its military attempt in the early rein of Kang-his.
China and Taiwan maintained peace with implicit agreement without ending war,
which suggests materials are not the sole determinant of the relations of amity or
enmity in anarchy. Emperor Kang-hsi is the decision maker with final say on
Taiwan issue as he indicated. His perception on security is affected by embedded
belief, immediate concern or evoked sets and deep expectations as well.
Emperor Kang-hsi, as normal man, use his front mind to perceive and interpret the
incoming stimulus. To infer his behavior from fragmented information, one has to
appreciate the recent problems he encountered and information received. While
making decisions, Emperor Kang-hsi remains affected by the most front in mind.
The fall of eight provinces in China to Three Feudatories impacting regime
security has been a dramatic event on affecting the Emperor and thus changed his
security perception threshold. He interpreted the information with his bias during
negotiation. The way he interprets the information enables him to maintain his
cognitive consistency, which results in turning perception to misperception. The
war with Three Feudatories has changed his security threshold and has made him
more sensitive to issues regarding security. The change is not only on his policy
towards Taiwan but also on the treatment of captive decedents of Mongolian royal
family, Dalai Lama the Fifth, the emerging Mongolian leader, Galdan Boshigt and
encroaching Russia. Emperor first opted for peaceful coexistence and later waged
with Taiwan both are in the name of world peace. The Great Ch’ing ’s policy
toward Taiwan is shaped by its strength and motives. The interplay of material
and information variables shaped the international environment Taiwan and China
faced. Emperor Kang-hsi’s policy decision is made in this dynamic context. For
Emperor Kang-his, the Manchu emperor, in his innermost thoughts, the "Taiwan
issue" was actually a "China issue" that threatened the security of Han Chinese
society within the Ch’ing Empire.
Key words：China, Taiwan, security, perception, governance, rational, war, peace, negotiation.

2025, Chinese Landscape Architecture

Built by the German merchants Siemssen & Co., the Siemssen Garden is an important example of early modern Western-style gardens in Fujian. As one of the most important Western-style gardens in the region, the Siemssen Garden was celebrated for its rare plant collections, finely crafted architectural elements, and its embodiment of cross-cultural exchange during the late Qing Dynasty. The garden not only provided a venue for social and diplomatic events, but also served as an entry point for plant species from Europe, Oceania and the South Sea Islands into China, contributing to the biodiversity of Chinese botanical gardens. The primary aim of this study is to examine the spatial and botanical landscape of the Siemssen Garden as it has evolved over time. By tracing these changes, the research seeks to show how socio-political, economic and environmental dynamics have influenced the development of the garden. The study situates the Siemssen Garden within the broader context of garden and plant introduction practices in treaty port cities, where foreign merchants and diplomats often used gardens as social venues and symbols of status. The research adopted a multifaceted methodological approach, combining both physical site investigation and historical analysis. Fieldwork was undertaken to document the current layout and species of mature trees, using GPS and drones to accurately map tree locations, trunk diameters and canopy projections. This enabled a comprehensive survey of the existing flora and a reconstruction of the historic layout of the garden. The research process included archival research into other botanical exchange routes established by Western traders in China, as well as consultation with botanists and historians on the distribution of plant species. Interviews with Siemssen's descendants also provided invaluable oral histories. By examining the origins, development and legacy of the Siemssen Garden, this research provides insights into the following key areas: 1) The primary impetus for the establishment of the Siemssen Garden is the desire to collect rare and exotic plants, and the development of the garden has been accompanied by changes in plant enthusiasts. 2) The spatial expansion and stylistic development of the Siemssen Garden is a symptom of functional change. The development of the garden can be divided into three phases: the ceremonial "schlossgarten", the picturesque natural "landscape garden" and the production-oriented "greenhouse garden", the essence of which is the changing socio-political and economic situation. 3) The evolution of the garden reveals a hidden network of plant introductions and exchanges. The plants introduced and acclimatised in the Siemssen Garden bear witness to the rise and fall of maritime trade routes connecting Fuzhou, as a treaty port city, with Europe, the South Sea Islands and Oceania in the modern era. 4) As a unique cultural heritage site characterised by its ancient and precious trees, the preservation of the Siemssen Garden should focus not only on its physical form but also on the cultural significance it embodies, ensuring that its contributions to Fuzhou's identity and China's botanical heritage are recognised and preserved for future generations.

2025

Хэрээ хэмээх шувууг монголчууд эртнээс нааш шүтэн биширсээр ирсэн байдаг. Хэрээг монгол ардын хэлц үгэнд хэлэхдээ “Үдээс өмнө Гомбо бурхны хэлмэрч, үдээс хойш чөтгөрийн хэлмэрч” зарим нутагт “Хэрээ үдээс өмнө бурхны зараалд үдээс хойш чөтгөрийн зараалд явдаг” гэж хэлэлцдэг. Тиймээс үдээс өмнө хэрээтэй тааралдвал ихэд бэлгэшээж үздэг байв. Хэрээний шинжээний тухай эрдэмтэн Л.Хүрэлбаатар, домог зүйн талаас Унгарын эрдэмтэн Бирталан Агнеш, бөө мөргөл талаас нь Балог Матяаш нарын зэрэг олон эрдэмтэд өөр өөрсдийн бүтээлдээ дурдсан байдаг.

2025, Journal of Sino-Korean Studies

The paper approaches language reconstruction based the hypothetical framework that assumes that Mohe tribal languages and Old Korean dialects and tribal language clusters from Yamaek, Goguryeo and Silla dynasty are interrelated and that Japonic languages may have originally developed on the peninsula and be distantly related based on grammatical structure and root vocabulary. This is a hypothetical Jurokoreojaponic language family that has also been directly influenced by various Sinitic and Mongolic languages.It will discuss the relationship between the vocabulary of Mohe derived Manchu lexicon when compared to the existent Old Korean and Middle Korean. Further it looks at the consonant and vowel shifts and historical events that may have happened between Mohe and Yemaek language clusters that gave rise to divergent evolution. It concludes that Manchu and Korean languages share common origins but also underwent partial linguistic and cultural Mongolisation as well as Sinification under various dynasties.

2025

Matthew Tyson Yates and the First Building of University of Shanghai（Na KONG）

2025

Failed Change: The Tragedy of the Reform of the National Christian Council of China Around 1949（Jianping LIU）

2025

Among contemporary Oirats living in Mongolia and China, there is a proverb referring to Mouse (or Rat), Ox, Tiger, and Rabbit years in the twelve-year animal cycle saying that Бар жилд барагдана, үхэр жилд үрэгдэнэ, туулай жилд туугдана, “In the year of the Tiger (it/everything) would diminish; in the year of the Ox (it/everything) would decrease; and in the year of the Rabbit (it/everything) would vanish.” Like other folklore genres, this proverb has taken on different variants due to historical events that happened to those locals over time. The present article aims at clarifying the time and reason for this proverb using evidence from historical sources. The current spread of the proverb, as well as its variations, is discussed based on oral materials collected among the Oirats.

2025

The present study examines in detail a letter sent from Galdantseren Khan (r. 1727-1745), the third ruler of the Dzungar Empire (1671-1755), to a Khalkha nobleman Lamajab in 1731, which was included in the Manchu source Jun gar-i ba be necihiyeme toktobuha bodogon-i bithe 'Strategy Book for the Pacification of the Dzungarian Territory' (in 1770), the official historical source of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). This narrative provides a rare glance into the interrelationships between the Mongols, namely the Khalkha Mongols, Oirat Mongols, Kalmyks, Inner Mongols, and Qinghai Mongols, during the eighteenth-century Qing Dynasty conquest of the Mongols. It sheds light on the Qing government's response in this correspondence, the distinctions between the primary letter and its variant in the Jun gar-i bodogon-i bithe, and the intention of why the Qing Dynasty included the letter in its official historical source.

2025, Quaestiones Mongolorum Disputatae 20 1-12

The present article uncovers some lesser-known aspects of 19th-century Manchu Studies in Hungary. The groundbreaking fieldwork (1873) in Urga, the capital city of Mongolia, by the esteemed researcher Gábor Bálint of Szentkatolna (1844-1913), has led to unique findings that have significantly enriched both Mongolian and Manchu studies.
The Manchu Geser epics, mentioned in the article is under elaboration.

2025, Eurasiatica 22, 189-217, 2025

Deictic day names like English yesterday, today, and tomorrow are a potentially universal but neglected field in cross-linguistic research. This study presents a comprehensive panchronic analysis of the deictic day name system in the Manchuric branch of the Tungusic family. Based on a small sample of languages, it establishes several typological dimensions of variation within the domain that serve as a background for the analysis. It demonstrates that Manchuric languages exhibit an unusual asymmetric system. The study also shows that Manchuric differs markedly from other Tungusic languages, which is explained by language contact.

2025, 中國邊政 Chinese Border Area Studies

馬騰（Mårten Söderblom Saarela）原著，蔡名哲譯。原稿為 SAARELA, MÅRTEN SÖDERBLOM, and 馬騰. “Mandarin over Manchu: Court-Sponsored Qing Lexicography and Its Subversion in Korea and Japan.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 77, no. 2 (2017): 363–406.... more

馬騰（Mårten Söderblom Saarela）原著，蔡名哲譯。
原稿為 SAARELA, MÅRTEN SÖDERBLOM, and 馬騰. “Mandarin over Manchu: Court-Sponsored Qing Lexicography and Its Subversion in Korea and Japan.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 77, no. 2 (2017): 363–406. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45411085.

2025, КАЗАКОВЕДЕНИЕ

Abstract. The article is devoted to the place and role of the bow and archery in the culture of the Don
Cossacks. The work pays attention to the historiographical aspect of the use of bows by Cossacks.
Based on historical material, using published and little-known sources, types of bows and methods of
shooting from them, types of competitive and gaming practices, the use of bows in commercial hunting
and in military practice are given. Using folklore and ethnographic material, the significance of the bow in
the worldview of the Don Cossacks, its symbolic and ritual aspects are determined.

2025, NOMADIC HERITAGE STUDIES MUSEUM NATIONALE MONGOLI НҮҮДЭЛЧДИЙН ӨВ СУДЛАЛ

During the Qing dynasty, the Qalq-a province (ayimaγ) ruled by the borǰigin noyans, descendants of the Činggis qaγan’s lineage, were categorized geographically as East, West, and North. Additionally, three ayimaγ governed by the čoros and Northern prince (tayiǰi), aligned with the ǰasaγtu Qan and Sayin noyan Province, were given distinct designations: "Northern province attached to the ǰasaγtu Qan Province", "Southern ūlet Province" and "ūlet ǰasaγ beyise-yin qošiγu (county)." These names reflected their geographical positions and historical origins. To formalize their administration, the Qing court issued seals for each province, inscribed in Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese, detailing the provinces name, governing ministry, date, and an identifying number. This structured system highlights the Qing's approach to integrating diverse regions under a unified bureaucratic framework while respecting local heritage and governance. The inscriptions on the seals (tamγ-a) of the Qalq-a provinces from the Qing Dynasty include names of provinces that align with official historical records, as well as inscriptions that differ from the seals and province names recorded in official Qing history.
The historical records of the Qing Dynasty indicate varying numbers of administrative qošiγu, such as 34, 36 or 37. Some sources state that 86 administrative qošiγu were established in the four provinces of Qalq-a, yet a list from the same period identifies 87 qošiγu. This discrepancy in the number of Qalq-a qošiγu during the Qing Dynasty will be the focus of this study.

2025, -“Вестник гумарнитарного института” Московский гуманитарный институт

Аффиксы-сан 4 ,-х,-даг 4 ,-аа 4 ,-маар 4 ,-хуйц 2 в монгольском языке называются причастными соединительными суффиксами, образующими определительные придаточные. Эти суффиксы соединяют глаголы с существительными, в этом случае глагол является определительным по отношению к существительному и поэтому данные суффиксы называются причастными соединительными суффиксами, образующими определительные придаточные. 1 По отношению ко времени, данные суффиксы делятся на две подгруппы: временноопределительные (-х,-сан(-сэн,-сон,-сөн),-аа(-ээ,-оо,-өө),-даг(-дэг,-дог,-дөг) и причастные союзные суффиксы, образующие определительные придаточные элементы, указывающие на вневременное состояние действия (-маар(-мээр,-моор,-мөөр),-гч,-хуйц(-хүйц)) 2. В данной монографии мы рассматриваем основные четыре вида причастных суффиксов, образующих определительные придаточные. Соединительный суффикс многократного причастия Суффикс-даг 4 в монгольском языке называется определительным соединительным суффиксом многократного причастия. Он выражает смысл, который указывает на повторящийся характер действий и образование устойчивого выражания, обладающего свойством лексической единицы 3. Ученые называют данный суффикс по разному: "показывающий определение в настоящем времени", "причастие в повторяющемся режиме", "постоянно повторящееся время" и т.д. С точки зрения семантики, как правило, он выражает смысл в настоящем времени, а в позиции сказуемого сложного предложения он указывает на повторяющийся в любом времени характер-характер сложных времен. В предложениях играет роль определения, сказуемого определительного придаточного, также полного сказуемого. Как считает ученый М.Базаррагчаа, данный суффикс возник из корня-семемы da-/de-, du-/dü-, указывающий на повторяющийся характер действий 4. В халхасском диалекте выражен средством суффиксов-dag/-deg/-dog/-dȯg. К примеру, Удахгүй ногоо гандаж, нуур өтгөрдөг цаг ирэх нь. /Б.Д/. Мядаг, ганц бүсгүй хоѐр нялх хүүхэд сувилах нь бэрхтэй гэж, одоо төрөх үрээ бусдад үрчлүүлэхийг хүсдэг ажээ. /Ц.Д/ При присоединении модальных глаголов и отрицательного суффикса, согласный-d опускается. К примеру, jawdgǖ (явдаггүй), irdgǖ (ирдэггүй), sandīšd (санадаг шүү дээ), jawdīm (явдаг юм) и т.д. В бурятском языкознании называется "давтаhан нэртэ үйлэ" и выражается суффиксамиdag/-deg/-dog. К примеру, Агын талаар хамхуул үбhэн хаа хаанагүй ургадаг. Тиигээд лэ hалхяар туугдан, өөрийн эрхэгүй тээхэгэнэн харайдаг ха юм. (Ж.Балданжапон). В ойратском-суффиксами-dag/-däg/-deg/-dig,-dak/-däk/-dek/-dik. С точки зрения семантики, главным образом указывает на повторящееся время, но в разговорном языке иногда указывает на будущее, настоящее и прошедшее времена. После данного суффикса следуют различные модальные глаголы. В таком случае осуществляется посредством сокращенного вида-d , что делает его единым с модальным глаголом. К примеру, Күмнаэ багани гүүдэг,

2025, National University of Mongolia Law Review

In the thirteenth century, when the Mongols established a vast empire, legal issues, and disputes were no longer limited to those between Mongols but also related to non-Mongols who lived in different regions and passed through the Mongol... more

2025

Türk dillerinde böğürtlen (Rubus caesus), çilek (Fragaria vesca), ahududu (Rubus idaeus), yabanmersini (Vaccinium myrtillus) gibi üzümsü meyvelerin (İng. berry, Alm. Beere) -alıntı ögeler ve kimi zaman böğürtlen hariç tutulduğunda -üç sözcükle adlandırıldığını görmekteyiz: kat, çilek ve yilek. Kaşgarlı Mahmut tarafından "mugaylan dikeni meyvesi; Yemek, Kıpçak, Kay, Tatar, Çomul dillerinde herhangi bir ağacın meyvesi" olarak tanımlanan (III: 146-147) kat, günümüzde Alt., Tuv., Tof. kat, Hak. hat "yemiş" olarak varlığını sürdürür (Tenişev 1997: 121). Çoğu gülgiller (Rosaceae) ailesinden çalı formundaki bitkilerin meyveleri olan çilek ve yilekin fonetik benzerliklerinin yanı sıra, Türkçenin tarihsel ve modern alanlarında bazı topluluklarca tek bir meyveyi, çoğunlukla da yabani türleriyle birlikte çileği adlandırmak üzere kullanılmaları, yani anlam açısından birleşmiş olmaları, etimoloji sözlüklerinde bu sözcüklerin tek bir maddede toplanmasına neden olmuştur.

2025, Авгачууд цонгоол Б.Нацагдорж. ТҮШЭЭТ ХАНЫ ХАРЬЯАТ ТОРГУУД ТАЙЖ НАР ХИЙГЭЭД ХАЛХЫН ТӨВ НУТАГ ДАХЬ МОНГОЛЫН НУУЦ ТОВЧООНЫ УЛ МӨР. // Oiratica. Tomus II, Fasciculus 9. 2024, 171-186.

Torγud Tayijis of the Tüsiyetü Qan’s Banner and the Traces of the Secret History of the Mongols among the Qalqa Mongols The Torgud tayijis of the Tushetu Khan’s banner of Khalkha were the descendants of two noblemen, Ubashi Cecen Tayiji... more

2025, OIRATICA

Utilizing the Scribed Manchu Archives of the Qing Grand Secretariat housed in the First Historical Archives of China, this study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of the comprehensive spectrum of military activities that unfolded during the reign of GaldanTsering from 1727 to 1745. These military endeavorsen compassed a wide range of operations, includin g military defense, border conflicts, battles and combat, involving the Jungar and the Kazakh. Our research places particular emphasis on providing a detailed exposition of each of these events, comprising their chronological sequence, geographical settings, commanding officers, troop sizes, principal objectives, contextual backgrounds, and the geographictopography of the battle fields.

2025

Ойрадын тод бичгээр бичигдсэн дурсгалууд нь ойрад аялгууны түүхийн судалгаанд үнэтэй сурвалж болдог. Ойрад бичгийн хэл нь анхны хэлбэрээрээ эртний онцлогтой боловч Зая бандидын тод үсгийн дуудлагыг нарийн тэмдэглэх чадвар нь тухайн үеийн ярианы хэлний элемент бичгийн хэлэнд нэвтрэхэд туслажээ. Энэхүү өгүүлэл XIX зууны ойрад бичгийн хэлний дөрвөн сурвалжаас жишээ авч ярианы элементийн олон талт байдлыг харуулна. Ярианы хэлний нөлөөг судлах нь ойрад хэлэнд олон зууны туршид өрнөсөн өөрчлөлтийн харьцангуй ба үнэмлэхүй он дарааллыг тодруулахад туслах юм.

2025, Türkiyat Mecmuası

Altay dillerindeki - bilhassa Türk ve Moğol - ödünç kelimeler, çözülmesi gereken son derece önemli, o derecede de karışık, bir mesele teşkil, eder. O kadar ki, bu konuyu tam olarak aydınlatmadan akrabalık
ilgisi ve şekli üzerindeki görüşlerin bile kesin olarak bir sonuca bağlanmasının mümkün olamayacağım ileri sürenler vardır. Öbür taraftan,
Türk ve Moğol dillerinin karşılıklı ilgileri o derece girift bir manzara
arzeder ki, ipucu teşkil edebilecek bâriz tabakalaşmalar mevcut olmadığından "bunda var, onda yok" şeklindeki alelâde karşılaştırmalarla,
bir kelimenin bu dillerden birine değil de ötekine ait olması gerektik
ğini iddia etmek hemen-hemen imkânsızdır. Belki de bu güçlükler dolayısı ile, Türk ve Moğol dillerindeki karşılıklı ödünçlemeler konusundaki çalışmalar, Böhtlingk'in Yakut Grameri (1851) ve Pelcarskiy'nin
Yakut Sözlüğü (ilk fasikül 1889)'ndeki bâzı kelimelerin Moğolca aslı
hakkında verilen bilgilerden ve Vladimirtsov'ün ilk araştırmasından
(1911) bu yana, ancak son yirmi yıl içinde, yeniden kızışan Altay Dili konusu üzerindeki tartışmaların zarûrî bir sonucu olarak, kayda değer bir ilerleme göstermiştir.

2025

Since the first edition of the Irk Bitig, several scholars have worked on the analysis of the text, primarily from a linguistic point of view. Some of the short stories in the omens are clear and easy to understand, but there are also many that are grammatically or semantically rather problematic.The meaning of the 27th omen is relatively clear and easy to analyse. In the translations so far, controversy has arisen over the precise meaning of only one word. Some translators have interpreted the Old Turkic verb ämsi- as a simulative form of the verb äm- ‘to suck / suckle’, but in fact there are no other examples of such a deverbal verb formative. Although the linguistically verifi-able verb ämsi- ‘to cure / medicate’, derived from the noun äm ‘medicine’, has already been raised in previous scholarship as a possibility, it was rejected as semantically unacceptable and incompatible with the text.In this article, I offer a new interpretation of the omen, and show that the previous interpretations were based on the premise that in the case of the sheep and the wolf, good and evil could only be manifested in the opposition of “good sheep ‒ bad wolf”, which was in fact induced by the cultural background of the interpreters and which may not be taken for granted in the case of the Old Turks.

2025, Presentation. Mapping East Asia in Context. International Symposium. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST). Hong Kong 6 – 8 December 2023. https://amsacta.unibo.it/id/eprint/8120/

After summarising data and events relating to the figure of the Jesuit Michele Ruggieri (1543-1607), a pioneer of the period of encounter between East and West in the Modern Age, and his project, which remained at the manuscript stage, to publish the first Western atlas of China, the article analyses in detail, on the basis of the materials that now exist at the State Archives in Rome, the missionary’s working methodology, based on Chinese cartographic sources, their enlargement and transliteration of the toponyms contained therein, and cartographic tracing. Following these operations, a further phase would have seen a professional cartographer succeed Ruggieri in the processing of the maps, which, thus finished, would finally be passed on to the engraver for the copperplate engraving (the latter phase was never completed due to Ruggieri’s death). Further topics addressed are an estimate of Ruggieri’s materials connected to the atlas that were originally intended to be present among the working materials, but which are now destroyed or missing, some epistemological reflections on the nature of the cartography of the atlas, and, finally, some notes on what graphic layout and impact Ruggieri’s atlas would have had if published.